The story of the participle as a part of speech. The participle, its concept and application

A participle is a part of speech that means that in parallel with some action, another is performed. Some linguists consider it more of a verb form, although there are many criticisms of this opinion. In any case, it contains both the signs of a verb and an adverb, denoting both the action and the way it is performed.

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On what to build a participle?

It can be formed from a verb. For example: "think - thinking." At the same time, it retains such features as:

• View. In total, two types of verbs can be distinguished - perfect and imperfect. They differ according to the criterion whether an action is done or not done. For example, the word of the perfect form is read. And imperfect - to read. In some cases, the view does not depend on the context. It is important to look at which question the word answers "what to do" or "what to do". And now we will transfer all this to the participle. The perfect verb is "think". The special immutable form formed from it retains all the signs - “thinking”.
• recurrence. Reflexive are those verbs in which there is a postfix "sya". For example, wash. Accordingly, irrevocable are those in which it is not. A reflexive participle is something that is formed from a reflexive verb. The example of the perfect gerund “thinking” given earlier is also reflexive, because it is formed from the word “thinking”.
• Transitivity. Transitive are those verbs and, accordingly, the gerunds derived from them, which can be combined with a noun in the accusative case. Or, in extreme cases, with a pronoun. In this case, there should be no suggestion. An example is the word "read". A special form built from it will sound like “reading”. Everything is simple.

This scheme says that we are considering just a special form of the existing part of speech. Although two opposite points of view are given here due to the debatability of this subject in scientific circles. Well, we move on.

The participle, as a special form of the verb, retains some of its features, which makes it not quite a separate part of speech. After all, even a noun and an adjective have their own characteristics, features, and is not a mixture of two parts. Also, it does not change in the same way as an adverb. In general, this is a debatable issue.

General participle rules

It is necessary to form these special forms in different ways, depending on the situation. Consider two cases:

In addition, it is impossible to form a special form from some other words, like want, sing, climb, and so on.

What is the meaning of this part in human speech?

Participles in speech play a very important role. They indicate how the action was performed with the help of an additional action. This sounds complicated enough. But with an example, everything will become clear "When he saw her, he was delighted." The word “rejoiced” indicates the main action. But why did he do it? And this is indicated by the gerund “seeing”. That is, in order for him to rejoice, it was necessary to see her. And if he had not seen, then he would have walked gloomy.

In order to describe the same sentence without any special tricks, much more words are needed, which negatively affects conciseness. For example, “when he saw her, he was delighted”. This proposal, of course, is not very cumbersome, but still, there are more words needed to express the same thought. However, the essence is preserved, so there are also disputes about the meaning of this form.

• The participle is the subject of discussion among linguists in all aspects, starting with its belonging to the verb and ending with the need to use it in general. After all, what it means can be expressed in other words. However, the ability to convey the same thought in different ways has always characterized a person on the good side.
• Even native Russian speakers often avoid such complex forms in their opinion.(although some consider the participle a part of speech, which, on the contrary, simplifies speech).

Thus, a lot of ambiguities revolve around the gerund and it is not known whether there will be such a part of speech or a form of the verb in 100 years, due to how quickly languages ​​have changed in recent times.

