What languages are native to the Perm region. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

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Introduction

The Perm region, or, as it is also called, the Perm Kama region, is a unique region in ethnocultural terms. Throughout history, it has developed as a multi-ethnic one: it was mastered by peoples of different origin, language, economic structure, and traditions, as a result of which one of the most interesting ethnocultural complexes was formed, which has no direct analogues in other regions of Russia. At the same time, interethnic relations in the region have always been peaceful.

In the Kama region there was active interaction between peoples. Characteristic features of the ethnic cultures of the Perm peoples are interethnic borrowings, which were the result of contacts with neighbors. The degree and forms of interaction remained different: from minor borrowings to complete assimilation.

Representatives of more than 120 nationalities live on the territory of the Perm Territory, which belong to three language groups: Slavic, Turkic, Finno-Ugric.

We were interested in why the Perm Territory, which occupies only about 1% of the territory of Russia, has such a diverse ethnic composition of the population.

Purpose of the study: study of the national composition of the population of the Kama region.

Tasks:

1) study the literature on the national composition of the population of the Perm region;

2) analyze the geography of the national composition of the region’s population;

3) identify the reasons for the complex national composition of the population of the Kama region.

Object of study: population of the Perm region.

Subject of study: national composition of the population of the Kama region.

Research methods: cartographic made it possible to trace the geography of settlement of the territory of the region by different peoples; analytical - to identify the reasons for the complex national composition of the population of the Perm region.

Hypothesis: The population of the Perm region is multinational, the main reason for which is the peculiarities of settlement of the territory.

The sources of the study were textbooks, local history literature, and data from the Territorial Body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Perm Territory.

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census have not yet been published, but this work brings together information about the national composition of the population of the Kama region, its geography, and identifies the reasons for the complex national composition.

Chapter 1. Slavic peoples

The territory of the Kama region has long been a historical crossroads for many peoples moving along the Kama or overcoming the Ural ridge on the road from Europe to Siberia and in the opposite direction. The most important routes of communication between Western Europe and the Russian Plain with the steppe and taiga regions of Asia and the states of the East passed here. Ancient trade routes ran along the Kama and its tributaries. All this had an impact on the formation of a complex national composition of the local population. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, Mansi, Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts, Maris, Russians, Tatars, and Bashkirs lived here. The most ancient population of the region, as Russian chroniclers testify, were the tribes Perm (Permyaks, Zyryans) - the ancestors of the Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks, and Ugra- the ancestors of modern Mansi and Khanty. The dramatic history of the country in the 19th and 20th centuries brought representatives of many other peoples to the Perm land.

Russians

The most numerous people are Russians. They make up 85.2%, or over 2.5 million people according to the 2002 census (Table 1). They are distributed evenly, and in most territories their numbers are predominant, with the exception of the Bardymsky district (7.2%) and five districts of the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (Gainsky, Kosinsky, Kochevsky, Kudymkarsky, Yusvinsky) - 38.2% (Fig. 2). The Russian population in the Western Ural region is of alien origin. The Verkhnekamsk lands, included in the Russian state in the 15th century, were developed primarily by Russian peasants of the European North. The process of formation of the Russian population of the Perm region was closely connected with the formation of the Russian state and the expansion of its borders to the east. In the 17th century, the process of transforming Russian settlers into an integral part of the population of the Urals was underway. It ended with the formation of a compact and nationally mature group of the population, which became part of the Russian nation.

Ukrainians

In the 19th-20th centuries, the ethnic composition of the population of the Kama region became more complex: peoples appeared whose ethnic history was connected with very remote territories. In 1897, 195 people of Ukrainian nationality lived on the territory of the region (almost half lived in the Perm district), and in 1920 - 922 Ukrainians, of whom 627 people ended up in Osinsky and Okhansky districts (all of them became settlers as a result of the Stolypin war carried out at the beginning of the century land reform). A huge number of Ukrainians were forcibly resettled to the Perm region during the period of collectivization and the “fight against the kulaks.” Many residents of Ukraine independently moved to the Kama region during the Great Patriotic War and in the post-war period.

Nowadays, the Ukrainian population among the multinational population of the Kama region is more than 16 thousand people, and mainly lives in the cities of the region (Aleksandrovsk, Berezniki, Gremyachinsk, Gubakha, Kizel), as well as in the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (Gainsky district).

Belarusians

The first Belarusians appeared in the Kama region at the end of the 18th century. In 1897, there were 77 people in the region, of which 51 people were in the Perm district. Then Belarusians moved to the Kama region as a result of the Stolypin land reform. In 1920 there were already 3,250 people, of which 2,755 people lived in rural areas. The new wave is special settlers who found themselves in the Kama region as a result of mass repressions. Here they preserved the language and features of traditional life. Belarusians lived compactly in Osinsky and Okhansky districts, but to date very few of them have survived in these places. They also lived in the north of the region. According to the 2010 census, 6.5 thousand Belarusians live in the Perm region (Fig. 1).

Poles

Pre-revolutionary Perm has long been a place of political exile. Many of the exiles were Poles - participants in the national liberation movement of the Polish people, who were deprived of statehood at the end of the 18th century and forcibly incorporated into the Russian Empire. In 1897, there were 1,156 Poles in the province, most of whom were expelled from Poland after the armed uprising of 1863. The Perm region has become a second home for many Poles, abandoned to a harsh region during the years of Stalinist repression. Poles, like representatives of other nationalities, left a noticeable mark on the history of the region and made a great contribution to the development of its culture. In 1989, the number of Poles in the region was 1,183 people (0.03%).

Chapter 2. Finno-Ugric peoples

Komi-Permyaks

In the XII-XV centuries, more extensive lands in the upper reaches of the Kama were inhabited by the Komi-Permyaks (Fig. 2). In origin and language, the Komi-Permyaks are close to the Udmurts and Komi-Zyryans. In 1472, the Komi-Permyaks were among the first of all the peoples of the Urals to become part of the Russian state. In 1869, 62,130 Komi-Permyaks lived in the Verkhnekamsk basin, in 1920 - 11,400 people. They formed the main ethnic core of the national (and since 1977 - autonomous) district formed in 1925. According to the 1989 census, there were 123,371 Komi-Permyaks in the region (Table 1).

The northern (Kosinsky-Kama) Komi-Permyaks have long been part of the Cherdynsky district, and the southern (Invensky) Komi-Permyaks have long been part of the Solikamsky district. The former experienced the influence of the economy and culture of Russian peasants earlier and more fully, and the latter somewhat later and not always deeply and comprehensively, therefore, there were differences in the two main groups of Komi-Permyaks in the language and cultural and everyday sphere. Under the conditions of a single autonomy, the consolidation of closely living ethnic groups of the population took place, and the main differences disappeared.

The most significant changes in the nature of settlement, demographic parameters of the Komi-Permyaks, and interethnic contacts occurred in the 20th century. The Komi-Permyaks are the fifth largest Finno-Ugric people in Russia. The growth in their numbers was most significant from the middle of the 19th century to the first quarter of the 20th century. The share of Komi-Permyaks in the population of Russia in 1897 was equal to 0.08%. In the population of the Russian Federation in 1959, Komi-Permyaks already made up 0.12%, in 1979 - 0.11%, and in 1989 - 0.10%. In the population of the district, Komi-Permyaks accounted for 60.2% in 1989, which is the highest proportion of the titular nationality among the Finno-Ugric autonomies of Russia. The 2002 census noted 103.5 thousand Komi-Permyak people in the Perm region, and the 2010 census noted more than 81 thousand people (Fig. 1).

Komi-Yazvintsy

For a long time, the Yazvin Komi were considered part of the Komi-Permyak ethnic group and were called “Yazvin Komi-Permyaks”. Representatives live in the Perm Territory - in the upper reaches of the Yazva River (Krasnovishersky and Solikamsky districts) (Fig. 2). In the latest official censuses they were listed as Russians, but they do not consider themselves as such. Despite the lack of writing, this ethnic group has not yet lost their native language, ethnic identity and some features of cultural and everyday life. Nowadays, the people of Yazvin live along the banks of the Yazva River. This territory lies 40 km from the regional center (Krasnovishersk). Back in the 1950s it was much wider.

The native language was spoken here by the adult population in all the villages around the village of Verkhnyaya Yazva and the villages of Verkhnyaya and Nizhnyaya Bychina. Nowadays, the residents of the most remote, up the Yazva, Antipinsk village administration, which numbers more than 1000 people, speak their native language best. Researchers note that the language of the inhabitants of Upper Yazva cannot be classified as either the Komi-Permyak or the Komi language. This allows us to consider the Permians of Upper Yazva an independent people. And the people of Yazvin themselves insist that they are not Komi and not Komi-Permyaks. Currently, there are about 2,000 Komi-Yazvin people.

Muncie

In the X - XII centuries. to the east of the Kama region - in the Trans-Urals the Mansi people formed. In the XVII - XIX centuries. The Mansi were settled in the Kama region in several areas. The Mansi population during this period lived in Kungur and Cherdyn districts. Compact groups of Mansi were located in the upper reaches of the river. Vishers - Vishers, or Cherdyn, Mansi, and along the river. Chusovoy - Chusovsky, or Kungursky.

The size of the Mansi population in the Kama region can be traced back to the end of the 18th century. According to the V revision of 1795, 152 Mansi lived in the Kungur district, 120 in Cherdynsky. According to the list of populated places of the Perm province, in the middle of the 19th century, the Mansi lived sedentary in the Kungur district numbering 162 people, in the village of Babenki - 52 people and in the village. Coccyx - 110, and in Cherdynsky district, in the village of Ust-Uls, there were, according to various sources, from 42 to 65 people. The total number of Mansi in the Perm Kama region during this period was 204 people.

A significant decrease in Mansi occurred in Cherdynsky district, which is associated with the migration of part of the Mansi population in the late 1850s. in the Trans-Urals, on the river. Lozva, in Verkhoturye district. Back in 1857, the number of Cherdyn Mansi was 138 people. But according to the results of the 1897 census, there were 193 Kungur Mansi people, and 79 people from Cherdyn. The modern Mansi population of the Perm Territory is scattered in small numbers over many areas and amounted to 26 people in 1989, and 31 in 2002. Along the river. Chusovaya was not noted in the latest census of the Mansi population, and the largest number of them - 10 people - was recorded in the Krasnovishersky district in 2002.

Udmurts

In Zakamye, on the Buy River, at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century, the Udmurts came. At this time, in the Upper Kama region, in the territory of traditional residence of the Udmurts, the process of Christianization began, which was accompanied by increased feudal oppression. The Kuedinsky (Buysky) Udmurts were pagans; they preserved the beliefs and rituals of their ancestors. There are many anachronisms in their language, and their ethnoculture is marked by borrowing - the result of the Udmurts living for a long time next to the Russians, Tatars, and Bashkirs. The multinational environment of the Kama region with a predominance of the Russian population contributed to the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of peoples.

According to the 1989 census, 32.7 thousand Udmurts live in the region, which is 1.1% of the total population (Table 1). In the Kuedinsky district, on the territory of three rural administrations, a historically established group lives - the Kuedinsky (Buysky) Udmurts, numbering 5.8 thousand people, which is 17.7% of the total population of the district. They recognize themselves as Udmurts, their native language is the main everyday language for them, it is studied in schools. The Udmurts maintain cultural ties with their historical homeland - the Udmurt Republic. According to the 2002 census, 26.3 thousand Udmurts lived in the Perm region, and according to the 2010 census - more than 20 thousand people (Fig. 1).

Mari

During the migration at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century, the Mari settled in the southern regions of the Perm region - in the upper reaches of the Sylva River (Suksun region). A small number of Mari moved to the Southern Kama region even before the annexation of the Middle Volga region to the Russian state. The Perm Mari belong to the eastern group of the Mari people, whose representatives also live in the Sverdlovsk region and the Republic of Bashkortostan. Eastern Mari use the literary norm of the Mari language, which was formed on the basis of the meadow dialect.

The number of Mari living in the Perm region, according to the 1989 census, is 6.6 thousand people - this is 0.2% of the entire population of the region (Table 1). There are compact settlements of Mari in Suksunsky, Kishertsky, Oktyabrsky, Chernushinsky and Kuedinsky districts. 1.6 thousand Mari, which is 6.7% of the total population of the district, live compactly on their historical territory - in two rural administrations of the Suksun district. According to the 2002 census, the number of Mari was 5,591 people, and according to the 2010 census - more than 4 thousand people (Fig. 1).

Chapter 3. Turkic peoples

Tatars

One of the numerous groups of the indigenous population of the Kama region is formed by the Tatars. After the fall of the Kazan Khanate, the free lands of the Southern Kama region were quickly populated, including by the Volga Tatars. Their highest concentration was observed in Tulva, Sylva, Ireni and adjacent territories. The Volga Tatars were joined by part of the Siberian Tatars, who migrated here much earlier. However, the Perm Tatars are heterogeneous; researchers identify several ethno-territorial groups among them: the Sylven-Iren Tatars, the Mullin Tatars and the Tulvin Tatars and Bashkirs.

In the early 1990s, there were 150.4 thousand Tatars (4.9%) in the Perm region. The Tatar population lives compactly in 12 territories of the region: in the cities of Gremyachinsk (15.3%), Kizel (13.5%), Lysva (16.8%), Chusovoy (6.7%), in the Kuedinsky district (6.4 %), Kungursky (8.8%), Oktyabrsky (32.5%), Orda (16.4%), Perm (5.1%), Suksunsky (7.9%), Uinsky (33.5%) , Chernushinsky (7.1%) (Fig. 2). The 2002 census noted a reduction in the number of Tatars to 136.6 thousand people, and the 2010 census - to 115 thousand people (Fig. 1).

Bashkirs

In the XIII - XIV centuries, several Bashkir clans moved from the northern regions of Bashkiria to the Tulva basin (Bardymsky and Osinsky districts) (Fig. 2). Here they formed into a compact group and assimilated the ancient Finno-Ugric population. The compact areas with the Turkic population - Tatars and Bashkirs - formed in the 16th - 17th centuries have survived to this day. There was intense interaction between representatives of different cities. This led to a reduction in the Bashkir population. Many Bashkirs at the beginning of the 20th century no longer had a clearly defined ethnic identity. Being under the long-term influence of the Tatar language and culture, they began to consider themselves Tatars. Therefore, the census showed a steady decline in Bashkirs and a significant increase in Tatars. In the 1989 census, about 30 thousand Bashkirs were registered as Bashkirs, but they called Tatar their native language.

52.3 thousand people (1989 census) of Bashkir nationality lived in the region, of which 24.9 thousand people lived in the Bardymsky district, which accounted for 85% of the total population of the region (Table 1). Territories with compact residence of Bashkirs also include Chernushinsky (6.5%), Kuedinsky (5.9%), Osinsky (3.9%), Oktyabrsky (2.2%), Uinsky (2.2%), Permsky ( 1.6%) districts. The 2002 census noted a reduction in the number of Bashkirs to 40.7 thousand people, and the 2010 census - to 32.7 thousand people (Fig. 1).

Chuvash

At the end of the 1920s, the resettlement of Chuvash people to the Perm region began. The Chuvash population moved to the Kama region from different regions of Chuvashia. The Perm Chuvash associate the reasons for migration with overpopulation in their historical homeland, lack of land, mowing, and forests. The second massive influx of the Chuvash population into the Perm region occurred in the 1950s.

Today the Chuvash are settled in the Kuedinsky, Chernushinsky, Elovsky and Tchaikovsky districts of the Perm Territory. According to the 1989 census, 10.8 thousand Chuvash lived in the region, of which 1,277 people lived compactly in the Kuedinsky district (Table 1). The 2002 census noted a reduction in the number of Chuvash to 7 thousand people, and the 2010 census - to 4 thousand people (Fig. 1).

Chapter 4. Other nations

Germans

According to the 1989 All-Union Population Census, more than 15 thousand Germans lived in the Perm Territory, which accounted for 0.5% of the total number of residents of the region. Historically, the dynamics of the development of the German population of the Kama region were as follows: in 1897, 355 Germans lived in the territory, of which 256 people lived in Perm; in 1920 there were already 1,533 people. During the Great Patriotic War, a large number of special settlers - Germans from the Volga region - arrived in the Perm region. Approximately 40 thousand of the deported Germans ended up in the region. The main places of concentration of German settlers were the Usolsky and Solikamsky camps, the Kizelshakhtstroy, Kizelugol, Kospashugol trusts, the city of Krasnokamsk, and the Yugokamsk plant. After the war, the influx of people of German nationality continued.

The former Labor Army members were joined by their children who came to the Kama region for “family reunification”, mainly from Kazakhstan, as well as a large party of repatriated people (these are those Germans who abandoned the areas occupied by fascist troops and were sent to the West, to Poland and Germany). About 20 thousand people arrived in the Kama region at that time. In the late 40s - early 50s, more than 200 thousand special settlers were registered in the Perm region, of which 70-80 thousand were Germans. After the political situation in the country changed, many Germans remained to live in the region. In the new areas of residence: Solikamsk, Berezniki, Kizel, Gubakha, Aleksandrovsk, Krasnokamsk, Kungur, Cherdyn, Krasnovishersk, Perm - ethnically homogeneous groups were formed. There is a steady downward trend in the number of Russian Germans. Among the residents of the Perm Territory, the share of the German population continues to decrease at the present time, primarily due to the departure of German families to Germany. However, about 6 thousand Germans now live in the Kama region.

