Meletinsky myths. Virtual Museum
Mythological thinking. Categories of myths
Meletinsky E.M. From myth to literature. M.: RSUH, 2000, p. 24-31.
(behind OCR thanks to A.M.)
Myth is a means of conceptualizing the world - what is around a person and in him. To a certain extent, myth is a product of primitive thinking. His mentality is associated with collective ideas (Durkheim's term), unconscious and conscious, rather than with personal experience. Primitive thought is diffuse, syncretic, inseparable from the emotional, affective, and motor spheres, from which comes the anthropomorphization of nature, universal personification, animism, and metaphorical identification of natural and cultural objects. The universal coincides with the concrete-sensual. That is why we find transformations of appearance in myth: a creature can have many arms and heads, eyes, etc., or, for example, diseases can be represented in the form of monsters, people in the form of animals (totemism), the whole cosmos in the form of cosmic tree or anthropomorphic giant. In myth, form and content, symbol and model are identified, subject and object, sign, thing and word, essence and name, entity and its attributes, as well as singular and plural, space and time, origin and nature of the object are often not separated and distinguished. . Mythological conceptualization is not without logic, But she is clumsy, acts through mediation and bricolage(described by K. Levi-Strauss).
A large number of mythological motifs are repeated in the archaic folklore of various countries. These are archetypal motifs. But mythological thought also operates with elements of a different kind - semantic oppositions: high-low, left-right, close-far, internal-external, warm-cold, dry-wet, light-dark, etc. - and especially oppositions that correspond to the simplest space-time relationships: sky-earth, earth-underworld, north-south, west-east, day-night, winter-summer, sun-moon; in the social world: friend-alien, male-female, elder-younger, lower-higher, or on the border of nature and culture, for example: water-fire, sun-hearth fire, boiled-raw, house-forest, village-desert and etc., or, finally, to designate the fundamental antinomies: life-death, happiness-unhappiness; and the main mythological opposition is sacred-profane.
Mythological thought establishes a certain parallelism between various series of semantic oppositions. For example, the simplest contrast between high and low covers the contrasts of heaven and earth, earth and the underworld, parts of the body located above and below, levels high Low in the social hierarchy. Wherein high often sacralized. The classification effect of binary logic is enhanced by the differentiation of levels and codes. There is a tendency to mark one pole of the opposition positively and the other negatively. Tall, straight, male, elder, close, own, clear, dry, visible, day, white, red, spring, sky (as opposed to earth), earth (as opposed to the underworld), house, south (versus north) , sun - most often (but not always) marked positively; low, left, female, junior, distant, alien, gloomy, wet, invisible, black, night, earth (as opposed to sky), underworld (as opposed to earth), water (as opposed to fire), forest, north , moon - usually (but not always) noted negatively.
Hierarchized symbolic systems were created using this binary logic and on the basis of totemic ideas that identified human and social groups with species of animals or - less often - plants. The metaphor of mythical thought favors these
totemic classifications, these representations of social categories using images reflecting the natural environment, and vice versa - metaphorism likes to encrypt nature with social relations (i.e., describe nature as human society). These principles are also implemented in the storytelling. When analyzing mythological symbolism, one must avoid two extreme positions: to see in symbols; only poetic comparisons and, conversely, completely identify the object-sign and the object-referent (the real object designated), which are in a relation of participation. Concrete objects, although they have become symbols, do not cease to be themselves and have certain specific emotions. In addition, identification at one level is usually accompanied by opposition at another. Each mythological object becomes a complex of differential signs. Among these identifications, one seems to be the most important. This is the identification of origin and essence. Therefore, the description of the model of the world becomes a story about the origin of various things, and the events of the past become necessary elements of this description, the “building blocks” of a mythological structure.
Primary mythical time- a very important category of mythological thought. It has a paradigmatic function and is the source and primary cause of everything that arises later. This is the time of ancestors, cultural heroes, on whom everything depends, time first things, the time of establishing cosmic and social order. In later myths and epics, mythical time turns into golden age. or heroic time.
That is why creation myths in ancient times, etiological, cosmogonic, anthropogonic myths are classical myths. Creation can take shape generation biological or magical not only creatures, but also objects by ancestor gods, or manufacturing their demiurges, or sometimes their obtaining by kidnapping cultural heroes. Creation covers not only the appearance of beings and things of this
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The world, but also the separation of the main elements (water, fire, earth, air), the separation of heaven from earth, the emergence of earth from the ocean depths, the establishment of the cosmic tree, the appearance of stars in the sky, the organization of human life: biological, social and religious.
The world as a whole may develop from a primordial egg, from a sacred lotus, or from the body of a giant who was sacrificed and killed. Ancestors or gods can be born from an egg or from a lotus, for example Ra, Ptah, Ishtar, Vishvakarman-Prajapati-Brahma, Eros, Pan-gu, etc. Enlil or Marduk in Akkadian mythology create the world from the body of the goddess Tiamat they killed; in Indian mythology, the gods create the cosmos from the body of the giant Purush, in Scandinavian mythology - from the body of the giant Ymir, in China - from the first creature Pan-gu.
The most important idea of mythology is also the transformation of chaos into space. Although we find the image of chaos (in the form of the ocean or the original abyss, chthonic monsters, etc.) most often in more or less developed mythologies, nevertheless, the cosmization of chaos, the ordering of earthly life constitute the main pathos of mythology in general. Therefore, creation myths contain, next to stories about direct creation, also episodes of struggle against monsters representing chaotic, chthonic forces. In Egyptian mythology, the solar god Ra-Atum fights the underground serpent Apep; in India - Indra defeats Vritra; Iranian Tishtrya fights the demon of drought Apaosha; in Sumerian-Akkadian mythology, the gods Enki, Ninurta or Innana fight with an underground demonic master called Kur. Enlil (or Babylonian Marduk) defeats Tiamat, the wife of Apsu. Apsu is perhaps the primordial abyss, and Tiamat, who has taken the form of a dragon, personifies the dark waters of chaos. The Bible alludes to the struggle of God against the Dragon or the wonderful Fish, symbolizing oceanic chaos (Rakhab, Tekhom, Leviathan). In Chinese mythology culture hero Yu, fighting against the cosmic flood, eventually kills the master of the water, Siala. In Iranian mythology, the struggle of Ahuramazda against Angro-Mainyo also has a cosmic
aspect, like the fight of Mithra against the terrible bull or the fight of the first Iranian mythical kings against dragons (Traetaons against Azhi-Dahaka, Kersaspa against Sruvar). In Scandinavian mythology, the god Thor fights giants, as well as monsters generated by the evil Loki, in particular the cosmic serpent Jormungandr. This theme is inherited by the heroic myth: Gilgamesh in Sumerian-Akkadian myths fights with the demonic bird Zu, the monster Huwava (Humbaba), against an evil bull, etc.; in Hittite-Hurrian mythology, Teshub attacks the giant Ullikumme, as well as the dragon; in Phoenician mythology, Baal (Balu) fights against Mot and the half-man, half-bull who lives in desert; in Greek mythology, Apollo fights Typhon, and the heroes Hercules, Perseus, Theseus fight the Minotaur, Medusa the Gorgon and other monsters. Archaic epic poetry, as well as fairy tales, as we will later see, continue to exploit this theme.
Sometimes the struggle of the cosmos against chaos is presented within the framework of theogony. Let us recall the struggle of Zeus (Jupiter) with the Titans and Typhon in ancient mythology or the struggle of Marduk (the younger generation of gods) against Tiamat and the older gods in Babylonian mythology.
Along with cosmogonic myths, we find eschatological and calendar myths. Eschatological myths (American pre-Columbian, Iranian, Indian, Judeo-Christian, Scandinavian) about the end of the world, temporary (sometimes a periodic change of chaos and cosmos) or final, are myths of creation “inside out”, since they talk about the transformation of the cosmos into chaos due to fire , flood, drought, earthquake, sometimes - mistakes and sins of people punished by the gods, or, conversely, victories won by chthonic monsters over gods and noble heroes. Often the end of the world precedes its renewal.
In calendar myths, the loss of a hero, symbolizing the productive forces of nature, the harvest, natural and public good, is always temporary; his death represents a necessary stage before the resurrection and the desired flowering of nature. Calendar myths appear in classical form in
Mediterranean countries, the Middle East. I mean the myths about Dumuzi (Tammuz) in Sumerian-Akkadian mythology, about Osiris (cultural hero, creator of agriculture) in Egypt, about Attis and Adonis in ancient Greece, about Balu (Baal) among Western Semites, etc. Care and the return of the hero or his death and resurrection guarantees cosmic order and harvest. Sometimes the divine hero is contrasted with a demonic character, symbolizing death, desert, chaos. This is, for example, the brother of Osiris - Set in Egypt. Inanna sacrifices Tammuz, Aphrodite loves Adonis and loses him, Cybele loves and destroys Attis. True, Osiris’s sister Isis and Balu’s sister Anat play the role of wonderful helpers. Sometimes the calendar hero is correlated with his mother, the goddess of fertility, with whom he (in some versions) is in an erotic relationship and who sometimes becomes the cause of his death (an ambivalent figure). In Australia, the archaic prototype of the fertility goddess is the old Kunapipi, who is accompanied by the Rainbow Serpent. The serpent swallows Kunapipi's sister's child, but the child is subsequently saved (the idea of temporary death). In this case, the connection between the calendar myth-rite and the myth-rite of passage is obvious ( initiation). The goddess's ambivalence reflects her connections with the chaotic elements. The erotic, sometimes incestuous motive can be explained by agrarian magic, ecstatic cults, including sacred wedding. Let us remember Dionysus and the ecstatic nature of the ritual associated with him. Calendar myths are more often than others directly related to initiation rites.
It is worth mentioning once again the actual heroic myths, for example the Greek ones about Hercules, Theseus, Perseus, Oedipus, Jason. Such myths unfold a heroic biography, including a heroic childhood, quests in the process of performing difficult tasks, fighting monsters, saving a beauty, etc. If in the myths of creation or in eschatological, calendar myths, the main archetype was the formation of the world, its death, its renewal in within the framework of the struggle between chaos and space, then in heroic myths we are talking about the formation of a hero, although he symbolizes clan or tribal forces and performs his exploits in space
background. This hero is not an individual, he is a supernatural personality who concentrates collective energy. In a tribal society, the social always dominates the individual. In this sense, the heroic myth remains anti-psychological and, in a sense, cosmic. The struggle of such a hero with monsters is undoubtedly an echo of the cosmization of chaos; at the same time, his adventures and trials, the difficult tasks he performs, are reminiscent of an initiation ritual and, in general, transitional rituals. These rituals also serve the purpose of transforming psychological chaos into the social cosmos. The change of chaos and space, death and life is a cosmic, social, individual fate.
In heroic myths, as in cosmogonic (genealogical) myths, we find the theme of change, the change of generations; very often the latter is closely connected with initiation, since this rite is led by representatives of the older generation. Along with initiation, there was another type of ritual - a duel between the old leader and the young one who should replace him. This ritual is vividly described by Frazer. In myths, these motives are intertwined in such a way that the difficult tasks of the youth undergoing initiation become a form of persecution of the young hero by his father or maternal uncle for fear that the younger will take the place of the elder (sometimes the motives of the corresponding prophecies are introduced). Classic example - myth of Oedipus, who, in accordance with the prophecy and at the same time unwittingly kills his father the king, takes his place and marries his widow - in fact his mother. The main meaning of the plot is not a deep-rooted incestuous relationship (according to Freud), but precisely the change of generations in power. Perhaps this incestuous marriage, among other things, expresses hypereroticism - as a sign that the hero is ripe for initiation. The riddle of the Sphinx is an initiation test, the content of which directly indicates a change of generations.
In archaic cultures, there are a huge number of myths of the “Oedipal” type: about the nest destroyer, described on the first pages of Lévi-Strauss’s Mythologicals, several Micronesian myths, the Tlingit myth about the old and young Crows. In all these stories
the father or maternal uncle is opposed to the hero, sets difficult tasks for him, which have the nature of initiation, but in essence set the goal of destroying the young rival; the hero always enters into an incestuous relationship with the wife of the old leader. It must be emphasized that even this topic - the relationship of generations - is on the border separating nature and social culture, for example, the incest of a young Raven with his uncle's wife causes a flood. Other examples can be given. Only in fairy tales and epics does the cosmic theme finally disappear.
Before continuing, I would like to emphasize again survivability a myth that is revived more than once throughout the evolution of world culture. Contributing to the subsequent generation of other cultural forms, myth continues to retain a certain value, which, of course, is alien to scientific knowledge. The myth tries to solve some problems that are practically outside science. These are metaphysical problems about birth and death and human destiny. Myth excludes inexplicable events and insoluble conflicts. What is less clear, the myth tries to interpret with the help of what is clearer, the more difficult - with the help of what is easier. The goal of harmonization and regulation dominates the thirst for knowledge. The mythological approach leaves no room for hesitation, contradictions, doubts, or methodological chaos. The model of the world is oriented in an axiological, value-based manner. Myth explains the world in such a way that universal harmony is not shaken. The myth is not limited to personal psychology. His model of the world covers all the necessary elements of nature and culture. Myth is interested in man's place in nature and culture, his social role. There is an inverse relationship in myth between the explanation of the world and its paradigmatic essence.
The highest reality of myth is the source and model of all harmony. This is why the myth remains alive and always finds a place for itself on some intellectual level.
Meletinsky E. M.
Poetics of myth
RESEARCH ON EASTERN FOLKLORE AND MYTHOLOGY
EDITORIAL TEAM
E. M. Meletinsky (chairman)
S. Yu. Neklyudov (secretary)
E. S. Novik
B. L. Riftin
E. M. Meletinsky
FROM THE EDITORIAL BOARD
The series “Studies on the Folklore and Mythology of the East”, published by the Publishing Company “Oriental Literature” of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1969, introduces readers to modern problems of studying the rich oral creativity of the peoples of Asia, Africa and Oceania. It publishes monographic and collective works devoted to various aspects of the study folklore and mythology of the peoples of the East, including analysis of some monuments of ancient and medieval literature that arose in direct interaction with oral literature. A significant place among the publications in the series is occupied by works of a comparative typological and purely theoretical nature, in which important problems of folklore and mythology are considered not only on Eastern material , but also with the involvement of narrative art from other neighboring regions
One of such generalizing works is the proposed monograph by E M Meletinsky, which contains a review of various theories of myth of the 20th century, a description of primitive and ancient mythology and an analysis of “mythologism” in modern fiction
Books previously published in the series “Studies in Oriental Folklore and Mythology”
V. Ya. Propp Morphology of a fairy tale 2nd ed. 1969
G. L. Permyakov From saying to fairy tale (Notes on the general theory of clichés) 1970
B. L. Riftin Historical epic and folklore tradition in China (Oral and book versions of “The Three Kingdoms”) 1970
E. A. Kostyukhin Alexander the Great in the literary and folklore tradition 1972
H. Rosianu Traditional fairy tale formulas 1974
P. A. Grintser Ancient Indian epic Genesis and typology 1974
Typological studies on folklore Collection of articles in memory of Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (1895 - 1970) Compiled by E M Meletinsky and S Yu Neklyudov 1975
E. S. Kotlyar Myth and fairy tale of Africa 1975
S. L. Neveleva Mythology of the ancient Indian epic (Pantheon) 1975
E. M. Meletinsky Poetics of myth 1976
V. Ya. Propp Folklore and reality Selected articles 1976
E. B. Virsaladze Georgian hunting myth and poetry 1976,
J. Dumezsh. Ossetian epic and mythology. Per. from French 1976.
Paremiological collection Proverb, riddle (structure, meaning, text) Compiled by G L Permyakov 1978
O. M. Freidenberg Myth and literature of antiquity 1978
Monuments of the book epic Style and typological features Edited by E M Meletinsky 1978
B. L. Riftin From myth to novel (The evolution of character portrayal in Chinese literature) 1979
S.L. Neveleva Questions of the poetics of the ancient Indian epic Epithet and comparison 1979
E. M. Meletinsky Paleo-Asian mythological epic The Raven Cycle 1979
B. N. Putilov Myth-rite-song of New Guinea 1980
M. I. Nikitina Ancient Korean poetry in connection with ritual and myth 1982
In Turner Symbol and Ritual Translated from English 1983
M. Gerhardt The Art of Narration (Literary Study “1001 Nights”) Translated from English 1984
E. S. Novik Rite and folklore in Siberian shamanism Experience in comparing structures 1984
S. Yu. Neklyudov Heroic epic of the Mongolian peoples Oral and literary traditions 1984
Paremiological studies Collection of articles Compiled by G L Permyakov 1984
E. S. Kotlyar Epic of the peoples of Africa south of the Sahara 1985
Foreign studies on the semiotics of folklore Translated from English, French, Romanian Compiled by E. M. Meletinsky and S. Yu. Neklyudov 1985
J. Dumezil The Supreme Gods of the Indo-Europeans Translated from French 1986
F. B. Keiper Works on Vedic mythology Translated from English 1986
ON Hurry Chinese vernacular literature (Song-narrative genres) 1986
E. A. Kostyukhin Types and forms of animal epic 1987
Archaic ritual in folklore and early literary monuments Compiled L Sh Rozhansky 1988
G. L. Permyakov Fundamentals of structural paremiology Compiled by G.L. Kapchits 1988
A. M. Dubyanskip Ritual and mythological origins of ancient Tamil lyrics 1989
I. M. Dyakonov Archaic myths of East and West 1990
G. A. Tkachenko Space, music and ritual Myth and aesthetics in “Lüshi Chunqiu” 1990
P. D. Sakharov Mythological narratives in Sanskrit puranas 1991
H. Lidova Ancient Indian drama and ritual 1993
Historical and ethnographic research on folklore Collection of articles in memory of S. A. Tokarev (1899-1985) Comp. V.Ya. Petrukhin 1994
Small forms of folklore Collection of articles in memory of G. L. Permyakov. Comp. T. N. Sveshnikova 1994
L. M. Ermakova Speeches of the gods and songs of people Ritual and mythological origins of Japanese literary aesthetics 1995
A. B. Lord Storyteller Translated from English 1995
M. E. Mathieu Selected works on the mythology and ideology of Ancient Egypt Comp. A. O. Bolshakov 1996
B. N. Putilov Epic storytelling Typology and ethnic specificity 1997
Forthcoming
E. Kh. Petrosyan Myths and rituals of ancient Armenia.
INTRODUCTION
The title of the proposed book may not be strict enough, since myth-making contains only an unconsciously poetic principle, and therefore, in relation to myth, one cannot talk about the actual artistic techniques, means of expression, style and similar objects of poetics. However, myths are characterized by the implementation of general ideas in a sensually concrete form, that is, the very imagery that is specific to art and which the latter to a certain extent inherited from mythology; ancient mythology, as a kind of syncretic unity, contained the germs of not only religion and ancient philosophical ideas (formed, however, in the process of overcoming mythological origins), but also art, primarily verbal. The artistic form inherited from myth both a concrete, sensory method of generalization and syncretism itself. Throughout its development, literature has for a long time directly used traditional myths for artistic purposes. Therefore, we use the term “poetics of myth” with certain reservations when considering the specifics of myth in the aspect of the prehistory of literature with an inevitable abstraction from the religious side of the problem of myth. In addition, the term “poetics of myth”, or “poetics of myth-making”, or “poetics of mythologizing” takes on a special meaning in connection with the conscious appeal to mythology of some writers of the 20th century. (Joyce, Kafka, Lawrence, Yates, Eliot, O'Neill, Cocteau, who do not fit into the framework of modernism T. Mann, Marquez, etc.) usually as an instrument of artistic organization of material and a means of expressing certain “eternal” psychological principles, or at least persistent national cultural models, as well as in connection with the emergence of a special ritual-mythological school in literary criticism, for which all poetics is the poetics of myth (M. Bodkin, N. Fry and others describe a literary work in terms of myth and ritual).
Such mythologism in literature and literary criticism, characteristic of modernism, but far from being reduced to it due to the diversity of ideological and artistic aspirations of writers, replaced the traditional realism of the 19th century, consciously focused on a plausible reflection of reality, the creation of an artistic history of its time and allowing elements mythology only implicitly.
In literary mythologism, the idea of the eternal cyclical repetition of primary mythological prototypes under different “masks”, the peculiar substitutability of literary and mythological heroes comes to the fore; attempts are made to mythologize everyday prose by writers and to identify the hidden mythological foundations of realism by literary critics.
Such a “revival” of myth in the literature of the 20th century. was partly based on a new apologetic attitude towards myth as an eternally living principle, proclaimed the “philosophy of life” (F. Nietzsche, A. Bergson), on the unique creative experience of R. Wagner, on the psychoanalysis of Z. Freud and especially K. G Jung, as well as new ethnological theories, which themselves paid tribute to fashionable philosophical hobbies and at the same time greatly deepened the understanding of traditional mythology (J. Fraser, B. Malinovsky, L. Levy-Bruhl, E. Cassirer, etc. ). They began to view mythology not as a way of satisfying the curiosity of primitive man (this is how the positivist “theory of survivals” of the 19th century imagined the matter), but as a “sacred scripture” closely connected with the ritual life of the tribe and, to a large extent, going back to it, the pragmatic function of which is the regulation and maintenance of a particular natural and social order (hence the cyclical concept of eternal return), as a prelogical symbolic system akin to other forms of human imagination and creative fantasy. The writers’ close acquaintance with the latest ethnological theories (within the framework of the convergence of ethnology and literature characteristic of the 20th century) could not prevent the fact that their artistic concepts, although they were clearly influenced by scientific theories, reflected to a much greater extent the crisis cultural and historical situation in Western Europe. society of the first decades of our century than the properties of primitive mythology itself.
1.1. Editions in Russian
1. Hero of a fairy tale: Origin of the image. M.: : Eastern Publishing House. lit., 1958. 262, (2) p.
Rec.: N.N. Problem Orientalist. 1959. No. 1. P. 203-204; Pomerantseva E. Hero of a fairy tale. // Question lit. 1959. No. 6. P. 241-244; Astakhova A. Sov. ethnographic 1960. No. 4. P. 189-192; Sokolova V.K. Folklore as a historical and ethnographic source // Sov. ethnographic 1960. No. 4. P. 11-16 (about Meletinsky - p. 16); Putilov B.N. On the next tasks of the history of Russian folklore // Sov. ethnographic 1960. No. 4. P. 17-28 (about Meletinsky - p. 19); Vinteler Alla. E.M. Meletinski, Eroii basmului magic. Apariyuia personajului. M., 1958. Studia universitatis Babeє-Bolyai. Series philologia, 1963, fasciculus 2. Cluj. [Romania] S. 147-149.
2. The origin of the heroic epic (Early forms and archaic monuments). M.: Publishing house eastern. lit., 1963. 462 p.
Rec.: Chistov K. Sov. ethnographic 1963. No. 5. P. 149-151; Putilov B. At the origins of the epic // Issues. lit. 1963. No. 10. P. 195-199; Dalgat U.B., Kidaish-Pokrovskaya N.V., Pukhov I.V. Captive of a biased scheme // Sov. ethnographic 1965. No. 5. P. 94-113; Braginsky I.S. On the debate about the genesis of the heroic epic // Sov. ethnographic 1966. No. 1. P. 89-98; Pomerantseva E.V., Sokolova V.K., Chistov K.V. About the article by U. Dalgat, N. Kidaish-Pokrovskaya and I. Pukhov “Captive of a biased scheme” // Sov. ethnographic 1966. No. 1. P. 99-104; To the results of the discussion on the book by E.M. Meletinsky "The Origin of the Heroic Epic." From the editor // Sov. ethnographic 1966. No. 6. P. 43-46; Nazor Ante. Narodna umyetnost. 1964-1965, book. 3. pp. 184-186.
Best of the day
3. "Edda" and early forms of epic. M.: Nauka, 1968. 364 p.
Rec.: Roєianu N. Revista de Ethnographie si folklore, 1971. T. 16, N 5. Bucarest. S. 425-427. Gyurcsik I.L. Dicotomia mit-basm in cercetarile lui E.Meletinski. Folklore literature. Timioara, 1972, III. [Romania] S. 11-13.
4. Poetics of myth. M.: Nauka, 1976. 407 p.
Rec.: Gurevich A.Ya. // News of the USSR Academy of Sciences: Ser. Lit. and Yaz., 1977. T. 36. No. 6. P. 557-560; Leites N. Myth and literature // Issues. lit., 1978. No. 1. P. 272-278; Chistov K.V. // Sov. etnogr., 1978. No. 2. P. 149-153; Cook Albert. Comparative Literature, 1978. Vol. XXX. No. 3. P. 271-273. Kaman E. E.M.Meletinsky: Poetics of myth. M., 1976. // Kьlцvlevyomat a bololуgiai kхzlхny. 1979. Evi. 3-4 Szbmbbol. O. 442-445; Sukalo M. Delo, 1980. Beograd. pp. 107-209; Schweiger Paul. Revue roumaine de linguistique. 1982, Bucarest. T.XXVI. pp. 99-101.
5. Myth and historical poetics of folklore. IMLI. Brochures of reports at the All-Union Scientific Conference "Problems of Historical Poetics of Folklore" (as a manuscript). M. 1977. 23 p.
Paleo-Asian mythological epic. Raven cycle. M.: Nauka, 1979. 228 p.
Review: Faccani R. Le scienze. 1980; Ogibenin B. Bulletin du groupe de recherches simiolinguistiques 16. Paris. 1980. P. 58-63.
7. Medieval novel. Origin and classical forms. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing house "Science", 1983. 304 p.
Rec.: Andreev M. Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences, ser. lit. and language, vol. LXI, 1983. pp. 568-570. Hasanov Z. Origins of the Azerbaijani novel // Literary Azerbaijan. 1984. No. 7. P. 119-120; Dubyansky A. Culture of the East through the eyes of Westerners. // Asia and Africa today, 1984. No. 6. P. 62-63. Grintser P. Typology of the medieval novel // Issues. lit. 1984. No. 7. P. 220-227; Moraru Mihai. Synthesis, 1984. XI. Bucarest. pp. 72-73; Andreev M. E.M. Meletinsky. Medieval novel. Origin and classical forms. M.: Nauka, 1983. 304 p. // Sciences Sociales. M., 1985. No. 1. P. 295-298. (French); Comoth R. Meletinsky. Le Roman Mеdiйval (Srednevekovy roman). Editions Naouka (Science). Moscow, 1983, pp. 304. Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire. LXIII, 1985. No. 3. P. 607-609.
Introduction to the historical poetics of epic and novel. M.: Nauka, 1986. 319 p.
Rec.: Sokolyansky M. The fate of the epic and the novel // Issues. lit. 1987. No. 10. P. 252-258; Bararev K. Lit. misal. Sofia, 1987. No. 4. P. 176-178; Stavreva S. // Balg. folklore Sofia, 1987. G. 13, book. 3. pp. 95-98.
9. Historical poetics of the short story. M.: Nauka, 1990. 274 p.
Rec.: Kaman E. E. M. Meletinsky. Historical poetics of the short story. M.: Nauka, 1990. 274 p. // Studia Slavica Hung. 37. 1991-92. Budapest. O. 462-463.
10. About literary archetypes. M.: Russian. state humanist Univ., 1994. 136 p. [IVGI series: Readings on the history and theory of culture. Vol. 4].
11. Poetics of myth: 2nd ed., reprint. M.: Publishing house. company "Oriental Literature" RAS, 1995. 407 p.
12. Dostoevsky in the light of historical poetics. How The Brothers Karamazov was made. M.: Russian. state humanist Univ., 1996. 112 p. (IVGI Series: Readings on the history and theory of culture. Issue 16).
13. Selected articles. Memories. M.: Russian. state humanist univ. – Institute of Higher Education humanist research 1998. 576 p.
14. Poetics of myth: 3rd ed., reprint. M.: Publishing house. company "Oriental Literature" RAS, 2000. 407 p.
15. From myth to literature: Textbook for the course "Theory of myth and historical poetics of narrative genres." // Ross. state humanist univ. M., 2000. 169 p.
16. Notes on the work of Dostoevsky // Ross. state humanist University – Institute of Higher Humanitarian Studies. M., 2001. 188 p. .
Publications in foreign languages
17. Estudio estructural y tipolуgico del cuento. Buenos Aires: Rodolfo Alonso Editor S.R.L., 1972. 90, p. (Cuadernos de semiologia; Colleccion polabras).
18. Soviet Structural Folkloristics (Texts by Meletinsky, Nekludov, Novik, and Segal with Tests of the Approach by Jilek and Jilek-Aall, Reid, and Layton), introduced and edited by P.Maranda. Vol. 1. The Hague-Paris: Mouton. 1974. 194 p.
19. La Struttura della fiaba. (con S.Ju.Nekludov, E.S.Novik e D.M.Segal; Prefazione di A.Buttitta; Tradizioni di D.Ferrari-Bravo, S.Signorini). Palermo: Sellerio editore, 1977. 137 p. (Prisma).
20. Poetyka Mitu. Warszawa: Panstwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. 1981. – 480 p. (Biblioteka mysli wspўlczesnej).
21. Poetika mita. / Preveo J. Janicijevic. Beograd: Nolit, . – 397 p. (Knjizevnost i civilizacija).
Rec.: Sukalo M. Business, Beograd, 1984, g. 30, br. 8/9. S. 207-209.
22. A Mнtosz Poйtikбja / Forditotta Kovbcs Zoltbn; A forditбst az eredetivel egybevetette Pall Erna. Budapest: Gondolat. 1985. 517, p.
23. A Poïtica do Mito / Traduçô de Paulo Bezerra. Rio de Janeiro: Forense-Universitaria. 1987. , 483 p.
Rec.: Ferreira Jerusa Pires. A febre mitológica a poítica de Mieletínski. Revista USP. 1989. N. 2, P. 149-156. [Brazil]
24. Poetika Metu. / Prelozil J.Zbk; Doslov D.Hodrovb Prague: Odeon, 1989. 467, s.
25. Poetika metu. / Prelozila V.Sabikovb. Bratislava: Pravda, 1989. 436, s.
26. About the archetype of incest in folklore tradition. Beijing, 1990. 8 p. Whale. language.
27. Poetics of myth. Beijing. 1990. 534 p. Chinese.
28. Travaux de Sémiotique Narrative (Eleazar Meletinsky et collaborateurs). Traduit du russe par Edina Bozoky. Présentation – Pierre Maranda. Québec: Célat, Université Laval. 1992. 160 p.
29. Tre lezioni di poetica storica e comparata / a cura di Roberta Giomini e Claudia Lasorsa Siedina /. Roma: "Tor Vergata". 1992. (In the same place - two articles about E. Meletinsky, biography and bibliography). 143 p.
Rec.: Sinopoli F. E.M.Meletinskij. Tre lezioni di poetica storica e comparata, a cura di Roberta Giomini e Claudia Lasorsa Siedina, Roma: "Tor Vergata". 1992, pp. 143. // Ricerche Slavistiche. Vol. XXXIX-XL 1992-1993 / 2. P. 301-303. Douramani K. Roberta Giomini e Claudia Lasorsa Siedina (a cura di), E.M.Meletinskij. Tre lezioni di poetica storica e comparata. Roma: "Tor Vergata". 1992, pp. 143. // Orientalia Christiana Periodica. Vol. 60/1994-1. P. 305-306. Mazzamuto P. E. M. Meletinskij. Tre lezioni di poetica storica e comparata, a cura di Roberta Giomini e Claudia Lasorsa Siedina, Roma: "Tor Vergata". 1992, pp. 143. // Lingua e Stile. 1996, December. N. 4. P. 640-643.
30. Il Mito (Poetica folklore ripresa novecentesca) / A cura di G.Lanoue; Traduzione di A.Ferrari. Roma: Editori Riuniti. 1993. XXII, 555p. (Gli Studi, 63; Filoso fia e scienze umane).
31. Introduzione alla poetica storica dell’epos e del romanzo /Traduzione di C.Paniccia; Introduzione all'edizione italiana di C.Segre. Bologna: Il Mulino. 1993. 448 p.
32. Poetics in Mita / Translation from Russian by Ts. Georgiev. Sofia: IC "Hristo Botev". 1995. 550 p. (Mitology and cultural anthropology).
33. The Poetics of Myth / Translated by G.Lanoue, A.Sadetsky. New York; London: Garland Publishing, Inc. 1998. XXII, 494 p. (Theorists of myth; Vol. 9; Garland reference library of the humanities; Vol. 1944).
34. The Elder Edda and Early Forms of the Epic / Translated by K.H. Olber. Trieste: Edizioni Parnaso, 1998. 249, p. (Hesperides. Letterature e culture occidentali; Vol. 6).
35. Os Arquitipos Literbrios. Sо Paulo (Brasil): Atelie Editorial, 1998. 315 p.
Rec.: B. Schneiderman. Notas de vergo sobre impressеs de inverno // Cult Revista brasileira de literatura. 1999. March. R. 40; B.Schneiderman. O idioma dos arquetipos // Cult Revista brasileira de literatura. 1999. March. R. 47-48. Aurora F. Bernardini. E.M. Meletinski. Arquitipos Literbrios. S.Paulo, Atelim Editorial. // Sociedades em Transformazgo, No. 2, 1998.
36. The Poetics of Myth / Translated by G.Lanoue, A.Sadetsky. New York; London: Routledge. 2000. XXII, 494 p. (1998 paperback reprint).
Articles and book chapters
Editions in Russian
37. Against the fascist slander of Ibsen // International. lit. 1941. No. 11/12. pp. 293-295. (-)
38. The romantic period in Ibsen’s work. 1945. Dissertation. Manuscript (Lenin Library). 10 a. l. (-)
39. Social foundations of the aesthetics of a fairy tale // 1st Scientific. KFGU session. Abstract. report Petrozavodsk, 1946. C. .
40. Idealization of the socially disadvantaged in folk tales about a stepmother and stepdaughter // Third scientific. session Karelo-Fin. state University, November 19-22. 1948 Abstract. report (No. 8) / Karelo-Fin. state univ. Caf. Lit. (Petrozavodsk), 1948. P.
41. Life and work of Alisher Navoi // At the turn (Petrozavodsk). 1948. No. 5. P. 55-62.
42. Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906): [Intro. Art.] // Henrik Ibsen: Bio-bibliographer. decree. to the fiftieth anniversary of his death / Compiled by: M.S.Morschiner, Z.V.Zhitomirskaya; VGBIL. M., 1956. P. 3-14.
43. The main problems of G. Ibsen’s worldview and creativity // Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences: Dept. lit. and language 1956. No. 3. P. 215-229.
44. Rec.: // Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences: Dept. lit. and language 1956. No. 2. P. 178-182. – Rec. on the book: Propp V.Ya. Russian heroic epic. L.: Publishing house Leningr. Univ., 1955. 552 p.
45. The place of Nart tales in the history of the epic. // Abstract. report at the meeting, dedicated. Nart epic of the peoples of the Caucasus / USSR Academy of Sciences. IMLI – North Ossetian Research Institute. Ordzhonikidze, 1956. P. 5-12. As a manuscript.
46. The place of Nart tales in the history of the epic. // Nart epic: Materials of the meeting, October 19-20, 1956; Ordzhonikidze, 1957. pp. 37-73.
47. Meeting on issues of the Nart epic // Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences: Dept. lit. and language 1957. No. 1. P. 90-94. (The same - Izvestia of North Ossetia. Research Institute. Ordzhonikidze, 1957. Issue XIX. P. 1-7.).
48. Nart epic of the Circassians and Ossetians: main cycles // Friendship: Literary-art. alm. / Adyg. dept. Soviet Union writers. Maykop, 1957. pp. 257-266.
49. Genesis of the image of the hero of a fairy tale // Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences: Dept. lit. and language 1957. No. 2. P. 129-142.
50. Questions of the theory of epic in modern foreign science // Issues. lit., 1957. No. 2. P. 94-112.
51. Mythological and fairy-tale epic of the Melanesians: (Based on materials from Gunantun folklore) // Oceanic ethnographic collection. M.: Nauka, 1957. pp. 174-212.
52. In memory of V.I. Chicherov / E.M. Meletinsky, E.V. Pomerantseva // Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences: Dept. lit. and language 1957. No. 4. P. 393-396.
53. Ancestors of Prometheus (Cultural hero in myth and epic) // Bulletin of the history of world culture. / USSR Academy of Sciences - "Great Soviet Encyclopedia". 1958. May-June. No. 3 (9). pp. 114-131.
54. Rec.: // Sov. ethnographic 1958. No. 4. P. 162-164. Rec. on the book: Evseev V.Ya. "Historical foundations of the Karelian-Finnish epic." In 2 books. M; L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1957-.
55. Tales of the Raven among the peoples of the Far North: (On ancient folklore connections between Asia and America) // Bulletin of the History of World Culture / USSR Academy of Sciences - "Great Soviet Encyclopedia". 1959. January-February. No. 1 (13). pp. 86-104.
56. Problems of studying folk poetry (Materials for studying the problem) / I.A. Orbeli, V.M. Zhirmunsky, P.G. Bogatyrev, V.Ya. Propp, M.I. Bogdanova, V.E. Gusev , E.M. Meletinsky, B.N. Putilov, K.S. Davletov // Izv. ANSSSR. Dept. lit. and language 1959. T. XVIII, issue. 6. November-December. pp. 473-489.
57. Questions of Soviet science. Study of folk poetry (Group of authors led by I.A. Orbeli: V.I. Abaev, P.G. Bogatyrev, M.I. Bogdanova, V.E. Gusev, K.S. Davletov, V.M. Zhirmunsky, E.M. Meletinsky, A.A. Petrosyan, E.V. Pomerantseva, V.Ya. Propp, B.N. Putilov, V.M. Sidelnikov, V.K. Sokolova). // Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1960. 26 p.
58. On the question of the genesis of the Karelian-Finnish epic: (Väinämöinen’s problem) // Sov. ethnographic 1960. No. 4. P. 64-79.
59. On the genesis and ways of differentiation of epic genres // Russian folklore: materials and research. M.; L., 1960. [Issue] 5. P. 83-101.
60. About the book by J. Cocchiar: [Introduction. Art.] // Cocchiara J. History of folklore studies in Europe. M., "Foreign Literature". 1960. P.5-15. (Italian translation available).
61. Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky (on the 70th anniversary of his birth) / E.M. Meletinsky, V.N. Yartseva // Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences: Dept. lit. and language 1961. T. 20, issue. 4. pp. 363-364.
62. Rec.: // Problem. oriental studies. 1961. No. 1. pp. 175-177. Rec. on the book : Zhirmunsky V.M. The legend of Alpamysh and the heroic tale. M.: IVL, 1960. 335 p.
63. Rec.: // Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1962. No. 5. P. 194-198. Rec. on the book: Mythologies of Ancient World. New York, 1961.
64. Rec.: Problems of studying folk epic // Issue. lit. 1963. No. 4. P. 196-200. Rec. on the book: V.M. Zhirmunsky. Folk heroic epic. Comparative historical essays. M.; L.: Goslitizdat, 1962. 435 p.
65. Rec.: // Sov. ethnographic 1963. No. 1. P. 157-160. Rec. on the book: Mythological tales and historical legends of the Enets / Records, introduced. and comment. B.O. Dolgikh. M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1961. 243 p.
66. Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky (on his 70th birthday): [Introduction. Art.] / E.M. Meletinsky, V.N. Yartseva // Problems of comparative philology: (Collection of articles for the 70th anniversary of corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences V.M. Zhirmunsky). M.; L.: Nauka, 1964. P. 7-10.
67. About the oldest type of hero in the epic of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples of Siberia // Problems of comparative philology: (Collection of articles for the 70th anniversary of corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences V.M. Zhirmunsky). M.; L.: Nauka, 1964. pp. 426-443.
68. Zhirmunsky Viktor Maksimovich // Brief literary encyclopedia. T.2. M.: "Soviet encyclical.", 1964. P. 942-943.
69. Rec.: Epic of the Serbian people // Issue. lit. 1964. No. 9. P. 208-210. Rec. on the book: Epic of the Serbian people / Prepared. I.N. Golenishchev-Kutuzov. Series "Literary Monuments". M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1963. 354 p.
70. Primitive heritage in archaic epics // VII International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences (Moscow, August 1964). M.: Nauka, 1964. 11 p.
71. Folk epic // Theory of literature: Types and genres of literature. M.: Science. 1964. Book. II. pp. 50-96.
72. Australian folklore // Myths and fairy tales of Australia. M.: Main. ed. eastern Literary publishing house "Science", 1965. P. 3-24.
73. On the structural-mythological analysis of a fairy tale // Abstracts. report in the second summer school. on secondary modeling systems. Tartu, 1966. pp. 37-40.
74. Mythological songs "Edda" // "Conference of Scandinavians": Abstract. report Tartu, 1966. (-)
75. Rec.: // Sov. ethnographic 1967. No. 2. P. 178-181. Rec. on: The Anthropologist Looks at Myth. Austin–London: Univ. Of Texas Press, 1966.
76. Towards the construction of a model of a fairy tale / E.M.Meletinsky, S.Yu.Neklyudov, E.S.Novik, D.M.Segal // III Summer School. on secondary modeling systems: abstract. report Tartu, 1968. pp. 165-177.
77. Folk poetic elements of the Edda // Abstracts. report "Conference of Scandinavians". Petrozavodsk, 1968.
78. Problems of structural description of a fairy tale / E.M. Meletinsky, S.Yu. Neklyudov, E.S. Novik, D.M. Segal // Tr. according to sign systems. Tartu. 1969. [Issue] IV. pp. 86-135.
79. Mythological narrative songs “Edda” and early forms of epic // Scandinavian collection. Tallinn, 1969. [Issue] XIV. pp. 335-353.
80. Structural and typological study of fairy tales // Propp V.Ya. Morphology of a fairy tale. 2nd edition. M.: Main. ed. east lit. Publishing house "Science", 1969. pp. 134-166.
Rec.: Putilov B. The second birth of the book // Issues. lit. 1971. No. 3. P. 201-206.
81. Issues of semantic analysis of a fairy tale / E.M.Meletinsky, S.Yu.Neklyudov, E.S.Novik, D.M.Segal // Abstracts of the IV Summer School on Secondary Modeling Systems. Tartu, 1970. pp. 7-15.
82. Myth and fairy tale // Ethnography and folklore. M., Nauka, 1970. pp. 132-149. (-)
83. Narrative folklore of Oceania // Fairy tales and myths of Oceania. M., Ch. ed. eastern lit. Publishing house "Science", 1970. pp. 8-33.
84. Claude Lévi-Strauss and the structural typology of myth // Vopr. philosophy. 1970. No. 7. P.165-173.
85. Lévi-Strauss and his principle of structural mythology // V All-Union. symp. in cybernetics. "Information processes". Tbilisi, 1970. pp. 360-362.
86. Rec.: // Sov. ethnographic 1970. No. 1. P. 176-178. Rec. on the book: Chadwick N.K. and Zhirmunsky V. Oral Epics of Central Asia. London, 1969.
87. Fifth Congress on the Study of Oral Prose [About the V Congress of the International. about-va on studying. prosaic folklore, August 26-31, Bucharest] / E.M. Meletinsky, E.V. Pomerantseva // Sov. ethnographic 1970. No. 4. P. 163-164.
88. Questions of the structural description of a fairy tale (reprint) // Russian Reprints and Printings. Munchen, 1971. 30 p.
89. Once again about the problem of structural description of a fairy tale / E.M. Meletinsky, S.Yu. Neklyudov, E.S. Novik, D.M. Segal // Tr. on sign systems, Tartu. 1971. [Issue] V. P. 63-91.
90. Claude Lévi-Strauss. Only ethnology? // Question lit. 1971. No. 4. pp. 115-134 (same in Polish).
91. Myths of the ancient world in comparative light // Typology and relationships of literature of the ancient world. M.: Nauka, 1971. P. 68-134.
92. Mythological theories of the twentieth century in the West // Issue. philosophy. 1971. No. 7. P. 163-171.
93. In memory of V.M. Zhirmunsky // Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1971. No. 4. P. 251-254.
94. V.M. Zhirmunsky: [Obituary] // Sov. ethnographic 1971. No. 3. P. 160-162.
95. Primitive origins of verbal art // Early forms of art. M., Art, 1972. pp. 149-189.
96. Rec.: // New world. 1972. No. 4. P. 282-283. Rec. on the book: I.N. Golenishchev-Kutuzov. Dante's creativity and world culture. M.: Nauka, 1971. 551 p.
97. New books on medieval culture / response to the book by A.Ya. Gurevich / // Issues. lit. 1972. No. 10. P. 201-205.
98. Scandinavian mythology as a system // VI All-Union. conf. on the study of the Scandinavian countries and Finland. Abstract. report Tallinn, 1973. Part 2. pp. 65-66.
99. Scandinavian mythology as a system // IX International. congress anthropologist. and ethnographic Sciences (Chicago, 1973, September). Dokl. Soviet delegations (in Russian and English). M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing house "Science". 1973. 17 p.
100. Comparative typology of folklore (historical and structural) // Philologica. Studies in language and literature: In memory of academician Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky. L.: Nauka, 1973. pp. 385-394.
101. Victor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky (1891-1971) / M.M. Gukhman, E.M. Meletinsky, E.G. Etkind, V.N. Yartseva // Philologica. Studies in language and literature: In memory of academician Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky. L.: Nauka, 1973. P. 3-35.
102. Myth and epic of the Eastern Paleo-Asians // Epic creativity of the peoples of Siberia. Abstract. report Ulan-Ude, 1973. pp. 26-27.
103. Semantics and composition of myths of northeastern Paleo-Asians // Collection. articles on secondary modeling systems. Tartu, 1973. pp. 54-55.
104. Lévi-Strauss, Claude // TSB. 3rd ed. M., Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973. T. 14. P. 238.
105. From myth to lyrics (Introduction to the article by O. Freidenberg) / N.V. Braginskaya, E.M. Meletinsky // Issue. lit. 1973. No. 11. P. 101-103.
106. [Introductory article] // Zhirmunsky V.M. Turkic heroic epic. – L.: Nauka, 1974. P. 5-11.
107. Old Scandinavian mythological system // Materials of the All-Union. symp. on secondary modeling systems. Tartu, 1974. [Issue] I (5). pp. 16-26.
108. Structural typology and folklore // Context. 1973. M.: Nauka, 1974. P. 329-346.
109. Structural and typological analysis of Paleo-Asian mythology // Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1974. No. 4. M.: USSR Academy of Sciences. pp. 86-102.
110. Structural study of mythology by C. Levi-Strauss // Panorama of modern bourgeois literary criticism and literary criticism. M.: Nauka, 1974. Vol. 1. pp. 81-97.
111. On the semantics of mythological plots in Old Scandinavian (Eddic) poetry and prose // Scandinavian collection. Tallinn, 1975. [Issue] XVIII. pp. 145-156.
112. Scandinavian mythology as a system // Works on sign systems Tartu, 1975. [Issue] VII. pp. 38-51.
113. Structural and typological analysis of the myths of northeastern Paleo-Asians (Crow cycle) // Typological studies on folklore. Collection of articles in memory of Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (1895-1970). M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1975. P. 92-141.
114. Epic // Brief literary encyclopedia. T. 8. M.: Sov. Encycl., 1975. pp. 927-933.
115. Will join. Art. (P. 3-15) // Luomala K. Voice of the wind. Polynesian myths and songs. / answer ed. E.M. Meletinsky - M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1976. 237 p.
116. On the question of the application of the structural-semiotic method in folklore // Semiotics and artistic creativity / IMLI AS USSR, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Literary Studies. M.: Nauka, 1977. P. 152-170.
117. Myth and historical poetics of folklore // Folklore. Poetic system. M.: Nauka, 1977. P. 23-41.
118. Rec.: // Soviet. etnogr., 1977. No. 4. P. 181-182. Rec. on the book: Virsaladze E.B. Georgian hunting myth and poetry. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1976. 360 p.
119. Lévi-Strauss, Claude // Brief literary encyclopedia. T. 9. M.: Sov. Encycl., 1978. P. 417.
120. “Common places” and other elements of folklore style in Eddic poetry // Monuments of the book epic. Style and typological features. M.: Nauka, 1978. P. 68-83.
121. Problems of studying the book epic // Monuments of the book epic. Style and typological features. M.: Nauka, 1978. P. 7-15.
122. Rec.: // Sov. ethnographic 1978. No. 2, pp. 169-172. Rec. on the book: Likhachev D.S., Panchenko A.M. "The Laughing World" of Ancient Rus'. L.: Nauka, 1976. 204 p.
123. Divination of the Völva / translation from Old Norse by E.M. Meletinsky // Scandinavian collection. Tallinn: Eesti raamat, 1980. [Issue] XXV. P.189-196.
124. A series of articles on Australian and German-Scandinavian and other mythologies in the main body of the text, namely: “Australian mythology” (Vol. 1. P. 29-32), “German-Scandinavian mythology” / E.M. Meletinsky , A.Ya. Gurevich (T. 1. P. 284-292), “Hero” (T. 1. P. 294-297), “Ymir” (T. 1. P. 510), etc., as well as the introductory article “Mythology” (Vol. 1. P. 12-20) / S.A. Tokarev, E.M. Meletinsky // Myths of the peoples of the world. Encyclopedia. T.1. M.: Sov. encycl. 1980. Reissues: 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1998, etc.
125. Paleo-Asian epic about the Raven and the problem of relations between North-East Asia and North-West America in the field of folklore // Traditional cultures of Northern Siberia and North America. M.: Nauka, 1981. pp. 182-200.
126. Semantic structure of Tlinglit myths about the Raven // Works on sign systems. Tartu, 1981. [Issue] XIII: Semiotics and culture. pp. 3-21.
127. The problem of the typology of the medieval novel // Text structure-81: Abstract. symposium M., 1981. S. 148-151.
128. Syntagmatic structure of the classical form of the medieval novel // Finites duodecim lustris. Tallinn: Eesti raamat. 1982. pp. 75-79.
129. Medieval novel. Questions of typology // Artistic language of the Middle Ages. M.: Nauka, 1982. pp. 250-265.
130. Rec.: // Sov. ethnographic 1982. No. 6. P. 153-154. Rec. on the book: Gurevich A.Ya. Problems of medieval folk culture. M.: Art, 1981. 359 p.
131. “Cultural hero” (Vol. 2. pp. 25-28), “Polynesian mythology” (Vol. 2. pp. 317-320), “Paleo-Asian folk mythology” (Vol. 2. pp. 274-278) and a number of articles on German-Scandinavian and Polynesian mythologies // Myths of the peoples of the world. Encyclopedia. T.2. M.: Sov. encyclical, 1982. Reprints: 1989, 1992, 1994, 1997,1998, etc.
132. The emergence and early forms of verbal art // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1983. T. 1. P. 23-52.
133. Semantic organization of mythological narration and the problem of creating a semiotic index of motives and plots // Works on sign systems. Tartu, 1983. [Issue] XVI: Text and culture. pp. 115-125.
134. Mythology and folklore in the works of C. Levi-Strauss // C. Levi-Strauss. Structural anthropology. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing house "Science", 1983. pp. 467-522.
135. [Intro. Art.] // And you can hear the sea. Poets of Japan, Australia, Africa, West Indies (20th century). M., 1983. P. 3-7.
136. Japanese literature. Literature IX-XII centuries. / E.M.Meletinsky, E.M.Pinus // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1984. T. 2. P. 172-185.
137. Literatures of the Middle East and Central Asia. Introduction // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1984. T. 2. P. 205-210.
138. Ancient epic tales of the peoples of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1984. T. 2. P. 279-284.
139. Literatures of Western Europe of the Early Middle Ages. Folk-epic literature // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1984. T. 2. P. 459-486.
140. Literatures of Western Europe of the Mature Middle Ages. Heroic epic. // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1984. T. 2. P. 516-530.
141. About the archetype of incest in the folklore tradition (especially in the heroic myth) // Folklore and ethnography. At the ethnographic origins of folklore plots and images. L.: Nauka, 1984. pp. 57-62.
142. Mythology and folklore in the works of C. Levi-Strauss // C. Levi-Strauss. Structural anthropology. 2nd ed. – M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing house "Science", 1985. pp. 467-522.
143. Scandinavian literature // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1985. T. 3. P. 201-207.
144. Epics of Central Asia and the Caucasus // History of World Literature. M.: Nauka, 1985. T. 3. P. 583-592.
145. Heroic epic of Central Asia and Siberia / E.M. Meletinsky, S.Yu. Neklyudov // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1985. T. 3. P. 688-697.
146. Medieval literature in the light of comparative studies // Western European medieval literature. M.: MSU, 1985. pp. 14-16.
147. Rec.: // News of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Series lit. i yaz., 1985, vol. 44, no. 5. pp. 454-456. Rec. for books: Zumthor P. Essai de poitique medievale. Paris: Seuil, 1972; Zumthor P. Introduction a la poisie orale. Paris: Seuil, 1983.
148. [Enter. Art.] // Foreign studies on the semiotics of folklore: Collection of articles. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing house "Science", 1985. pp. 7-8
149. “Historical poetics” by A.N. Veselovsky and the problem of the origin of narrative literature // Historical poetics (Results and prospects of study). M.: Nauka, 1986. P. 25-52.
150. "Kalevala" in comparative light. (Theses) // “Kalevala” is a monument of world culture. Materials of the scientific conference dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the first edition of the Karelian-Finnish epic. January 30-31, 1985 Petrozavodsk: Karelia, 1986. P. 79-81.
151. Ritual-mythological criticism // Literary encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Sov. encyclop., 1987. P. 328. (-)
152. Epic / E.M.Meletinsky, V.E.Khalizev // Literary encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Sov. Encyclop., 1987. pp. 513-515. (-)
153. Danish, Norwegian and Icelandic literature // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1987. T. 4. P. 271-275.
154. Swedish literature // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1987. T. 4. P. 275-279.
155. Literatures of the Scandinavian countries and Finland. Features of the literary process / E.M. Meletinsky, L.G. Grigorieva // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1988. T. 5. P. 250-253.
156. Swedish literature // History of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1988. T. 5. P. 264-271.
157. Problems of comparative study of medieval literature: West-East // Literature and art in the cultural system: Collection in honor of D.S. Likhachev. M.: Nauka, 1988. pp. 76-87.
158. On the structure of small narrative genres // Ethnolinguistics of text: Semiotics of small forms of folklore. [Vol.] I: Abstract. and pre- mater. to symp. M.: Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1988. P. 10-13.
159. From a speech at a conference on the historicism of folklore in 1964 / Publ. A.I.Alieva // Folklore. Problems of historicism. M.: Nauka, 1988. pp. 261-265.
160. Mythology // Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: Sov. encyclop., 1989. pp. 369-370. (-)
161. Myths // Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Sov. encyclop., 1989. P. 370. (-)
162. Fairy tale-anecdote in the system of folklore genres // Educational material on the theory of literature: Genres of verbal text. Joke. / Comp. A.F. Belousov. – Tallinn: Tallinn Pedagogical University. Institute named after E. Wilde. 1989. pp. 59-77.
163. General concept of myth and mythology (as well as articles in the main body of the text) // Mythological Dictionary / Ch. ed. E.M. Meletinsky; Editorial team: S.S. Averintsev, V.V. Ivanov and others. 672 p.; 16 l. ill. / M.: Sov. Encyclop., 1990. pp. 634-640. Reprints: Mythological Dictionary. M.: Sov. Encycl., 1991. 736 pp.; Mythology: Ill. encycl. words SPb: Bol. grew up encycl.: Leningrad Gallery Foundation: JSC Norit, 1996. 843 p. Text according to ed. 1990; Mythology: Bol. encycl. words M.: Bol. grew up encycl., 1998. 736 p. Reprint ed. 1991
164. “Romantic” short story by Cervantes // Res Philologica: Collection in memory of G.V. Stepanov. M.; L.: Nauka, 1990. pp. 634-640. (-)
165. Analytical psychology and the problem of the origin of archetypal plots // Issue. philosophy. 1991. No. 10. P. 41-47.
166. General concept of myth and mythology (as well as articles in the main body of the text) // Mythological Dictionary. M.: Sov. encyclop., 1991. 2nd ed. pp. 653-658.
167. A word to the reader // Arbor mundi = World tree. 1992. No. 1. P. 6-7.
168. On the origin of literary and mythological plot archetypes // Arbor Mundi = World Tree. 1993. No. 2. P. 9-62.
169. Notes on medieval genres, mainly narrative // The problem of genre in the literature of the Middle Ages. M.: Heritage, 1994. P. 7-26.
170. Status of the word and the concept of genre in folklore / E.M. Meletinsky, S.Yu. Neklyudov, E.S. Novik) // Historical poetics. Literary eras and types of artistic consciousness. M.: Heritage. 1994. pp. 39-105.
171. Poetic word in the archaic // Historical and ethnographic research on folklore: Collection of articles in memory of S.A. Tokarev. M.: Publishing house. company "Oriental Literature" RAS, 1994. pp. 86-109.
172. Kirill Vasilyevich Chistov is 75 years old / E.M. Meletinsky, T.A. Bernshtam // Kunstkamera: Ethnographic notebooks. Vol. 4. St. Petersburg: Center "Petersburg. Oriental Studies", 1994. pp. 284-289.
173. Fragments from books and articles // World artistic culture. T. 1: Artistic culture of primitive society: Reader. / comp. I.A. Khimik; Ed. And with a preface. M.S. Kagan, St. Petersburg: Slavia, 1994. P. 83, 88-96, 102-106, 113, 115-118, 140-143, etc.
174. Preface / T.A. Bernshtam, E.M. Meletinsky // Chistov K.V.: Biobibliographic index. M.: Nauka, 1995. pp. 9-16.
175. Small genres of folklore and problems of genre evolution in oral tradition // Small forms of folklore: Collection of articles in memory of G.L. Permyakov. M.: Publishing house. company "Oriental Literature" RAS, 1995. pp. 325-337.
176. A fairy tale is an anecdote in the system of folklore genres // Studies in Slavic folklore and folk culture = Studies in Slavic Folklore and Folk Culture. Berkeley: Berkeley Slavic Specialties. 1997. [Issue] 2. pp. 42-56.
177. How “The Brothers Karamazov” was made // Bulletin of the Russian State University for the Humanities. M.: Russian. state humanist University, 1998. [Issue] 2. P. 187-225.
178. Transformation of foreign literary models in Pushkin’s works // Dialogue. Carnival. Chronotope. – Vitebsk; Moscow – 1998. No. 3 (24). pp. 5-37.
179. The theme of the “borderline” situation between life and death in Pushkin’s late works // POLYTROPON: To the 70th anniversary of Vladimir Nikolaevich Toporov. M.: Publishing house "Indrik", 1998. pp. 567-578.
180. The fate of archaic motifs in epics (fragment) // Living Antiquity. 1998. No. 4 (20), pp. 12-13.
181. Structural and typological study of fairy tales // Propp V.Ya. (Collected works). Morphology of a "fairy tale". Historical roots of a fairy tale., etc. - M.: Labyrinth. 1998. pp. 437-466.
182. About Dostoevsky’s “Demons” // Poetics. History of literature. Linguistics: Collection for the 70th anniversary of Vyach.Vs.Ivanov. M.: OGI, 1999. P. 177-193.
183. On the mythology of the East and the West // Folklore and mythology of the East in comparative typological light. M.: "Heritage". pp. 6-10.
184. On the origin of literary and mythological plot archetypes // Literary archetypes and universals. M.: Russian State University for the Humanities, 2001. pp. 73-149.
185.Transformations of archetypes in Russian classical literature (Space and Chaos, hero and antihero) // Literary archetypes and universals. M.: RSUH, 2001. P. 150-224.
2.2. Publications in foreign languages
186. Kalevala // New Times of Burma. 1956. (-)
187. Kalevala // Negeri Sovjet. 1956. (-)
188. Kalevipoeg // Negeri Sovjet. 1957. (-)
189. Nart epic // Press of Indonesia and Japan. 1957. 5 p.
190. Primitive Heritage in Archaic Epics // M.: Nauka, 1964. 11 p. (Report at the VII International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences (Moscow, August 1964).
191. Zur strukturell-typologischen Erforschung des Volksm„rchens // Deutches Jahrbuch fЃr Volkskunde. Berlin: Akademie-verlag. 1969. Bd. 15, Ht 1. S. 1-30.
192. Primitive Heritage in Archaic Epics // VII International Congress of Ethnographic and Anthropological Sciences. VI. M., 1969. (8 p.).
193. L’étude structurale et typologique du conte // Vladimir Propp. Morphologie du conte suivi Les transformations des contes merveilleux et de E.Mélétinski "L'étude structurale et typologique du conte". Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1970. P. 201-254.
194. Die Ehe im Zaubermärchen. Ihre Funktion und ihr Platz in der Struktur des Märchens // Acta Ethnographica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Budapest. 1970. T. 19. P. 281-292.
195. Problem de la morphologie historique du conte populaire // Semiotica. La Haye-Paris: Mouton. 1970. No. 2. P.128-134.
196. The Structural-Typological Study of Folklore // Social Sciences / USSR. Academy of Sciences. 1971. Vol. 3. P. 64-81. (The same in French and Spanish).
197. The Structural-Typological Study of the Folklore // "Genre". 1971. No. 4. P. 1-31.
198. Az epicus költeszet // Budapest: Folkloristica. 1971. T. 1. P 1-91.
199. Љtrukturblno-typologickе veskym rozprбvky // Vladimir J. Propp. Morfolуgia rozprбvky. Bratislava: Tatran Edicia Okno, 1971. S. 149-189.
200. Structuralisme et sémiotique en U.R.S.S. (avec D.Segal) // Paris.: Diogine. 1971. No. 73. R. 94-116.
201. Structuralisme et sémiotique en U.R.S.S. (avec D.Segal) / abbr. in Spanish // La Gaceta de Cuba. (La Habana) 1972. Febrero, no. 100. S. 11-15.
202. Estudio estructural y typolуgico del folklore // Cocodrillo Barbudo. (La Habana) 1972. No. 27. (-)
203. Mitoloљke teorije XX century na zapadu // Mit, tradicija, savremenost. Beograd: Delo argumenti, 1972. S. 816-836.
204. A mese strukturblis tipolуgiai kutatбsa (Sztrukturno-tipologicseszkoe izucsenyije szkazki) // Documentatio Ethnographica /ed. Hoppbl Mihbl ys Voigt Vilmos/. Budapest: Szolnok, 1972. No. 2. S. 103-153. In the region: 1971.
205. Die structurell-typologische Erforschung des Volksmärchens // Propp W. Morphologie des Märchens. München: Suhrkampf. 1972. S. 241-276.
Review: Lachmann Renate. Die Propp-Nachfolge in der sowjetischen Forschung. // Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik. Göttingen, Beiheft 8: Erzählforschung 3. [after 1979] S. 46-70.
206. Scandinavian Mythology as a System: The two parts. // Journal of Symbolic Anthropology. The Hague-Paris: Mouton. 1973. No. 1. R. 43-57; 1974 No. 2. R. 57-78.
207. Typological Analysis of the Paleo-Asiatic Raven Myths // Semiotic Studies 6: Acta Ethnographica. Academial scientiarium Hungarical. Budapest. 1973. Vol. XXII (1-2). P. 107-155.
208. A huszadik szбzadi nyugati mнtosz-elmеletek // Ethnographia. Budapest. 1973. Vol. LXXXIV. P. 104-114.
209. La folklorica russa e i problemi del metodo strutturale / E.Meletinsky, S. Nekludov, E.Novik, D.Segal // Ricerche semiotiche. Nuovo tendenze delle scienze umane nell URSS. Torino: Einaudi. 1973.
210. Strukturalismus йs szemiotica a szovietunioban // Helicon. Budapest, 1973. No. 2-3. P. 1-12. (-)
211. Mythological Theories in the West in the 20th Century // Social Sciences. M., 1973. Vol. 4. No. 3. R. 109-123 (also in French and Spanish). (-)
212. Perspectives et limites de l’étude structurale de folklore // Folk Narrative Congress Helsinki, 1974. 19 p.
213. Scandinavian Mythology as a System of Oppositions // This paper is a condensed version of the article "Scandinavian Mythology as a System" which originally appeared in two parts in The Journal of Symbolic Anthropology 1: 43-58 (1973) 2: 57 -78 (1974). ? P. 251-260.
214. Vм nguфn gуc sъ thi anh hung = On the origin of epic // Tap chн v(an hoc dвn gian = Rev. of literature. Hanфi, 1974. No. 1 P. 112-125
215. Zur strukturell-typologischen Erforschung des Volksmärchens // Vladimir Propp. Morphologie des Märchens. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft 131. 1975. P. 241-276.
216. Die Probleme der structurellen Erforschung des Zaubermärchens // Semiotica, Sowjetische Arbeiten zum Theorie und Analyse sekundärer modelierender Zeichensysteme. Munchen, 1975. P. 1-35.
217. Perspectives et limites de l’étude structurale du folklore // Proceedings of Congress of SFNR (Studia fennica 20). Helsinki, 1976. P. 94-98.
218. Poitique Comparative et Sémiotique du Folklore et de la Littérature traditionnelle // Actes du VIII Congris de l’Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée. Budapest. 1976. P. 729-732.
219. Primitive Sources of Verbal Art // Semiotics and Structuralism: Readings from the Soviet Union. N.Y., 1976. P. 87-152.
220. A Structural-Typological Analysis of Paleo-Asiatic Mythology // Ibidem. (Semiotics and Structuralism: Readings from the Soviet Union. N.Y., 1976.) P. 153-183.
221. Du mythe au folklore // Diogеne. Paris. 1977. No. 99. P. 117-142.
222. From Myth to Folklore // Ibidem. Diogines. Fiesole (Italy), 1977. No. 99. P. 103-124.
223. Principes sémantiques d’un nouvel index des motifs et des sujets // Cahiers de Littérature Orale. No. 2, printemps 1977. Publications Orientalistes de France. P. 15-24.
224. Scandinavian Mythology as a System of Oppositions // Pattern in Oral Literature. The Hague, 1977, pp. 251-261.
225. Myth in the novel of the XX century // Vsesvit. Kyiv, 1977. No. 3. P. 155-163.
226. What is a myth? // Vsesvit. Kyiv, 1977. No. 10. P. 212-222.
227. O estudo estrutural e tipolуgico do conto // Vladimir Propp. Morfologia do conto. Lisboa: Vega Universidade. 1978. P. 233-280.
228. Tipologia estrutural da folclore // Semiуtica russa. Sgo Paulo: Perspectiva, 1979.
229. Il "mitologismo" di Kafka (chapter from the book "The Poetics of Myth") // Strumenti critici: La cultura nella tradizione russa del XIX e XX secolo. Torino: Einaudi, 1980. Ottobre. No. 42-43. P. 487-511. Ibid: Simonetta Signorini "Eleazar Moiseevi and Meletinsky". P. 602-611. New edition available, 1983.
230. L’épique du Corbeau chez les Paléoasiates (Rapports de l’Asie septentrionale et de l’Amérique du Nord-Ouest en Matiere de Folklore) // Diogine. Paris. 1980. No. 110. P. 106-139.
231. The Epic of the Raven among the Paleoasiatics. Relations between Northern Asia and Northwest America in Folklore // Diogenes. Fiesole (Italy). 1980. No. 110. P. 98-133.
232. A mнtosz йs a folklуr tсrtеneti пойtikбja // Helikon. Budapest, 1982. No. 2/3: No. 2. P. 171-181. No. 3. P. 266-282.
233. A Szу mуvеszetеnek хsi forrбsai // A mуvеszet хsi formbi. Budapest: Gondolat, 1982. P. 147-190.
234. L’organisation sémantique du récit mytologique et le probléme de l’index sémiotique des motifs et des sujets // Journée d’études en littérature orale. Analyze des contes, problems de métodes. Paris. 23-26 mars 1982. P. 21-33.
235. O Estudo Tipolуgico-Estrutural do Conto Maravilhoso // Vladimir I. Propp. Morfologia do conto maravilhoso. Rio de Janeiro: Forense-Universitària. 1984. P. 145-180.
236. The Semantic Organization of the Mythological Narratives // Cahiers roumains d’études littéraires. Bucarest: (Editions univers.). 1984. No. 1. P. 60-68.
237. The Typology of the Medieval Romance in the West and in the East // Diogenes. Paris. 1984. No. 127. P. 1-22.
238. Typologie du roman médiéval en Occident et en Orient // Diogine. Paris. 1984. No. 127. P. 3-25.
240. Structural and typological study of fairy tales (translation into Georgian) // V.Ya.Propp. Morphology of a fairy tale. Tbilisi, 1984. Cargo. language
241. L’organisation sémantique du récit mythologique et le probléme de l’index sémiotique des motifs et des sujets // Le conte. Pourquoi? Comment? Paris: Edition de CNRS. 1984. P. 21-33.
242. Les rites chamaniques a la lumière de la théorie d’ A.J.Greimas / E.Meletinsky, E. Novik // Exigences et perspectives de la sémiotique. Recueil d'hommages poor Algirdas Julien Greimas. Amsterdam/Philadelphia. 1985. P. 1001-1008.
243. Commonplaces and other elements of folklore style in Eddic Poetry. // Structure and Meaning in Old Norse Literature. (ed. By Y.Lindow, L.Lönnroth, C.W.Weber), Odense: Odense university press. 1986. P. 15-31.
The Origin and Early Forms of Verbal Art // Social Sciences. / USSR Academy of Sciences. 1986. Vol. 1. P. 110-121.
(Same in French and Spanish).
246. Probleme der strukturalen Beschreibung des Zaubermärchens / E.M.Meletinskij, S.Ju.Nekludov, E.S.Novik, D.Segal // Semiotica Sowijetica. Sowijetische Arbeiten der Moskauer und Tartuer Schule zu sekundären modellbildenden Zeichensystemen (1962-1973) / Hrsg. u. eingel. von K. Eimermacher. Aachen: Rader-Verlag, 1986, pp. 199-284. (Aachener Studien zur Semiotik und Kommunikationsforschung; Bd. 5).
247. Noch einmal zum Problem der strukturalen Beschreibung des Zaubermärchens / E.M.Meletinskij, S.Ju.Nekludov, E.S.Novik, D.Segal // Semiotica Sowijetica. Sowijetische Arbeiten der Moskauer und Tartuer Schule zu sekundären modellbildenden Zeichensystemen (1962-1973). Hrsg. u. eingel. von K. Eimermacher. Aachen: Rader-Verlag, 1986, pp. 285-318. (Aachener Studien zur Semiotik und Kommunikationsforschung. Bd. 5).
248. Sociétés, cultures et fait littéraire // Théorie littéraire. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1989. P. 13-29.
249. A.N.Veszelovszkij “Törtеneti poйtikбja” йs az elbeszйlх irodalom eredetеnek kеrdеskрe // Helikon. Budapest, 1990. No. 1. P. 37-59.
250. On the archetype of incest in folklore tradition // Beijing. 1990. 8 p. Chinese.
251. Heroische Erzählung // Sowjetische Skandinavistik: Eine Anthologie. Texte und Untersuchungen / Lilja Popowa (Hrsg). Frankfurt am Main-Berlin-Bern-New York-Paris-Wine: Peter Lang. 1992. S. 73-87. (texte u. Untersuchungen zur Germanistik und Skandinavistik; Bd. 30).
252. Nordische Mythologie als System // Sowjetische Skandinavistik: Eine Anthologie. Texte und Untersuchungen / Lilja Popowa (Hrsg). Frankfurt am Main-Berlin-Bern-New York-Paris-Wine: Peter Lang. 1992. S. 87-106. (texte u. Untersuchungen zur Germanistik und Skandinavistik; Bd. 30).
253. L’oeuvre de Chrétien de Troyes dans une perspective comparatiste // Chrétien de Troyes and the German Middle Ages: Papers from an International Symposium. D.S. Brewer. Institute of Germanic Studies. 1993. P. 1-8. (Arturian studies series; Vol. 26).
254. La organizacion semantica del relato mitologico y el problema del indici semiotico de motivos y sujets // Escritos 9. Revista del Centro de Ciencias del Lenguaje. Enero-diciembre de 1993. México: Benemérita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla. P. 129-141.
255. Postfazione: Le mythe et le vingtième siècle // Igitur. Semestrale di Lingue, Letterature e Culture moderne. Roma. 1994-1995. Anno VI-VII. N. 2/1. P. 153-160.
256. A mese strukturalis-tipologiaikutatasa // V.J. Propp. A mese morphology. Budapest: Osiris Könyvtar. 1995. P. 157-193.
257. Sur les Genres dans la Littérature Narrative Medievale // Estratto da Studi di Filologia Medievale offertia D’Arco Silvio Avalle. Milano-Napoli: Riccardo ricciardi Editore. MCMXCVI. (1996) pp. 321-328.
258. La poitique historique du folklore narrative // Ethnologie française. Paris: Armand Colin. 1996. T. XXVI. N 4: Russie - Russia - Paroles russes. P. 611-618.
259. Asal-usul Sastera Rakyat Naratif dari Segi Puitika Sejarahan (Kesimpulan Kajian Eleazar Meletinsky) / Oleh Boris Parnicel // Dewan Sastera (Kuala Lumpur). 1997. Mars. P. 51-56; Apr. P. 52-57; Mei. P. 52-57; Jun. P. 93-98.
260. Asal-usul Sastera Rakyat Naratif dari Segi Puitika Sejarahan (chapters from the book “Poetics of Myth”) / Oleh Boris Parnikel // Cerita Penglipurlara dari segi Puitika Sejarahan. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya. 1997. P. 14-67.
3. Publications in magazines and newspapers (speeches, reviews, journalism, interviews, memoirs)
261. Speech at the Soviet-Italian writers’ meeting (Disputes about the essence of literature) // Foreign literature. 1973. No. 1. P. 210.
262. So what does “the boss know best”? : Open letter to the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician G.I. Marchuk // Literary newspaper. 1987. July 8. P. 12. Signatures: K.F.Shatsillo, A.Ya.Gurevich, V.V.Ivanov, S.V.Obolenskaya, S.S.Averintsev, E.M.Meletinsky, M.L.Gasparov and others.
263. Fate: [Conversation with theater critic Andrei Karaulov] // Theater life. 1989. No. 22. pp. 28-32.
264. Sense of proportion // Our heritage. 1990. No. 2. P. 1-3.
265. “... Maybe we shouldn’t write about this?”: interview // Andrey Karaulov. Around the Kremlin. Book of Political Dialogues. M.: News, 1990. pp. 197-213.
266. Culture: the city and the world (Intelligence and the market. Round table in the editorial office of Nezavisimaya Gazeta) // Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 1991. No. 100, August 27. P. 7.
267. "Golpisti fuori dalla storia. Adesso Gorby and piu debole" – Telefonata a Mosca allo studioso Eleazar Meletinsky. // Il Mattino di Padova. 1991. August 22. P. 8.
268. World tree (interview with E. Meletinsky, A. Gurevich and M. Gasparov in connection with the founding of the magazine "Arbor mundi") // Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 1991. No. 159, December 11. P. 7.
269. “We are abandoned individuals...” (Humanities and today’s world through the eyes of a supporter of a free personality): [Interview with Pavel Kryuchkov in the “Portrait” section] // Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 1992, No. 168, September 2. P. 7.
270. My war // Banner. 1992. No. 10. P. 148-179.
271. A word to the reader // Arbor mundi (“World Tree”). 1992. No. 1. P. 6-7. Rec.: Tsvetana Georgieva. "The World Tree" is an international journal on theory and history of light culture." Literature. 1995. No. 2. P. 252-256. [Bulgaria].
272. Eleazar Meletinsky: “From my youth, I was imbued with the dream of transforming the humanities into exact sciences...”: [Autobiography] // Novaya Gazeta. 1993. No. 38. September 29. S. 5.
273. Culture is a way to overcome chaos: [Conversation between Vyach.Vs.Ivanov and E.M.Meletinsky with Alla Latynina] // Literary newspaper. 1993. No. 6 (5434). 10th of November. P. 7.
274. Notes preceding Evgeny Fedorov’s story “Odyssey” // New World. 1994. No. 5. P. 6-7.
275. Mumm u svremennosmma - RazgoYaor with Eleazar Melemunsk May 26, 1993 Moscow. Emul IYA. DumroYa) // Culture (Bulgaria). 1994. December 30. S. 3.
276. My prison // Star. 1994. No. 6. P. 177-197.
277. Golden shackles of myth // If (magazine of science fiction & futurology). 1994. No. 9. pp. 92-93.
278. On the question of the modern understanding of “spirituality” // Zvezda. 1995. No. 8. P. 171-174.
279. Harmonia mitica com o cosmos [interview given in June 1995 in Brazil, in Sao Paolo to the Brazilian literary magazine] // Cult: Revista brasileira de literatura. 1999. Marco. R. 45-46.
280. “Imah is an exceptional sadba...” / The conversation was conducted by Dr. Tsvetana Georgieva // Page (Bulgaria). Sofia 1999. No. 2. P. 64-67.
4. Title editing, compilation
281. Ed.: Ginzburg L.Ya. Belinsky V.G.: Publ. lecture given in the Karelo-Fin assembly hall. state University May 12, 1948 Petrozavodsk: State. publishing house Karelo-Fin. SSR, 1948. 28 p.
282. Comp.: Consolidated catalog of new foreign books on literary criticism received by the largest libraries of the USSR in 1949-1953. M.: All-Union. book Chamber, 1955. 438 p.
283. Comp.: New foreign books on social sciences, 1945-1955. M.: "All-Union Book Chamber", 1956. 300 p. (-)
284. Comp.: New books on art history. (Co-author Pozharsky). M.: "All-Union Book Chamber", 1956. 300 p. (-)
285. Ed.: (together with other persons): Problems of studying the epic of the Eastern Slavs. M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1958. 347 p.
286. Ed.: Cocchiara J. History of folklore studies in Europe. M.: Foreign publishing house. lit., 1960. 690 p.
287. Ed.: Riftin B.L.. The Legend of the Great Wall and the problem of genre in Chinese literature. – M.: Publishing house Vostoch. lit., 1961. 246 p.
288. Ed.: Pukhov I.V. Yakut heroic epic. M.: Nauka, 1962. 256 p.
289. Ed.: P.G. Bogatyrev. Slovak epic and lyric-epic songs and stories. M.: Nauka, 1963. 192 p.
290. Ed.: Problems of comparative philology. Collection of articles for the 70th anniversary of the corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences V.M. Zhirmunsky. / Alekseev M.P. (responsible editor), Meletinsky E.M. (deputy responsible editor). M.; L.: Nauka, 1964. 496 p.
291. Answer. ed., will enter. Art.: Myths and fairy tales of Australia. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1965. 167 p.
292. Ed.: Tales of Madagascar / Transl. from French, prev. and comment. Yu.S. Rodman - M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1965. 271 p.
293. Ed.: Kupreyanova Z.M. Epic songs of the Nenets. M.: Nauka, 1965. 732 p.
294. Answer. ed.: Chikovani M.Ya. Folk heroic epic about the chained Amirani. / Rep. ed.: E.B. Virsaladze, E.M. Meletinsky. M.: Nauka, 1966. 328 p.
295. Ed.: Karryev B.A. Epic tales about Kor-Ogly among Turkic-speaking peoples. M.: Nauka, 1968. 259 p.
296. Ed.: Folklore and literature of the peoples of Africa. / Ed. coll.: D.A. Olderogge (chief editor), F.M. Breskina, A.A. Dolinina, E.M. Meletinsky. M.: Nauka, 1970. 399 p.
297. Answer. ed.: B.L. Riftin. Historical epic and folklore tradition in China (oral and book versions of the "Three Kingdoms"). M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1970. 482 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
298. Answer. ed.: Early art forms. M.: Art. 1972. 480 p.
299. Answer. ed., will enter. Art. (P. 5-11): Zhirmunsky V.M. Turkic heroic epic. / Rep. ed., intro. Art. A.N. Kononov, E.M. Meletinsky. – L.: Nauka, 1974. 727 p.
300. Answer. ed.: Roshiyanu Nicolae. Traditional fairy tale formulas. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1974. 216 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
301. Answer. ed.: Fairy tales and myths of the peoples of Chukotka and Kamchatka (Asian Eskimos, Chukchi, Kereks, Koryaks and Itelmens). M.: Ch. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1974. 646 p.
302. Ed.: Balashov N. Spanish classical drama. M.: Nauka, 1975. 335 p.
303. Answer. ed.: Kotlyar E.S. Myth and fairy tale of Africa. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1975. 244 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
304. Comp. and ed.: Typological studies of folklore. Collection of articles in memory of Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (1895-1970) / E.M. Meletinsky, S.Yu. Neklyudov - M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing house "Science", 1975. 320 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
305. Answer. ed., will enter. Art. (P. 3-15) in the book. Luomala K. Voice of the wind. Polynesian myths and songs. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1976. 236 p.
306. Ed.: Semiotics and artistic creativity / Ed. coll.: Yu.Ya.Barabash (ed.), E.M.Meletinsky, L.Niryo, M.Sabolci; Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of World Literature, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Institute of Literary Studies. M.: Nauka, 1977. 368 p.
307. Answer. ed., will enter. Art. (P. 7-15): Monuments of the book epic: Style and typological features / Ed. colleagues: P.A.Grintser, E.M.Meletinsky (ed.), S.Yu.Neklyudov, B.L.Riftin - M.: Chief. ed. eastern lit. Publishing house "Science", 1978. 272 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
308. Answer. ed.: Freidenberg O.M. Myth and literature of antiquity. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1978. 605 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
309. Ed.: Gurevich A.Ya. "Edda" and saga. M.: Nauka, 1979. – 192 p.
310. Comp. and ed. (deputy editor-in-chief): Myths of the peoples of the world, in 2 volumes. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. T.1. – 1980. – 672 p. T. 2. – 1982. – 720 p. Reissues: 1988-1989, 1991-1992, etc.
311. Ed. and will join. Art. (P. 3-7): And you can hear the sea. Poets of Japan, Australia, Africa, West Indies (20th century). M.: Nauka, 1983. 150 p.
312. Answer. ed.: Turner V. Symbol and ritual / Comp. and preface V.A. Beilis. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1983. 277 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
313. Ed.: History of world literature. T.2. / Kh.G.Korogly, E.M.Meletinsky, A.D.Mikhailov, P.A.Grintser, A.N.Robinson, L.Z.Eidlin. – M.: Nauka, 1984. 672 p.
314. Answer. ed.: Neklyudov S.Yu. Heroic epic of the Mongolian peoples: Oral and literary traditions. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1984. 309 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
315. Answer. ed.: Novik E.S. Ritual and folklore in Siberian shamanism: Experience in comparing structures. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing house "Science", 1984. 304 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
316. Comp., ed. and will enter. Art. (P. 7-8): Foreign studies on the semiotics of folklore: Sat. Art. / E.M.Meletinsky, S.Yu.Neklyudov. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1985. 316 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
317. Answer. editor: Kotlyar E.S. Epic of the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing house "Science", 1985. 288 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
318. Ed.: History of world literature. T.3. / N.I. Balashov (chief editor), I.S. Braginsky, P.A. Grintser, Kh.G. Korogly, D.S. Likhachev, E.M. Meletinsky, A.D. Mikhailov, V B. Nikitina, B. L. Riftin. – M.: Nauka, 1985. 816 p.
319. Answer. ed.: Mikhailov A.D. Old French urban story "Fabliau" and questions of the specifics of medieval parody and satire. M.: Nauka, 1986. 350 p.
321. Comp. and ed. (deputy chief editor): Myths of the peoples of the world: Encycl.: In 2 volumes, 2nd ed. M.: Sov. Encycl., 1987-1988. T. 1-2.
322. Answer. ed.: Dubyansky A.M. Ritual and mythological origins of ancient Tamil lyrics. M.: Main. ed. eastern lit. Publishing House "Science", 1989. 235 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
323. Answer. ed.: Turaev S.V. Goethe and the formation of the concept of world literature. M.: Nauka, 1989. 271 p.
324. Ch. ed.: Mythological Dictionary. M.: Sov. encyclop., 1990. 672 p. Reprints: 1991, 1998 (Mythology: Bol. encyclical words.).
325. Ch. ed.: Mythological Dictionary. M.: Sov. encycl., 1991. 736 p.
326. Comp. and ed. (deputy chief editor): Myths of the peoples of the world: Encycl.: In 2 volumes, 2nd ed. M.: Sov. Encycl., 1991-1992. T. 1-2.
327. Answer. ed.: Lives of Troubadours. Jean de Nostredame. Lives of the most ancient and most famous Provençal Piites, who flourished during the Provençal cities / The publication was prepared by M.B. Meilakh. – M.: Science. Series "Literary Monuments". 1993. 736 p.
328. Comp. and ed. (deputy chief editor): Myths of the peoples of the world: Encycl.: In 2 volumes, 2nd ed. M.: Ross. Encycl., 1994. T. 1-2.
329. Comp. and ed. (deputy chief editor): Myths of the peoples of the world: Encycl.: In 2 volumes, 2nd ed. M.: Ross. encycl.; Minsk: Dealer; Smolensk: Rusich, 1994. T. 1-2.
330. Rep. ed.: Mikhailov A.D. French heroic epic: Issues of poetics and stylistics. M.: Heritage, 1995. 360 p.
331. Ch. ed.: Mythology: Ill. encycl. words SPb.: Bol. grew up encycl.: Leningrad Gallery Foundation: JSC Norint, 1996. 843 p. Text according to the edition: Mythology. words 1990.
332. Comp. and ed. (deputy chief editor): Myths of the peoples of the world: Encycl.: In 2 volumes, 2nd ed. M.: Ross. encycl.: Olympus, 1997. T. 1-2.
333. Answer. ed.: Freidenberg O.M. Myth and literature of antiquity. 2nd ed., corrected. and additional / RAS. Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Federation. State Humanitarian University Institute of Higher Education Humanitarian. Research M.: Publishing house. company "Oriental Literature" RAS, 1998. 800 p. (Studies on folklore and mythology of the East).
334. Answer. ed., will enter. Art. (pp. 7-10): Literary archetypes and universals. Sat. Art. / M., Ross. state humanist univ., 2001. 433 p.
Congresses. Conferences.
Speaking about the participation of E.M. Meletinsky in international congresses, international scientific conferences and scientific trips, it should be borne in mind that until 1988 E.M. was “restricted from traveling”, he was not allowed to go to capitalist countries and not all socialist ones. And what’s more, they repeatedly summoned him to the Foreign Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences and interrogated him with passion as to why he received invitations so often. Only after 1987, when E. Meletinsky addressed a letter to M.S. Gorbachev, in which he expressed protest against the interference that was created when he travels abroad, did the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences call with an apology, and since 1988, E. Meletinsky has received the opportunity to freely travel to conferences, congresses that interest him, and to various universities to give lectures.
Scientific meeting dedicated to the Nart epic of the peoples of the Caucasus. North Ossetia, Ordzhonikidze. 1956, October 19-20. Report: The place of Nart tales in the history of the epic. See Abstracts of reports at a meeting dedicated to the Nart epic of the peoples of the Caucasus. IMLI – North Ossetian Research Institute. Ordzhonikidze. 1956. pp. 5-12. As a manuscript.
VII International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences. Moscow, August 1964. Report: Primitive heritage in archaic epics. See VII International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences (Moscow, August 1964). M., "Science", 1964. 11 p. The same in English, see: “VIIth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences (Moscow, August 1964).” VI. Moscow, 1969. (8 p.).
Conference on the historicism of folklore. 1964. Moscow. See: From a speech at a conference on the historicism of folklore in 1964 (Publicated by A.I. Alieva) // Folklore. Problems of historicism. M.: Nauka, 1988. pp. 261-265.
Second Summer School on Secondary Modeling Systems. Tartu, August 16-26, 1966. Report: “On the structural and mythological analysis of a fairy tale.” See Abstracts of reports at the second summer school on secondary modeling systems. Tartu, 1966. pp. 37-40.
Conference of Scandinavians. Tartu, 1966. Report: “Mythological songs of the Edda”. See Abstracts of the reports. “Conference of Scandinavians”. Tartu, 1966. (-), as well as: Mythological narrative songs of the Edda and early forms of the epic // Scandinavian collection. XIV Tallinn, 1969, pp. 335-353.
Third Summer School on Secondary Modeling Systems. Kyaeriku, May 10-20, 1968. Report: “Towards the construction of a model of a fairy tale” / E.M. Meletinsky, S.Yu. Neklyudov, E.S. Novik, D.M. Segal. – See III Summer School on Secondary Modeling Systems. Abstracts of reports. Tartu, 1968. pp. 165-177.
Conference of Scandinavians. Petrozavodsk, 1968. Report: “Folk poetic elements of the Edda.” See Abstracts of the reports. “Conference of Scandinavits”. Petrozavodsk, 1968.
Romania. Bucharest. Congress of Folklorists. Reorganization of the International Society for Folk-Narrative Research.
Moscow. Seventh International Congress of Ethnographic and Anthropological Sciences. Report: "Primitive heritage in archaic epics." See Primitive Heritage in Archaic Epics // VII International Congress of Ethnographic and Anthropological Sciences. VI. Moscow, 1969. (8 p.).
Fourth Summer School on Secondary Modeling Systems. August 17-24, 1970. Tartu. Report: Issues of semantic analysis of a fairy tale / E.M. Meletinsky, S.Yu. Neklyudov, E.S. Novik, D.M. Segal. – See: Abstract. report IV Summer School in Secondary Education modeling systems. Tartu, 1970. pp. 7-15.
Fifth Congress of the International Society for the Study of Prose Folklore, August 26-31, 1970. Bucharest. For a review of the congress, see: E.M. Meletinsky, E.V. Pomerantseva. Fifth Congress on the Study of Oral Prose // Sov. etnogr., 1970, No. 4. P. 163-164.
V All-Union Symposium on Cybernetics. Tbilisi, 1970. Report: Levi-Strauss and his principle of structural mythology. See: V All-Union. symp. in cybernetics. "Information processes". Tbilisi, 1970. pp. 360-362.
VI-th All-Union Conference on the Study of Scandinavian Countries and Finland. Tallinn, 1973. Report: Scandinavian mythology as a system. See: Abstracts of the VIth All-Union Conference on the Study of the Scandinavian Countries and Finland. Part 2. Tallinn, 1973. pp. 65-66.
IX International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences. USA. Chicago, September, 1973. Report: Scandinavian mythology as a system (E.M. was not allowed to the congress, but his report was presented and published). See: IX International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences (Chicago, September, 1973). Reports of the Soviet delegation. M., Main editorial office of oriental literature of the Nauka publishing house, 1973. 17 p. (in Russian and English).
Conference "Epic creativity of the peoples of Siberia". Ulan-Ude, 1973. Report: Myth and epic of the Eastern Paleo-Asians. See: Epic creativity of the peoples of Siberia. Abstracts of reports. Ulan-Ude, 1973.
Hungary. Budapest. Meeting of the International Society for Folk-Narrative Research.
All-Union Symposium on Secondary Modeling Systems I (5). Tartu, 1974. Report: Old Norse mythological system. See: Proceedings of the All-Union Symposium on Secondary Modeling Systems I (5). Tartu, 1974. pp. 16-26.
Finland. Helsinki. International Congress on Folk Narrative. Report: Perspectives et limites de l'êtude structurale de folklore // Folk Narrative Congress Helsinki, 1974. 19 p., and also: Perspectives et limites de l'êtude structurale du folklore // Proceedings of Congress of SFNR (Studia fennica 20) . Helsinki, 1976. P. 94-98. (E. Meletinsky was not at the congress; they were not allowed in).
All-Union Scientific Conference "Problems of Historical Poetics of Folklore". Moscow. 1976. Report: Myth and historical poetics of folklore. See IMLI. Brochures of reports at the All-Union Scientific Conference "Problems of Historical Poetics of Folklore" (as a manuscript). M. 1977. 23 p.
Hungary. Budapest. Meeting of the International Society for Folk-Narrative Research.
Hungary. Budapest. Congress of the International Association for the Study of Comparative Literature. Report: Poitique Comparative et Sémiotique du Folklore et de la Littérature traditionnelle // Actes du VIII Congris de l’Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée. Budapest. 1976. P. 729-732. (E.M. Meletinsky was not at the congress)
Yakutia. Conference: Epic creativity of the peoples of Siberia.
Symposium "Text Structure-81". Moscow. 1981. Report: The problem of the typology of the medieval novel. See Symposium Abstracts. M., "Science", 1981. pp. 148-151.
Scientific conference dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the first edition of the Karelian-Finnish epic: "Kalevala" - a monument of world culture." Petrozavodsk. 1985, January 30-31. Report: "Kalevala" in comparative light. See: "Kalevala" - a monument world culture. Materials of the scientific conference dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the first edition of the Karelian-Finnish epic. January 30-31, 1985. Petrozavodsk. "Karelia", 1986. pp. 79-81.
Czechoslovakia. Prague. Autumn, 1987. International conference on problems of historical poetics. Report: "Historical poetics" A.N. Veselovsky and the problem of the origin of narrative literature /not published?/.
He graduated from school in Moscow, then from the Faculty of Literature, Art and Language of the Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (IFLI, 1940). He graduated from military translator courses, fought on the Southern Front, then on the Caucasian Front.
In 1943-1944. He studied at the graduate school of the Central Asian State University in Tashkent, and after graduation he became a senior lecturer at this university. In 1945 he defended his thesis “The Romantic Period in Ibsen’s Work.”
In 1946 he moved to the Karelo-Finnish University (Petrozavodsk) and there he worked as the head of the literature department until 1949 (and in 1946-1947 - also as the head of the folklore department of the Karelian-Finnish base of the USSR Academy of Sciences).
Arrested during the anti-Semitic campaign (1949). Spent a year and a half in pre-trial detention centers (five and a half months in solitary confinement), sentenced to ten years in prison. Released from the camp and rehabilitated only in the fall of 1954.
He was the executive editor of several dozen scientific publications, supervised the collective works of the Institute (3), took an active part in the creation of the multi-volume “History of World Literature” (Vol. 1-8, M., 1984-1993), being a member of the editorial board of its individual volumes , author of sections devoted to the origins and early forms of verbal art, the literature of medieval Europe, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Sweden, the Middle East, Central Asia, the epic traditions of the peoples of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Siberia (4).
Member of the editorial board (since 1969) and editor-in-chief (since 1989) of the series “Studies on folklore and mythology of the East” and “Fairy tales and myths of the peoples of the East” (published by the Main Editorial Board of Oriental Literature of the publishing house “Nauka”; since 1994 - Publishing Company “Oriental Literature” ), member of international scientific societies - the Society for the Study of Narrative Folklore (Finland), the International Association of Semiotics (Italy).
From 1989 to 1994, E.M. Meletinsky served as a professor at Moscow State University in the department of history and theory of world culture, then created by the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University. Since the late 80s, he has given lectures at universities in Canada, Italy, Japan, Brazil, Israel, and spoken at international congresses on folklore, comparative literature, medieval studies and semiotics.
At the beginning of 1992, he headed the Institute of Higher Humanitarian Studies of the Russian State University for the Humanities. He devoted a lot of effort and time to the implementation of his ideas for the development of rational humanitarian knowledge, broad comparative and typological studies of cultural traditions, and bridging the gap between the scientific and pedagogical processes. At the Russian State University for the Humanities, he gave a course of lectures on comparative mythology and historical poetics, supervised the work of scientific seminars and collective works created here, and was the editor-in-chief of the magazine "Arbor mundi" ("World Tree"), which has been published by the Institute of Higher Humanitarian Research since 1992.
Being the creator of his own school in science, E.M. Meletinsky himself is, first of all, a continuer of the traditions of A.N. Veselovsky (5). He turned to them back in the 40s under the influence of V.M. Zhirmunsky, the only person whom he called his teacher.
For E.M. Meletinsky (following V.M. Zhirmunsky and A.N. Veselovsky), the center of scientific interests was the movement of narrative traditions in time and their genesis, and Meletinsky is distinguished by special attention to archaic literature, its social and ethnocultural conditioning. He examined the fate in oral and book literature of the main themes and images of the mythological narrative, the status of the poetic word and folklore genre in the archaic (7), described the origin and evolution of the folk tale, as well as its central character - the socially disadvantaged younger brother, orphan, stepdaughter ( 8), the primitive origins and stages of the formation of narrative traditions and epic genres were studied (9).
From this point of view, based on a huge comparative material, which in its entirety covers the oral traditions of the peoples of all continents, he analyzed the main genres of fairy-tale and heroic-epic folklore, starting with their earliest forms, preserved in a number of non-literate cultures and reflected in some examples of ancient and medieval literature. One should mention his articles on the North Caucasian “Nart” tales (10), on the Karelian-Finnish (11) and Turkic-Mongolian epics (12), on the folklore of the peoples of Australia and Oceania (13) and many others. In line with the same methodology, a monographic study of the Elder Edda as a monument of mythological and heroic epic was undertaken, which made it possible to identify the oral foundations of the texts that comprise it (14).
Continuing the consideration of the historical dynamics of epic traditions, E.M. Meletinsky turned to the material of the medieval novel - in all the diversity of its national forms: European courtly novel, Middle Eastern romantic epic, Far Eastern novel, and in studying this topic he again returned to research in medieval studies (namely in a comparative typological aspect), which began at one time when working on the “History of World Literature” and continued when writing a monograph on the “Edda” (15). A unique result of these studies was the book “Introduction to the Historical Poetics of the Epic and Novel” (16), which contains a description of the patterns of development of epic genres from their primitive origins to the literature of modern times. Finally, adjacent to the same series of works is a monograph devoted to a comparative typological analysis of the short story, again starting with a folk tale and anecdote and ending with Chekhov’s stories (17).
A special place in the research of E.M. Meletinsky is occupied by mythology, with which the origins of narrative folklore and the most archaic forms of literary motifs and plots are more or less connected. His articles and books analyzed the oral myths of the aborigines of Australia and Oceania, North America and Siberia (18), as well as the mythologies of the peoples of the ancient world and the Middle Ages (Edda) reflected in book monuments (19).
The general monograph “The Poetics of Myth” (20) received significant international resonance, in which the consideration of mythology was undertaken, starting from its most archaic forms, right up to the manifestations of “mythologism” in the literature of the 20th century (the prose of Kafka, Joyce, Thomas Mann).
E.M. Meletinsky was deputy editor-in-chief of the two-volume encyclopedia “Myths of the Peoples of the World” (which has already gone through several editions since its publication in 1980), editor-in-chief of the “Mythological Dictionary”, which largely complements it (first edition - 1988), and also one of the main authors of both works. He also wrote articles about myth and mythology, about Lévi-Strauss and his concepts, about ritual-mythological criticism, etc. in the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" (Vol. 14), "Concise Literary Encyclopedia", "Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary", "Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary".
In his works devoted to the study of epic monuments, folklore-mythological cycles and traditions, E.M. Meletinsky acts primarily as a folklorist theorist, for whom a special, no matter how detailed examination of an oral or book text is only a stage on the path to understanding more general historical poetic patterns of development of narrative forms of traditional literature. The main tool for this knowledge is the complementary techniques of comparative typological and structural semiotic research.
E.M. Meletinsky’s appeal to the methods of structural-semiotic analysis in the 60s corresponds to one of the main directions of research in Russian science. In a certain sense, the path from the unfinished “Poetics of Plots” by A.N. Veselovsky led directly to “Morphology of the Fairy Tale” by V.Ya. Propp, which in turn laid the foundations for structural folkloristics (21). Eleazar Moiseevich’s long-standing passion for the exact sciences, his interest in the possibilities of their use in the humanities, and in the application of precise analysis techniques in these areas (22) also played a role here.
Since the second half of the 60s, E.M. Meletinsky led a “home” seminar devoted to the problems of structural description of a fairy tale; the results of this work, developing the ideas of V.Ya. Propp using new methodological acquisitions of that period, were reported at meetings of the Tartu Summer Schools, published in the form of articles in the “Proceedings on Sign Systems” published by the Tartu State University and were repeatedly translated into foreign languages (23) . In 1971, the work was awarded the international Pitre Prize (of course, neither Meletinsky himself nor his colleagues went to Italy for the award ceremony).
E.M. Meletinsky’s turn to structural-semiotic methods was accompanied not by a preference for synchronic analysis over diachronic analysis (which is characteristic of structuralism, especially early), but by a fundamental combination of both aspects of research, historical and structural typology, as the scientist himself formulated it in one from articles from the early 70s (24); a tendency, again prevailing in Russian science, for which the historical existence of tradition has always remained the subject of unremitting attention.
The focus of Meletinsky's research interests is the paradigmatic rather than the syntagmatic level of analysis; Accordingly, not only the methodology of V.Ya. Propp (including its modern interpretations) is used, but also the achievements of structural anthropology, primarily in the works of K. Levi-Strauss (25). Related to this is an in-depth study of the semantics of folklore motif and plot, a model for describing which was developed by E.M. Meletinsky based on the material of the Paleo-Asian mythological epic about the Raven (26).
Studying the deep mythological semantics of a traditional motif leads the scientist to the next big topic - the study of folk archetypes, to the “classical” Jungian understanding of which E.M. Meletinsky makes serious adjustments (27). The experience of studying archaic, primarily mythological traditions gives him the basis to abandon a somewhat one-sided and modernized approach to the problem of the genesis and functioning of these oldest mental structures in human culture. From the study of mythological archetypes in folklore plots, the scientist moves on to the analysis of archetypal meanings in the works of Russian classics (28). In general, in the 90s, Eleazar Moiseevich paid more and more attention to Russian literature of the 19th century (Pushkin, Dostoevsky), considering it in the aspects of comparative studies, structural and historical poetics (29).
Meletinsky’s books and articles highlight three dominant research directions:
- 1) typology and historical transformations of the main images in myth and folklore, as well as in the literary monuments of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and Modern times that go back to them.
- 2) structural and stage relationships of three large genre-thematic complexes of oral literature (myth, fairy tale, epic).
- 3) plot organization of folklore narrative and semantic structure of the motive.
The source material for discussing such issues for Meletinsky is myth. Hence the steady attention to archaic traditions, which are not only of great independent interest, but also have the most important paradigmatic significance for later cultural formations. At the same time, Meletinsky avoids both the archaizing mythologization of modernity and the unjustified modernization of the archaic. Nevertheless, it is in the archaic that the origins and most expressive manifestations of “basic” mental universals are revealed, appearing in fairy-tale-epic narrative structures and in the deep meanings of literary and folklore motifs. The study of the structural typology of traditional plots and the semantics of motives leads E.M. Meletinsky to formulate the concept of literary and mythological archetypes.
The presence of close substantive and formal similarities in semiotic texts of different cultures, including those not related to each other by kinship or close proximity, demonstrates the presence of fundamental uniformity in the world literary process. This is most clearly visible in folklore traditions - primarily in archaic ones (although not only in them). Whatever field of literature E.M. Meletinsky studied, he always remained a folklorist.
The general perspective that unites into a single whole the diverse scientific activity of E.M. Meletinsky - a researcher of myth and folklore, the Old Scandinavian "Edda", the medieval novel and short story, archetypes in Russian classical literature, mythology in prose of the 20th century and much more - is historical the poetics of narrative forms, from archaic mythology to modern literature. Despite all the changes in the subject of his research, throughout his more than half a century of scientific activity, he remained faithful to this main topic.
Director of the Institute of Higher Humanitarian Studies of the Russian State University for the Humanities, member of the scientific councils of the Russian State University for the Humanities and IMLI RAS, Scientific Council on World Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Winner of the Pitre Prize (Italy -) for the best work on folklore and the USSR State Prize () for his work on the two-volume encyclopedia "Myths of the Peoples of the World".
Essays
Monographs
- (8) Hero of a fairy tale. Origin of the image. M., mechanical ventilation. 1958. 264 p. 5000 e.
- (9) The origin of the heroic epic. Early forms and archaic monuments. M., mechanical ventilation. 1963. 462 from 1800 e. = M., 2004.
- (14) "Edda" and early forms of epic. (Series “Studies on the theory and history of the epic”). M., Science. 1968. 364 from 2000 e. (English translation: Trieste, 1998).
- (20) Poetics of myth. (Series “Studies on folklore and mythology of the East”). M., Science. 1976. 407 from 5500 e. (2nd ed.: M., 1995) [translations into Polish (Warszawa, 1981), Serbian (Beograd, 1984), Hungarian (Budapest, 1985), Portuguese (Rio de Janeiro, 1987), Czech (Praha, 1989 ), Slovak (Bratislava, 1989), Chinese (Beijing, 1990), Italian (Roma, 1993), Bulgarian (Sofia, 1995), English (New York - London, 1998)] languages.
- (18) Paleo-Asian mythological epic (Crow cycle). Series “Studies on folklore and mythology of the East”). M., Science. 1979. 229 p. 6000 e.
- (15)Medieval novel. Origin and classical forms. M., Science. 1983. 304 with 5000 e.
- (16) Introduction to the historical poetics of the epic and novel. M., Science. 1986. 318 from 4500 e.
(Italian translation: Bologna, 1993).
- (17) Historical poetics of the short story. M., Science. 1990. 279 from 3000 e.
- (27) About literary archetypes. M., 1994. 134 with 3500 copies. (Readings on the theory and history of culture of the IVGI RSUH. Issue 4), p. 5-68 (“On the origin of literary and mythological plot archetypes”); this book has been translated into Portuguese (Sao Paulo, 1998). Download full text
- Dostoevsky in the light of historical poetics. How The Brothers Karamazov was Made. M., RGGU.1996.112 p. (Series “Readings on the theory and history of culture.” Issue 16).
- From myth to literature: Textbook. M., Russian State University for the Humanities. 2000. 169 p.
- Notes on the work of Dostoevsky. M., Russian State University for the Humanities. 2001. 188 p.
Articles
- (1)My war // Selected articles. Memories. M., 1998, p. 438.
- (2) In war and in prison // Selected articles. Memories. M., 1998, p. 429-572.
- (3) Monuments of the book epic. Style and typological features (M., 1978) (together with others).
- (4) History of world literature. T. 1-5, M., 1984-1988 (jointly with others).
- (5) “Historical poetics” by A. N. Veselovsky and the problem of the origin of narrative literature // Historical poetics (Results and prospects of study). M., 1986, p. 25-52.
- (7) Ancestors of Prometheus (Cultural hero in myth and epic) // Bulletin of the History of World Culture, No. 3 (9), May-June 1958, pp. 114-132 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 334-359);
- On the archetype of incest in folklore tradition (especially in heroic myth) // Folklore and ethnography. At the ethnographic origins of folklore plots and images. Sat. scientific works. L., 1984 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 297-304; Chinese translation: Beijing, 1990);
- Myth and historical poetics of folklore // Folklore. Poetic system. M., 1977, p. 23-41 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 11-32);
- Poetic word in the archaic // Historical and ethnographic studies of folklore. Collection of articles in memory of S. A. Tokarev. M., 1994, p. 86-110;
- Meletinsky E. M., Neklyudov S. Yu., Novik E. S. The status of the word and the concept of genre in folklore // Historical poetics. Literary eras and types of artistic consciousness. M., 1994, p. 39-105.
- Marriage in a fairy tale (its function and place in the plot structure) // Selected articles. Memories. M., 1998, p. 305-317 (1st ed. in German - Acta Ethnographica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. T. 19, Budapest, 1970, p. 281-292);
- Myth and fairy tale // Folklore and ethnography. M., 1970 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 284-296).
- Primitive origins of verbal art // Early forms of art. M., 1972, p. 149-190 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 52-110);
- On the genesis and ways of differentiation of epic genres // Russian folklore. Materials and research. V. M.-L., 1960, p. 83-101;
- Questions of the theory of epic in modern foreign science // Questions of literature, 1957, No. 2, p. 94-112;
- Problems of studying folk epic // Questions of literature, 1963, No. 4, p. 196-200;
- Folk epic // Theory of literature. Types and genres of literature. M., 1964;
- The fate of archaic motifs in epics // Living Antiquity, 1998, No. 4 (20), p. 12-13.
- (10) The place of Nart legends in the history of the epic // Nart epic. Materials of the meeting on October 19-20, 1956 Ordzhonikidze, 1957, p. 37-73.
- (11) On the question of the genesis of the Karelian-Finnish epic (Vänämöinen’s problem) // Soviet ethnography, 1960, No. 4, p. 64-80.
- (12) About the oldest type of hero in the epic of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples of Siberia // Problems of comparative philology. Collection of articles for the 70th anniversary of corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences V. M. Zhirmunsky. M.-L., 1964, p. 426-443 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 360-381).
- (13) Australian folklore // Myths and fairy tales of Australia. M., 1965, p. 3-24;
- Mythological and fairy-tale epic of the Melanesians // Oceanic ethnographic collection. M., 1957, p. 194-112;
- Narrative folklore of Oceania // Fairy tales and myths of Oceania. M., 1970, p. 8-33.
- Problems of comparative study of medieval literature (West/East) // Literature and art in the cultural system. Sat. in honor of D. S. Likhachev. M., 1988, p. 76-87 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 401-418).
- Fairy tale-anecdote in the system of folklore genres // Genres of verbal text: Anecdote / Educational material on the theory of literature. Tallinn, 1989, p. 59-77 (Studies on Slavic folklore and folk culture. Studies in Slavic Folklore and Folk Culture. Issue 2. Oakland, Specialties, 1997, p. 42-57; Selected articles. Memoirs. M., 1998, p. 318- 333);
- Small genres of folklore and problems of genre evolution in oral tradition // Small genres of folklore. Collection of articles in memory of G. A. Permyakov. M., 1995, p. 325-337.
- (19) Myths of the ancient world in comparative light // Typology and relationships of literature of the ancient world. M., 1971, p. 68-133 (Selected articles. Memoirs. M., 1998, pp. 192-258);
- "Edda" and early forms of epic; Scandinavian mythology as a system // Proceedings on sign systems VII, Tartu, 1975, p. 38-52 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 259-283; English translation: Journal of Symbolic Anthropology, 1973, No. 1, 2).
- (21) Structural and typological study of fairy tales // Propp V. Ya. Morphology of fairy tales. M., 1969, p. 134-166 [translations into French (Propp V. Morphologie du conte, Paris, 1970, p. 201-254), Slovak (Propp V.J. Morfologia rozpravky. Bratislava, 1971, p. 149-189), German (Propp V. Morphologie des Maerchens, Muenchen, 1972), Portuguese (Lisboa, 1978; Rio de Janeiro, 1984), Georgian (Tbilisi, 1984), Hungarian (Budapest, 1995) languages]; Meletinskij E.M., Nekljudov S.Ju., Novik E.S., Segal D.M. La folclorica russa e i prblemi del metodo strutturale // Ricerche semiotiche. Nuove tendenze delle scienze umane nell'URSS. Torino, 1973, p. 401-432.
- (22) “From my youth, I was imbued with the dream of transforming the humanities into exact sciences...” // Novaya Gazeta, September 29, 1993, No. 38, p. 5.
- (23)Meletinsky E.M., Neklyudov S.Yu., Novik E.S., Segal D.M.: Problems of structural description of a fairy tale // Proceedings on sign systems IV, Tartu, 1969, p. 86-135; Once again to the problem of the structural description of a fairy tale // Proceedings on sign systems V, Tartu, 1971, p. 63-91. Translations into English, German, French, Italian.
- (24) Comparative typology of folklore: historical and structural // Philologica. In memory of academician V. M. Zhirmunsky. L., 1973;
- Structural typology and folklore // Context 1973. M., 1974, p. 329-346;
- On the question of the application of the structural-semiotic method in folklore // Semiotics and artistic creativity. M., 1977, p. 152-170 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 33-51).
- (25) Claude Lévi-Strauss and the structural typology of myth // Questions of Philosophy, No. 7, 1970;
- Claude Lévi-Strauss. Only ethnology? // Questions of literature, 1971, No. 4, p. 115-134;
- Structural study of mythology in Lévi-Strauss // Directions and trends in modern foreign literary criticism and literary criticism. M., 1974;
- Mythology and folklore in the works of C. Levi-Strauss // C. Levi-Strauss. Structural anthropology. M., 1983, p. 467-523 (2nd ed. - 1986).
- (26) Paleo-Asian mythological epic, p. 144-178.
- Transformations of archetypes in Russian classical literature // Meletinsky E. M. About literary archetypes, p. 69-133.
- (29) Dostoevsky in the light of historical poetics. How “The Brothers Karamazov” were made, M., 1996 (Readings on the theory and history of culture of the IVGI RSUH. Issue 16);
- Transformation of foreign literary models in Pushkin’s works // Dialogue / Carnival / Chronotope, No. 3 (24), Vitebsk - Moscow, 1998, p. 5-37;
- The theme of the “borderline” situation between life and death in Pushkin’s late works // POLYTROPON. To the 70th anniversary of Vladimir Nikolaevich Toporov. M., 1998.
- (30) Publications in the magazines “Theatrical Life” (No. 22, 1989), “Our Heritage” (1990, No. 2), “If. Journal of Science Fiction & Futurology" (1994, no. 9), "Star" (1995, no. 8), "Cult Revista brasiliera de literatura" (1999, March) and in the newspapers "Il Mattino di Padova" (22.09.1991) , “Nezavisimaya Gazeta” (No. 100, 27.09.199; No. 168, 02.09.1992), “Novaya Gazeta” (No. 38, 29.09.1993), “Literary Gazette” (No. 6, 10. 11. 1993), “Culture” [Bulgaria] (30.12.1994), etc.
- Selected articles. Memories. M., Russian State University for the Humanities. 1998. 576 p.
He graduated from school in Moscow, then from the Faculty of Literature, Art and Language of the Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (IFLI, 1940). He graduated from military translator courses, fought on the Southern Front, then on the Caucasian Front.
In 1943-1944. He studied at the graduate school of the Central Asian State University in Tashkent, and after graduation he became a senior lecturer at this university. In 1945 he defended his thesis “The Romantic Period in Ibsen’s Work.”
In 1946 he moved to the Karelo-Finnish University (Petrozavodsk) and there he worked as the head of the literature department until 1949 (and in 1946-1947 - also as the head of the folklore department of the Karelian-Finnish base of the USSR Academy of Sciences).
Arrested during the anti-Semitic campaign (1949). Spent a year and a half in pre-trial detention centers (five and a half months in solitary confinement), sentenced to ten years in prison. Released from the camp and rehabilitated only in the fall of 1954.
He was the executive editor of several dozen scientific publications, supervised the collective works of the Institute (3), took an active part in the creation of the multi-volume “History of World Literature” (Vol. 1-8, M., 1984-1993), being a member of the editorial board of its individual volumes , author of sections devoted to the origins and early forms of verbal art, the literature of medieval Europe, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Sweden, the Middle East, Central Asia, the epic traditions of the peoples of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Siberia (4).
Member of the editorial board (since 1969) and editor-in-chief (since 1989) of the series “Studies on folklore and mythology of the East” and “Fairy tales and myths of the peoples of the East” (published by the Main Editorial Board of Oriental Literature of the publishing house “Nauka”; since 1994 - Publishing Company “Oriental Literature” ), member of international scientific societies - the Society for the Study of Narrative Folklore (Finland), the International Association of Semiotics (Italy).
From 1989 to 1994, E.M. Meletinsky served as a professor at Moscow State University in the department of history and theory of world culture, then created by the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University. Since the late 80s, he has given lectures at universities in Canada, Italy, Japan, Brazil, Israel, and spoken at international congresses on folklore, comparative literature, medieval studies and semiotics.
At the beginning of 1992, he headed the Institute of Higher Humanitarian Studies of the Russian State University for the Humanities. He devoted a lot of effort and time to the implementation of his ideas for the development of rational humanitarian knowledge, broad comparative and typological studies of cultural traditions, and bridging the gap between the scientific and pedagogical processes. At the Russian State University for the Humanities, he gave a course of lectures on comparative mythology and historical poetics, supervised the work of scientific seminars and collective works created here, and was the editor-in-chief of the magazine "Arbor mundi" ("World Tree"), which has been published by the Institute of Higher Humanitarian Research since 1992.
Being the creator of his own school in science, E.M. Meletinsky himself is, first of all, a continuer of the traditions of A.N. Veselovsky (5). He turned to them back in the 40s under the influence of V.M. Zhirmunsky, the only person whom he called his teacher.
For E.M. Meletinsky (following V.M. Zhirmunsky and A.N. Veselovsky), the center of scientific interests was the movement of narrative traditions in time and their genesis, and Meletinsky is distinguished by special attention to archaic literature, its social and ethnocultural conditioning. He examined the fate in oral and book literature of the main themes and images of the mythological narrative, the status of the poetic word and folklore genre in the archaic (7), described the origin and evolution of the folk tale, as well as its central character - the socially disadvantaged younger brother, orphan, stepdaughter ( 8), the primitive origins and stages of the formation of narrative traditions and epic genres were studied (9).
From this point of view, based on a huge comparative material, which in its entirety covers the oral traditions of the peoples of all continents, he analyzed the main genres of fairy-tale and heroic-epic folklore, starting with their earliest forms, preserved in a number of non-literate cultures and reflected in some examples of ancient and medieval literature. One should mention his articles on the North Caucasian “Nart” tales (10), on the Karelian-Finnish (11) and Turkic-Mongolian epics (12), on the folklore of the peoples of Australia and Oceania (13) and many others. In line with the same methodology, a monographic study of the Elder Edda as a monument of mythological and heroic epic was undertaken, which made it possible to identify the oral foundations of the texts that comprise it (14).
Continuing the consideration of the historical dynamics of epic traditions, E.M. Meletinsky turned to the material of the medieval novel - in all the diversity of its national forms: European courtly novel, Middle Eastern romantic epic, Far Eastern novel, and in studying this topic he again returned to research in medieval studies (namely in a comparative typological aspect), which began at one time when working on the “History of World Literature” and continued when writing a monograph on the “Edda” (15). A unique result of these studies was the book “Introduction to the Historical Poetics of the Epic and Novel” (16), which contains a description of the patterns of development of epic genres from their primitive origins to the literature of modern times. Finally, adjacent to the same series of works is a monograph devoted to a comparative typological analysis of the short story, again starting with a folk tale and anecdote and ending with Chekhov’s stories (17).
A special place in the research of E.M. Meletinsky is occupied by mythology, with which the origins of narrative folklore and the most archaic forms of literary motifs and plots are more or less connected. His articles and books analyzed the oral myths of the aborigines of Australia and Oceania, North America and Siberia (18), as well as the mythologies of the peoples of the ancient world and the Middle Ages (Edda) reflected in book monuments (19).
The general monograph “The Poetics of Myth” (20) received significant international resonance, in which the consideration of mythology was undertaken, starting from its most archaic forms, right up to the manifestations of “mythologism” in the literature of the 20th century (the prose of Kafka, Joyce, Thomas Mann).
E.M. Meletinsky was deputy editor-in-chief of the two-volume encyclopedia “Myths of the Peoples of the World” (which has already gone through several editions since its publication in 1980), editor-in-chief of the “Mythological Dictionary”, which largely complements it (first edition - 1988), and also one of the main authors of both works. He also wrote articles about myth and mythology, about Lévi-Strauss and his concepts, about ritual-mythological criticism, etc. in the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" (Vol. 14), "Concise Literary Encyclopedia", "Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary", "Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary".
In his works devoted to the study of epic monuments, folklore-mythological cycles and traditions, E.M. Meletinsky acts primarily as a folklorist theorist, for whom a special, no matter how detailed examination of an oral or book text is only a stage on the path to understanding more general historical poetic patterns of development of narrative forms of traditional literature. The main tool for this knowledge is the complementary techniques of comparative typological and structural semiotic research.
E.M. Meletinsky’s appeal to the methods of structural-semiotic analysis in the 60s corresponds to one of the main directions of research in Russian science. In a certain sense, the path from the unfinished “Poetics of Plots” by A.N. Veselovsky led directly to “Morphology of the Fairy Tale” by V.Ya. Propp, which in turn laid the foundations for structural folkloristics (21). Eleazar Moiseevich’s long-standing passion for the exact sciences, his interest in the possibilities of their use in the humanities, and in the application of precise analysis techniques in these areas (22) also played a role here.
Since the second half of the 60s, E.M. Meletinsky led a “home” seminar devoted to the problems of structural description of a fairy tale; the results of this work, developing the ideas of V.Ya. Propp using new methodological acquisitions of that period, were reported at meetings of the Tartu Summer Schools, published in the form of articles in the “Proceedings on Sign Systems” published by the Tartu State University and were repeatedly translated into foreign languages (23) . In 1971, the work was awarded the international Pitre Prize (of course, neither Meletinsky himself nor his colleagues went to Italy for the award ceremony).
E.M. Meletinsky’s turn to structural-semiotic methods was accompanied not by a preference for synchronic analysis over diachronic analysis (which is characteristic of structuralism, especially early), but by a fundamental combination of both aspects of research, historical and structural typology, as the scientist himself formulated it in one from articles from the early 70s (24); a tendency, again prevailing in Russian science, for which the historical existence of tradition has always remained the subject of unremitting attention.
The focus of Meletinsky's research interests is the paradigmatic rather than the syntagmatic level of analysis; Accordingly, not only the methodology of V.Ya. Propp (including its modern interpretations) is used, but also the achievements of structural anthropology, primarily in the works of K. Levi-Strauss (25). Related to this is an in-depth study of the semantics of folklore motif and plot, a model for describing which was developed by E.M. Meletinsky based on the material of the Paleo-Asian mythological epic about the Raven (26).
Studying the deep mythological semantics of a traditional motif leads the scientist to the next big topic - the study of folk archetypes, to the “classical” Jungian understanding of which E.M. Meletinsky makes serious adjustments (27). The experience of studying archaic, primarily mythological traditions gives him the basis to abandon a somewhat one-sided and modernized approach to the problem of the genesis and functioning of these oldest mental structures in human culture. From the study of mythological archetypes in folklore plots, the scientist moves on to the analysis of archetypal meanings in the works of Russian classics (28). In general, in the 90s, Eleazar Moiseevich paid more and more attention to Russian literature of the 19th century (Pushkin, Dostoevsky), considering it in the aspects of comparative studies, structural and historical poetics (29).
Meletinsky’s books and articles highlight three dominant research directions:
- 1) typology and historical transformations of the main images in myth and folklore, as well as in the literary monuments of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and Modern times that go back to them.
- 2) structural and stage relationships of three large genre-thematic complexes of oral literature (myth, fairy tale, epic).
- 3) plot organization of folklore narrative and semantic structure of the motive.
The source material for discussing such issues for Meletinsky is myth. Hence the steady attention to archaic traditions, which are not only of great independent interest, but also have the most important paradigmatic significance for later cultural formations. At the same time, Meletinsky avoids both the archaizing mythologization of modernity and the unjustified modernization of the archaic. Nevertheless, it is in the archaic that the origins and most expressive manifestations of “basic” mental universals are revealed, appearing in fairy-tale-epic narrative structures and in the deep meanings of literary and folklore motifs. The study of the structural typology of traditional plots and the semantics of motives leads E.M. Meletinsky to formulate the concept of literary and mythological archetypes.
The presence of close substantive and formal similarities in semiotic texts of different cultures, including those not related to each other by kinship or close proximity, demonstrates the presence of fundamental uniformity in the world literary process. This is most clearly visible in folklore traditions - primarily in archaic ones (although not only in them). Whatever field of literature E.M. Meletinsky studied, he always remained a folklorist.
The general perspective that unites into a single whole the diverse scientific activity of E.M. Meletinsky - a researcher of myth and folklore, the Old Scandinavian "Edda", the medieval novel and short story, archetypes in Russian classical literature, mythology in prose of the 20th century and much more - is historical the poetics of narrative forms, from archaic mythology to modern literature. Despite all the changes in the subject of his research, throughout his more than half a century of scientific activity, he remained faithful to this main topic.
Director of the Institute of Higher Humanitarian Studies of the Russian State University for the Humanities, member of the scientific councils of the Russian State University for the Humanities and IMLI RAS, Scientific Council on World Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Winner of the Pitre Prize (Italy -) for the best work on folklore and the USSR State Prize () for his work on the two-volume encyclopedia "Myths of the Peoples of the World".
Essays
Monographs
- (8) Hero of a fairy tale. Origin of the image. M., mechanical ventilation. 1958. 264 p. 5000 e.
- (9) The origin of the heroic epic. Early forms and archaic monuments. M., mechanical ventilation. 1963. 462 from 1800 e. = M., 2004.
- (14) "Edda" and early forms of epic. (Series “Studies on the theory and history of the epic”). M., Science. 1968. 364 from 2000 e. (English translation: Trieste, 1998).
- (20) Poetics of myth. (Series “Studies on folklore and mythology of the East”). M., Science. 1976. 407 from 5500 e. (2nd ed.: M., 1995) [translations into Polish (Warszawa, 1981), Serbian (Beograd, 1984), Hungarian (Budapest, 1985), Portuguese (Rio de Janeiro, 1987), Czech (Praha, 1989 ), Slovak (Bratislava, 1989), Chinese (Beijing, 1990), Italian (Roma, 1993), Bulgarian (Sofia, 1995), English (New York - London, 1998)] languages.
- (18) Paleo-Asian mythological epic (Crow cycle). Series “Studies on folklore and mythology of the East”). M., Science. 1979. 229 p. 6000 e.
- (15)Medieval novel. Origin and classical forms. M., Science. 1983. 304 with 5000 e.
- (16) Introduction to the historical poetics of the epic and novel. M., Science. 1986. 318 from 4500 e.
(Italian translation: Bologna, 1993).
- (17) Historical poetics of the short story. M., Science. 1990. 279 from 3000 e.
- (27) About literary archetypes. M., 1994. 134 with 3500 copies. (Readings on the theory and history of culture of the IVGI RSUH. Issue 4), p. 5-68 (“On the origin of literary and mythological plot archetypes”); this book has been translated into Portuguese (Sao Paulo, 1998). Download full text
- Dostoevsky in the light of historical poetics. How The Brothers Karamazov was Made. M., RGGU.1996.112 p. (Series “Readings on the theory and history of culture.” Issue 16).
- From myth to literature: Textbook. M., Russian State University for the Humanities. 2000. 169 p.
- Notes on the work of Dostoevsky. M., Russian State University for the Humanities. 2001. 188 p.
Articles
- (1)My war // Selected articles. Memories. M., 1998, p. 438.
- (2) In war and in prison // Selected articles. Memories. M., 1998, p. 429-572.
- (3) Monuments of the book epic. Style and typological features (M., 1978) (together with others).
- (4) History of world literature. T. 1-5, M., 1984-1988 (jointly with others).
- (5) “Historical poetics” by A. N. Veselovsky and the problem of the origin of narrative literature // Historical poetics (Results and prospects of study). M., 1986, p. 25-52.
- (7) Ancestors of Prometheus (Cultural hero in myth and epic) // Bulletin of the History of World Culture, No. 3 (9), May-June 1958, pp. 114-132 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 334-359);
- On the archetype of incest in folklore tradition (especially in heroic myth) // Folklore and ethnography. At the ethnographic origins of folklore plots and images. Sat. scientific works. L., 1984 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 297-304; Chinese translation: Beijing, 1990);
- Myth and historical poetics of folklore // Folklore. Poetic system. M., 1977, p. 23-41 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 11-32);
- Poetic word in the archaic // Historical and ethnographic studies of folklore. Collection of articles in memory of S. A. Tokarev. M., 1994, p. 86-110;
- Meletinsky E. M., Neklyudov S. Yu., Novik E. S. The status of the word and the concept of genre in folklore // Historical poetics. Literary eras and types of artistic consciousness. M., 1994, p. 39-105.
- Marriage in a fairy tale (its function and place in the plot structure) // Selected articles. Memories. M., 1998, p. 305-317 (1st ed. in German - Acta Ethnographica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. T. 19, Budapest, 1970, p. 281-292);
- Myth and fairy tale // Folklore and ethnography. M., 1970 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 284-296).
- Primitive origins of verbal art // Early forms of art. M., 1972, p. 149-190 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 52-110);
- On the genesis and ways of differentiation of epic genres // Russian folklore. Materials and research. V. M.-L., 1960, p. 83-101;
- Questions of the theory of epic in modern foreign science // Questions of literature, 1957, No. 2, p. 94-112;
- Problems of studying folk epic // Questions of literature, 1963, No. 4, p. 196-200;
- Folk epic // Theory of literature. Types and genres of literature. M., 1964;
- The fate of archaic motifs in epics // Living Antiquity, 1998, No. 4 (20), p. 12-13.
- (10) The place of Nart legends in the history of the epic // Nart epic. Materials of the meeting on October 19-20, 1956 Ordzhonikidze, 1957, p. 37-73.
- (11) On the question of the genesis of the Karelian-Finnish epic (Vänämöinen’s problem) // Soviet ethnography, 1960, No. 4, p. 64-80.
- (12) About the oldest type of hero in the epic of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples of Siberia // Problems of comparative philology. Collection of articles for the 70th anniversary of corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences V. M. Zhirmunsky. M.-L., 1964, p. 426-443 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 360-381).
- (13) Australian folklore // Myths and fairy tales of Australia. M., 1965, p. 3-24;
- Mythological and fairy-tale epic of the Melanesians // Oceanic ethnographic collection. M., 1957, p. 194-112;
- Narrative folklore of Oceania // Fairy tales and myths of Oceania. M., 1970, p. 8-33.
- Problems of comparative study of medieval literature (West/East) // Literature and art in the cultural system. Sat. in honor of D. S. Likhachev. M., 1988, p. 76-87 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 401-418).
- Fairy tale-anecdote in the system of folklore genres // Genres of verbal text: Anecdote / Educational material on the theory of literature. Tallinn, 1989, p. 59-77 (Studies on Slavic folklore and folk culture. Studies in Slavic Folklore and Folk Culture. Issue 2. Oakland, Specialties, 1997, p. 42-57; Selected articles. Memoirs. M., 1998, p. 318- 333);
- Small genres of folklore and problems of genre evolution in oral tradition // Small genres of folklore. Collection of articles in memory of G. A. Permyakov. M., 1995, p. 325-337.
- (19) Myths of the ancient world in comparative light // Typology and relationships of literature of the ancient world. M., 1971, p. 68-133 (Selected articles. Memoirs. M., 1998, pp. 192-258);
- "Edda" and early forms of epic; Scandinavian mythology as a system // Proceedings on sign systems VII, Tartu, 1975, p. 38-52 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 259-283; English translation: Journal of Symbolic Anthropology, 1973, No. 1, 2).
- (21) Structural and typological study of fairy tales // Propp V. Ya. Morphology of fairy tales. M., 1969, p. 134-166 [translations into French (Propp V. Morphologie du conte, Paris, 1970, p. 201-254), Slovak (Propp V.J. Morfologia rozpravky. Bratislava, 1971, p. 149-189), German (Propp V. Morphologie des Maerchens, Muenchen, 1972), Portuguese (Lisboa, 1978; Rio de Janeiro, 1984), Georgian (Tbilisi, 1984), Hungarian (Budapest, 1995) languages]; Meletinskij E.M., Nekljudov S.Ju., Novik E.S., Segal D.M. La folclorica russa e i prblemi del metodo strutturale // Ricerche semiotiche. Nuove tendenze delle scienze umane nell'URSS. Torino, 1973, p. 401-432.
- (22) “From my youth, I was imbued with the dream of transforming the humanities into exact sciences...” // Novaya Gazeta, September 29, 1993, No. 38, p. 5.
- (23)Meletinsky E.M., Neklyudov S.Yu., Novik E.S., Segal D.M.: Problems of structural description of a fairy tale // Proceedings on sign systems IV, Tartu, 1969, p. 86-135; Once again to the problem of the structural description of a fairy tale // Proceedings on sign systems V, Tartu, 1971, p. 63-91. Translations into English, German, French, Italian.
- (24) Comparative typology of folklore: historical and structural // Philologica. In memory of academician V. M. Zhirmunsky. L., 1973;
- Structural typology and folklore // Context 1973. M., 1974, p. 329-346;
- On the question of the application of the structural-semiotic method in folklore // Semiotics and artistic creativity. M., 1977, p. 152-170 (Selected articles. Memoirs, pp. 33-51).
- (25) Claude Lévi-Strauss and the structural typology of myth // Questions of Philosophy, No. 7, 1970;
- Claude Lévi-Strauss. Only ethnology? // Questions of literature, 1971, No. 4, p. 115-134;
- Structural study of mythology in Lévi-Strauss // Directions and trends in modern foreign literary criticism and literary criticism. M., 1974;
- Mythology and folklore in the works of C. Levi-Strauss // C. Levi-Strauss. Structural anthropology. M., 1983, p. 467-523 (2nd ed. - 1986).
- (26) Paleo-Asian mythological epic, p. 144-178.
- Transformations of archetypes in Russian classical literature // Meletinsky E. M. About literary archetypes, p. 69-133.
- (29) Dostoevsky in the light of historical poetics. How “The Brothers Karamazov” were made, M., 1996 (Readings on the theory and history of culture of the IVGI RSUH. Issue 16);
- Transformation of foreign literary models in Pushkin’s works // Dialogue / Carnival / Chronotope, No. 3 (24), Vitebsk - Moscow, 1998, p. 5-37;
- The theme of the “borderline” situation between life and death in Pushkin’s late works // POLYTROPON. To the 70th anniversary of Vladimir Nikolaevich Toporov. M., 1998.
- (30) Publications in the magazines “Theatrical Life” (No. 22, 1989), “Our Heritage” (1990, No. 2), “If. Journal of Science Fiction & Futurology" (1994, no. 9), "Star" (1995, no. 8), "Cult Revista brasiliera de literatura" (1999, March) and in the newspapers "Il Mattino di Padova" (22.09.1991) , “Nezavisimaya Gazeta” (No. 100, 27.09.199; No. 168, 02.09.1992), “Novaya Gazeta” (No. 38, 29.09.1993), “Literary Gazette” (No. 6, 10. 11. 1993), “Culture” [Bulgaria] (30.12.1994), etc.
- Selected articles. Memories. M., Russian State University for the Humanities. 1998. 576 p.
