home-Skirts-First period of the French Revolution. "The French Revolution

First period of the French Revolution. "The French Revolution

  • § 12. Culture and religion of the Ancient World
  • Section III history of the Middle Ages, Christian Europe and the Islamic world in the Middle Ages § 13. The Great Migration of Peoples and the formation of barbarian kingdoms in Europe
  • § 14. The emergence of Islam. Arab conquests
  • §15. Features of the development of the Byzantine Empire
  • § 16. The Empire of Charlemagne and its collapse. Feudal fragmentation in Europe.
  • § 17. Main features of Western European feudalism
  • § 18. Medieval city
  • § 19. The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. The Crusades, the Schism of the Church.
  • § 20. The emergence of nation states
  • 21. Medieval culture. Beginning of the Renaissance
  • Topic 4 from ancient Rus' to the Muscovite state
  • § 22. Formation of the Old Russian state
  • § 23. The Baptism of Rus' and its meaning
  • § 24. Society of Ancient Rus'
  • § 25. Fragmentation in Rus'
  • § 26. Old Russian culture
  • § 27. Mongol conquest and its consequences
  • § 28. The beginning of the rise of Moscow
  • 29. Formation of a unified Russian state
  • § 30. Culture of Rus' at the end of the 13th - beginning of the 16th centuries.
  • Topic 5 India and the Far East in the Middle Ages
  • § 31. India in the Middle Ages
  • § 32. China and Japan in the Middle Ages
  • Section IV history of modern times
  • Topic 6 the beginning of a new time
  • § 33. Economic development and changes in society
  • 34. Great geographical discoveries. Formations of colonial empires
  • Topic 7: countries of Europe and North America in the 16th - 18th centuries.
  • § 35. Renaissance and humanism
  • § 36. Reformation and Counter-Reformation
  • § 37. The formation of absolutism in European countries
  • § 38. English revolution of the 17th century.
  • § 39, Revolutionary War and American Formation
  • § 40. French Revolution of the late 18th century.
  • § 41. Development of culture and science in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Age of Enlightenment
  • Topic 8 Russia in the 16th - 18th centuries.
  • § 42. Russia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible
  • § 43. Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century.
  • § 44. Economic and social development of Russia in the 17th century. Popular movements
  • § 45. The formation of absolutism in Russia. Foreign policy
  • § 46. Russia in the era of Peter’s reforms
  • § 47. Economic and social development in the 18th century. Popular movements
  • § 48. Domestic and foreign policy of Russia in the mid-second half of the 18th century.
  • § 49. Russian culture of the XVI-XVIII centuries.
  • Topic 9: Eastern countries in the 16th-18th centuries.
  • § 50. Ottoman Empire. China
  • § 51. Countries of the East and the colonial expansion of Europeans
  • Topic 10: countries of Europe and America in the 19th century.
  • § 52. Industrial revolution and its consequences
  • § 53. Political development of the countries of Europe and America in the 19th century.
  • § 54. Development of Western European culture in the 19th century.
  • Topic II Russia in the 19th century.
  • § 55. Domestic and foreign policy of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century.
  • § 56. Decembrist movement
  • § 57. Domestic policy of Nicholas I
  • § 58. Social movement in the second quarter of the 19th century.
  • § 59. Foreign policy of Russia in the second quarter of the 19th century.
  • § 60. Abolition of serfdom and reforms of the 70s. XIX century Counter-reforms
  • § 61. Social movement in the second half of the 19th century.
  • § 62. Economic development in the second half of the 19th century.
  • § 63. Foreign policy of Russia in the second half of the 19th century.
  • § 64. Russian culture of the 19th century.
  • Topic 12 Eastern countries during the period of colonialism
  • § 65. Colonial expansion of European countries. India in the 19th century
  • § 66: China and Japan in the 19th century.
  • Topic 13 International relations in modern times
  • § 67. International relations in the XVII-XVIII centuries.
  • § 68. International relations in the 19th century.
  • Questions and tasks
  • Section V history of the XX - early XXI centuries.
  • Topic 14 The world in 1900-1914.
  • § 69. The world at the beginning of the twentieth century.
  • § 70. Awakening of Asia
  • § 71. International relations in 1900-1914.
  • Topic 15 Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century.
  • § 72. Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries.
  • § 73. Revolution of 1905-1907.
  • § 74. Russia during the period of Stolypin reforms
  • § 75. Silver age of Russian culture
  • Topic 16 first world war
  • § 76. Military actions in 1914-1918.
  • § 77. War and society
  • Topic 17 Russia in 1917
  • § 78. February Revolution. From February to October
  • § 79. October Revolution and its consequences
  • Topic 18 countries of Western Europe and the USA in 1918-1939.
  • § 80. Europe after the First World War
  • § 81. Western democracies in the 20-30s. XX century
  • § 82. Totalitarian and authoritarian regimes
  • § 83. International relations between the First and Second World Wars
  • § 84. Culture in a changing world
  • Topic 19 Russia in 1918-1941.
  • § 85. Causes and course of the Civil War
  • § 86. Results of the Civil War
  • § 87. New economic policy. Education of the USSR
  • § 88. Industrialization and collectivization in the USSR
  • § 89. Soviet state and society in the 20-30s. XX century
  • § 90. Development of Soviet culture in the 20-30s. XX century
  • Topic 20 Asian countries in 1918-1939.
  • § 91. Turkey, China, India, Japan in the 20-30s. XX century
  • Topic 21 World War II. Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people
  • § 92. On the eve of the World War
  • § 93. First period of World War II (1939-1940)
  • § 94. Second period of World War II (1942-1945)
  • Topic 22: the world in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries.
  • § 95. Post-war world structure. Beginning of the Cold War
  • § 96. Leading capitalist countries in the second half of the twentieth century.
  • § 97. USSR in the post-war years
  • § 98. USSR in the 50s and early 6s. XX century
  • § 99. USSR in the second half of the 60s and early 80s. XX century
  • § 100. Development of Soviet culture
  • § 101. USSR during the years of perestroika.
  • § 102. Countries of Eastern Europe in the second half of the twentieth century.
  • § 103. Collapse of the colonial system
  • § 104. India and China in the second half of the twentieth century.
  • § 105. Latin American countries in the second half of the twentieth century.
  • § 106. International relations in the second half of the twentieth century.
  • § 107. Modern Russia
  • § 108. Culture of the second half of the twentieth century.

    • § 40. French Revolution of the late 18th century.

    Causes and beginning of the revolution.

    In 1789, the Great French Revolution began. She had deep reasons. The third estate (citizens and peasants) in France was politically powerless, although it made up the majority of the country's population. In the pre-revolutionary period, the situation of the peasants worsened. Many of them were forced to leave their homes and go to the city. 1788 was a lean year. A wave of popular uprisings swept the provinces. At the same time, an acute financial crisis broke out in the country. King Louis XVI was forced to agree to a union of the Estates General, which had not met for 150 years. Representatives of the three classes gathered at Versailles. Deputies from the nobility and clergy sought to limit the Estates General to the functions of an advisory body. Deputies of the Third Estate insisted on expanding the rights of the Estates General, seeking their transformation into the highest legislative body.

    On June 17, 1789, the meeting of deputies of the third estate proclaimed itself National Assembly. On July 9, the National Assembly declared itself Constituent Assembly - the highest representative and legislative body of the French people. The assembly was supposed to develop basic laws.

    The king and supporters of absolutism did not want to put up with these decisions. Troops were gathered in Paris and Versailles. This caused a wave of indignation in Paris. On July 14, 1789, Parisians captured the royal prison, the Bastille, a symbol of absolutism. In provincial cities, old government bodies were abolished and elected municipalities were created. A wave of peasant pogroms of castles, arson of estates, and division of landowners' lands swept across France. The Constituent Assembly in August adopted a decree on the complete destruction of the feudal regime. Personal duties of peasants and church tithes were abolished. Other feudal obligations were subject to ransom.

    Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

    On August 26, 1789, the most important document of the revolution was adopted - the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. It consisted of 17 articles. The first of them said that people are born free and remain so throughout their lives; they are also equal in rights. This thesis was a challenge to the absolutist idea of ​​the divine origin of the king's power. The Declaration proclaimed freedom of personality, conscience, speech, the right to resist oppression, and the sacred right of private property.

    Decisions of the Constituent Assembly.

    The situation in Paris continued to remain tense, and people's discontent grew. On October 5-6, 1789, huge crowds of Parisians marched on Versailles. They forced the king and the Constituent Assembly to move to Paris.

    The Constituent Assembly, at the proposal of Talleyrand, a former bishop, declared church lands to be national property and put them on sale. This measure was supposed to undermine the power of the church and at the same time help resolve the financial crisis in the country. The Constituent Assembly abolished all the old class divisions.

    In June 1791, King Louis XVI tried to flee abroad, but was detained. The king's flight was considered treason. The idea of ​​monarchism was dealt a serious blow. However, moderate deputies hastened to complete work on creating a constitution that established constitutional monarchy.

    The beginning of revolutionary wars,

    On the basis of the Constitution of 1791, a Legislative Assembly was elected, which began its work on October 1, 1791. It was dominated by supporters of a constitutional monarchy. The opposition to them was Girondins. They stood for the republic. There was also a group in the Legislative Assembly far left headed by M. Robespierre.

    In 1792, the economic situation in the country deteriorated sharply. In Paris and some other cities, major protests took place due to need and hunger. The aristocrats who fled the country created a center of counter-revolutionary emigration in Germany. The governments of European powers were preparing armed intervention against France. On April 20, 1792, Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria. The military operations began unsuccessfully for France. Defeats by Austria and Prussia sparked a popular movement. Thousands of volunteers flocked to Paris. The news of the interventionists' intention to restore the king's rights sparked an uprising on August 10, 1792. Louis

    XVI was overthrown.

    Proclamationrepublics.

    On August 20, 1792, the National convention. For the first time, he was elected by universal suffrage, in which only men participated. On September 21, the Convention proclaimed a republic. Before this, a wave of reprisals against suspected sympathizers of the old regime swept across France.

    By the spring of 1793, the question of land again arose. In some areas, unauthorized seizure of land by peasants began. The Convention, by a special decree, authorized the sale of lands of emigrants and royal lands in small plots.

    The issue of punishing Louis XVI was also decided at the Convention and outside it. Opinions on this issue were sharply divided: the majority of Girondins were against the execution of the king, but Jacobins(supporters of radical measures united within the Jacobin Club) and some of the Girondins were in favor of execution. On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was executed. In October of the same year he was executed

    the queen.

    Jacobin dictatorship.

    In the most difficult time for the country and in June 1793, the Jacobins came to power. A decree was adopted that finally returned all communal lands to the peasants, and a decree abolishing all feudal duties and taxes.

    In two weeks, the Jacobins approved a new Constitution, which was based on the principles of freedom, equality and popular sovereignty. The highest legislative power belonged to the Legislative Assembly, elected for a term of 1 year. The highest executive power was exercised by the Executive Council

    of 24 people.

    The political situation in the country in the summer of 1793 continued to deteriorate. Interventionist armies were advancing, posing a threat to Paris. On July 13, the Jacobin Jean Paul Marat, popular among Parisians, was killed. Products became more expensive and became unavailable to

    poor people, the supply of food to the cities was reduced, there was not enough bread and basic food. Back in April)

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