Negative percentage. On the issue of negative interest rates Negative interest on deposits
Negative real rate (negative real interest rate) – this is the real rate in a situation where the rate of inflation growth exceeds the level of the nominal rate. The most significant negative effect of a negative real rate is that low-risk assets, such as certificates of deposit (referred to as CDs) and standard bank accounts, do not generate returns for the investor at all.
What does a negative real rate lead to?
A negative real rate is a consequence of the economic downturn. Despite the low level of return on savings, financial institutions are not eager to increase interest rates on loan products, because the additional financial burden on borrowers can lead to an economic crisis, the final elimination of which will take several years in the future.
There are several typical situations that can arise when the real rate is negative. When they begin to earn a minimum income, people tend to save and reduce consumption. On the other hand, they can earn income in the future due to the fact that current loan rates are quite low. Therefore, an experienced person is able to use this circumstance to his advantage.
The impact of a negative real rate on the national currency
A negative real rate negatively affects the national currency, which begins to fall relative to the currencies of other countries. Therefore, the demand for precious metals (primarily gold) and raw materials that can retain their value for a long time is increasing - people use these assets as “ financial haven" Some investors prefer to protect themselves from high inflation by purchasing securities of large foreign companies.
At first glance, the policy of negative interest rates (NIRR) looks like a paradise for both the population and business.
Which of us would refuse a loan at, say, two percent per annum? If you take out a mortgage at this percentage, and even for 30 years, it turns out that buying an apartment will cost much less than renting. It would seem how great it would be to live in the West, where mortgages are often issued at such low rates!
Experience, however, has shown that low interest rates have worked in the opposite way in the United States and Europe, making housing unaffordable for a record number of citizens.
The “paradox” is explained simply: the lower the loan rate, the more citizens can spend on apartments. Since there are a limited number of apartments, their prices are rising. Well, as prices rise, buyers with average incomes find themselves left out, since not every American can afford to buy a house made of sawdust for a million dollars.
To illustrate the problem, it is enough to mention a couple from San Francisco who semi-legally rent out container cabins to those residents of the city who do not have two or three thousand dollars to rent at least some apartment. For the opportunity to live in a metal container, the unfortunate people pay $600 a month.
Low interest rates and pension funds are killing: you can now invest money in reliable dollar securities only at zero percent per annum. This, of course, is not enough for normal functioning, so pension funds in the United States now have to either cut pensions or gamble, investing, for example, in bonds of Tajikistan and Ecuador.
However, the real sector of the economy fares the worst. It would seem that cheap loans are a businessman’s dream: you can quickly expand production and easily close any cash gaps. However, in practice, it turns out the same way as with a mortgage: it turns out that cheap loans are only good if you have access to them, and your competitors do not.
A capitalist economy operates through a few simple mechanisms, the main one being competition. Bad businessmen take losses and leave the market, leaving the best on the playing field: those who make dollars and ten cents out of a dollar every year. Banks should speed up the process of selecting the best by providing loans at 6-12% per annum.
This system of natural selection worked well in the United States until the turn of the millennium, and the country’s economy developed especially well in the early 1980s, when loan rates jumped in places to as much as 20% per annum. Unfortunately, after the dot-com crisis, the US Federal Reserve decided to lower lending rates to almost zero, and market mechanisms that had worked for centuries began to jam.
Let's imagine two businessmen, John and Bill. John works normally, receiving his few percent of profits and looking confidently into the future. Bill doesn't know how to work, he only has losses. At normal lending rates, Bill would have gone bankrupt pretty quickly and cleared the market for John. However, now Bill can take out a loan from a bank at a very low interest rate and... continue to work at a loss. In two or three years, when the money runs out, take out another loan. And then another and another, thereby delaying their bankruptcy indefinitely.
A skillful businessman, John is forced, willy-nilly, to follow Bill: to reduce prices below the level of profitability, so as not to lose customers in this unhealthy market. As an example, we can point to American shale producers, most of whom, at normal lending rates, would have gone bankrupt long ago, thereby returning oil prices to a healthy level of $100 or more per barrel.
Let's add to this unsightly picture monopolies and oligopolies, which cheap loans allowed to grow uncontrollably, and the portrait of the disease will perhaps become complete.
We observed something similar in the USSR in the 1970s and 80s. The Soviet authorities did not have enough political will to close inefficient enterprises, and they gradually degraded, producing products of lower quality and less and less in demand by the economy. The hothouse conditions led to a logical result: when, after the collapse of the USSR, domestic industry was thrown into the arena with the capitalist tigers, during the first years it was practically unable to provide them with worthy resistance.
Exactly the same thing is happening now in the West. Of course, the central banks of the United States and the European Union are well aware that POPS is a dead end, but it is no longer possible to return back to healthy capitalist lines. Raising interest rates to a level of at least 5% per annum is guaranteed to kill businesses that have become hooked on cheap loans.
Unfortunately, this problem no longer has a good solution. If the USSR had at least a theoretical opportunity to follow the example of China by gently reforming the economy (instead of handing it over to the slaughter of pro-American reformers), then our Western friends and partners simply no longer have such an opportunity. Printing presses have produced so much money over the past 15 years that it is unlikely that it will be possible to get out of the crisis without massive bankruptcies and hyperinflation.
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There is increasing talk in the media about negative interest rates. How effective this approach can be, since there is great uncertainty about the consequences for commercial banks, organizations and other economic entities and their behavior.
Many developed countries around the world are entering the realm of negative interest rates. Five central banks - the European Central Bank (ECB), the Danish National Bank, the Swiss National Bank, the Bank of Sweden and the Bank of Japan - have already introduced negative rates on commercial bank funds held in deposit accounts at the central bank. In fact, commercial banks must pay to store their funds with central banks. The main goal of these decisions is to stimulate economic growth and combat low inflation and the growing threat of deflation.
Why use negative interest rates?
In simple terms, with negative rates, a depositor, such as a commercial bank, must pay the central bank to store funds at the government-owned central bank. What is the purpose of such a policy? Once banks had to pay to hold their cash, they would be incentivized to lend any additional cash to businesses and individuals, fueling the economy. Another example would be a depositor (such as a large company) who must pay to hold funds with a commercial bank if the latter uses negative rates. In this case, one goal would be to encourage companies to use the money to invest in businesses, again to increase economic growth. That is, negative rates imply that lenders pay borrowers for the privilege of making loans. However, this would be an extreme case at the commercial bank level, since the economic logic of lending is to earn interest in exchange for taking on the borrowers' credit risks. However, borrowing is limited by the use of negative interest rates, and the goal is to promote consumption, one of the main engines of economic growth. So far, the listed goals and intentions for negative interest rates are very theoretical, and there is uncertainty about their implementation in practice.
Eurozone example
In the eurozone, the central bank's goal is to stimulate economic growth and increase inflation. The ECB must ensure price stability by keeping inflation below 2%, and at the same time as close to this figure as possible, over the medium term (currently inflation in the eurozone is slightly below zero). Like most central banks, the ECB influences inflation by setting interest rates. If a central bank wants to take action against too high a rate of inflation, it basically raises interest rates, which makes borrowing more expensive and makes saving more attractive. Conversely, if he wants to increase inflation that is too low, he lowers interest rates.
The ECB has three main interest rates at which it can operate: margin lending for providing overnight loans to banks, main refinancing operations And deposits. The prime refinancing rate or base interest rate is the rate at which banks can borrow regularly from the ECB, while the deposit interest rate is the rate that banks receive on funds deposited with the central bank.
With the eurozone economy recovering very slowly and inflation close to zero and expected to remain well below 2% for a long time, the ECB decided it needed to cut interest rates. All three rates have been falling since 2008, with the most recent cut being made in March 2016. The prime rate was cut from 0.05% to 0%, and the deposit rate went further into the negative from -0.3% to - 0.4%. The ECB confirms that this is part of a set of measures aimed at ensuring price stability over the medium term, which is a necessary condition for sustainable economic growth in the euro area.
The deposit rate, which has become even more negative, means that eurozone commercial banks that deposit money with the ECB must pay more. The question may arise – is it impossible for banks to avoid negative interest rates? For example, couldn't they just decide to hold more cash? If a bank holds more money than required for minimum reserve purposes, and if it is unwilling to lend to other commercial banks, then it has only two options: keep the money in an account with the central bank or keep it in cash (of course the most expected option by central banks is that banks will increase lending to businesses and individuals). But storing cash is also not free - in particular, the bank needs a very secure storage facility. Thus, it is unlikely that any bank would choose such an option. The most likely outcome is that banks will either lend to other banks or pay a negative deposit rate. Between these two options, the second one seems more realistic, since at the moment most banks hold more money than they can lend, and it is not necessary to borrow from other banks.
The opposite effects of negative rates
As central banks aim to boost economic growth and inflation through negative interest rates, such policies are becoming increasingly unusual and raise questions worth considering. Below are some of the main pros and cons.
Firstly Given that central banks' intentions are being met and negative interest rates are stimulating the economy, this would be a positive sign for the banking sector. If markets believed that negative interest rates improved long-term growth prospects, this would increase expectations of higher inflation and interest rates in the future, which is beneficial for banks' net interest margins (commercial banks make money by taking on credit risks and charging higher interest on loans than they pay on deposits - in this case they have a positive net interest margin). Moreover, in a stronger economy, banks would be able to find more profitable lending opportunities, and borrowers would be more likely to be able to repay those loans. On the other hand, negative interest rates could harm the banking sector. If the lending rate is constantly kept lower due to falling interest rates, and commercial banks are unwilling or unable to set the deposit rate below zero, then the net interest margin becomes smaller and smaller.
Secondly, a negative interest rate policy should encourage commercial banks to lend more to avoid central bank charges on funds that exceed reserve requirements. However, for negative rates to encourage more lending, commercial banks would have to be willing to make more loans at lower potential earnings. Since negative interest rates are introduced as a counterbalance to slow economic growth and the risks of deflation, this means that businesses need to solve problems arising in this area and, as a result, banks face increased credit risks and reduced profits at the same time when lending. If profit levels suffer too much, banks may even reduce lending. Moreover, the difficulty of setting negative rates for savers could mean higher debt costs for consumers.
Third, negative interest rates also have the potential to weaken a nation's currency, making exports more competitive and increasing inflation as imports become more expensive. However, negative interest rates can trigger a so-called currency war - a situation in which many countries seek to deliberately reduce the value of their local currency in order to stimulate the economy. A lower exchange rate is clearly a key channel through which monetary easing operates. But widespread currency devaluation is a zero-sum game: the global economy cannot devalue money itself. In a worst-case scenario, competitive currency devaluation could open the door to protectionist policies that would negatively impact global economic growth.
Fourth From an investor's perspective, negative interest rates could, in theory, serve the same function as cutting rates to zero - this could be beneficial for exchanges since the relationship of interest rates to the stock market is quite indirect. Lower interest rates imply that people looking to borrow money can enjoy lower interest rates. But it also means that those who lend money or buy securities such as bonds will have less opportunity to earn interest income. If we assume that investors are thinking rationally, then falling interest rates will encourage them to take money out of the bond market and put it into the stock market.
But in practice, this particular policy of negative interest rates may not be so useful. Investors may view negative interest rate policies as a sign of attempts to sort out serious problems in the economy and remain risk averse. Also, the use of negative interest rates will not necessarily encourage commercial banks to increase lending, which will make it more difficult for financial companies to make profits in the future and harm the performance of the global financial sector. Problems in the financial sector are very sensitive for the entire stock market, and they can weaken it. And even if commercial banks wanted to increase lending, success in encouraging businesses and individuals to borrow more money and spend more is questionable.
Fifthly, negative rates could complement other easing measures (such as quantitative easing) and signal to the central bank the need to address the economic slowdown and missed inflation target. On the other hand, negative interest rates could be an indicator that central banks are reaching the limits of monetary policy.
Main conclusion
Central banks are determined to do everything possible to increase economic growth and inflation. With interest rates already at zero, an increasing number of central banks are resorting to negative interest rates to achieve their goals. However, this is a relatively new tool for them, and the main opportunities and risks of such a policy have not yet been realized. Therefore, it is worth taking a closer look at and monitoring the unintended consequences of these increasingly popular policies. Currently, the eurozone economy is gaining momentum slowly, inflation is low, commercial banks are in no hurry to increase lending volumes, but instead are looking for other ways to reduce the potential damage to profits, the desire of businesses and individuals to take out more loans at a lower interest rate is growing quite slowly, investors are not rush to take on more investment risks, bond yields remain at record lows. Negative interest rates will take longer to realize the full impact.
Gunta Simenovska,
Head of Sales Support Department, Business Development Department, SEB Bank
Sources: European Central Bank, World Bank, Bank for International Settlements, Nasdaq, Investopedia, Bloomberg, BBC, CNBC
Negative percentage
NEGATIVE PERCENTAGE
(negative interest) A deduction made by a bank or other depository institution for holding an amount of money for a specified period.
Finance. Dictionary. 2nd ed. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". Brian Butler, Brian Johnson, Graham Sidwell and others. General editor: Ph.D. Osadchaya I.M.. 2000 .
Negative percentage
Negative interest is the interest charged by the bank for having a deposit account, applied to deposits of foreigners in national currency.
Negative interest is a fiscal measure used to restrict the inflow of foreign capital.
In English: Negative interest
Synonyms: Negative percentage
English synonyms: Interest charge
See also: Bank interest rates Deposits
Finam Financial Dictionary.
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The head of the world's largest investment firm, BlackRock, called for attention to the dangers of cutting interest rates, which often turn negative, a policy that some central banks have resorted to to support the economic situation. Larry Fink, co-owner and chief executive officer of BlackRock, noted in his annual address to shareholders that low interest rates are also hurting savers, which in turn could mean the policy is having the opposite effect on the economy than expected.
He sees negative interest rates as "particularly worrying" and potentially counterproductive amid social and political risks. This has created the most volatile situation in the global economy in about the last 10 years, MarketWatch reports. “Their [central bankers’] actions are putting severe pressure on global savings and creating incentives for them to seek higher yields, pushing investors toward less liquid assets and higher levels of risk, with potentially dangerous financial and economic consequences,” Fink wrote to shareholders.
Savers are forced to put more money into investments to meet their retirement goals, which means they will spend less on their own consumer spending. These and a number of other factors, including geopolitical instability, are creating “a high degree of uncertainty in the global economy that is not has been observed since pre-crisis times." “Monetary policy is designed to support economic growth, but now, in fact, it causes risks of a reduction in consumer spending,” the German financier concluded.
The IMF is in favor, but...
Meanwhile, the International Monetary Fund also shared its own thoughts on negative interest rates. Its experts said that "overall, they help provide additional monetary stimulus and financial conditions that support demand and price stability." The IMF believes these rates could encourage the private sector to spend more, although it acknowledges that savers could be hit.
The IMF does acknowledge that there is a "limit to how far and how long" negative interest rates can go. Such a policy could cause “unpredictable consequences”: for example, banks will begin to lend to risky borrowers in an attempt to compensate for the decline in the number of depositors. Negative interest rates can also trigger boom-bust cycles in asset prices, the IMF notes.
Extraordinary measure
The logic behind introducing negative rates is very simple, says Robert Novak, senior analyst at MFX Broker. In conditions where the rates at which commercial banks can place money on deposit with the Central Bank are positive, and the economic prospects are uncertain, banks often prefer not to lend to households and businesses, but to earn money without risk by simply placing money with the Central Bank.
When rates become negative, it becomes unprofitable to keep money in the Central Bank: in order to earn money, banks are forced to engage in active lending - it is better to lend money even at a minimal interest rate and receive at least some income than to obviously lose when placing it on a deposit with a negative rate. Thus, by introducing negative rates, regulators are trying to force banks to lend more actively, and to issue loans at a minimum interest rate. In the future, this policy of “cheap loans” should have a stimulating effect on the economy.
Yes, says Robert Novak, Lawrence Fink's comments about the possible negative consequences of negative interest rates are correct. But these negative consequences are unlikely to materialize if the period of negative rates is short-lived. Still, the world's central banks consider this measure as extraordinary and do not intend to delay its application. So this policy is unlikely to lead to any serious problems.
The new chapter of the world economy
Zero or negative rates are the same as the new head of the world economy, says Alor Broker analyst Alexey Antonov. After the 2008 crisis, the United States and the eurozone did this in order to stimulate economic recovery, but they did not think about the consequences and the proper effectiveness. And, as we have seen from history, it was in vain - because the expected result did not happen. While the United States is gradually recovering, growth in the eurozone is almost zero.
Over long periods, the model is disastrous for developed economies, and it seems, the expert says, that the American regulator understands this after all, since it is already thinking about raising the rate. Now they are faced with a serious question - to raise the rate, despite the global risks from China and cheap oil, or to balance at the current zero rates and wait for economic growth, and only then raise it.
Objectively, Antonov believes, now the Fed has no effective measures left to maintain the economic balance, and, perhaps, in the event of a crisis, the story of launching the printing press may repeat itself. That is, in other words, it is less stressful for the economy not to raise the rate, but this will only have an effect for some time, until the next time the machine is connected to the business - this will not solve the global problem. An increase in it, which after a while would somewhat sober up the economy, would solve the problem. But here again the question, says the expert, is whose interests does the government adhere to? Objectively, he now needs public peace and business support, so, probably, the saga with retention will continue.
We're not going there
As for the Russian Federation, then, of course, the introduction of negative rates by the Bank of Russia is out of the question, Robert Novak is sure. This measure is introduced by central banks only when there is a real threat of deflation that cannot be prevented by any other measures. In Russia, on the contrary, there is inflation that is almost twice the target level of 4%. In such cases, in world practice, not negative, but, on the contrary, increased rates are used. Which, in fact, is what the Bank of Russia did.
Nevertheless, according to Robert Novak, Russia can derive some benefit from the negative interest rates involved in Europe and Japan. Rates on Russian bonds (both government and corporate) look very attractive, and, as Bloomberg reported yesterday, Western hedge funds are showing increasing interest in ruble assets. So, all other things being equal, the regime of negative rates in the leading economies of the world will contribute to the influx of capital into the Russian Federation.
With regard to Russian realities, Alexey Antonov agrees, everything is somewhat different here. Our economy is heavily dependent on the raw materials sector, so any fluctuations in the oil market seriously affect the internal policy of the Central Bank. In a situation where oil sank significantly and the currency soared to unprecedented heights, the Central Bank was forced to sharply increase the rate, otherwise the economy would have collapsed. Currently, the Central Bank adheres to the policy of fighting inflation, which is why the rate has remained at the same level.
However, how long will he stick to it, the expert asks, is also a difficult question, because a high rate one way or another affects the development of such an important sector of the economy as small and medium-sized businesses. A slight reduction in it at the next meeting of the Central Bank would have a positive effect on improving the economy, but, believes Alexey Antonov, it could hit the pockets of Russians.
It should be noted, however, that maintaining the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation at the current level, despite the fact that economies everywhere are stimulated to grow by low rates, even minus, is also a dangerous practice. It is obvious that there is no other recipe for growth other than cheap money in the world economy today, and neither does our Central Bank. That’s why they hardly talk about growth there, preferring other goals and terms. However, despite the interest in Russia on the part of Western speculators, which does not bring us much benefit, although it feeds the money market (which then turns into a withdrawal of capital), these goals are hardly the optimal strategy. We have been told for many years that low inflation will lead to economic growth and real investment, but it is obvious that its decline does not correlate with economic growth in any way, rather the opposite.
Maybe we should stop being afraid of taking money out of citizens’ pockets - which is how high inflation is usually reproached - and just put it there, making it more accessible? But this is a completely different logic. As for the phenomenon of negative interest rates, of course, it requires observation and study; there is not much material on this new practice yet.
