Ivan Franko. Biography

He was born into a farrier’s family on August 27, 1856, in the village. Naguevichi (Lviv region). Franko studied at a rural school, first in Naguevichi, and then in the neighboring village of Yasenitsa Silny. In 1864 he went to study at the Drogobitsy “normal” school.

In 1865 There is grief in his family - his father dies. Soon, stepfather Grin Gavrilik comes to Ivan Frank’s house. It was about the death of his father that Ivan Franko would write his first poem, “The Great Day of 1871” (1871). The stepfather turned out to be not an evil person and gave his stepson the opportunity to continue his studies. In 1867 the future writer graduated from school, and from 1873. study at the gymnasium, which he graduated with “excellent” marks on July 26, 1875. and receives a matriculation certificate. While studying at the gymnasium, Frank's mother Maria died (in 1872), whom he loved very much and dedicated his memories to her in the poem “Song and Practice” (1883), in the poem “Nasty Things on the Edge” (1881).
After the death of his mother, his stepfather married again, but did not change his attitude towards his adopted son and helped him continue to study.

From an early age, “Kobzar” by T. Shevchenko became I. Frank’s favorite book. In the gymnasium, he continued to form his worldview, so he was also interested in Polish, German, and French literature. As a result, Franko came to the idea that the basis of the Ukrainian literary language should be the native language.

Summer of 1874 Ivan Yakovlevich Franko travels independently for the first time in Podkarpackie and makes folklore recordings. After Drogobich in the fall of 1875. he goes to Lvov and enters the Faculty of Philosophy at Lvov University. He writes a lot and becomes the most influential person in the editorial office of Friend magazine.

While still a high school student, he published his first literary works in the student university magazine in Lviv “Friend”. Having joined the student “Academic Circle”, Franco became an active worker and author of the magazine “Friend”. In the magazine he publishes poetry, translations, and publishes his first big story, “Petria and Dovbuschuk.” Franco also published a translation of the novel “What is to be done?” M. Chernyshevsky in the magazine “Friends” (1877).

His activities, thanks to denunciations from envious people, were soon noticed, and he and members of the Friend magazine were arrested. I. Franko spent 8 months in prison. before trial, but he was sentenced to only 6 weeks. After leaving prison, the writer did not give up and continued his activities. Together with M. Pavlik, I. Franko begins to publish the magazine “Public Leisure”, in which he publishes his poems “To Comrades from Prison”, “Patriotic Pores”, the beginning of the story “Boa constrictor”. Unfortunately, after the second issue the police confiscated the magazine, so the name of the magazine had to be changed to “Dzvin”.

In the renamed magazine, Franko published his famous poem “Kamenari” and the story “My strіcha with Oleksa”. The last issue of the magazine (the fourth in a row) was published under the title “Hammer”. In this issue, Ivan Yakovlevich finished publishing the story “Boa constrictor”, the satirical poem “The Thought about Naum Bezumovich”, his very popular article “Literature, its history and the most important workshops” .

At the end of 1878 I. Franko became the editor of Praca, which he eventually turned into an organ for all Lviv workers. Ivan Yakovlevich began publishing the “Dribna Biblioteka”, writing a whole list of short stories for the “Slovenian Almanac”, including “Mulyara” for the planned new newspaper “Nova Osnova”, “Borislav Smeetsya”, working on translations of “Nimechchin” by G. Heine, “Faust” "Goethe, Byron's Cain, etc., creates the "Catechism of Economic Socialism."

In March 1880 I. Franko goes to Kolomoisky district. On the way, he was arrested a second time in connection with the trial that the Austrian government was conducting against the villagers of Kolomiya. Franco spent three months in prison, after which he was sent, accompanied by police, to Naguevichi, but on the way he was once again put in Drogobicki prison, which I.Ya. Franko described it later in the story “On the Days”.

Having returned to Lviv after such adventures, he takes an active part in the workers' newspaper "Praca", writes the social program "What does the Galician community want." Also in the Praca newspaper, Franco publishes his famous poem “Hymn” (“Eternal Revolutionary”).

In 1881 Franko issues a brochure in Polish “About Pratsiu. A book for robotics." In the same year, he began publishing the magazine “Svit”. In it, in almost every issue, he publishes parts of the story “Borislav laughs”, unfortunately I.Ya. Franko was never able to publish the story to the end, because the magazine was closed. But before the magazine closed, he still managed to publish the well-known article “Reasons for evaluating the poetry of Taras Shevchenko.” In 1881, in April, Ivan Franko travels to the village. Naguevichi. There, in addition to writing new works, he performs daily village work.

In February 1885 I. Franko travels to Kyiv, where he meets with O. Konisky and V. Antonovich regarding the publication of the newspaper. But unfortunately, the negotiations were unsuccessful. The only warm memory of Kyiv is about meetings with the Lysenko, Starytsky and Kosach families. Taras Shevchenko

In the magazine “Svit”, Ivan Yakovlevich Franko publishes a number of revolutionary poetry, which were later included in the collection “From Peaks and Lowlands”. After this magazine was closed, Frank had to earn a living in the magazines “Dilo” and “Zorya”. In “Zori” he publishes the historical story “Zakhar Berkut”, and a very long article “Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev”.

Dreaming of publishing his own magazine, Ivan Yakovlevich traveled to Kyiv twice (1885, 1886) to receive financial assistance from the Kyiv “Gromada”. But the Kyiv liberals simply did not keep their word and gave the money to Zori, and not to the writer.

IN 1886 in Kyiv, Ivan Franko married Olga Khorunzhinskaya and took her to Lvov. But his happiness was overshadowed by his dismissal from “Zori”, from that moment he had to look for how to earn money for bread. He was lucky - he became an employee of the newspaper “Courier Lvivsky”. In the same year, the collection “Through the Peaks and Lowlands” was released.

The difficult financial situation forces Ivan Frank to work at Pravda. But even the need for money could not keep him there for long - in May 1889. he breaks off his ties with Pravda and in a letter “To Whom Behind the Tsar” he accuses the “Pravda” people of nationalistic isolation.

In August 1889 I. Franko travels with a student group from Russia on a tourist trip. The Austrian government saw the writer as an attempt to separate Galechina from Austria and annex it to Russia. For this he was arrested along with the students. As a result, Franco spent 10 weeks in prison, after which he was released without trial.

In 1890 together with M. Pavlik, Ivan Franko publishes the fortnightly journal “The People”, which became the organ of the “Ukrainian Radical Party” founded this year. In “The People” the writer publishes the stories “Pig”, “Like this year there was a house”. In the same year, his collection of short stories “In the Pot” with Frank’s autobiography was published.

In Lvov, Ivan Franko organizes the “Science Reading Room”, in which he himself speaks on issues of political economy, scientific socialism, and the history of the revolutionary struggle. Franco decided to organize a fight in the scientific field. He decided to write a doctoral dissertation, choosing the topic: “Political poetry of T.G. Shevchenko."

Lviv University did not accept the dissertation for defense. Therefore, the writer goes to Chernivtsi, but failure awaits him there too. Disappointed, Franco writes a new doctoral dissertation “Barlam and Yoasaph” - an old Christian spiritual novel and his literary history.” In June 1893 he is given the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

In 1893, Franco published the second (expanded) edition of the collection “Through the Peaks and Lowlands.” After it, four more wonderful collections were published: “Zivyale Leaves” (1896), “My Izmaragd” (1898), “From the Days of Zhurby” (1900) and the story “Crossing Stitches” (1900).

Since 1898 The magazine “Literary and Scientific Newsletter” begins to be published in Lviv. Naturally. That Franco immediately becomes the most active employee of the magazine, and then the editor. In this magazine he publishes his articles “From the secrets of poetic creativity”, “Lesya Ukrainka” and others.

In 1905 I. Franko writes his famous poem “Moses” and the poem “Conquistadori” in honor of the revolution in Russia. At the same time, the writer writes a review article “New History of Russian Literature.” He also appears with his famous and popular article “Ideas” and “ideals” of the Galician Muscovophile youth,” in which he shows Galician Muscophiles in all their “glory.”

In 1906 a collection of poetry “Semper tiro” was published, and a year later the story “The Great Noise” was published.

In 1907 Franko is trying to take a place at the department of Lviv University, but he does not receive an answer to his request, because... Grushevsky has already taken this place.

In 1908 Ivan Franko falls ill. Large overload led to nervous disorders and contractures of both hands. Treatment in Croatia helped me recover from this. But over time, my health began to deteriorate again. He went for treatment to Kyiv, the Carpathians, and Odessa (1913). As soon as he felt even a little bit better, he immediately got to work. Thanks to such dedication, he wrote an article about Pushkin’s drama “Boris Godunov” (1914), an article “Taras Shevchenko” (1914), poems “Yevshan-Zillya”, “Konchakov’s Glory” and others.

IN 1915 The writer’s health condition deteriorated no further. In the spring of 1916. the sick Franko moved to his house in Lvov. On March 9, 1916, anticipating his imminent death, Ivan Yakovlevich Franko draws up a will, in which he asks to transfer all his handwritten works, along with his own library, to the Scientific Society named after. T.G. Shevchenka. May 28, 1916 Ivan Franko died. Three days later, the truna with his body was temporarily placed in the crypt. But the “temporary” lasted for 10 years, only after this period the remains of the great writer were transferred to the Lichakiv cemetery in Lviv. A monument was built on the grave of Ivan Frank with a stone worker carved on it. This monument can still be seen today.

Franko Ivan Yakovlevich (1856-1916) - Ukrainian writer and poet, scientist. He led the revolutionary movement in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. On his initiative, the “Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party” was created in Austria. For his creative achievements, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915, but due to the death of the writer, his candidacy was not considered. The city of Ivano-Frankovsk (formerly Stanislav) and the urban-type settlement of Ivano-Frankovo ​​(formerly Yanov) are named in his honor in Ukraine.

Childhood

Ivan was born on August 27, 1856 into a wealthy peasant family in the village of Naguevichi, Lviv region. My father worked as a blacksmith. Mom belonged to the Kulchitsky noble family and was 33 years younger than her husband.

Ivan later described his early childhood in his works as his happiest years. In 1865, his father died. Mom got married for the second time. His stepfather, Grin Gavrilik, treated little Vanya as his own son and actually replaced his dad. Franco was then friends with his stepfather until the end of his life.

School and gymnasium

Little Vanya began studying in 1862 at a rural school in Naguevichi, but then he was transferred to a school in the neighboring village of Yasenitsa-Solnaya.

Two years later, Ivan’s mother and stepfather sent him to the city of Drohobych, where he continued his studies at the school at the Basilian Monastery. Their distant relative Koshitskaya lived on the outskirts of Drohobych, the boy settled in her apartment. The owners had a carpentry workshop, and Ivan often had to spend the night in wooden coffins.

In 1867, Franko entered the gymnasium (now it is the Drohobych Pedagogical University). The entire period of study in schools and gymnasium was subsequently vividly reflected in the writer’s autobiographical stories:

• "Pencil";
• "In the carpentry";
• "Calligraphy";
• "Gritseva school science".

In them, the writer showed the atmosphere of schools of that time, when corporal punishment and moral humiliation of students were used. From Franco's works it is clear how difficult it was for a gifted boy from a simple peasant family to get an education.

In 1872, Ivan’s mother died. He loved her very much and later dedicated his memories to this woman in poems: “Nasty things on the border”, “Song and practice”.

Ivan was then raised by his stepfather and stepmother. The teenager came to them during the summer holidays, helped with field work, and tended cattle. And although these people were actually strangers to him, to Ivan staying with them seemed like paradise compared to the gymnasium. The child suffered mental trauma for the rest of his life from uneducated and rude teachers who indulged the children of the rich and tortured ordinary village boys. Forever, Franco took from the gymnasium hatred of human oppression.

Despite all the bullying from teachers, both at school and at the gymnasium, Franco was the first among the students. Already during his studies, his phenomenal abilities manifested themselves: he knew the entire “Kobzar” by Taras Shevchenko by heart, he could repeat the teacher’s hour-long lecture to the children verbatim after a lesson, and he did his homework on the Polish language in poetic form.

Ivan read a lot, mainly books on history and cultural studies, natural science works, and European literature. He absorbed the content of the works he read very deeply, and, as it turned out later, he remembered all the books until the end of his life. Franco collected a fairly decent library for a high school student; it contained about 500 copies of books in different languages.

While still studying at the gymnasium, Ivan took up poetic translations of Western European (Polish, German, French) and ancient writers (Euripides and Sophocles), the Bible, and carried out these works in his native Little Russian language. The Galician poet Marianne Shashkevich and the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko had a great influence on the teenager. Through their poems, he comprehended all the beauty and richness of the Ukrainian language. Franko began collecting folk songs and legends; in 1874 he made his first independent trip to the Subcarpathian region, where he recorded samples of folklore.

University

In July 1875, Franko graduated from high school with excellent marks, received a certificate of maturity and went to Lviv to continue his studies at the university. Here he entered the Faculty of Philosophy. To the best of their abilities, Ivan was helped by his stepfather and stepmother. He was also provided with financial assistance by the Galician linguist, professor of the Ukrainian language Emelyan Osipovich Partitsky, who at that time worked in Lvov at a teachers’ seminary.

During this period, Franco wrote many poems, which he began publishing in the university student magazine “Friend”:

• "My song";
• "Folk song";
• “Petria and Dovbuschuk” (his first big story).

Ivan joined the student academic circle, and in the magazine “Friend” he became not only an author, but also an employee. Soon he was the most influential person in the magazine's editorial office.

Having begun cooperation with the Lvov magazine “Friends”, Franko published in it a translation of N. G. Chernyshevsky’s work “What is to be done?”. The authorities did not like such democratic activities, and in 1877 he, along with members of the editorial board, was arrested and spent about nine months in prison.

After his arrest, Ivan was unable to continue his studies at the university; he graduated from the educational institution only fifteen years later, when he defended his dissertation.

Creative and social activities

After leaving prison, Franco and his comrades began publishing a new magazine, Public Leisure.

Here the poet published his patriotic poems:

• “To comrades from prison”;
• “Patriotic events”;
• story "Boa constrictor";
• "Kamenari";
• “My strіcha with Oleksa”;
• “Thought about Naum Bezumovich.”

In 1878, Franco headed the workers' newspaper "Praca", which published the social program "What does the Galician community want?" and his famous poem "Anthem" ("The Eternal Revolutionary").

In 1880, Ivan twice visited the Drohobych prison, which he later described in the story “At the Depths.”

Since 1881, Franco worked in the magazines “Svet”, “Delo”, “Zarya”. In them he published his stories “Zakhar Berkut” and “Borislav laughs”, as well as revolutionary poetry, which was later included in his famous collection “From Peaks and Lowlands”.

The poet really dreamed of having his own magazine; he traveled to Kyiv twice in the hope of receiving financial assistance from the literary community. But the Kyiv liberals only deceived him, making empty promises.

In 1889, Franco was arrested again, accused of trying to separate part of Galicia from Austria and annex it to Russia.

In 1893, the poet defended his dissertation and received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In Lvov, he opened a “scientific reading room”, where he himself gave lectures on political economy and the history of the revolutionary struggle.

In 1898, Ivan became editor of the Lviv magazine “Literary and Scientific Newsletter”.

At the same time, he did not forget for a minute about his main calling - to write poetry. Every two years his new poetry collection was published:

• 1896 – “The leaves are yawning”;
• 1898 – “My Izmaragd”;
• 1900 – “From the Days of Zhurby” and the wonderful story “Crossing Stitches”.

In 1905, in honor of the revolution, Franco wrote the famous poem “Moses” and the poem “Conquistadori”.

Personal life

In 1885, Ivan first came to Kyiv. He knew and heard a lot about the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral, St. Andrew's Church, and now he saw all this with his own eyes. He walked around the city with friends and told them the history of Kievan Rus. Franco came to Kyiv to raise funds for a new literary magazine. But it turned out that it was here that he met his wife.

Olga Khoruzhinskaya is an orphan from an impoverished family of nobles, originally from the Kharkov province, an ardent “sweatshirt” by conviction. She studied at the Kharkov Institute of Noble Maidens. Olya was pretty and funny, full of energy and cheerful humor, played the piano excellently and knew several languages ​​(English, German, French).

She seemed to Franco a worthy candidate for the role of wife. Moreover, for almost ten years he could not find a wife among the Galician girls. He set too high demands for his future life partner: first of all, Ukrainian and with a higher education, good-looking and with advanced views on family and marriage, and she must definitely be his assistant and friend.

Khoruzhinskaya immediately drew attention to his Western culture and deep intellect. Before leaving, Franco wrote her a long letter in which he shared his views on family life. And in the next letter he invited Olya to become his wife, but did not write a word about love.

In May 1886, Franco married Khoruzhinskaya in Kyiv in the St. Paul's Church. Immediately after the feast, the newlyweds went to Lviv and spent their wedding night on the train.

In the fall of 1887, their first child, Andryusha, was born. Then, one after another, Taras, Petrus and Gandzia appeared.

Four children needed to be clothed and fed, and there was always not enough money. Many years of poverty eventually led to severe mental disorders in Olga. And in 1913, their first son Andrei died. As a child, he suffered a head injury, but despite this, he graduated from Lviv University and defended his doctoral dissertation, helping his father with his work. However, the consequences of childhood trauma affected later, Andrei died during an epileptic attack. After this, the mother was admitted to a psychiatric clinic.

Franco became disillusioned with family life; he wrote to his friend that if he had another wife, life would have turned out completely differently. He took a mistress - Mrs. Zygmuntovskaya, a widow with two children, whom he took into full support. But he soon broke up with her too.

Illness and death

In 1908, the poet fell ill. Heavy loads and nervous strain led to the failure of both arms. He went to Croatia for treatment and there was improvement. But as soon as Ivan returned to work, his health deteriorated. Periodically, he underwent treatment in Odessa, Kyiv, and the Carpathians. When relief came, he immediately got to work.

In 1915, his health deteriorated so much that the poet began to foresee his death. In March 1916, he wrote a will, according to which he asked to transfer his entire library and handwritten works to the scientific society named after Taras Shevchenko.

Ivan Franko died on May 28, 1916. The death was difficult; there was no one nearby. The First World War was going on, son Taras was in captivity, Petrus was at the front, and daughter Ganna worked in Kyiv in a hospital. The writer was buried in Lvov at the Lychakiv cemetery. There is a monument with a stone carved on the grave.

After graduating from school, he studied at the gymnasium and worked along the way to ensure his life after the death of his parents. Higher education in the biography of Ivan Frank began in 1875 at the University of Lvov. There he joined the “Muscovophile party.”

In 1877 he was arrested, spent 9 months in captivity, and was never able to finish his studies at the university. In his further biography, Franco was under arrest twice more - in 1880, 1889.

During his imprisonment he collected significant material for his works. The fire of struggle against injustice flared up in the writer’s soul, which was reflected in his novels. From 1885 to 1887, Franco worked as editor-in-chief of the publication Zorya. His collection “The Peaks and Lowlands”, the story “Mission”, “The Plague” gained great popularity among the people.

Also, the biography of Ivan Frank is known as an active public and political figure. Together with Pavlik, he organized a party of strict democrats - the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party, and for a long time published the publication “The People”. In 1893, Frank’s lyric collection “Withered Leaves” was published. Around the same year, he again devoted himself to teaching.

For his research on Mickiewicz, Ivan Franko was banned from publishing in Poland. Having begun to collaborate with the Shevchenko Society, Franko began working as editor of the Literary-Scientific Bulletin.

Since then he has published many scientific works. The great Ukrainian writer died in 1916 in poverty.

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1856 1916

Having entered 1875

1877

1880 year and one more and 1889

1883

Ivan Yakovlevich Franko (Ukrainian Ivan Yakovych Franko; August 27 1856 , With. Naguevichi, Drohobych district, Galicia - May 28 1916 , Lvov) - an outstanding representative of Ukrainian literature of the 19th-20th centuries, writer, poet, fiction writer, scientist, publicist and activist in the revolutionary socialist movement in western Ukraine. One of the initiators of the founding of the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party, which operated in Austria.

Born into the family of a peasant blacksmith; In his stories, he depicts the first years of his childhood in the lightest colors. The father died before his son graduated from the Drohobych Basilian “normal” school; but his stepfather, also a peasant, took care of continuing his education. Soon Franco’s mother also died, so for the summer he came to someone else’s family - and yet staying there seemed like paradise to the boy in comparison with school, where rude and uneducated teachers, pampering the children of the rich, inhumanly tortured the children of poor parents; According to Ivan Franko, he learned his hatred of the oppression of one person by another from a normal school. Both here and later at the gymnasium, he was the first student; in the summer, the high school student tended cattle and helped in field work; he wrote poetic translations from the Bible, ancient and Western European writers, which he was then engaged in, in the popular Little Russian language.

Having entered 1875 year at Lvov University, Franco joined the student circle of the so-called Muscovite party, which was then still strong in Galicia; this pseudo-Russian party nourishes, under the name of love for Russia, exclusively love for its reactionary and dark elements, has absolutely no knowledge of Russian literature and, in its contempt for the Little Russian peasants, writes in the so-called “paganism”, that is, a language representing a mixture of Russian Tredyakovism with Polish and Little Russian words. In this language, Franco began to publish his poems and the long fantasy novel “Detrii and Doboschuk” in the style of Hoffmann in the organ of Muscovophile students “Friend”.

Under the influence of the letters of the Kiev professor Mikhail Drahomanov, the youth, grouped around “Friend,” became acquainted with Russian literature of the era of great reforms and Russian writers in general, and became imbued with democratic ideals, after which they chose the language of their Galician demos - Little Russian - as the instrument of their literary speech; Thus, Little Russian literature received Franco into its ranks, along with many other talented workers. Enraged by the massive loss of youth, old Muscovophiles, especially the editor of the extremely retrograde “Slovo” V. Ploshchansky, turned to the Austrian police with denunciations against the editors of “Friend”. Its members in 1877 everyone was arrested, and Ivan Franko spent 9 months in prison, in the same room with thieves and tramps, in terrible hygienic conditions. Upon his release from prison, the entire Galician obscurantist society turned away from him as a dangerous person - not only Muscovophiles, but also the so-called Narodovtsy, that is, Ukrainianophile nationalists of the older generation, with bourgeois or Uniate-clerical convictions. Franco also had to leave the university (he graduated from the university course 15 years later, when he was preparing for a professorship).

Both this stay in prison and the second imprisonment in 1880 year and one more and 1889 year, they closely introduced Franco to various types of the scum of society and the working poor, driven by poverty and exploitation to prison, and provided him with a number of topics for fiction works, which were published mainly in the magazines of the Drahoman style he edited; They constituted Franco's main glory and immediately began to be translated into other languages. Among them, the following stand out: a cycle of stories from the life of proletarian workers and rich entrepreneurs in the oil fields in Borislav; stories from the lives of thieves and former people, imbued with a humane attitude to human dignity; stories and tales from the life of Jews that are alien to religious and national antagonism (translated into Russian several times; poetic poems from the life of Jews seeking truth).

The prison is also inspired by cycles of lyrical works, some of which, deeper and more talented, but less popular, are full of idealistic sadness based on broad universal motives, while others, which have become extremely popular, energetically and effectively call on society to fight against social (class and economic) ) untruths. Franco also showed talent in the field of objective historical novel: his “Zakhar Berkut” ( 1883 , from the time of the Tatar invasion of the 13th century) received a prize even at the competition of the national-bourgeois magazine “Zorya”, which did not see in it the “naturalism of Zola” (pseudo-classics and scholastics - the Galicians always leveled this reproach against Franco). In Ukraine, this novel attracted serious attention from readers to its author, who was so different from the hardened majority of Galicians, and marked the beginning of closer communication between Ivan Yakovlevich and the Ukrainians of Russia.

Galicians also could not help but recognize the brilliant talent behind Franco’s “naturalistic” and “radical” works, despite the fact that these works contained a challenge to the entire inert, unenlightened bourgeois-clerical Galician society; Franco's enormous reading, literary education and awareness of political-social and political-economic issues prompted the people to seek Franco's cooperation in their bodies.

‎ Little by little, peaceful relations were established between Ivan Franko and the people, and 1885 year, he was even invited by them to become the editor-in-chief of their literary and scientific organ “Zorya”. For two years F. led “Zorya” very successfully, recruited all the most talented writers from Russian Ukraine into its staff, and expressed his conciliatory attitude towards the Uniate clergy in his beautiful poem “Panski Zharti” (“Barbarian Jokes”), in which the image of the old rural a priest who lays down his life for his sheep. However, in 1887 g. the most zealous clerics and bourgeois insisted on F.'s removal from the editorial board; Other people's people also did not like F.'s excessive love for Russian writers (F. personally translated a lot from Russian and published a lot), in which Little Russian chauvinism sensed Muscolephilism.

F. found the highest sympathy among the Little Russians of Ukraine, where his collection of poems: “From the heights and valleys” (“From the heights and valleys”, 1887 ; 2nd ed., 1892 ) was copied and memorized by many, and a collection of stories from the life of working people: “In the Poti Chola” ( 1890 ); there is a Russian translation of “By the sweat of your brow”, St. Petersburg, 1901 ), brought to Kyiv in the amount of several hundred copies, was sold out in great demand. He began to publish some things in “Kievskaya Starina”, under the pseudonym “Miron”; but even in Galicia the people’s people inevitably continued to seek his cooperation and published, for example, his anti-Jesuit story “Mission” (“Vatra”, 1887 ). Its sequel, “Plague” (“Dawn”, 1889 ; 3rd ed. - “Vik”, Kyiv, 1902 ), was supposed to reconcile the people with F., since the hero of the story is an extremely sympathetic Uniate priest; F.'s participation in the nationalist magazine Pravda also foreshadowed peace; but took place in 1890 The agreement of the Galician peoples with the Polish gentry, the Jesuits and the Austrian government forced F., Pavlik and all the progressive Little Russians of Galicia to separate into a completely special party (see Galician-Russian movement, volume VII).

By agreement 1890 (this is the so-called “new era”) the Little Russian language acquired very important advantages in Austria in public life and school, up to and including the university, but the Little Russian intelligentsia was obliged to sacrifice the interests of the peasants, support the union with Rome and suppress Russophilia. The party of strict democrats, organized by F. and Pavlik to counterbalance the “new era,” adopted the name “Russian-Ukrainian radical party”; its organ "People" ( 1890 -95), in which F. wrote a lot of journalistic articles, existed until Drahomanov’s death (he sent articles from Sofia, where he was then a professor); Now, instead of “The People”, this very strengthened party has other newspapers and magazines.

The “people” preached selfless devotion to the interests of the peasantry, and considered the introduction of communal land ownership and artels to be a useful means for raising peasant well-being; the ideals of German socialism were often presented to the “People” as something barracks-like, “like the Arakcheevsky military settlements” (Drahomanov’s words), the Marxist theory of promoting the proletarianization of the masses was inhuman; F. ended up popularizing (in Life and Words) English Fabianism. In religious terms, the “People” were an ardent enemy of the union and demanded freedom of conscience. In terms of nationality, the “People” held on to the Little Russian language just as tightly as the “New Erists,” and considered its use obligatory for the Little Russian intelligentsia, but derived this necessity from purely democratic motives and proclaimed the fight against chauvinism and Russ-eating. In the polemics of “People” against the narrowly nationalistic “Pravda”, the most caustic articles belonged to F.; the volume of political poems he published (“Nimechchina”, “Donkey Vibori”, etc.) irritated the nationalists even more. F.'s intensive journalistic activities and leadership of the radical party were carried out completely free of charge; they had to earn their living through hard paid work in Polish newspapers. Therefore, in the first two years of the publication of “The People,” F.’s fictional work and his scientific studies almost ceased; F.’s time free from journalism and politics was only enough for short lyric poems (in 1893 The collection "Withered Leaves" - "Withered Leaves" - is published - a tender melancholic love content, with the motto for the reader: Sei ein Mann und folge mir nicht).

Near 1893 Mr. F. suddenly devotes himself primarily to academic pursuits, enrolls again at Lvov University, where he is nominated by Professor Ogonovsky to succeed him in the department of Old Russian and Little Russian literature, then completes his historical and philological education at the University of Vienna at the seminaries of Academician Yagich, publishes ( 1894 ) extensive research on John Vyshensky and a doctoral dissertation: “Varlaam and Yossaf”, published (with 1894 d.) literary, historical and folklore magazine “Life i Slovo”, publishes Old Russian manuscripts, etc. 1895 g., after F.’s successful introductory lecture at Lvov University, the professorial senate elected him to the department of Little Russian and Old Russian literature, and F. could rejoice that he finally had the opportunity to throw off the “yoke of corvée” (as he called compulsory work in Polish newspapers for the sake of a piece of bread for himself and his family) and devote himself entirely to his native science and literature. However, the Galician governor, Count Casimir Badeni, did not allow a man “who had been in prison three times” to be confirmed as a professor.

F.’s heavy pessimistic mood was expressed in his collection of poems: “My Izmaragd” ( 1898 , compiled on the model of the ancient Russian “Izmaragds”); in one of the poems, the tormented poet declared that he was unable to love his inert, unenergetic nation, but would simply be faithful to it, like a yard dog that is faithful to its master, although it does not love him. F. depicted the depravity of the Polish-gentry society in the novels “Fundamentals of Sustainability” = “Pillars of Society”, “For the Home Fire” = “For the Sake of the Family Hearth” 1898 ) and others. Such works as “Fundamentals of Sustainability” were interpreted by F.’s Polish enemies in the sense of condemning not only the Polish nobility, but also the entire Polish people.

F. paid the most for his research on Mickiewicz, on the occasion of his anniversary: ​​“Der Dichter des Verraths” (in the Viennese magazine “Zeit”). The general indignation of Polish society denied him access to Polish newspapers and magazines, even of the most impartial shade. The source of livelihood remained work in German, Czech, and Russian magazines (“Kievskaya Starina”, “Northern Courier”), but this casual income was not enough, and the poet at one time was threatened with blindness from a dark apartment and starvation with his family.

Just at this time, the “Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv”, under the chairmanship of Professor Grushevsky, acquired a progressive character and launched several series of scientific and literary publications; work in these publications began to be paid and F.S. was brought in as one of the main workers 1898 he is the editor of the Literary-Scientific Bulletin, the best Little Russian magazine published by the Shevchenko Society; Most of his fiction, poetic, critical and historical-literary works are published here. His novel “Cross Stitches” = “Cross Paths” ( 1900 ) depicts the thorny life of an honest Rusyn public figure in Galicia, whose energy must largely be spent fighting petty squabbles and the intrusion of political enemies into his personal life. A lyrical recollection of the sad past experienced is a collection of poems: “From the days of zhurbi” = “From the days of sorrow” ( 1900 ). F.'s scientific works on history, literature, archeology, ethnography, etc. are published in the "Notes" of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and - as monographs - in numerous "Proceedings" of the society's section, one of which F. is the chairman. An incomplete list of only the titles written by F., compiled by M. Pavlik, formed a voluminous book (Lvov, 1898 ).

F.'s 25th literary anniversary was solemnly celebrated in 1899 Little Russians of all parties and countries. The best Little Russian writers of Russia and Austria, regardless of direction, dedicated the collection to F.: “Privit” ( 1898 ). Some of F.'s works have been translated into German, Polish, Czech and - mainly recently - Russian.