What is a gerund in Russian? and got the best answer

Answer from N[guru]
A gerund participle is an invariable form of a verb that combines the features of a verb (aspect and voice) and adverbs (invariability, the syntactic role of a circumstance). We can say that this is a verbal adverb.
German participle in Russian
By origin, the participle in the Russian language goes back to the unarticulated (short) form of the nominative case of the participle and arose in the Old Russian language due to the loss of the declension forms of the unarticulated participles.
View
imperfect - denote repeated actions and can denote both previous and subsequent actions. It is formed from perfective verbs with the help of the suffix -v (-lice) and -shi and answers questions without "s". For example: what are you doing? what doing? If the participle names the preceding action, in the sentence it stands before the predicate, if the subsequent participle is after.
perfect - answers questions with "s". For example: what to do
Syntactic role
Usually adjoins the predicate-verb, is a circumstance and does not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb.
Less often it adjoins a nominal predicate, expressed by a short passive participle, a short adjective and a noun.
Adjacent to the predicate, it can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate and is a secondary predicate, it can be replaced by the conjugated form of the verb.
It can refer not only to the predicate, but also to other members of the sentence: an addition - an indefinite form of a verb, a definition-participle, a circumstance-participle.
In modern Russian, actions indicated by a gerund participle and a verb-predicate must belong to the same subject of the action, which does not exclude the use of the gerund participle in impersonal sentences. Despite the rule, native speakers often make mistakes when correlating the gerund and the verb-predicate with different subjects of the action. This fact was reflected in Chekhov's story "The Book of Complaints" (the phrase "Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off. I. Yarmonkin").
The letter is separated by commas.
Examples
"He laughed out loud as he told it."
"The arrow, having flown, stuck into a tree" .
"Winter. The peasant, triumphant, / On the firewood renews the path ”(A. S. Pushkin)

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What is a participle in Russian?

Answer from dumpling[active]
words that answer the question "what by doing? what by doing?" - such as: telling, finishing, flying
is formed from the verb, let's say the verb to go from it will be the gerund COMING
all the best 😉

Answer from Nadezhda Sorokina[guru]
Part of speech.

Answer from Conscious astral travel[guru]
A gerund is a special form of a verb that denotes an additional (secondary in nature) action, and answers the question what is doing? having done what?
The participle can be perfect and imperfective: “considering” (what are you doing?) “considering” (what are you doing?) cleaning (what are you doing?) cleaning (what are you doing?)
The participle has the characteristics of two significant parts of speech - the verb and the adverb.
Also, the participle can have recurrence and irrevocability: "swaying", "swaying"
It has transitivity and intransitivity: cleaning (what?) the room, grabbing (what?) a toy, shining; stepping.
Can control indirect cases of nouns and be explained by adverbs "" "agreeing" (to what?) to a hint, holding (how?) tightly.
The gerund in writing acts as one member of the sentence - a circumstance that explains the verb-predicate: "leaves flew (how?) Swaying in the air silently and smoothly"
|Climbing the hill|, (when?) we saw the sea thawed from ice.
Participial turnover
A gerund with dependent words forms a gerund: they hover over flowering lindens (for what purpose?) | collecting golden pollen | bees flying out of the hive - this is the adverbial turnover.
The adverbial turnover always acts as one member of the sentence - the circumstance.
In the letter, the participle turnover (as well as the single participle) is separated on both sides by commas.
If the adverbial turnover is part of phraseological units, then it is not distinguished by commas: "the mother listened to her daughter" | with bated breath |
Morphological features:
Perfective gerunds indicate a completed additional action that can occur:
a) before the start of the main action: in the morning, LEAVING the lakeside meadow, wild geese flew south (E. Asadov). (The additional action LEAVING is indicated before the main action - flew);
b) simultaneously with the main action: "Ada was sitting at the table, opening her favorite botanical atlas in front of her and redrawing some exquisite flower with paints on glossy paper"
An additional action (opening) is performed simultaneously with the main one (sitting):
c) after the main action "The roof of the chapel collapsed, pushing through the ceiling of the dungeon.
An additional action (pushing through) is performed after the main one (failed);
Imperfect participles denote an unfinished additional action that can occur with the main action;
Simultaneously with the main action: "High in the sky above the Angara, a hawk soared as a small dot, looking out for something" - soared and looked out at the same time.
Spelling signs:
"Not" with gerunds is usually written separately: "not resting", "not having lunch", etc.
Not with gerunds is written together only in cases where the gerunds are formed from verbs that are not used without "not": "hating", "indignant" dislike "
An example of a morphological analysis of a gerund:
"The girl was walking home, jumping over the rope.
Jumping - gerund, denotes an additional action, an imperfect form, the initial form "to jump over".
It has such grammatical features as irrevocable, intransitive
In a sentence, it is a circumstance.
The participle is formed from the basis of the past tense (suffixes - "vsh" (-lice) - this is if the stem of the verb ends in a vowel: played out + -in- playing out, played out + -lice- - played out;
(suffix -lice-) - this is if the stem of the verb ends in a consonant: brought (la) + -shi- - brought;
It is also formed from the foundations of the future tense (suffixes -а-, -я-): heard (at) + -а- - heard, read (ut) + -я- - read.

The participle is a special form of the verb that denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions: what are you doing? having done what? How? When? Why? and etc.

The grammatical meaning of the participle, its morphological features, syntactic role are determined by the main feature of this part of speech - to combine the meanings and features of the verb and adverb.

Verb Features

• denotes an additional action to the main one;
• is formed from the verb, retaining its features;
• type (perfect and imperfect);
• Mary sat on her bed with her arms crossed Clinging to the bushes, we began to climb (M. Lermontov) Cross, cross - the verb and the gerund soy. V. (what to do? what to do?). To cling, clinging - a verb and a gerund participle of neses. in (what to do? what to do?) - recurrence (clinging - returning clinging - non-returning);
• the gerund is distributed by nouns, adverbs. pronouns (shining (how?) dazzlingly, clinging (for what?) to the bushes, seeing (who?) him)
• A gerund with dependent words forms a gerund
• Thus, the participle forms phrases: ger. + noun; ger. + places; ger. + adv.

Adverb signs

• simultaneously characterizes the main action, showing how? When? Why? etc. it happens;
• does not change;
• the gerund refers to the verb-predicate (sat (what did you do? how?), concatenating);
• in a sentence there is only a circumstance:
• Returning, I found a doctor. (A circumstance of time).
• Not knowing the ford, do not poke your head into the water (condition CONDITIONS)

How to find a gerund (participle)

• Formed from a verb.
• Has suffixes -a, -i, -v, -shi, -lice
• Indicates an additional action.
• Refers to the verb-predicate
• Answers questions by doing what? having done what? and questions of circumstance.
• It has dependent words, to which you can ask a question from the gerund (see. Participle turnover).

Morphological analysis of the participle

Parsing plan

1. Part of speech. General grammatical meaning
2. Morphological features: initial form (indefinite form of the verb); kind, return
3. immutability
4. Syntactic role

Sample parsing

Written analysis

Murmuring, the stream is still running behind the mill (A. S. Pushkin).

1. Murmur - a special form of the verb - gerund (B: gerund), runs (what is doing? how?) - murmur - denotes an additional action.
2. N. f. - murmur (B: not specified).

Nesov. view, immutable f. (does not change).

III. runs (how?) - murmur (a circumstance of the course of action).

Oral analysis

Murmur - a special form of the verb - gerund.

Firstly, it denotes an additional action to the main one (runs and murmurs), it is formed from the verb murmur. Initial form - murmur (B: not specified)

Secondly, it has morphological features: imperfect appearance, does not change.

Thirdly, in the sentence is the circumstance of the manner of action.

Formation of gerunds

Imperfect kind

They denote an unfinished additional action that occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb.

They are formed from the basis of the present tense of the verb using the suffix -а (-я):

reading - reading

flying - flying

being - will be

recognizing - recognizing (from verbs with the suffix -va- the gerund participle is formed from the stem of the infinitive)

From some verbs [they beat, tear, cherish, flow, etc.), gerunds are not formed.

perfect look

They denote a completed additional action, which, as a rule, is performed before the beginning of the action expressed by the verb.

They are formed from the stem of an indefinite form (past tense) using the suffixes -v, -shi, -lice:

• sad - to be sad
• bring - bring
• deceived - deceived

To suffix -to reflexive suffix -sya

From some verbs, the formation of double forms is possible (from the stem of the infinitive and the stem of the past tense):

• dry - dry
• dry - dry
• unlock - unlock
• unlocked - unlocked

From some verbs, participles are formed using the suffixes -а, (-я) (from the basis of the future tense):

• coming - will come
• read - will read

Not separated by commas (not separated)

Single participles that have passed into the category of adverbs (standing, sitting, joking, silently, lying down, slowly, etc.). Such a gerund does not mean an additional action: It is harmful to read lying down, you need to read while sitting.

Examples:

They walked slowly (that is, slowly).

He spoke excitedly (that is, excitedly).

The gerund does not denote an additional action, but only a sign of the action;

Set expressions, phraseological turns, which include gerunds (run headlong, work tirelessly, speak reluctantly, scream out of your mind, etc.). Such a turnover is replaced by one word.

He ran headlong (that is, quickly)

Morphological features

As a form of the verb, the gerund has some of its grammatical features. Participles are:

• perfect form - answer the question what did you do? (cancelling, cutting hair, thinking),
• imperfect form - answer the question what are you doing? (cutting, holding, admiring);
• transitive - combined with another word without a preposition (after reading a book, watching a movie),
• intransitive - combined with another word through a preposition (having reached the border, having swum to the shore);
• reflexive - end in the suffix -sya (washing, trying),
• irrevocable - without the suffix -s at the end (drawing, dreaming, omitting).

The participle, as a special form of the verb, is similar to participles and adverbs. Participles and participles have the same verb features - appearance, transitivity, reflexivity, the ability to control the case of nouns. Participles and adverbs can be close, even if they do not have common verb features. They can be written in the same way in sentences and thus cause difficulty in determining the part of speech. The main difference between the participle and the adverb is that the participle can be replaced by a verb, the adverb cannot. Compare two sentences. 1. Lying on the sofa, he dreamed of a future trip. 2. You won't get bread lying down. In the first sentence, lying is a gerund, has a dependent word couch, you can replace the verbs: dreamed when he was lying. In the second sentence, lying is an adverb, expresses a circumstance and does not have verbal signs, it cannot be replaced by a verb.

Syntactic role

In a sentence, the participle is a circumstance.

Entering the hall, I hid in the roofing of men and began my observations. In this offer gerund entering - the circumstance of time.

In the chest, smoking, a wound blackened (M. Yu. Lermontov). gerund fuming - a circumstance of the mode of action.

So I sat down by the fence and began to listen, trying not to miss a single word. gerund trying is a circumstance of purpose.

I burst out laughing when I saw this small figure under a huge shaggy hat. gerund seeing - the circumstance of the cause.

The gerund is one of the forms of the verb that answers the question “what are you doing?”, “what are you doing?”. With the help of these questions, you can easily find this part of speech in a sentence.

The participle denotes some additional action of an object or object that was performed during its main action. This part of speech is characterized by the combination of features of both the predicate and the adverb. As a rule, the gerund is not tense and is a circumstance in the sentence. It is formed with the help of certain suffixes and has no ending.

Participles: important rules

1. Participles and participles are in almost all cases distinguished by commas (on both sides or on one of them).
2. Participles, along with adverbs, are not subject to modification and remain in the same form, regardless of other parts of speech.
3. The stresses in imperfect gerunds are on the same syllable as they were in perfect gerunds.

Separation of adverbs by type

There are two main types of gerunds: perfect and imperfect. The type of participle indicates the time of the course of any action, and also indicate the features of this action.

Perfect-looking gerunds are formed by adding the suffixes “in”, “shi”, “lice” to the stem of the verb related to it, which must also be in the perfect form. From the name of this type it follows that such a gerund denotes an additional action that has already been completed by the current moment. It answers the question, “What have you done?”. Such an action is performed either before the main action, or after it. For example, in the sentence “leave by closing the door”, the gerund “closing” answers the question “what have you done?” and has the suffix "in". Accordingly, it is in perfect condition.

Let's take an example. In the sentence “When he saw her, he began to speak louder”, there is a gerund “seeing”, which refers to the perfect form, since it answers the question “what did you do?” and has the suffix "in".

Imperfect in appearance gerunds refer to an imperfect verb in the present tense, and the nominal form is formed from it by adding the suffixes "a", "ya". For example, in the sentence “We were sitting listening to music”, the gerund “listened” just answers the question “what are you doing?” and has the suffix "I". Accordingly, such a participle can be called imperfect in its appearance.

For example, in the sentence “When I entered the apartment, I put the keys on the table,” the gerund “entering” answers the question “what are you doing?” and refers to the person who performed the primary action. The sentence has the suffix "I" so it refers to the imperfect form.

There is also a division of gerunds into the following types: recurrent and irrevocable. You can determine this or that participle by the postfix. In reflexive gerunds there is a postfix "s", but in non-reflexive gerunds it is not. For example, the gerund "rejoicing" has the postfix "sya", therefore it refers to reflexive gerunds.

With the help of the above questions, you can accurately find the participle in the sentence and determine its type. The above rules will help you write the participle correctly and put the stress.

Some linguists consider gerunds as a special form of the verb, others as an independent part of speech.

The participle is a special invariable form of the verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes an additional action, unites the signs of the verb and the adverb together and indicates how, why, when the action called by the verb-predicate is performed: The waves are rushing thundering And sparkling . Participles thundering And sparkling indicate additional actions associated with the action rushing(predicate).

The participle answers questions doing what? having done what? It is also possible that questions How? Why? how? When? and etc.: leaving, waiting, contemplating.

A gerund with dependent words is called participle turnover: standing on a stool He took out books from the top shelf.

The main signs of adverb

A) General grammatical meaning

The participle denotes an additional action that indicates how the action of the verb-predicate is performed: standing at the window, he intently read the note given to him.

B) Morphological features

1. Participles are formed from verbs and retain subsequent signs of verbs:

Wed: think about mom (non-ideal form, intransitive, irrevocable verb) - thinking(imperfect form, intransitive, irrevocable participle); think (perfect, intransitive, reflexive verb) - in thought(perfect form, intransitive, recurrent participle).

2. Participles have subsequent signs of adverbs:

C) Syntactic signs (role in the sentence)

In a sentence, the participle and participle turnover in most cases play a role accidents, however, with all this, they can adjoin various members of the sentence.

Note. The participle, adjoining the predicate, can also denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate: The clouds are swirling dazzling in red brilliance . In this case, the participle is a secondary predicate. The gerund in the first meaning (adverbial) does not allow substitution by the conjugated form of the verb: They went slowly and submissively, like geese; in the 2nd meaning (of the secondary predicate), such an alternative is likely: The trees are trembling, swimming in the blue sky (cf.: The trees tremble joyfully, bathe in the blue sky).

Note. In all the above sentences, the actions indicated by the gerund and the verb-predicate belong to the same person (or object) - the subject of the action. Only if this condition is present, the use of gerunds is permissible in the modern literary language. In that case, the participle and the predicate denote the actions of various persons, the use of the participle especially and does not meet modern standards. See carefully: What are the syntactic norms for the use of gerunds and participles?

Morphological analysis of gerunds:

1. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.

2. Source form.

3.

4.

5. Syntactic role (which member of the sentence is the gerund in this sentence).

Standard for parsing gerunds

He hurt himself when he fell off his horse..

having fallen

1. A gerund because it denotes an additional action; answers questions when? having done what?

2. N. f. — having fallen.

3. Invariable morphological features:

4. Non-permanent morphological features (invariant word).

5. Forms a participial phrase with the form of a noun from a horse; in the sentence, the adverbial turnover is an event of time.

Additionally:

Material source Website

Chapter "Gernal participle as a form of verb-adverbial education" in the manual of Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. "Modern Russian language"

Additional to the site:

What does a participle mean as a part of speech?

Some linguists consider gerunds as a special form of the verb, others as an independent part of speech. The participle is a special invariable form of the verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes an additional action, unites the signs of the verb and the adverb together within itself and indicates how, why, when the action called the verb-predicate is performed: Waves rush, thundering and sparkling . The participles rattling and sparkling denote ...