Jews

The Jewish settlement of the Kama region began with retired soldiers who were taken from Belarus as children. In the middle of the 19th century, many Jews found themselves in exile in the Kama region. After the decree of Emperor Nicholas I on the introduction of conscription for Jews, Jewish young recruits appeared in Perm - students of military schools. From the military personnel, some of whom, at the end of their service, took advantage of the right to stay in the Urals, beyond the Pale of Settlement, for permanent residence, the “taxable” Jewish population of the city is formed. In 1864, there were 309 Jews in the Perm province, 216 of them, about 50 families, lived in Perm. A decade later, the Jewish population of the Perm province is 286 people of “both sexes”, in Perm - 116 people.

In the post-reform period, the right to live beyond the Pale of Settlement was granted to merchants of the 1st and 2nd guilds, people with higher education, artisans, medical and pharmaceutical workers. The Jewish population of Perm is increasing mainly due to artisans. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, a Jewish intelligentsia formed in the city, the core of which was doctors, engineers, musicians, and opera artists; in 1881, the first synagogue was opened. In 1897, there were 1,005 Jews living in the Kama region, 865 of them in Perm.

The next influx of Jewish settlers occurred during the First World War. Refugees from the western provinces of Russia arrived in Perm. In 1920 there were 3,526 Jews. According to the 1926 census, 76% of Perm Jews said their native language was Yiddish. From the 1920s to the early 1950s, the Jewish population in Perm and the region constantly increased. A significant number of Jews appeared in the Kama region during the Great Patriotic War - refugees from Ukraine and Belarus. Since the late 1950s, the Jewish population of the region began to gradually decline. In 1989 there were 5.5 thousand people (0.2%), and in 2002 - 2.6 thousand people (0.1%) (Table 1).

Peoples of the Caucasus

The first representatives of the peoples of the Caucasus appeared in the Kama region in the 19th century. One of the sources of complication of the ethnic map of the Kama region in recent decades has been the numerous influx of refugees and labor migrants, primarily from the CIS countries. The results of the 2002 census indicated the active formation of “new” diasporas of the peoples of Central Asia and Transcaucasia - Tajiks, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, the number of which increased by 1.5 - 2 times. According to the 2002 census, there were 5 thousand Armenians (0.2%), Georgians - 1.6 thousand people. (0.05%), Azerbaijanis - 5.8 thousand people (0.2%), Tajiks - 2 thousand people. (0.07%), Uzbeks - 2 thousand people, Kazakhs - 0.8 thousand people. (Table 1).

Koreans

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Koreans, for a number of reasons, had to emigrate to different countries, including Russia. The first Koreans came to Perm during the Great Patriotic War from Central Asia, where they had previously been deported from the Far East. Many Koreans settled in Perm in a later period. They come here to get an education, and after graduating from universities they stay to work. Most families are mixed. Third generation Perm Koreans no longer speak Korean. According to the 1989 census, there were 312 Koreans in the region.

Recent decades have led to the complication of the ethnic map of the Kama region. Changes in the national composition are caused by three factors. The first factor is related to differences in the natural movement of the population. The second factor is the migration processes that developed under the influence of the collapse of the USSR. The third factor is associated with the processes of change in ethnic identity under the influence of mixed marriages and other phenomena.

Conclusion

As a result of the study, data was obtained on the national composition of the population of the Kama region and its geography. The reasons for the diverse national composition of the population were also identified.

We learned that more than 120 peoples live in the Kama region. The most numerous people are Russians. They are a newcomer population. The most ancient people of the region were the ancestors of the Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks. A large number of Ukrainians and Belarusians were forcibly resettled to the Perm region during the period of collectivization and as a result of repression. Recent decades have led to the complication of the ethnic map of the Kama region.

Changes in the national composition of the population of the Kama region are due to the actions of three factors. These are differences in the natural movement of the population, migration processes that developed under the influence of the collapse of the USSR and processes of change in ethnic identity under the influence of mixed marriages and other phenomena.

In the process of work, we have significantly expanded our knowledge about the national composition of the population of the Perm region. The results of the study are and can be used in geography, history and local history classes.

Bibliography

Life of nationalities. Perm the Great: at the crossroads of times and peoples.Perm, 2001.

Nazarov N.N., Sharygin M.D. Geography. Perm region. Tutorial. Ed. "Book World", Perm, 1999.

Nikolaev S.F., Stepanov M.N., Chepkasov P.N. Geography of the Perm region. A manual for eight-year and high school students. Perm, Prince. publishing house, 1973.

Oborin V.A. Settlement and development of the Urals at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 17th century. - Irkutsk: Irkut Publishing House. University, 1990.

Chernykh A.V. Peoples of the Perm region. History and ethnography. - Perm: Pushka Publishing House, 2007.

Applications

Table 1

Ethnic composition of the population of the Perm region

Peoples of the Perm region	2002 Census		1989 Census
		in % of the total population		in % of the total population


Komi-Permyaks


Ukrainians
Belarusians


Azerbaijanis






Moldovans


Other nationalities

Fig.1. Ethnic composition of the population of the Perm region

(according to preliminary data from the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)

Fig.2. Geography of the national composition of the population of the Perm Territory

Dictionary "Speaking Perm"

Perm word
The language of a modern Russian city is a complex formation. It is represented by various “non-standard” forms of the Russian language (inclusions of literary speech, colloquial forms, elements of territorial and social dialects). At the same time, the language of any city can have pronounced local features at different linguistic levels. The overwhelming majority of city residents are a kind of “bilinguals” or “multilinguals” who are able to “switch” in various spheres of communication to the means of a literary language, urban vernacular, professional or group jargon, and sometimes to speech with elements of the local dialect. What is the meaning of such a difference between the language of one city and the language of another? Every modern city strives to have its own language code, allowing it to distinguish its own from strangers.

The speech of the city of Perm has long been actively studied by sociolinguists of the Perm State National Research University, Professors T.I. Erofeeva and E.V. Erofeeva. According to the observations of scientists, Perm is characterized by a specific pronunciation - the so-called closed pronunciation, perceived as “swallowing” vowel sounds. There is a humorous explanation for this phenomenon: pronouncing sounds with an almost unopened, motionless lower jaw is nothing more than the desire not to open your mouth wide so as not to catch a cold in the Ural frost). Typical Perm phonetic features also include okanye, the almost complete loss of the j sound between vowels in words like “sdelaem” (instead of “let’s do”), “platte” (instead of “dress”). Less noticeable to a non-specialist is the preservation of roundedness when pronouncing the reduced sound O in an unstressed position, the weakening of the affricates (“cellophane” instead of “cellophane”). A characteristic “singing” rise in tone at the end of phrases is considered a characteristic Ural intonation. We see many special features in the Permian syntax. For example, only here we use “dak da” to confirm something or express agreement (“When you hear a smell, do you remember something? - Well, dak da”). For enumeration, in the meaning of “and so on”, residents of Perm often use the combination “why yes” (“We planted potatoes, carrots, beets and wow”; “Right now they don’t give birth to many people - one at a time, two at a time”). The speech of Perm residents is characterized by an abundance of Komi-Permyak and Turkic lexical borrowings ("balka" - sheep, "kaga" - child, "tues" - birch bark box with a lid, "uglan" - teenage boy, "duvan" - draft, from Turkic name for a high, open place). A lot of words have been fixed in the local tradition with meanings that are not typical for other territories. Thus, a document with an inscription giving the right to see a doctor is called a “coupon” in Perm, while in other Russian cities it is a “tag”; The word "vichka" is used by Perm residents, unlike residents of other Russian cities, to call a small twig. Permians use a large number of dialect words: "zharekha" - a dish of fried mushrooms, "sinyavka" - russula, "vertical head" - restless, disobedient, "simple" - ingenuous, disinterested. Residents of Perm consistently use the word “redhead” to designate boletus (according to dialect dictionaries, it is typical for rural residents of the Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Tver, Novgorod, Vladimir, Kostroma, Moscow regions and the Middle Urals). As recent studies by the famous sociolinguist Professor V. have shown. I. Belikova, the common name for cigarette butts is “chibon” in Perm (in the north of the region the word “khabon” is used in this meaning). Many phraseological units are purely Permian. Thus, an expression like “Dunka from Bakharevka” is used to describe a strange, abnormal young lady with an exotic appearance (“I don’t understand you: I came to a meeting with serious people, and she dressed up like Dunka from Bakharevka.” Not everyone has such broad views on what a deputy director should look like!"). Nowadays, few people remember that Bakharevka was once a vegetable plantation in Perm, and vegetables were grown here by residents of villages nearby Perm. The most colorful in creating the speech image of Perm are the unofficial colloquial names of urban objects: “Tower of Death” (about the building of the regional Department of Internal Affairs), the ironic and affectionate name of the Zakamsk district - “Zookamsk”, the Proletarsky microdistrict - “Prolet”. The ironic name of the monument to the heroes of the front and home front on the city esplanade is “Taxi, Taxi!” - an example not so much of the obliteration of the national historical memory and self-awareness of Perm residents, but of the reaction of the townspeople to the ideologicalization of the center of the regional capital. The sculptural composition of the monument consists of three people; from certain angles, the gestures captured by the author resemble the gestures of those trying to catch a taxi towards the railway station (“After registering at the registry office, the newlyweds must be photographed near the TAXI, TAXI”). Not everything in Perm lends itself to rational interpretation, including the unusual speech of its inhabitants. “The more wonderful a language is, the sweeter it is,” said the famous writer Valentin Rasputin, a subtle connoisseur of folk speech. The diversity of the vocabulary, the rich variability of the language of the Perm street is a striking feature of the internal life of the regional capital. One of the most noticeable properties of everyday speech in Perm is folk word creation, language play, and the desire of Perm residents to maintain a “non-common” facial expression.

I.A. Podyukov, -
Doctor of Philology, Head of the Department of General Linguistics, PSPU

Dictionary "Speaking Perm"

In the area of special attention
The main difference of the publication, which we bring to your attention not without some parental pride, is that it completely lacks the academic quality characteristic of ordinary dictionaries. “Speaking Permian” is, rather, an observation diary. The compilers did not strive to create a dictionary of exclusively Perm words and expressions, if only for the reason that it is almost impossible to establish the true “place of birth” of some units. For example, other regions and cities may well compete with Perm for the word “Basque” - it can be considered more of an all-Ural word. In addition, fascinating research in the field of classical dialect lexicography is being carried out by real serious scientists who continue the glorious work of Vladimir Dahl - we’ll leave it to them. When compiling the dictionary, with enthusiasm and care, we selected what characterizes the modern Permian in the opinion of the compilers - which, of course, cannot be considered the only true one. For greater objectivity, we added to our own materials: the works of specialists in Perm dialects, philologists (they know better), observations of tourists who visited the Perm region (even more so for them), finally, observations of our fellow countrymen from among representatives of different ages and professions (this actually, it’s not obvious, but each of them is a carrier of the very living speech that we tried to describe here).

Without pretending to be a complete representation of Perm words and expressions in this publication, we nevertheless assert that the small sample with which the reader becomes familiar with it can serve as an excellent service for the first acquaintance with the region. It doesn’t matter for what purpose you are going to visit the Kama region: whether it is a work opportunity or a journey following the call of your heart, upon arrival in Perm you will hear a lot of interesting things from the natives (we guarantee this) and, perhaps, you will not be able to understand all the words and expressions right away. We flatter ourselves with the hope that our collection will help you in this difficult matter. “Speaking Permian” consists of words and expressions that definitely come from the Kama region - for example, the compilers vouch for the Permianness of “posikunchiki” and other “pistiks” with their heads, hands and other parts of the body; further, words that do not have exclusively Perm registration, but may be characteristic of the entire Ural region, but “in Moscow no one speaks like that for sure”; and actually what is characteristic of the speech of the Permian of our time - jargon, slang, borrowings creatively interpreted by our contemporaries and fellow countrymen, and so on.

Meanwhile, when learning any language, only words and expressions (vocabulary) are not enough for full communication. It is important to know how these words form phrases (grammar, that is), and how all this is then pronounced (that’s right, phonetics). Some rules for forming a statement in Perm are in the dictionary. It also contains several universal phrases that can help out in many situations (for example, the word CHE, beloved by Permians, provides a rich field for a variety of constructions that can express almost anything). Be prepared for the fact that a rich vocabulary in itself does not guarantee success. It is worth paying attention to the ability to construct a statement in Perm. A win-win option is to start any statement with the words DAK or WHAT. In some cases (especially if the sentence is interrogative) it is best to even combine them into DAK CHE. For example: So, are we going to eat today? In some cases, DAK can also complete a phrase. For example: Well, come here, you’re still awake. But speaking Perm without an accent - from a purely pronunciation point of view - requires more careful preparation. So, we carefully read the rules, listen to native speakers and try to reproduce them.

Perm pronunciation rules
(a must read, without it you will sound completely un-Permian)
1. When you speak, your mouth should open minimally. To be honest, it’s better not to open your mouth at all. If you find it difficult at first, help yourself by slightly pushing your lower jaw forward.
2. Speech should be very fast, so that others do not have time to understand you.
3. Remember: if a word contains the letter O, then even in an unstressed position it will be read as O
4. In general, try to make A and O always look like O. Y is also allowed. In some cases Y is even preferable. Even if Y is difficult to pronounce, feel free to drop the vowel altogether.

A little strengthening exercise. The first word in the chain is pronounced in the usual way. In the second case, we insert the correct, Perm-colored vowel sound. And the last word is already perfect in Perm.

Home - smoke - smoke
Sausage - kylbysa - klbsa
Podvodnikov - pydvodnikov - pdvodnikv
Language is a reflection of the culture and worldview of its speaker. Permian speech amuses some, irritates others, and still others don’t believe that anyone actually speaks like that. Of course, it is impossible to embrace the immensity. Conveying the full power of Perm speech is a task of exceptional difficulty. You need to hear it, and you need to try to say it. If you look in any dictionary, next to the word “attraction” you will see the following definition: “Something that deserves attention and has special value.” From a tourism point of view, the Perm region is a surprisingly diverse territory. One should pay attention here to the former Stroganov factories, and current modern enterprises, and magnificent natural monuments, and rich museums, and much, much more. However, the spirit of a place, its unique atmosphere, its originality and “taste” cannot be felt without getting acquainted with the local dialect. We believe that the famous Perm dialect is one of the most interesting and valuable attractions of the Kama region. We can recommend to everyone who has just begun to master speaking Perm to experiment with new vocabulary, bringing it into their active vocabulary in a variety of communicative situations. And as a small master class, we suggest you try to retell long-known stories in Perm: you will see how seemingly completely familiar plots magically acquire a fresh sound.

Dictionary "Speaking Perm"

PERM LANGUAGES

- a branch of the Finno-Ugric family of languages (see Finno-Ugric languages). To P. I. include Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permyak and Udmurt languages. Carriers of P. i. live ch. arr. to the north-east Europe parts of the USSR - in the Komi ASSR, Udm. ASSR and in the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Republic. district. The Komi-Zyryans also live in the lower reaches of the Ob and along the river. Tobol within the Tyumen and Omsk regions. Their settlements are also found in certain districts of other regions. Komi also live on the Kola Peninsula. In the upper reaches of the Kama there are Kirov Permyaks (the so-called Zyudzin-tsy; about 5 thousand people). Settlements of Komi-Permyaks are found in a number of regions of Siberia. On the north-east Perm region, on Wed. and upstream, along the Yazva, a tributary of the Vishera, live the Krasnovishera Permyaks (the so-called Komi-Yazvintsy). In a number of features, their language is close to the Onkovsky and Lower Invensky dialects of the Komi-Permyak language. Small groups of Udmurts are found in Bashk. ASSR, Tat. ASSR, as well as in the Kirov, Sverdlovsk and Perm regions. Udmurt migrants live in Siberia. Among the Udmurts, a special ethnicity stands out. group - Besermyans, living mainly on Wed. and lower the flow of the river Caps. Besermyans speak a special dialect of UDM. language The ancestors of the Permian peoples originally lived in the Bas. Vyatka and Wed. and lower the flow of the Kama. The disintegration of the Proto-Perm community occurred ca. 8th century Basic The cause of the collapse was the penetration of Turkic peoples into the Volga, Ch. arr. Bulgar Relocation of the Komi to the territory. modern The Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic began in the 6th-7th centuries. Room-Permyak language. close to Komi-Zyryan. The reason for its transformation into an independent language was the territorial isolation outside the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Perm region) and independent language, the development of lit. language. The dialects of the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages are usually classified according to 2 principles - typological and territorial. Until the 70s. 20th century dialects were united into 3 groups: Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permyak and Komi-Yaevin. Since the 70s They are united into the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak groups. Typological the classification takes into account the fate of Proto-Perm 1. Depending on its nature, 4 types of dialects are distinguished: El dialects; null-el dialects; ve-el dialects; bezel dialects. In El dialects, sound 1 is preserved in any position, for example. vel "horse", velteg "without horse", velen "horse". In Null-El dialects, the ancient 1 at the end of a word and in the middle of a word before a consonant is replaced by lengthening the previous vowel or dropped out completely. If the previous vowel is 1 or i, then 1 goes into j (cf. nii or ni "girl" from nil, zej "very" from zel). In Ve-Elov dialects, in the middle of a word before a consonant and at the end of a word, 1 becomes v (cf. vev "horse" from vel, kivni "hear" from kilni). In non-el dialects, 1 always turns into v. According to the classification, which takes into account the territorial location of dialects, in the Komi-Zyryans, the following dialects are distinguished. 10 dialects: Nizhnevychegda, Verkhnevychegda, Middle Sysol, Prisyk-Tyvkar, Verkhnesysolsk, Udor, Izhem. Vymsky, Pechora and Luzsko-Letsky. The dialects received these names. arr. from the names of the rivers along which the Crimea lived or lives. The dialects of the Komi-Permyaks, widespread within the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Region. okr., are combined into 2 adverbs - northern and southern. In udm. language 2 dialects are also distinguished - northern and southern. Between them are transitional (“middle”) dialects, the speakers of which live in the central (middle) districts of Udm. ASSR. Transitional dialects arose as a result of the mixing of northern. and south adverb. The Komi and Udmurt languages, despite the known differences that exclude the possibility of mutual understanding among their speakers, PERM 371 24” are at the same time languages of the same type. Phonemic composition of all three litas. languages coincides: 7 vowels and 26 consonants fsnem. Morphological The structure is also basically the same: the case systems are the same - in UDM. lit. the language has 15 cases, in Komi-Zyryan - 16, in Komi-Permyak - 17. Of these cases, 14 case forms are common. They coincide in terms of indicators and functions. The personal-possessive system is almost the same in these languages. suffixes. This means that similarities are observed in the system of pronouns and numerals. System past times built on the same model. Many common features and features are also found in history. development of grammatical systems P. i. However, there are differences in the syntax. Thanks to the influence of Tat. language udm. language retained more features of the syntax of the Uralic parent language, syntactic. the system of which was Turko-Mong. type. Absolute revolutions in udm. language are found much more often than in the Komi language, the verb gravitates towards the end of the sentence. In the vocabulary of UDM. language quite a lot of borrowings from Tat. languages, especially in the south. adverbs. About the study of P. i. see Finno-Ugric studies. About Sovrem. Komi language, part 1 - Phonetics, vocabulary and morphology, part 2 - Syntax, Syktyvkar. 1955-67; L y t k i n V. I.. T e p l i m n i a T. I., Perm languages, in the book: Fundamentals of Finnish Ugric, language knowledge. Mari, Perm and Ugric languages, M., 1976. B. A. Serebrennikov*

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

Perm region

The border between Europe and Asia passes through the region. A significant territory of the region is located in the east of the European part of Russia. It is bordered by the Komi Republic in the north, Bashkortostan in the south, Sverdlovsk Region in the east, and Kirov Region in the northwest.

The modern entity - the Perm Territory - was formed in 2005, after the unification of the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. The main administrative center is the city of Perm. People inhabited the region since the Paleolithic era. Active exploration by Russians began around the 16th century and intensified in the 17th century, after the discovery of copper and gold.

The peoples of the Perm region and their traditions are very diverse. Approximately 125 nationalities live on an area of 160 square kilometers. The total population is 2.6 million people. The urban population significantly predominates over the rural population, it amounts to 75%.

What peoples inhabit the Perm region?

The region is home to many ethnic groups and peoples. Of these, only seven are the earliest and authentic for this area. The languages of the peoples of the Perm region are numerous. Within the indigenous ethnic groups, they are divided into Finno-Ugric, Slavic (Russian), and Turkic.

The main population is represented by Russians (2.1 million). The next largest numbers are Tatars (115 thousand), Komi-Permyaks (80 thousand), Bashkirs (30 thousand), Udmurts (20 thousand) and Ukrainians (16 thousand). More than four thousand people are Belarusians, Germans, Chuvash, and Mari. The remaining peoples of the Perm region are represented in the minority. Among them are Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Turks, Ingush, Komi-Yazvins, Mordovians, Gypsies, Moldovans, Mansi, Koreans, Chinese, Georgians, Chechens and others.

The indigenous peoples of the Perm region are represented by three main groups: Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Slavic. In the period from the 15th to the 16th centuries, the ancestors of modern Komi-Permyaks settled in the area of the upper reaches of the Kama. The southern parts of the region were inhabited by Bashkirs and Tatars. Udmurts, Mansi and Mari also lived on the territory. The Russian population came here around the 16th century, quickly becoming dominant.

Mari

The name of the peoples of the Perm region may differ in different languages. For example, the Mari usually call themselves mary or mare. This people belongs to the Finno-Ugric ethnic group. They are located in the area between the Volga and Vetluga. Most of them live in the Russian Republic of Mari El, as well as in the Volga region and the Urals.

According to anthropological characteristics, they belong to the Sub-Ural type, with more pronounced features of the Mongoloid race. The ethnos was formed back in the 1st millennium AD. e. In their culture and way of life they are most similar to the Chuvash. The people are made up of four ethnic groups; mainly Kungur Mari live in the region.

Part of the people adopted Orthodoxy, although the main belief remains traditional religion. In this case, it represents folk mythology combined with monotheism. Mari paganism is based on the veneration of the forces of nature, prayers to which take place in sacred groves (in the ritual structure of kude).

Folk clothing is represented by a shirt-tunic, decorated with embroidery, trousers and a caftan, with a belt or towel around the top. Women wore jewelry made of coins, shells, and beads. The headdress is a towel with a headband - a sharpan, a magpie or a cone-shaped cap. Men wore brimmed hats.

Udmurts

The autochthonous population of the Kama region and the Urals are the Udmurts. They belong to the Finno-Ugrians, like some other peoples of the Perm region. The closest to them are the Komi-Permyaks and Komi-Zyryans, although the life and culture were strongly influenced by Russian and Tatar traditions. The majority of the population professes Orthodoxy, but elements of folk beliefs have been preserved in the villages.

The Udmurts traditionally engaged in agriculture (grain and potatoes) and animal husbandry, hunting and gathering, beekeeping and fishing. They lived where several families lived on the same territory. They were engaged in embroidery, knitting, woodworking, weaving and spinning.

The ritual building (kuala) for prayer was located, like the Mari, in the forest. The house had a stove with a hanging boiler, bunks for sleeping and a red corner (table and chair) for the head of the family. The women's costume consisted of a shirt, robe, velvet-trimmed breastplate and belt. They decorated themselves with coins, rings, and beads. Men wore blue and white striped trousers, blouses, and felted hats.

Komi-Permyaks

Representatives of the people call themselves Komi Mort or Komi Otir. They are settled mainly in the territory of the former Komi-Permyak Okrug. They belong to the Finno-Ugric group. In terms of language and traditions, they have the greatest similarities with the Komi-Zyryans. There is practically no literature in the language of the people.

The main occupation of the Komi-Permyaks was agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, weaving, pottery, and spinning. Currently it is wood processing and agriculture. Like many peoples of the Perm region, the Komi-Permyaks were pagans, but the majority converted to Christianity. Now they are trying to revive folk beliefs.

Traditional clothing was initially blue and black, later other shades appeared, and a “check” pattern was added to the shirt. The women's outfit consisted of a tunic-like shirt, over which a sundress was worn. Sometimes an apron was worn over the sundress. Headdresses - kokoshniks, were decorated with embroidery and ornaments. Men wore tunic-like embroidered shirts, belted with sashes, and trousers. On their feet they wore cats, biscuits and bast shoes.

Muncie

The Mansi ethnicity belongs to the Ugric peoples. There are few representatives of this people in Russia. The main population lives in However, the Mansi are the autochthonous peoples of the Perm region. There are only a few of them left in the region (up to 40); they live in the Vishera Nature Reserve.

The native language of the ethnic group is the Mansi language, which belongs to the Ob-Ugric group. Culturally, the Hungarians and Khanty are closest to the Mansi. In beliefs, along with Orthodoxy, folk mythology and shamanism have been preserved. The Mansi believe in patron spirits.

Traditional occupations include reindeer herding, fishing, hunting, farming and cattle breeding. The housing was built seasonally. In winter they lived in log houses or huts like Russian ones, in summer in conical tents made of birch bark. An open hearth made of poles served as heating and light source. A characteristic feature of the Mansi was that they did not eat mushrooms, considering them a home for evil spirits.

The women's costume consisted of a robe made of cloth or satin and a dress. A scarf and a lot of jewelry were worn. The men had shirts and trousers; clothing, as a rule, had a cloth hood.

Tatars

Tatars belong to the Turkic peoples. And they are widely dispersed throughout Russia (the second largest nation). They live in the Kama region, the Urals, the Volga region, the Far East, and Siberia. In the Perm region, Tatars are present in almost all settlements.

The Tatar language belongs to the Altaic family. The majority of the people are Sunni Muslims, although there are Orthodox and atheists. In the Kama region, the Tatars closely interacted with the Bashkirs, which led to the mutual influence of cultures on each other.

The national costume differs among different ethnic groups of Tatars. The main features of a women's costume are a long shirt-dress and trousers. An embroidered bib was worn on top, and a robe was worn as outerwear. A turban, scarf or kalfak hat was worn on the head. Men wore a felt hat over a skullcap. Jewelry for women was made of metal.

Bashkirs

Another people of the Turkic group are the Bashkirs. The main population lives in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The national language is Bashkir. Like Tatar, it belongs to the Altai family. Representatives of the people are Sunni Muslims.

The Bashkirs are closest to the Turkic peoples, although Iranians and Finno-Ugrians also participated in their ethnogenesis. The people led a semi-nomadic lifestyle, engaged in cattle breeding. At the same time, he was engaged in fishing, hunting, beekeeping, farming, and gathering. Crafts included weaving, shawl and carpet production. The Bashkirs were skilled in jewelry and forging.

Folk clothing was made from sheepskin. Women and men wore wide-legged trousers. A dress was put on top (it was different for women and men). They also wore a robe, half-caftan, and kamzul. There was a lot of embroidery and appliques on the clothes. Headdresses ranged from caps, towels to earflaps. Everything was richly embroidered with patterns. Men wore skullcaps and felt hats.

Conclusion

The peoples of the Perm region and their traditions differ greatly from each other. The region has always been characterized by multi-ethnicity; there was no single nationality throughout its entire territory. Previously, individual tribes constantly wandered from one place to another, in search of the most favorable conditions for life.

In the 15th century, several tribes settled in the Kama region, whose ancestors formed the peoples of the Perm region. The culture and ethnography of these peoples did not develop in isolation, but mutually influenced each other. For example, the Udmurts inherited the cultural traits of the Tatars, and the Tatars, in turn, were influenced by the Bashkirs.

The Russians had the greatest influence on the culture of the peoples, who already in the 17th century significantly predominated in numbers. Nowadays, traditional clothing and lifestyle are poorly supported. For some representatives they are reflected in religion, although many have become Christianized. Folk languages are often used as a second language, and Russian is used as a first language.

What languages ​​are native to the Perm region. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of words and what PERM LANGUAGES are in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Perm region

What peoples inhabit the Perm region?

Mari

Udmurts

Komi-Permyaks

Muncie

Tatars

Bashkirs

Conclusion

What languages are native to the Perm region. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary