Complex sentence. Communication facilities of the SPP parts

The sentences in the text are interconnected both in meaning and grammatically. A grammatical connection means that the forms of words depend on other words in the neighboring sentence, which are consistent with each other.

Lexical means of communication:

Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word.
Around the city, forests spread across the low hills, mighty and untouched. In the forests there were large meadows and remote lakes with huge old pine trees along the banks.
Similar words.
Of course, such a master knew his worth, felt the difference between himself and a less talented person, but he also knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more talented person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign of talent. (V. Belov)
Synonyms.
We saw a moose in the forest. Sokhaty walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone.
Antonyms.
Nature has many friends. She has significantly fewer enemies.
Descriptive phrases.
They built a highway. A noisy, fast-moving river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)
Grammatical means of communication:

Personal pronouns.
1) And now I’m listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He coos like a wild dove. 2) The call for forest protection should be addressed primarily to young people. She should live and manage this land, she should decorate it. (L. Leonov) 3) He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His arrival delighted and frightened his mother. (A. Chekhov)
2) demonstrative pronouns 1) A dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated above the village. Such stars appear only in autumn. (V. Astafiev) 2) The corncrakes screamed with a distant, sweet twitch. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; they were preserved forever by pure vision. (B. Zaitsev) – in the second text the means of communication are lexical repetition and the demonstrative pronoun “these”.
Pronominal adverbs (there, so, then, etc.)
He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. That’s what he did (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”).
Conjunctions (mostly coordinating)
It was May 1945. Spring thundered. The people and the land rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. And joy flew into the sky like lights. (A. Alekseev). With the same chatter and laughter, the officers hastily began to get ready; again they put the samovar on dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron” (L.N. Tolstoy)
Particles
Introductory words and constructions (in one word, so, firstly, etc.)
The young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted for Russia the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine. In short, the society was quite disgusting. (A. Pushkin).
Unity of tense forms of verbs - the use of identical forms of grammatical tense, which indicate simultaneity or sequence of situations.
Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The wise men of that time praised Napoleon with fanatical servility and joked about our failures. (A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense.
Incomplete sentences and ellipsis that refer to previous elements of the text:
Gorkin cuts the bread and distributes the slices. He puts it on me too: it’s huge, you’ll cover your whole face (I. Shmelev)
Syntactic parallelism is the identical construction of several adjacent sentences.
To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture. (D. Likhachev)

I. The main syntactic means of communication in a complex sentence are special connecting elements. This subordinating conjunctions, allied words and correlative words (indicative words, correlates).

Subordinating conjunctions simple ( what, so, although, if, how, as if etc.) and compound ( because, since, meanwhile, despite the fact that etc.) are placed in the subordinate clause, are not its members, but serve only to connect the subordinate clause and the main one: Tsvetukhin came up with the idea of going to a rooming house to study types, because the theater was preparing “At the Lower Depths”(Fed.). Subordinating conjunctions are divided into semantic and syntactic. Semantic conjunctions(unambiguous) accurately indicate one or another type of relationship ( although, for, since, so). Syntactic(multi-valued) conjunctions do not unambiguously indicate a certain type of relationship, they only express the dependence of one part on the other ( what, to, how and etc.). They can be used in complex sentences of different meanings: We knew he would return. We begged him to come back. I'm ashamed that he came back. The 1st sentence expresses object relations, the 2nd sentence expresses degrees and consequences, and the 3rd sentence expresses causal relationships. Subordinating conjunctions are simple in composition (if, what, although, how) and compound ( because, after, in order to).

In addition to conjunctions in a complex sentence there may be allied words.

Conjunctive words- these are relative pronouns and adverbs that serve to attach the subordinate part to the main part, because These are parts of speech, then they are members of the sentence in the subordinate part and provide a closer connection between the parts than conjunctions. Among the allied words ( who, what, how, which, which, whose, where, where, whence, when, why, why, why, how much, so much) there are homonymous conjunctions, there are few of them - what, how, when; but they must be distinguished from the corresponding conjunctions.

1. Conjunctive words what how differ from conjunctions in that logical stress falls on them. You can ask a semantic question about them and determine which member of the sentence they are;

2. They cannot be removed from a sentence without violating its meaning;

3. They can be replaced with a synonymous allied word.

4. When delimiting a conjunctive word When and union When one should rely on the meaning of the subordinate parts that they attach: subordinate parts of time, conditions, concessions are joined by a conjunction When , and subordinate attributive and explanatory clauses, as a rule, are a conjunction word When: He came in to the farm when division seed bread was in full swing– the subordinate clause has the meaning of time, therefore When– union. It can be replaced by a synonymous conjunction while. He asked when there will be a meeting. – Explanatory clause.

5. Particular attention should be paid to the syntactic function of the conjunction word which, because Most often, a mistake is made here.

6. It may be subject, predicate, object, circumstance, inconsistent definition.

7. To more easily determine its function, you need to find out what word it replaces and substitute this word instead of the allied word: The house I live in. Union word in which used instead of the word house - in the house I live, in which - circumstance of place.

· I remembered, what yesterday happened. (On word what The logical stress drops and a semantic question can be posed to it (what happened?). This word functions as the subject. If it is removed, the meaning of the sentence will change: I remembered: it happened yesterday. What happened? Unknown.

· I know, how it is possible to solve this problem.(On word how the logical stress falls, a semantic question can be raised to it How? how? This word performs the function of a circumstance of an action. Eliminating it changes the meaning of the sentence. Union word How can be replaced with a combination how.

· And finally comes That hour, When the tale is told on paper. – What time is it? – adverbial attribute, therefore When is a conjunction word. It cannot be eliminated, because otherwise the meaning of the sentence will change.

Conjunctive words can be different members of a subordinate clause depending on their form and semantics.

Correlative words (indicative words, correlates)– these are defining and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs ( there, there, that, such, from there, then, so, as much as etc.). These words are found in the main part of a complex sentence and complete it, but, not being full-fledged words, do not express the meaning itself, but only signal that this meaning is expressed in the subordinate part that follows. These correlative words are like harbingers and intermediaries between the subordinate part and the main part. At the same time, the very presence of this word in the main part deprives the main part of its independence and forces you to wait for the continuation of the sentence: But I did what I thought was necessary.

In SPPs of a dissected structure, correlative words move to the subordinate part and merge with the subordinating conjunction, while complex conjunctions of more subtle meanings arise:

– correlative word So merges with the union How or What, forming complex alliances since, so;

- in unions because, because, in order to final merging of the correlative word with conjunctions what to did not happen, so parallel use of words is possible because, therefore, for that either as correlative words in the main part, or as part of complex conjunctions: The apple trees are gone because of mice ate all the bark. Petersburg became even more unpleasant that's why that Nekhaeva lived in it.

– correlative words can be used both in the main part and merged with conjunctions, forming complex conjunctions: since, while, as long as: We went home After that, as the detachment stopped in the city center. After The sun rose and I dozed off again.

- in a concessionary alliance although the demonstrative word usually merges with the conjunction.

II. In addition to conjunctions, allied and correlative words, other means can serve as indicators of syntactic relations between parts of the dictionary: the order of the parts, the ratio of verb forms included in the main and subordinate parts, intonation, the lexical-morphological nature of the word to which the subordinate part belongs, some special lexical elements.

Sequence order parts of a complex sentence of different types are not the same: it can be strictly defined or free. For some joint ventures, parts can be rearranged and even one part can be inserted into another. This is an offer flexible structure: By evening he learned that Dolinnik had been arrested by the Petliurists.(N.Ost.). He learned that Dolinnik had been arrested by the Petliurists in the evening. He learned that Dolinnik had been arrested by the Petliurists in the evening.

In other NGNs, parts either cannot be rearranged, or one part cannot be inserted into another. These are suggestions inflexible structure: The room looked as if it had been machine-gunned(Pan.).

1. If the subordinate clause comes after the main one, then it extends the main one by indicating the reason, condition, time, purpose and other adverbial meanings: I hired myself as an apprentice to him, since I had nothing to live on.

2. If the subordinate part comes before the main part, then the message contained in it precedes the message contained in the main part, influences it, as if causes it. The main part in this case does not have an independent character. Both parts turn out to be interdependent, having more complex relationships: Ivan Petrovich stayed at the hotel, because I didn't want to bother my friends(causal). Because Ivan Petrovich, did not want to disturb his friends, he was staying at a hotel(subordinate part - causal, main part - consequences).

3. If the subordinate part is in interposition, that is, in the middle of the main part, breaking it, then this part is close in value to the insertion structure: A man (if he is a real man) is not capable of sensibly calculating in love.

Correlation of verb forms parts of a complex sentence is also an additional means of connecting them.

The aspectual and tense forms of the verbs of the first part of the sentence (regardless of whether it is main or subordinate) usually presuppose certain forms of the second part. Yes, in a sentence The leaf came off and flew away only on the third day in the evening, when from behind the Dnieper steeps a thunderstorm wind hit my face and lightning, overtaking each other, began to strike the blackened water(Paust.) verbs of the main part came off And flew away in the past tense form the same grammatical meanings of the verbs of the subordinate clause correspond (other forms in the second part of the sentence are not possible).

The temporal and modal plans of the predicative parts in the SP are in a certain relationship. For example, to express simultaneity relations in complex sentences with the conjunction And verb- predicate in predicative parts there should be imperfect form: Glistened the sea is all in bright light, and the waves are menacing on the shore fought.

When expressing the meaning of an unreal condition and consequence in the SP verb- predicate must be in the subjunctive form: If only you had arrived earlier, we would have made it to the theater in time. If you had arrived earlier, we would have made it to the theater.

There are a number of restrictions on the use of temporary and modal forms in subordinate clauses. So, in subordinate clauses the verb- predicate can only be in the past tense or infinitive form, because presence in the union to particles would prevents the use of verbs in the form of other tenses in these subordinate parts.

Some special ones sometimes act as a means of communication in the structure of a complex sentence. lexical items. This is typical for complex sentences with such structural elements as as for... then; The fact is that... Verb touch and noun case in such constructions they lose their basic lexical meaning and turn into purely connecting elements: The fact is that there is nothing more practical in the world than those fantasies that only a few now dream of(Cupr.).

A constructive indicator is lexico-morphological character of the word, to which the subordinate part belongs ( contact words). Thus, nouns, when distributed, require a attributive part, and verbs, short adjectives, impersonal predicative words - an explanatory part: After tea they began to discuss how to fill this cheerfully begun day.(M.G.); Green wanted to please the old man, who had already come to terms with the idea that Alexander’s son had turned out to be a worthless tramp(Paust.).

The role of intonation as a means of constructing a complex sentence is that it combines its parts into a single whole. No matter how many parts a complex sentence consists of, the intonation of the end is characteristic only of its last part.

Thus, the structure of a complex sentence is determined both by syntactic means of communication and partly by the lexical-morphological properties of the words involved in its construction.

The subordinating relationship is expressed in certain formal indicators - subordinating conjunctions and relative (conjunctive) words.
The difference between conjunctions and allied words is that a conjunction is a function word, used in this case only to connect the predicative parts of a complex sentence, while a conjunction word is a significant word that also serves for this purpose, but also functions as a member of the sentence (subordinate part): They understood other_ug__other_ha__by_ ShRmu. despair, which they read in each other’s words (A. Kuprin). Instead of a conjunctive word, you can put another significant word, which is often found in the main part, for example: “which we read in each other’s eyes” - “we read despair in each other’s eyes.”
In Russian, what, how, when can act both as a conjunction and as a conjunctive word:

Union word

Union

What

In subordinate clauses (that = which):

Where can we find a word that will dry a widow’s tears (A. Surkov); The children fed the colorful greedy ducks that were tumbling in the ink hole (A. Akhmatova).

In explanatory clauses, if it has logical stress, it indicates

on the subject, is the subject or object:
What happened to Nekhlyudov is what often happens to people living a spiritual life (L. Tolstoy); The chairman asked Mitya what he could say about this testimony (F. Dostoevsky).

In other cases: The violin jerked, begging, and suddenly burst into tears so childishly, lt;Dtf the drum could not stand it (V. Mayakovsky); And on this gloomy land I am happy because I breathed and lived (S. Yesenin); Nothing, little dove Eurydice,lt;DtOgt; We have a cold winter (O. Mandelstam); But I feel that our muses are friendly with a carefree and captivating friendship (A. Akhmatova).

When

In subordinate clauses: And Mitya remembered for a long time one day at the end of March, when he rode horseback into the field for the first time (I. Bunin); There is twilight of the soul when the object of desire is gloomy (M. Lermontov).
In subordinate clauses, if they do not have

In adverbial clauses of time: Masha was just about to go to the door, (when) Shmelev stopped her (K. Simonov); I sat

at the window and was drawing a plan for a forest dacha, when Yarmola (A. Kuprin) entered the room.

In adverbial clauses: I hanged myself

	Union word	Union
	shade of the condition: Mother fell asleep and did not hear when Rybin left (M. Gorky); Word by word I had to tell him when and why I ran away from the orphanage (V. Kaverin); The doctor wanted to know when the boy ended up in the ocean, but a conversation with the patient turned out to be absolutely impossible (K. Stanyukovich).	if only out of melancholy, lt;krVa) if only she was at least a little like her (I. Krylov); What is the benefit of such a teaching (when) there is no fear in a person (A. Kuprin). 3. In explanatory clauses, if they have a connotation of condition (when = if)". Replacement, Omgda) you have a friend, but it’s absolutely great (if) the friend and his wife are accepted as relatives in your family (Yu. Nagibin) .
How	How = how much: In Chisinau, in winter, or more precisely in December, I suddenly heard birds singing at dawn (Yu. Levitansky) (how much); You could guess how carefree they were (V. Astafiev) (how carefree). How = in what way: Do you want to know how it all happened? (A. Akhmatova); Do you remember how they saw you off to war? (Yu. Levitansky).	In other cases: The slate on the roof crumbled from the heat and shot out with these crumbs, (like) nuts shoot and bounce on a hot frying pan (V. Rasputin); My verse, through the labor of many years, will break through and appear weightily, roughly, visibly, (as) in our days a water supply system, built by the slaves of Rome, has entered our days (V. Mayakovsky); And you will live on earth, $sakgt; Blind worms live (M. Gorky).

The parts of a complex sentence are in a semantic and structural relationship. The independence of the main part is relative: often the main part needs a subordinate clause with it.
Depending on whether the subordinate part refers to the entire main part or explains only the word or phrase in it, two types of complex sentences are distinguished: complex sentences of a dissected structure (bivocal); complex sentences of undivided structure (monomial).
In the first type, the connection between the parts of the sentence is quite free, since the main part of a two-member sentence expresses a relatively complete thought, can exist without a subordinate clause, and structurally does not require its distribution in general and the distribution of a certain subordinate part in particular. For example, in the sentence the Doctor did not like our household because it prevented us from arguing (A. Chekhov), the main part expresses a relatively complete thought and can exist without a subordinate clause, the use of a subordinate clause with the meaning of reason depends on the specific purpose of the statement. The same main part freely attaches other types of subordinate clauses (cf.: The Doctor did not like our economy, although he found it quite tolerable; The Doctor did not like our economy, which he did not hide at all). The relationships between the parts are formed as syntactic ones, since the subordinate part does not depend on the morphological composition of the main part. The means of communication of a binomial sentence are semantic conjunctions: temporary, causal, conditional, etc. Binomial sentences include complex sentences with subordinate clauses of time, place, connecting, cause, effect, comparative, conditional, concessive, purpose: When Elizaveta Sergeevna spoke, his face flashed with delight (M. Gorky); She was excited, as if she had just received the most joyful news in her life (V. Soloukhin).
In complex sentences of an undivided structure (single-term), the subordinate part is attached to one word or phrase in the main part, complementing or specifying this word or phrase. The connection between the parts of a complex sentence is very close, since the subordinate part is a necessary part of the main part, which cannot exist in isolation: it is included in the structure of the main part. For example, in the sentence Hut, where Nakolka lives, stands on a ravine above the Don (M. Sholokhov), the subordinate clause extends the noun hut (cf.: Hut with lodger Nakolka...; Hut with Nakolka lodging in it...). Particularly closely welded together are structures with a main part containing a word that necessarily needs to be extended or specified in meaning: At first, he felt some embarrassment for his wrinkled jacket and stale cap, but then he decided that the front-line soldier, perhaps, had nothing to be ashamed of. appearance (M. Sholokhov) (the subordinate clause that a front-line soldier, perhaps, has nothing to be ashamed of his appearance is structurally necessary, because the verb decided to which the subordinate clause refers requires clarification); I was flattered and pretended that I had not forgotten any of these outlandish names (A. Kuprin) (the subordinate part refers to the indecomposable phrase pretended): Three years have passed since I saw him (M. Gorky) (subordinate clause part refers to a combination of that time, which is unthinkable without a definition, since it has no specific content); Anyone who has experienced a slight dizziness from the first breath of the salty and warm air of the sea coasts will immediately feel the authenticity of Grinov’s landscape (K. Paustovsky) (the demonstrative pronoun that in the main part requires specification, which is carried out by the subordinate part relating to it); As we walked around the city, Nadya suddenly began to notice either an old house, which she had not paid attention to before, or unusual platbands... (V. Soloukhin) (adverbial clauses are used for the purpose of additional characterization).
The relationships between the parts of a single-member sentence are morphological and syntactic, since the function of the subordinate clause depends on the word to which part of speech it is attached; the means of connecting the parts of a single-member sentence are allied words and functional conjunctions, which play a purely syntactic role, without determining the semantic nature of the relationships between the parts. Monomial sentences include complex sentences with subordinate clauses of explanatory, attributive, manner of action, measure and degree.
In terms of their functions, subordinate clauses differ in that some of them fill the missing member of the main part:
And it seemed to him that the steppe was alive (M. Sholokhov); others reveal the meaning of a pronominal word or phrase with a pronominal word in the main part: Grandmother did not understand what he said (A. Fadeev); still others extend the main part as a whole or its predicate: He [Zhenya] took a branch and raked the fire so that it would burn more cheerfully (V. Panova).
The means of connecting parts of a complex sentence can be not only conjunctions and allied words, but also correlative words.
Correlative words are attributive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs that are in the main part of a complex sentence and attach a subordinate part to themselves, which specifies their meaning. Pronominal words usually appear in relation to allied words in the subordinate clause and form correlative pairs with them: that... who, that... which, that... whose, there... where, there... where, then ... when: The one who invented writing was smart (M. Lermontov); As is the master, so is the work (Proverb).
The subordinate part can be attached to a correlative word (or a phrase with a correlative word) in the main part and with the help of a conjunction: The outbuildings were dilapidated and looked as if they had not been touched by caring human hands for many years (M. Sholokhov); He was surprised at his sister; she did not seem so beautiful as to arouse such love in a young man (M. Gorky).
The role of correlative words is structurally different. They are either constructively necessary, since they participate in the organization of the structure of the sentence, or they are not necessary, and then they are used only as emphasis words. Wed: I love and am used to seeing you so holyly pure that even a stain of dirt on your dress casts a black shadow on my soul (M. Gorky). - ... Lopatin noticed that the regiment commissar was one run behind them (K. Simonov). In the first sentence, the correlative word such is constructively necessary, without it the following subordinate clause (with this structure and this semantics) is impossible; in the second, the pronoun is easily omitted without damaging the overall meaning of the sentence, and the main structural feature of the sentence (monomial) is also preserved.
So, a correlative word is necessary:

if in the main part there is a particle (only, only, even, nor, etc.), highlighting the meaning of the subordinate part: A person grows old when he recognizes himself as old (V. Povolyaev);
if the subordinate part is included in a series of homogeneous members when listing: “Perhaps this is my last spring,” thought Lermontov, but immediately began to hastily think about something else - about Shcherbatova, about the fact that the ferry must have already been repaired and in a few hours he will part with her (K. Paustovsky);
if the subordinate part explains a word with which it cannot be directly combined: Once Zakhar Stepanovich was expelled from the fifth grade of the seminary because an inspector found several Darwin books on the table of his apartment (A. Serafimovich).

The function of correlative words can be prepositional-case forms of nouns, the lexical meaning of which coincides with the meaning of the corresponding subordinate clause: at the time when; for the reason that; for the purpose that; so that; to such an extent that; provided that. The possibility of asking such subordinate clauses the question “which?” does not provide grounds for classifying them as attributive, since the named nouns are used in these constructions with a very weakened lexical meaning and natural questions “at what time?”, “for what reason?”, “for what purpose?”, “in what way?” ?”, “to what extent?”, “under what conditions?” confirm the presence of subordinate clauses of time, reason, purpose, mode of action, measure and degree, conditions: General excitement was communicated to Bulanin to such an extent that he even forgot... about the troubles (A. Kuprin); With Sakhalin harvests, the land can produce enough bread, provided there is a lot of it (A. Chekhov).

A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are classified as simple or complex. Both perform their main function in speech - communicative.

Types of complex sentences in Russian

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected to each other using conjunctions or just intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types of complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.

Compound Sentences

Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. Coordinating conjunctions, which are divided into three groups, act as a means of communication. Based on them, the following types of complex sentences with coordinating connections are distinguished.

With connecting conjunctions: AND, ALSO, YES (=AND), ALSO, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, AS...SO AND, YES AND. In this case, parts of compound conjunctions will be located in different simple sentences.

The whole city was already asleep, I Same went home. Soon Anton Not only I re-read all the books in my home library, but also turned to his comrades.

A feature of complex sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( AND thunder roared And the sun was breaking through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled And a dump truck rushed after him) or one follows from the other ( It's already completely dark, And it was necessary to disperse).

With adversative conjunctions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), THEN, THE SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandfather seemed to understand everything, But Grigory had to convince him of the need for the trip for a long time) or comparisons ( Some were fussing in the kitchen, A others started cleaning the garden) between its parts.
With disjunctive conjunctions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, THAT...THAT, EITHER...EITHER. The first two conjunctions can be single or repeating. It was time to get to work, or he would be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Either Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( All day long That the blues took hold, That suddenly there was an inexplicable attack of fun).

Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting conjunctions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.

Main types of complex sentences with subordinating connections

The presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: an allied word, unlike a conjunction, is always a member of a sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew for sure What(union word, you can ask a question) look for me. Tanya completely forgot What(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.

Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The location of the subordinate clause is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.

Types of subordinate clauses in SPP

It is traditional to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, there are three main groups into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.

Subordinate clause type		Question	Means of communication	Example
Definitive			Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc.	There was a house near the mountain, a roof whom* I'm already pretty thin.*
Explanatory		Cases	What (s. and s.w.), how (s. and s.w.), so that, as if, as if, or... or, who, like, etc.	Mikhail didn't understand How* solve the problem of.*
Circumstantial		When? How long?	When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc.	The boy waited until Bye* the sun hasn't set at all.*
		Where? Where? Where?	Where, where, where	Izmestiev put the papers there, Where* no one could find them.*
		Why? From what?	Because, since, for, due to the fact that, etc.	The driver stopped for* the horses suddenly began to snort.*
	Consequences	What follows from this?		By morning it cleared up So the detachment moved on.
		Under what conditions?	If, when (= if), if, once, in case	If the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry.
		For what? For what purpose?	In order to, in order to, in order to, in order to, if only,	Frolov was ready for anything to get this place.
		Despite what? In spite of what?	Although, despite the fact that, even if, for nothing, whoever, etc.	Overall the evening was a success Although* and there were minor shortcomings in its organization.*
	Comparisons	How? Like what?	As if, exactly, as if, just as, as if, just as, as if,	Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if* someone poured them out of a bag.*
	Measures and degrees	To what extent?	What, in order, how, as if, as if, how much, how much	There was such silence What* I felt somehow uneasy.*
	Connection		what (in the oblique case), why, why, why = the pronoun this	There was still no car, from what* The anxiety only grew.*

SPP with several subordinate clauses

Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.

Depending on this, the following methods of connecting simple ones into complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the described structures).

With consistent submission. The next subordinate clause depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, What this day will never end, because There were more and more problems.
With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the entire part) and belong to the same type. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear What it was all just a bluff So what no major decisions were made.
With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and refer to different words (the entire part). Garden, which sowed in May, already produced the first harvest, That's why life became easier.

Non-union complex sentence

The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationships developing between them come to the fore. They are the ones who influence the placement of punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.

Types of non-union complex sentences

The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
The parts are unequal, the second:

reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused concern: (= namely) in the corner someone was rustling persistently);
complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: someone’s figure appeared there);
indicates the reason ( Sveta laughed: (= because) the neighbor’s face was smeared with dirt).

3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This manifests itself in the following:

the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - there is no one anymore);
in the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got up to speed - the opponent immediately remained behind); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you be patient); comparison ( Looks from under his brows - Elena will immediately burn with fire).

JV with different types of communications

Often there are constructions that contain three or more predicative parts. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, allied words or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely presented in fiction) with various types of connections. Mikhail has long wanted to change his life, But Something was constantly stopping him; As a result, the routine bogged him down more and more every day.

The diagram will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:

Lexical means of communication: