How to find grammatical errors in a sentence. Typical errors in the Russian language: grammatical, speech and spelling

Speech is a channel for the development of intelligence,
the sooner the language is acquired,
the easier and more completely the knowledge will be absorbed.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

We think of speech as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intelligence and a way of understanding the complex connections of nature, things, society and transmitting this information through communication.

It is obvious that when learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this regard. All people make mistakes, both in speech and in speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as the idea of ​​“”, is inextricably linked with the concept of speech error. In essence, these are parts of the same process, and, therefore, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's figure out what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live, work and communicate normally with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors given below is Doctor of Philology Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Tseitlin writes: “The complexity of the speech generation mechanism is a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's look at special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or spelling errors arise as a result of violation of the rules of spelling. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. These also include accentological errors - violation of stress norms. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plotlit” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktrichesky” (“electric”), “colidor” ("corridor"), "laboratory" ("laboratory"), "tyshcha" ("thousand"), "shchas" ("now").

Accent: “calls”, “dialogue”, “agreement”, “catalogue”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beets”, “phenomenon”, “driver”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors are violations of the rules of vocabulary, first of all, the use of words in meanings that are unusual for them, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They come in several types.

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type there are three subtypes:

• Mixing words that are similar in meaning: “He read the book back.”
• Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, colossus - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
• A mixture of words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diploma holder, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignoramus. “Cashier for business travelers” (required – business travelers).

Word writing. Examples of errors: Georgian, heroism, underground, spender.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the lines of their material meanings. For example, you cannot say: “ I raise this toast", since “to lift” means “to move,” which is not consistent with the wish. “Through a door that is ajar” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (open a little) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “the month of May”, “traffic route”, “residence address”, “huge metropolis”, “be on time”. Tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “We were given a task,” “The organizer was a public organization,” “I wish you long creative life.”

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in a meaning that is unusual for them. Yu. V. Fomenko identifies 7 varieties:

• Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “As long as the matter is the case” instead of “As long as the trial is the case”;
• Truncation of phraseological units: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseological unit: “beat his head against the wall”);
• Expansion of the lexical composition of phraseological units: “You have come to the wrong address” (phraseological unit: go to the right address);
• Distortion of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit: “I can’t stand sitting with my hands folded.” Correct: “folded”;
• Contamination (combination) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything with your sleeves folded” (a combination of phraseological units “carelessly” and “hands folded”);
• Combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "Random stray bullet";
• Use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: “Today we will talk about the film from cover to cover.”

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers away”.

Syntax errors

Syntactic errors are associated with violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules of combining words. There are a lot of varieties, so we will give just a few examples.

• Incorrect matching: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
• Mismanagement: “Pay for travel”;
• Syntactic ambiguity: “Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression”(have you read Mayakovsky or have you read Mayakovsky’s works?);
• Design offset: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention”;
• Extra correlative word in the main clause: “We looked at those stars that dotted the whole sky.”

Spelling mistakes

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of writing, hyphenation, and abbreviation of words. Characteristic of speech. For example: “the dog barked”, “sit on the chairs”, “come to the train station”, “Russian. language", "gram. error".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks when...

Stylistic errors

We have dedicated a separate section to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Work on your speech should include:

1. Reading fiction.
2. Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
3. Communication with educated people.
4. Constant work to improve speech culture.

Online course “Russian language”

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course “to” to these topics. During the classes, you will have the opportunity to practice competent writing skills using a special system of multiple distributed repetitions of material through simple exercises and special memorization techniques.

Sources

• Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. – St. Petersburg, 1997.
• Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
• Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors...
• Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. – Novosibirsk: NSPU, 1994.
• Tseytlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Education, 1982.

The most common mistakes in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language:

Classification of errors according to FIPI

1. Grammatical errors.
2. Speech errors.
3. Logical errors
4. Factual errors.
5. Spelling mistakes.
6. Punctuation errors.
7. Graphic errors.

Grammar mistake– this is an error in the structure of a linguistic unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; This is a violation of any grammatical norm: word formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

• slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility– here an error was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or suffix was used;
• no comment, go instead of go,more easier– the form of the word is formed incorrectly, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
• pay for travel, awarded– the structure of the phrase is broken (management standards are not followed);
• After skating on the skating rink, my legs hurt; In the essay I wanted to show the importance of sports and why I love it– sentences with participles (1) and homogeneous members (2) are constructed incorrectly, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammatical speech errors– these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word. These are mainly violations of lexical norms, for example:

• Stolz is one of the main characters in Goncharov’s novel of the same name “Oblomov”;
• They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can only be noticed in context, this is what distinguishes it from a grammatical error, for the detection of which context is not needed.

Below are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

1. Erroneous word formation - Trudol beam oh, above laugh.
2. Erroneous formation of a noun form - Many miracles A technology, not enough time I.
3. Erroneous formation of the adjective form - More interesting, more beautiful.
4. Erroneous formation of the numeral form - WITH five hundred rubles
5. Erroneous formation of the pronoun form - Theirs pathos , ihi children.
6. Erroneous formation of the verb form - They travel, want, write about the life of nature.
7. Violation of agreement - I know a group of guys who are seriously into... imisya jazz.
8. Impaired control - You need to make your nature more beautiful.
   Narrates readers.
9. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
10. Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in individual constructions - He wrote a book that epic.
    Everyone was glad, happy and funny.
11. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - A country loved And was proud poet.
    In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
12. Errors in constructing sentences with participles - Reading the text , there is such a feeling...
13. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases - The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.
14. Errors in the construction of complex sentences - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.
15. Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said, what am I I do not agree with the reviewer's opinion.
16. Violation of supply boundaries - When the hero came to his senses. It was too late.
17. Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms - Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Types of speech errors:

1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it - We were shocked wonderful acting.
   Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
2. Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix - My attitude to this problem is not has changed.Were accepted spectacular measures.
3. Non-distinction of synonymous words - IN final In the sentence, the author uses gradation.
4. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to guide people A little to another track.
5. Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units - Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6. Unjustified use of colloquial words - Such people always succeed burn others.
7. Violation of lexical compatibility - ​​​​​​ Author increases impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of facilities).
8. The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us using artistic techniques.Young young man, Very beautiful.
9. The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology) - In that the story is told about real events.
10. Unjustified repetition of a word - Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he’s done.
11. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editorial office , he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
12. Poor use of pronouns - This text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style.I immediately had a picture of his imagination.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

This errors associated with the use of verbs, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

1. Errors in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by a feeling of compassion(follows: moves);
2. Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book gives knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately(follows: ...give.., teach... or...gives.., teaches...);
3. Errors in the use of active and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: flowing);
4. Errors in the formation of gerunds: Having walked onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: going out);
5. Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author here was wrong(norm: here);

These errors are usually associated with violations of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.

Typical ones include grammatical and syntax errors :

1. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate: The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work); To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
2. Errors associated with the use of particles, for example, unjustified repetition: It would be nice if the artist’s signature was on the picture; separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it relates (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems"(the restrictive particle “total” must come before the subject: “... only two problems”);
3. Unjustified omission of a subject (ellipsis): His courage (?) to stand up for honor and justice attracts the author of the text;
4. Incorrect construction of a complex sentence: The author of the text understands intelligence not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also with the concept of “smart” the idea of ​​free-thinking was associated.

Typical speech errors (K10)

These are disorders associated with underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, clericalism, non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; polysemy not eliminated by the context.

The most common speech errors include:

1. Non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms: In such cases, I look at the Philosophical Dictionary(verb take a look usually requires the control of a noun or pronoun with the preposition "to" ("to look at someone or something"), and the verb look in(“quickly or furtively look somewhere, look in order to find out, find out something”), which must be used in the above sentence, controls a noun or pronoun with the preposition “in”);
2. Errors in choosing a synonym: The name of this poet is familiar in many countries(instead of the word known its synonym was mistakenly used in the sentence familiar); Now our press devotes significant space to advertising, and this does not appeal to us(in this case, instead of the word space it is better to use its synonym - place; And non-lingual word impresses also requires synonymous replacement);
3. Errors in the selection of antonyms when constructing an antithesis:In the third part of the text, a cheerful, not major motif makes us think(antithesis requires precision when choosing words with opposite meanings, and the words “cheerful” and “major” are not antonyms;
4. Destruction of the figurative structure of phraseological units, which happens in an unsuccessfully organized context: Do not put your finger in the mouth of this undoubtedly talented writer Zoshchenko, but just let him make the reader laugh.

Logical errors

Logical errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

1. comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence;
2. as a result of a violation of the logical law of identity, the substitution of one judgment for another.

Composition and text errors

1. Bad start. The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text the author ...
2. Errors in the main part.
   • Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
   • Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order.
   • The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.
3. Bad ending. Duplication of conclusion, unjustified repetition of previously expressed thoughts.

Factual errors

Factual errors- a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

1. Distortion of the content of a literary work, incorrect interpretation, poor choice of examples.
2. Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.
3. Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.
4. Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, and nicknames of literary characters. Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, errors in indicating the author.

Spelling, punctuation, graphic errors

Errors are taken into account when testing literacy (K7-K8)

1. To the rules learned;
2. Non-rough (two non-rough ones count as one):
   • in exceptions to the rules;
   • in writing capital letters in compound proper names;
   • in cases of separate and continuous writing not with adjectives and participles,
   • acting as a predicate;
   • in writing And And s after prefixes;
   • in difficult cases of distinguishing between not and neither ( Where did he turn! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. No one else...; none other than…; nothing else is...; nothing more than...etc.);
   • in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
   • in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If an error is repeated in the same word or in the roots of words with the same root, then it is counted as one error.

1. Same type(the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one): errors per one rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in grammatical ( in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic ( pie, cricket) features of this word. Important!!!
   • The concept of errors of the same type does not apply to punctuation errors.
   • Errors for such a rule are not considered to be of the same type, in which, to clarify
2. Repetitive(a repetition in the same word or in the root of words with the same root is considered one mistake)

Spelling mistakes

1. ­ In word wrapping;
2. ­ Letters e/e after consonants in foreign words (racket, plein air) and after vowels in proper names ( Marietta);
3. ­ Uppercase or lowercase letters
   • in names associated with religion: M(m)aslenitsa, R(r)Christmas, B(b)og.
   • with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomovs and Oblomovs).
   • in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling surnames with first
   • parts of Don, Van, Saint... (Don Pedro and Don Quixote).
4. Integrated / hyphenated / separate spelling
   • in names, with in complex nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary ( Lend-Lease, Lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, Walk-City paperweight, but beef Stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
   • to rules that are not included in the school curriculum. For example: in spill, scold behind your back, to match, on the run, in installments, on the back foot, as a curiosity, by touch, on the hook, put on the butt(cf. the current spelling recklessly, scattered);

Punctuation errors

• Dash in incomplete sentence;
• Isolation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
• Commas in restrictive and emphatic phrases;
• Distinguishing between homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting them or separating them with commas;
• In the transmission of the author's punctuation;

Graphic errors

Graphic errors– various techniques for abbreviating words, using spaces between words, various underlinings and font selections. These include: various clerical errors and typos caused by the inattentiveness of the writer or haste in writing.

Common graphic errors:

• Omission of letters, for example: the entire novel is based on this conflict (follows: built);
• Rearranging letters, for example: new product names(follows: products);
• Replacing some alphabetic characters with others, for example: legendary Battle on the Ice(follows: legendary);
• Adding extra letters: That is why it is important in any, even the most difficult, conditions...(follows: even).

As practical tasks, we offer you excerpts from students’ work.

Find errors and try to correct them.

Exercise No. 1

Find errors related to the violation of word order. Try to explain them and correct them.

1. In the proposed essay for analysis, the author addressed a topic that is always important.
2. I believe that every parent is obliged to raise their child to be kind and honest.
3. Many families find themselves in a situation similar to the one described by V. Tendryakov.
4. Four days later he reached his village,
5. Yesterday evening around ten o'clock he was seen on the street.

Exercise No. 2

Determine the type of error. Correct the sentence.

1. One can admire his courage and heroism.
2. Returning from vacation, he learned about the consequences of the news.
3. Sometimes people die through such situations.
4. Every person needs attention and understanding of his problems.
5. They stop understanding and trusting each other.

Exercise No. 3

Determine the type of error. Try to rearrange the sentence so as to avoid violating the speech norm.

1. He was not ashamed of his appearance, and that his fellow villagers would laugh at him.
2. Sighing with annoyance and completely upset, the next visitor left the office.
3. It is necessary not only to help the elderly, but also young families.
4. Citizens who board the bus are asked to pay for the fare.
5. After reading the essay, it seemed to me that the author was close to his problem.

Exercise No. 4

In the proposed excerpt from the student’s essay, find all cases of violation of speech norms. Edit the text.

The problem of patriotism and nationalism worries the author. One concept is quite often modified by another. If patriotism reflects the strength of a nation, then nationalism is different. Sometimes your hair stands on end when you read newspaper materials on the topic of interethnic conflicts.

In addition to the above, I would like to add that all people on earth are brothers and should treat each other with respect.

Exercise No. 5

Distribute sentences with stylistic errors into three groups: 1) mixing vocabulary of different styles; 2) use of clericalism; 3) speech stamps. Try to rebuild the structures in accordance with the norm.

1. In the village center of culture there was a real oak tree. 2. Sometimes it happens like this: a person himself reads and knows a lot, but does not carry out explanatory work among the population. 3. The author brings to the attention of readers his thoughts on this matter. 4. Natasha Rostova loved one guy, but wanted to give her hand and heart to another. 5. Anyone can get into a difficult life situation, and there is no point in pretending to be invulnerable. 6. In the aquatic environment there were pikes, crucian carp, and small minnows. 7. The image of Andrei Bolkonsky is a typical role model. 8. Selfless patriotism and fortitude characterize the hero of this essay.

Types of grammatical errors

1.

• Prepositions according to, contrary to, thanks to, contrary to used with D. p. (not R. p.)

ERROR: according to schedule I , contrary to the order A

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Remember the mistakes

Upon arrival, upon departure, upon departure

Upon completion, upon return, upon completion

NORMAL: upon arrival, upon arrival

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• The preposition software can be used from places. 1 and 2 l. in pp.

NORMA: I miss us, you.

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Omitting a preposition.

On water, land and air- we are everywhere

protected. (in the air)

• The meaning of the preposition.

Thanks to We stayed at home due to bad weather.

(as a result, due to)

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Management can be prepositional (belief in victory) and non-prepositional (slow down progress).

Error occurs when choosing incorrectly

case or preposition.

ERROR: peculiar to us,

confidence in victory, the problem of security.

• 2.

• Errors in sentences, the subordinate part of which begins with the conjunction words WHO, NOBODY.

WHO AND NOBODY is used with singular verbs.

Those, who have been to the city, could not help but admire

Those who has been to the city, couldn't help but admire

by sea.

• Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

• The predicate must be in the plural if it is expressed by adj. or par.

ERROR: A number of scenes in the play are true and

interesting.

• Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

• The predicate must be plural if the subject contains 2,3,4

ERROR: Three books are on the table.

• Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

• The predicate coming after homogeneous subjects must be in the plural.

ERROR: Industry and agriculture are developing steadily.

• Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

• If collected noun. does not have controlled words, then the predicate must be in the singular.

• 3. Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

• The names of works, paintings, films, enclosed in quotation marks, do not change if there is a noun next to them. – genre designation.

ERROR: In the movie "War and Peace"

S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

• Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

• If adverbial noun is missing, the proper name is changed.

ERROR: In “War and Peace” S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

• 4.

• If homogeneous predicates have one dependent word, you need to check whether they can control it.

ERROR: During the war, people hoped and

believed in victory.

(hoped to win)

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Violation of the homogeneity of concepts.

The mountainside we were descending, covered with thick ferns, was very steep.

He remembered the taiga and how he hunted a bear.

I love football and swimming.

His conclusions are simple and clear.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Double conjunctions cannot be changed.

ERROR: They answered well as young men, but

also girls.

• It is necessary to check the place of homogeneous members in double unions.

ERROR: I not only read newspapers, but also magazines.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• You cannot mix generic and specific concepts or combine incompatible ones.

There were crucian carp, carp, and fish in the boat.

He came with his wife and a bad mood.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Violation of case forms of a generalizing word and one-word terms

ERROR: The meeting was attended by representatives of three countries: England, France, Italy.

• 5.

• A gerund phrase cannot be used if the action expressed by the predicate verb and the action expressed by the gerund refer to different persons.

ERROR: Using a calculator, the calculation is done quickly.

• Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

• The adverbial phrase cannot be used in an impersonal sentence

ERROR: Walking in the evening, I didn’t feel well.

• Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

• The adverbial phrase cannot be used in a sentence with a passive construction.

ERROR: After delivering the necessary medications, the plane will be inspected by technicians.

• Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

• Error when the aspectual form of the verb and the gerund are not correlated.

ERROR: Meeting with the grandmaster, the young chess player won.

• 6.

• Breakup of the proverb by the defined word.

ERROR: Mom's pancakes were delicious.

• Violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

• Violation of agreement with a defined word.

ERROR: We are proud of the players who defeated the English team.

• Violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

• Replacing passive participles with active ones.

ERROR: The task we are performing does not cause any difficulties.

• You cannot use 1st and 2nd person pronouns in the subordinate clause.
• ERROR: The student said I'm not ready yet.

• Incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

• Redundancy of unions

ERROR: He was constantly asked if he would complete the work he started.

He asked where his things were.

• In the story “The Jumper,” Chekhov condemns idleness.
• He loved and was passionate about reading.
• Great care needs to be taken towards children.
• My desk neighbor asked who would go to football with me.
• came to our city and admired its provincial simplicity.
• The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.
• Having rested a little, the work began to be completed faster.

Check yourself I

1. In the story “The Jumper,” Chekhov condemns idleness.

violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

2. He loved and was passionate about reading.

error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

3. Great care must be taken towards children.

incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

4. My desk neighbor asked who would go to football with me.

incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

5. Whoever came to our city admired its provincial simplicity.

disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

6. The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.

violation in the construction of sentences with a participial phrase

7. Having rested a little, the work began to be completed faster.

violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

Larisa Fominykh

Is it a grammatical or speech error?

The need to distinguish between grammatical and speech errors in students’ creative works is dictated by existing standards. The first type of errors is an integral part of the assessment for literacy, the second (as one of the components) - for content. When checking essays on the Unified State Examination (Part C), they must also be differentiated. However, in practice, difficulties often arise in their differentiation. The purpose of this note is to help the teacher determine the nature of these shortcomings.

A grammatical error is a violation of the structure of a language unit: incorrect word formation (there is no such word in the language); incorrect formation of word forms; errors in the construction of phrases and sentences. Violations of this kind account for about 31%.

A grammatical error, depending on its nature, can be made in a word, in a phrase or in a sentence. No context is required to detect it. Unlike spelling or punctuation, a grammatical error can be detected by hearing, and not only in a written text, while a spelling error can only be detected in writing.

Let's consider main types of grammatical errors.

I. Erroneous word formation: cake; liked it; chewing gum; showed indifference.

II. Errors in the formation of forms of different parts of speech:

1) nouns (gender; nominative and genitive plural forms; declension of indeclinable nouns): where is the second slipper? my birthday; our engineers; there are few real friendships; rode on ponies;

2) adjectives (double comparative or superlative): less successful; the most beautiful fountain; more attractive;

3) names of numerals (incorrect formation of case forms of cardinal numerals; errors in the use of ordinal and collective numerals): over eight hundred meters; seven skiers; on page thirty-eight;

4) pronouns: Until what time are classes? with their neighbors; evon book;

5) verbs: lay down the walls; we want to eat; erase from the board; brushes five times in a row; slam the door; drive straight; tomorrow I will clean up (do the laundry); This also includes a violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms in a sentence: When December arrives, the weather changes dramatically.

6) participles (they do not have a future tense form; they are not used with the particle would; reflexive and non-reflexive forms cannot be mixed): everyone who writes an essay will receive credit; there is not a single book here that would attract our attention; studied all available information; troops fighting the enemy;

7) participles: walked, looking around; applying ointment to the wound; having bought the service;

Sh. Syntax errors- violations in the construction of phrases and sentences:

1) errors in management: describes about the battle; thirst for power; I can’t wait until I leave;

2) in agreement: young people are eager to learn; people believe that life will not get better; with a group of tourists who are keen on mountain river rafting;

4) in constructing sentences with homogeneous members:

a) the member of the sentence and the subordinate clause are used as homogeneous ones: I want to show the importance of sports and why I love it;

b) with two predicate verbs there is a common addition that cannot be used in this form with one of them: We remember and admire the exploits of heroes;

c) inaccurate use of double conjunction: How the elderly, as well as children, were the first to be evacuated(need: both..., and...). I not only prepared on my own, but also attended an elective(not only but…);

5) in the use of participial phrases: There is little difference between the topics written on the board;

6) participial phrases: After skating at the skating rink, my legs hurt. And then, while preparing for exams, it was as if he had been replaced.

7) in the construction of complex sentences (distortion of conjunctions; use of two subordinating conjunctions at the same time; “stringing” similar subordinate clauses): When the bell rings, you need to get ready to go home. Everyone began to praise the performers, as if they were real artists. He said what he did not know about this incident. I heard that you asked me to tell you that you will arrive soon.

8) violation of sentence boundaries: 1.When the wind ran through. And clouds quickly ran across the sky. 2. I poured milk into a saucer for the hedgehog. And he put the hedgehog in the box.

However, one should remember the phenomenon of parcellation, when the author deliberately breaks up a sentence to give it greater expressiveness or highlight a thought: The very thought of betrayal is unpleasant to me. Because it goes against my beliefs.

9) mixing direct and indirect speech: A.S. Pushkin writes that I awakened good feelings with the lyre.

Main types of speech errors

Speech errors- These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech. The reason for them is the poverty of the students' vocabulary, inexpressiveness of speech, failure to distinguish paronyms, non-compliance with the lexical compatibility of words, speech cliches, etc. From the point of view of grammar, there are no violations, all forms of words, syntactic constructions correspond to the language norm, however, in general, the text of the work indicates the poverty of the student’s speech .

1) Using words in a meaning that is unusual for them: The pathos of his work is laughter - a formidable weapon of the writer. Monologue of wind and tree...

2) tautology (repetition of words with the same root in one sentence): The enemy was getting closer and closer.The young district of the city was named after the name of the street. The writer vividly describes the events of the Great Patriotic War.

It should be noted that the use of cognate words in one sentence may be completely acceptable. In the Russian folk language there are a number of expressions like: all sorts of things, telling jokes, doing your thing, roaring, howling, groaning. Either stand standing, or sit sitting, or lie down. (proverb)

Many of them have already become phraseological units or are approaching them. In works of art, the author may deliberately resort to tautology:

Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done. (A.S. Pushkin)

The smoke from the pipes goes into the chimney. (A.S. Pushkin)

I wish you and myself more pride, less pride. (K. Vanshenkin)

3) pleonasm (hidden tautology): the main leitmotif of his work; We invite you to celebrate the New Year holidays away from the cold, blizzards and frosts; specific feature of creativity; colleagues;

4) mixing of paronyms: representatives of high society led a festive life; after a quarrel, hostile relations were established between neighbors; This dish is very filling;

5) violation of lexical compatibility: hunger and devastation gloat all around; the standard of living of the population has deteriorated;

7) speech stamps: Now let's talk about heating; in the summer we love to relax at the seaside; the exam can be held upon completion of mastering the subject;

8) dialectal, colloquial, slang words: he is used to living for free; she looked cool; in the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudence who shamelessly lies and takes bribes;

9) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Marya Kirillovna and the prince went to get married at the registry office. Lisa served as Famusov's housekeeper;

10) unjustified repetition of identical words in adjacent sentences (usually these are verbs of movement, being, speaking): Boy was dressed in a burnt quilted jacket. Vatnik was roughly darned. AND were he is wearing worn trousers. And the soldier's boots were almost new.

Such a defect should be distinguished from repetition as a stylistic device, which is actively used by poets and writers:

Beautiful things are never in vain.
They don't grow even in a black year
The maple is in vain, and the willow is in vain,
And a wasted flower on the pond. (Yu. Moritz)

The hazy afternoon lazily breathes,
The river rolls lazily.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
The clouds are lazily melting. (F. Tyutchev)

11) unsuccessful use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as a means of connecting sentences (resulting in the creation of ambiguity): Don't give your wife a company car. She may get into an accident. - We watched the film in the new cinema. From him We were left with a good impression.

12) bad word order: Dobrolyubov called the merchants from Ostrovsky’s plays representatives of the “dark kingdom.” Scriabin's prelude and nocturne for the left hand were performed by Margarita Fedorova.

To make it more convenient to use the classification of these errors, we present them in abbreviated form in the table:

Training tasks

1. Find grammatical errors in the sentences and determine their type.

1. The logs were heavy, so they were placed on sticks and carried.

2. The accident occurred five hundred and eleven kilometers from Moscow.

3. The management of the organization hopes that in this way they can stop the growth of the queue for kindergartens.

4. And they made a new swing in our yard!

5. While writing the review, Iskander used a rhetorical question.

6. These plans need and deserve every support.

7. But father answered that you are still too small for such work. Chatsky’s ardent speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of change.

8. Now methods of water purification are becoming more advanced.

9. The spring sun was shining brightly, and the birds were singing.

10. Having risen to our floor, the door to our apartment was open.

11. From a distance, logs floating on the water were visible.

12. The sons of Taras dismounted from their horses, who were studying at the Kyiv Bursa.

2. Find speech errors and determine their type.

1. We foresaw all the difficulties of the hike in advance.

2. Khlestakov got into the chaise and shouted: “Drive, my dear, to the airport!”