Play area in Russia. "Azov City" - our Las Vegas

In Russia, gambling is prohibited throughout the country, but there are countries where gambling is officially permitted and, of course, brings good income to both casino owners and countries in the form of taxes. If you go there, you can not only spend extra money (if you have any), but also tickle your nerves - sometimes the excitement reaches its peak when playing.

1. USA

There are several huge gambling zones in the United States, the most famous of which is undoubtedly Las Vegas. We can say that the entire city consists of casinos, clubs and other similar establishments - the gambling business forms the basis of the city's economy. People specifically come to Las Vegas from other countries to immerse themselves in the atmosphere of excitement, so if you suddenly have an “extra” tidy sum, then Las Vegas is a great way to spend it.

One of the most famous casinos in this city is the Stratosphere Las Vegas, a hotel-casino located on the Las Vegas Strip. The area of ​​the gambling establishment is 7 thousand m2, and there are games for every taste - cards, roulette, slot machines, and in some halls you can bet on sweepstakes like horse racing that take place throughout the country. By the way, Stratosphere attracts players with reasonable rates compared to most other city casinos: for example, the minimum bet on blackjack here is only five dollars.

Las Vegas is not the only such place in the USA: the American government is well aware that the money that tourists spend in casinos is a good way to replenish the state budget, so investments in the gambling business in this country are actively encouraged by law, and shares of the largest gambling companies are listed on American stock exchanges and attract serious investors.

2. Monaco

When it comes to Monaco - a tiny European country consisting, in general, of just one city - most people will immediately remember the Formula 1 championship held here annually and the casino: the gambling business in Monaco is one of the leading sectors of the country's economy, and, of course, everything is regulated by law.

Casinos in Monaco are considered the most prestigious casinos in the world, thanks, first of all, not even to the service and variety of entertainment provided, but to the clientele. In order to get into one of the establishments - especially the world-famous Monte Carlo - you will have to comply with a certain dress code: suit, shirt and tie for men and evening dress for women. The stakes in Monaco casinos are quite high: with about ten dollars in your pocket, even with great luck you will not be able to hit the jackpot - you will have to stock up on a larger amount. In addition, Monte Carlo is one of the oldest casinos in Europe: the building where it is located is already 120 years old, and it was built specifically for these purposes.

3. Malta

Another small European state where the gambling business is thriving is Malta. Thanks to progressive legislation in the field of regulation of the gambling business, anyone with sufficient funds can open a casino in Malta. The state provides entrepreneurs with the maximum degree of security and confidentiality when doing business in this area, so it is not surprising that there are more than a hundred casinos, slot machine halls, lotteries, bookmakers and betting exchanges located in the country.

In Malta, the laws on the gambling business are clearly regulated: in particular, it is the only country in the world where the types of gambling business are prescribed in the relevant legislation.

The most famous Maltese gambling establishments are the classic “Dragonara Casino”, the more modern and undemanding to the player’s budget and dress code “Oracle Casino”, the luxurious “Casino at Portomaso” and known as the museum “Casino di Venezia”.

Online casinos are extremely popular in Malta: bets are accepted via the Internet, and access to online services of this kind is available throughout the country from anywhere.

4. UK

The passion for gambling is characteristic of almost all British people. People in this country began to play for money several centuries ago - they placed bets on horse races and sports competitions. Relatively small gambling houses appeared in Great Britain a couple of centuries ago and have been successfully operating since then.

And not so long ago, in 2007, Prime Minister Tony Blair proposed opening several huge casinos in London, comparable in scale and luxury to Las Vegas casinos. Initially, it was planned to open 40 such establishments, but as a result, only one so-called “super-casino” appeared in London - the Ritz, which can be found at 150 Piccadilly, W1J 9BR London.

In other regions of the country there are also huge gambling houses, and in each region there is one giant casino, comparable in area to the above-mentioned “Stratosphere” - eight medium-sized and eight small, the calculation is simple: one casino per 125 thousand people of the country’s population. There are many who want to open their own business here, including foreign investors who are showing interest, despite the huge tax rate - as much as 50% of the casino’s income must go to the state treasury.

British casinos are surprising primarily because they do not give loans: the pedantic British decided that you can only play for cash. If you have spent all the money you had in your wallet, then even if you ask the casino to lend you money or offer real estate, jewelry or some other valuable asset as collateral, you will most likely be refused. Perhaps only in Great Britain does the principle “No money - no game” apply - the peculiarities of the mentality, no less.

5. Gibraltar

In fact, Gibraltar is an overseas territory of Great Britain, but it should be discussed separately: first of all, this area has its own government and legislation (though based largely in the image and likeness of the British one).

Gibraltar is characterized by an extremely low tax rate for gambling enterprises - only one percent of the value of cash turnover, with no more than £425 thousand per year. That is, even if the casino earned more in a year - and this usually happens in Gibraltar - the state does not oblige the enterprise to pay more than the agreed amount, and this applies to both classic “land-based” casinos and virtual ones.

At the same time, the state ensures strict control over each such company - it eliminates the possibility of concealing taxes and provides casino owners with protection and patronage, therefore only companies with an unblemished reputation can obtain a license to open their business in this area.

Like almost everywhere in Europe, online casinos are thriving in Gibraltar: several are among the top ten establishments of this kind in the world - for example, 888.com and Eurogrand Casino, and in regular casinos in Gibraltar, in addition to standard card games and roulette You can also find dice games like craps and sic bo.

6. India

Today, India ranks ninth in the world in terms of gambling revenue: there are more than 200 casinos here, where you can find all types of gambling, although only horse racing and the lottery are officially allowed in the country. However, in 2001, a large casino “Royale” opened in the most beloved state among tourists, Goa: it is based on the Caravel liner and is in no way inferior to other world-famous establishments - both in terms of service and money, which they rotate there.

The Indian government believes that the gambling business is a progressive sector of the economy, which in the future can become one of the main items of the country's budget. Despite the conservatism of the state and the mentality in which the emergence of such establishments in the country until recently seemed impossible, there is a possibility that India will soon delight players with a huge number of different gambling houses. But with the legislation on this issue in India, not everything is going smoothly yet - most of the funds from existing casinos go into the pockets of foreign investors, and this issue has yet to be resolved.

7. Cambodia

Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in the world, it is included in the list of 50 least developed countries, and more than 80% of the country's population lives below the poverty line. The standard income for most Khmers is $2 a day, with prices for basic necessities comparable to other Asian countries. Oddly enough, this was precisely the reason for the opening of several world-class casinos in Cambodia - there was no other way to attract foreign investment, since the country is not rich in either natural resources or any developed industry.

Unfortunately, there is no control over these investments, and, as in the case of India, most of the proceeds from the activities of gambling houses do not go to the country’s treasury, but into the pockets of casino owners - in this regard, in 2009, the Prime Minister Cambodia's Hun Sen has ordered the closure of all casinos in the country.

As often happens in such cases, some of the establishments were indeed closed, but the other part remained and is thriving: for example, a player can visit the Naga casino - a guest can stay in a comfortable four-star hotel, the prices for rooms in which are relatively low, and play his fun until the money runs out. And even if they run out, Cambodia is not England, and here they are happy to lend, although sometimes at high interest rates.

8. China

Gambling in China has a rich past - people started playing for money here more than 4 thousand years ago. In the seventh century AD, luxurious gambling houses for the rich and nobility began to appear on the territory of the then empire, and in the 20th century, Chinese casinos gained enormous popularity among foreign players.

In the Chinese province of Macau, considered a “pearl” among Asian gambling centers, almost any gambling-related activity is legally permitted, including various betting shops. In addition, there are about 30 huge casinos operating in China - in most cases, such gambling centers are located in Macau, Shanghai and Hong Kong.

The Chinese are a gambling people, so even those who for some reason cannot go to large gambling zones treat themselves to the lottery. This may be due to the fact that for centuries China has been dominated by the philosophies of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, where the belief in fate and chance is of great importance.

One of the most famous roads in the world is not in Italy, Los Angeles or Paris, although a small portion of all three can be found here on Las Vegas Boulevard. Its bright lights and 24-hour hospitality welcome millions upon millions of tourists from all over the world every year. Even in photographs the boulevard is instantly recognizable. It attracts with the intoxicating brilliance of advertising, the dazzling spectacle of light, and the stunning dancing fountains of neon color. Las Vegas Boulevard is as integral a landmark of the city as the sound of slot machines and the world-famous shows held here.

Las Vegas Boulevard is a place that every visitor to the city wants to visit. It is more often called the Las Vegas Strip - the capital of the gambling business, the epicenter of entertainment shows, nightlife, luxury hotels, restaurants, clubs, shopping centers and all the most interesting things in the city, thanks to which it has become famous all over the world. The 6 km long street includes a number of famous landmarks, from the huge pyramid and skyscrapers of New York to the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris. Almost all of the most famous mega-resorts of Las Vegas have anchored on the boulevard: the magnificent Luxor, the famous New York, Mandalay Bay, Caesars Palace, Bellagio, the most legendary and famous casinos. Many of the world's largest hotels are located on Las Vegas Boulevard. Nineteen of the twenty-five largest hotels in the world by number of rooms are built here. In 1973, the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino opened, the largest hotel in the world with 2,084 rooms. For example, the Rossiya Hotel, built in Moscow in 1967, has 3,200 rooms, but the average room is about 1/4 the size of what the MGM Grand Hotel offers its clients.

Walking along the advertising-lit street cannot be compared to any other place in the world. Each luxuriously decorated hotel complex is a ticket to a completely different world. Visitors can travel from an Italian water village to a bustling café along the Parisian waterfront or a medieval castle. And that's not all. The spectacle of Las Vegas Boulevard is difficult to describe, especially if you visit it at night. The famous Boulevard at night is a strip of continuous neon light of advertising signs, glowing in the Nevada desert from evening until dawn. The 6-kilometer strip of the Boulevard is illuminated by tens of thousands of bright neon tubes that sparkle, shimmer, and flicker from dusk to dawn. In June 2010, the parkway was named to the prestigious list of All-American Roads for its beautiful views after dark (This list includes roads with unique features not found elsewhere in the United States and scenic roads that attract tourists ). It is not surprising that this is one of the main attractions of the city, attracting tourists from all over the world.

The history of Las Vegas begins during the era of the conquest of the Wild West. At the end of the 19th century, deposits of precious metals were discovered in Nevada. A railroad was built through the valley and a tent camp was built for passengers to rest during train stops. On May 15, 1905, the city of Las Vegas first appeared on the map of America.
Gambling houses opened at the beginning of the 20th century, but in 1910 they were banned by government order. Las Vegas remained a tiny town until 1931, when gambling was finally legalized here. The rest, as they say, is history. Since then, the city has been firmly associated with the gambling and entertainment industry.

Historically, casinos were not located in the city center. In Las Vegas itself, their activities were prohibited, but were allowed outside the city limits. In 1959, the famous Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was installed 7.2 kilometers from the official city limits. Now this world-famous place annually attracts tens of millions of tourists from all over the world.

The main attraction of Las Vegas Boulevard is, of course, the casino. The world's most glittering boulevard tempts visitors with the chance to win big and change their future forever. The name of the city is strongly associated with the world capital of gambling. The most expensive and famous casinos are located in this city. Owners of gambling establishments spend enormous amounts of money to create an atmosphere of immersion in a carefree world that brings a person a sense of comfort and pleasure. Casinos are open all year round 24 hours a day. Some of them have up to several thousand gambling machines and several hundred card tables.

Gambling and tourism bring the largest income to the city budget. The city is home to the headquarters of the world's largest gambling companies, Harrah's Entertainment and MGM Mirage. Until recently, Las Vegas held the status of the largest gambling center in the world. But in 2006, the city gave up this place to Macau.

Las Vegas Boulevard stands out for its gambling establishments; it is the heart of the city, its backbone. But to talk about the city exclusively as the capital of the gambling business at the present time would be wrong. Nevada's largest city has long outgrown its former reputation as a gambling mecca. Believe it or not, Las Vegas has grown up. Gone are the days when the first casinos, cheap eateries, slot machines, and topless shows were all that Sin City had to offer its visitors. Today it is one of the fastest growing cities in the United States. Even for non-gamblers, this man-made desert oasis tries to please every whim, with nightclubs, luxury spas, top-notch restaurants, luxury jewelry boutiques, numerous entertainment attractions, and even educational museums and nature reserves. Its nightclubs and discos, whose original operating style was borrowed from Los Angeles and New York, now serve as a model for the rest of the country.

With exciting entertainment and nightlife, Las Vegas Boulevard has earned a reputation as one of the world's top tourist destinations. In 2009, despite the global economic recession, it was visited by 37.5 million tourists - the second most visited city in the world.

The city attracts tourists not only with its luxurious gambling establishments, restaurants, theaters, cinema and concert halls, unusual architecture of buildings, but also with sports facilities. In 2007, the National Basketball Association All-Star Game (an annual game of the strongest active NBA basketball players from the Western and Eastern Conferences) was played in Las Vegas. NASCAR Sprint Cup brought together 165,000 fans of this sport in the city (NASCAR - National Association of Stock Car Racing, the most popular US circuit championship). Las Vegas hosts a large number of professional boxing matches. The city is often called the “Mecca of Boxing,” a title it shares with Madison Square Garden in New York. Many of these fights are held on the main strip of Las Vegas in one of the large hotel entertainment complexes. The Mandalay Bay hotel complex is one of the main contenders for hosting such boxing matches.

The city has excellent museums. The Elvis Presley Museum displays memorabilia of the outstanding singer. Some buildings in Las Vegas hold records, including the Stratosphere Tower - the tallest observation tower in America, built at the Stratosphere hotel-casino.

Since the early 1990s, the Las Vegas strip has become a popular New Year's Eve destination. Many world-famous companies choose the city to conduct various kinds of presentations and advertising campaigns. Of all cities in the United States, Sin City has the highest number of churches per capita. If you love thrills, then you should visit this amazing city.

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After the ban on gambling in Russia, special zones were created where you can legally enjoy the game and try your luck. For many today, the issue of the location of such places is acute, as they travel to the USA or Europe to indulge in pleasure and again feel a pleasant feeling of excitement. However, the casino is much closer than you might imagine.

Gambling zones in Russia for 2019

Today (as of 2019) in Russia there are several specially designated sites where real rather than virtual casinos are located. They operate legally, on the basis of current legislation. At the moment, gambling establishments are operating in four places and two more are being prepared: Sochi and Crimea. Due to the constant postponement of the creation of these sites, citizens will not soon be able to indulge in the excitement there. Initially, it was also planned to create several gambling establishments in Buryatia and Anapa, but the local administration abandoned this idea.

If you have been to European or American casinos, where there is gloss and a high level of service, then you will not like playing in Russia. However, for inexperienced people the services offered here will be sufficient. Russian casinos offer:

  • roulette;
  • black Jack;
  • poker;
  • slot machines.
All this is accompanied by great music, delicious food and wonderful drinks.

Gambling zones on the map of Russia (photo)

There are legal casinos in the following locations. You can see gambling zones on the map of Russia (photo can be enlarged).
  • "Azov City". This site is located between the Rostov region and the Krasnodar region. 1000 hectares of land were allocated for it. The first casino opened in 2010. Since then, many other establishments have appeared that are waiting for new and regular players. Today, the fate of this territory is in question, since Sochi with a more developed infrastructure is nearby. While discussions are ongoing, the casino is working and pleasing players with its services.
  • "Siberian coin", as the name implies, is located in Siberia, namely in its southern part. This site operates just 300 km from Barnaul, in the Altai Territory. Its size is 2300 hectares. Since 2014, there has been one casino operating here, which can accommodate up to 500 people at once. There are a large number of slot machines, poker, VIP rooms and much more. The construction of hotels and a number of new facilities is in development.
  • "Primorye" located in the Far East near Vladivostok. The area of ​​this site is relatively small (620 hectares). There is also only one casino operating here, located in close proximity to Ant Bay. Roulette, blackjack, slot machines and poker are the main services of this establishment. In the future there will be hotels, a beach, a ski resort and a yacht club.
  • "Amber" For now it only works on paper. It is located in the Kaliningrad region, but there is still not a single operating casino here. The problem is acceptance of the concept. Investors cannot agree on how exactly this site should be developed. Thus, the estimated launch date is 2029.
Despite the long process of forming a normal gambling environment in Russia, there are still positive aspects. This will make it possible in the future to bring many gambling organizations out of the shadows and allow everyone to enjoy the game in Russia. This will stimulate external and internal tourism, which will have a positive impact on revenues to the state budget.

The main challenge is accessibility. Today, only rich people and people with above-average income can play in gambling establishments. By developing and offering various options for the middle class, it will be possible to significantly increase the income of gambling clubs and take them out of the online world. Experts say that it will not be possible to create a Russian Las Vegas, however, it will be possible to increase investment and tourist attractiveness.

According to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2006 "On state regulation of activities related to the organization and conduct of gambling and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation", a gambling zone is a part of the territory of the Russian Federation, which is intended for carrying out activities related to the organization and conduct of gambling. conduct of gambling and the boundaries of which are established in accordance with this Federal Law.

Since July 1, 2009, any gambling activity has been prohibited in Russia, with the exception of four specially designated zones - "Azov-City" in the Krasnodar Territory, "Yantarnaya" in the Kaliningrad Region, "Siberian Coin" in the Altai Territory and "Primorye" in the Primorsky Territory. .

Gambling zone "Azov City"

Azov City is currently the only operating Russian gambling zone.

"Azov City" is located on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory - on the coast of the Taganrog Bay of the Sea of ​​​​Azov. The nearest large city, located 50 kilometers from it, is the resort town of Yeisk. Also within a radius of 200 kilometers from Azov City there are such large cities as Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog and Azov.

Initially, the gambling zone was located on the border of the Rostov region and the Krasnodar Territory; later the Rostov part of the gambling zone was liquidated.

The territory of the zone is located between two settlements - the village of Molchanovka and the village of Port-Katon. Its area is 1000 hectares.

The zone has all the necessary engineering infrastructure, communications and access roads.

The first two casinos in Azov City opened to customers in 2010.

In September 2010, the Royal Time company opened the second phase of the Oracle casino. After the commissioning of the second stage, the area of ​​the casino amounted to more than 4 thousand square meters. Fans of gambling can visit here a casino hall with five gaming tables, a hall for privileged guests with seven gaming tables, a VIP room with three gaming tables, and an “Incognito” apartment for tete-a-tete games. The casino also features five tournament poker tables, an eleven-room premium hotel, a general slot room and a slot room with a stage with a total of 300 slot machines.
The company invested 400 million rubles in the construction of Oracle.

The casino - "Shambhala" - opened in "Azov City" on October 2, 2010. Its owner is Krasnodar developer Park City LLC. The area of ​​the establishment is about 1.5 thousand square meters. The volume of investment in the project amounted to about 175 million rubles. The gambling establishment is located 100 meters from the Oracle casino. The casino has 12 gambling tables, about 130 slot machines, and a separate “poker room” for sports poker competitions. Also in “Shambhala” there are several VIP rooms for private games and a concert venue.

The third casino, Nirvana, opened in Azov City on October 18, 2013. The area of ​​the gambling establishment is 1.5 thousand square meters.

The volume of investment in the project amounted to about 200 million rubles. The owner of the establishment is JSC "Shambhala".

In March 2012, the government approved changing the boundaries of the Azov City special gambling zone by annexing 800 hectares of land near the village of Blagoveshchenskaya, 45 kilometers from Anapa.

According to information as of April 2014, this “branch” is in the process of being documented.

Adaptas (Rus) LLC received the right to lease 240 hectares of land for a period of 20 years for the implementation of a gambling investment project. By May 2016, the company plans to open the first facility in the gambling zone near the Anapa resort - a five-star hotel with a casino. The cost of the project is estimated at 11 billion rubles. In total, the company intends to build five hotels with a casino and a golf park in the gambling zone, and the total investment in the project will amount to more than 16 billion rubles.

Gambling zone "Siberian Coin"

The complex is located in the Altai district of the Altai Territory at a distance of 288 kilometers from the capital - the city of Barnaul, its area is 2304.2 hectares. In three eastern sections, the gambling zone borders on the existing special economic zone of the tourist and recreational type "Turquoise Katun".

The project of the Siberian Coin gambling zone in the Altai Territory, the cost of which is tentatively estimated at 30 billion rubles, provides for the construction of 15 casinos, 10 large gambling and entertainment complexes in 30 hotels, which can simultaneously accommodate three thousand people.

Currently, two residents operate on the territory of the Siberian Coin with a total volume of declared investments of about one billion rubles.

The project to build the first hotel complex with a casino is being implemented by the Kemerovo company Alti LLC. The total area of ​​the building is almost 5.5 thousand square meters. The complex will consist of a four-star hotel with 100 beds, a casino, a restaurant, a beauty salon, a SPA room, a sauna, and a sports and fitness center with a gym. As of February 2014, investor investments amounted to more than 740 million rubles.

The first casino should open in the Siberian Coin in July-August 2014.

Gambling zone "Primorye"

The territory of the gambling zone is located on the northwestern coast of the Ussuri Bay, south of Muravyinaya Bay, in the basin of an unnamed stream flowing into Cherepashye Lake. The total area of ​​the gambling zone is 620 hectares. The length of the section from east to west is 5.2 kilometers, from north to south - 2.5 kilometers. The distance to the nearest airport in Artyom is 25 kilometers, to the capital of Primorye, Vladivostok, 50 kilometers. The project provides for the construction of 16 hotels of various classes with a casino, a yacht club, a berth for 65 ships, a ski slope, a trade and exhibition center, an administrative and office center, guest villas, landscaped areas and beaches. The investment project is being implemented in three stages: stage 1 - until 2016; Stage 2 - until 2019; Stage 3 - until 2022. The total investment will be at least $1.8 billion.

The authorities of Primorye agreed with the management of Melco International Development Limited (Macau) to invest $700 million in the gambling and entertainment complex.

The first facility will be built on the shore of Muravyinaya Bay next to Cherepashye Lake. There will be a hotel with a thousand seats and a casino with two thousand tables and machines. It is planned to complete the construction of the infrastructure of the Primorye entertainment zone by September 2014, and to launch the first casino in the fourth quarter of 2014.

The second investor in the project is Naga Corp Ltd. In May 2014, the company presented its project for a future gambling zone in Muravyinaya Bay.

Gambling zone "Yantarnaya"

Initially, 1,170 hectares of land were allocated for the Yantarnaya gambling zone on the shores of the Baltic Sea, 50 kilometers from Kaliningrad, not far from Yantarny and the villages of Okunevo and Povarovka in the Zelenograd region. In April 2014, the boundaries of the gambling zone were changed to include land plots with a total area of ​​995,177 square meters located near the village of Kulikovo, Zelenograd district, Kaliningrad region.

This decision was made due to the fact that the original site has serious encumbrances that make it impossible to implement the project, and part of the territory is located in a regulated visit zone, which makes it impossible for foreign enterprises to rent these sites.

It was previously reported that investments in the gambling zone of the Kaliningrad region could amount to about 600 billion rubles.

It was planned that casinos, hotels, water parks, theaters, concert halls, sports arenas, discos, spas, and shops would appear on this territory. Yantarnaya was positioned not only as a place for gambling, but also for recreation, rehabilitation and business conferences. However, to date, the construction of infrastructure has not been carried out, since the concept of the functioning of the gambling zone has not been defined.

Crimea

On April 21, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted to the State Duma a bill on the creation of a gambling zone in Crimea.

According to the bill, the boundaries of the gambling zone on the territory of the peninsula will be determined by the executive authorities of Crimea. The bill was adopted in the first reading on June 10.

As reported, the Crimean authorities are working on two ideas: to locate a gambling city in the Southern Coast area on an area of ​​just over 100 hectares, or not to limit the gambling zone to a narrow territory, but to allow gambling in specially prepared tourist complexes.

On June 20, 2014, it became known that the Ministry of Economic Development had prepared a bill according to which companies that have expressed a desire to conduct a gambling business in Crimea will have to invest at least 500 million rubles in the development of the gambling zone on the peninsula.

Sochi

In May 2014, it became known that the public council and authorities of Sochi announced their desire to create a gambling zone in the Imereti Valley in order to attract tourists to the city after the Olympics.

On June 11, the press secretary of the President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Peskov, announced that the President of the Russian Federation had received an appeal from the Sochi city assembly, the Sochi public council and the head of the city, in which proposals to open a gambling zone were substantiated.

Russian President Vladimir Putin instructed the government and the governor of the Krasnodar Territory to work on the issue of locating a gambling zone in Sochi.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources