The main themes in the works of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin are eternal themes: nature, love, death. Essay “The world of nature in the works of I.A.

Nature! What a capacious word... Everyone imagines something different when they hear this word: a winter forest walk, the sound of falling autumn leaves, cheerful spring drops, a thunderstorm on a summer night. And why? Yes, because nature is an integral part of human life, and only through nature and thanks to it can a person comprehend harmony and beauty in its material manifestation. “And I can comprehend happiness on earth, and in heaven I see God,” this is how M.Yu defined it. Lermontov's process of unity with nature.

Russian writers and poets often turn to pictures of nature in their works. Landscape in works of art plays a different role, but most often it helps to understand the thoughts and feelings of a character. The depiction of nature allows the author to reveal the rich inner life of the characters, who deeply feel the beauty and harmony of the world around them.

One of these writers was I.A. Bunin. “My life,” he wrote, is a reverent and joyful communion of the eternal and the temporary, ... the life of everything that was and is on this earth, so beloved by me.” In 1897, the first collection of the writer’s stories was published, in which all the works are original lyrical miniatures. Masterpieces of Russian prose include such works as “Antonov Apples”, “Late at Night”, “Pines”. The writer is interested in the contradiction between individual human existence with its tragic ending and the feeling of the fullness of life. In this regard, in Bunin’s miniatures, the first place is not the event, but the hero’s state of mind, his experiences, feelings. Of particular importance are landscape details that contribute to changing the inner world, bring harmony, and resolve life’s contradictions.

The story “Antonov Apples” begins with an eeriely fabulous picture of autumn: “In the dark, in the depths of the garden - a fabulous picture: as if in a corner of hell, a crimson flame is burning near a hut, surrounded by darkness, and someone’s black silhouettes, as if carved from ebony, moving around the fire, while giant shadows from them walk across the apple trees.” But this memory is only an impetus for other memories, where not only autumn, but the world around is perceived by all human senses: sight (turquoise sky, clear water, ash clouds, bluish days), hearing (the wind tore and ruffled the trees, the garden was agitated ), and most importantly - touch, smell, taste. One of the main leitmotif images in the work - the image of smell - accompanies the entire narrative from beginning to end, the smell of Antonov apples, cherry branches, the rye aroma of new straw. The smell of Antonov apples becomes a symbol of a happy life for the hero, and memories of this time cleanse his soul. “You enter the house and first of all you will hear the smell of apples... The windows to the garden are raised, and from there the cheerful autumn coolness blows.” A fruitful, healthy life is the highest earthly blessing. This is the aesthetic program of the writer, for whom “the holiday of autumn is the holiday of a lifetime.”

In the story “Late at Night,” the lyrical and philosophical mood that colors the entire work creates the image of a sad autumn month, thanks to which the hero finds himself “in the quiet and bright kingdom of the night.” “Pale Shining Moon” makes the hero remember the best in himself, which was forgotten under the burden of petty worries and personal grievances. “Is this really the same month that once looked into my childhood room, which later saw me as a young man?” - he asks himself. And suddenly everything changes: “It was he who calmed me down in the bright kingdom of the night...”, because nothing disappears without a trace, because you need to remember the happy moments of your life, you need to feel them in yourself, and then happiness will return. “We are each other... And only the pale, sad month saw our happiness.”

Images of nature in Bunin's stories play an important ideological and semantic role. They become part of the philosophical attitude of the heroes of the works to life, into which nature brings harmony and beauty. Nature and man, according to the author, cannot exist without each other. The richness of the colors of the seasons, the ever-changing transitions from one state to another - all this makes Bunin feel eternity in the movement of nature and correlate the spiritual life of his heroes with its philosophy:

This short life is eternally changing

I will tirelessly console myself, -

This early sun, smoke over the village,

In the scarlet park of leaves slowly falling

And you, my friend, the old bench.

Only in harmony with nature can a person understand his inner essence and purpose, comprehend beauty through the sounds, colors, and smells of the surrounding world. Nature is a spiritual component of a person’s inner world.

Kuleshova Ekaterina,

7th grade MBOUSOSH No. 1

them. M.M. Prishvina

Yelets

Few people know how to love nature so much,

How Bunin can do it. World

Bunin is the world of visual and

sound impressions.

A.A.Blok

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is a writer and poet, whose works glorified the simple life of the Russian village and ordinary people, their integrity and simplicity testify to the greatest talent and mastery of the art of words. The theme of nature is one of the main ones in Bunin’s work.

Bunin was born into an impoverished noble family; he spent his childhood and youth in a village in the Oryol province, where he fell in love with nature and learned to appreciate its beauty. His burning desire was to become an artist, and he indeed became one, but an artist of words who creates a flawless canvas with artless strokes.

The work of the great Russian writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin represents a special, wonderful world. His stories and tales can remain in the soul for a whole century, making it more receptive to life and the beauty of nature. Native nature is a special reality in the writer’s work. Many of his inspired lines are dedicated to her - both in prose and poetry. Throughout his life, Bunin deepened his sense of organic connection with nature in its global sense. In his works, he asserted the unique value of every minute lived by a person in the open air, in the forest, in the field, on the seashore. The beauty of nature is the only value of the world. The writer makes his readers his fellow countrymen, regardless of where they were born and live. He invites them to walk together through grain fields, dense forests, steppe roads, ravines overgrown with forest.

The first poem, which brought him fame and a literary prize, is called “Falling Leaves.” In it, he accurately conveyed the image of an autumn forest. It’s as if we see through the eyes of a poet the multi-colored “painted tower”, we feel the smell (“The forest smells of oak and pine”), we feel the silence in which we can “hear the rustling of leaves”, we feel how before the frost “the forest stands in a daze.” Following Pushkin, Bunin admires autumn, conveys its quiet nostalgia, which turns into anxiety and dying.

Bunin would write many more poems about nature. Love for the summer thunderstorm in “The Fields Smell”, delight in the changing weather in “Pigeons”, beautiful sketches of nature in the works “On the Open Sea”, “From the Window”, “River”, “Two Rainbows”, “Sunset”, “Evening” . Every word in them speaks of love for nature, how subtly interconnected it is with man, how much perfection there is in even the tiniest of its creations.

According to creativity researchers, the sky is one of the poet’s favorite images. The sky is a joy for him, because it is so good to look and think in it. The poet reflects in his poems about life, about man, about his destiny:

Why should I enjoy this torment?

This sky, and this ringing,

And the dark meaning with which it is full,

Fit sounds into consonance?

Happiness for Bunin is complete merging with nature, but it is available only to those who have penetrated the secrets of nature. Nature contains the harmony to which man strives. To be natural, like nature itself, is Bunin’s ideal at all times.

Bunin the prose writer continued to create poetic, romantic, very pure works, many of which look more like prose poems than stories. It is not without reason that they say that he does not have ordinary stories, but there is a story-impression, a story-mood. And in them he continues the theme of nature.

In his work “Antonov Apples” Bunin revealed one of the main eternal themes of humanity - the theme of nature. The story does not have an exciting plot, but simply a beautiful and gentle description of nature in the autumn and the pastime of the nobles. But it is precisely these descriptions that deserve the reader’s close attention.
If you carefully read the story, you will notice that the author shows us every detail, every little detail of the environment, right down to the sounds and smells. Speaking about smells, it is worth noting their special beauty and uniqueness: “the subtle aroma of fallen leaves and the smell of Antonov apples, the smell of honey and autumn freshness”, “the strong smell from the ravines of mushroom dampness, rotted leaves and wet tree bark.” During the course of the story, moods change, smells change, life changes.
Color plays a very important role in the picture of the surrounding world. Like the smell, it changes noticeably throughout the story. In the first chapters we see “crimson flames”, “turquoise sky”; “the diamond seven-star Stozhar, the blue sky, the golden light of the low sun” - here we see not even the colors themselves, but their shades, thanks to which the author reveals to us his inner world. But with a change in the worldview, the colors of the surrounding world also change, the colors gradually disappear from it: “The days are bluish, cloudy... All day long I wander through the empty plains,” “a low, gloomy sky,” “a gray-haired gentleman.”
This work, imbued with the subtle aroma of Antonov apples, takes us to a turning point - the heyday of the nobility and its rapid decline. The “golden age” of the nobility is gradually passing: “The smell of Antonov apples disappears from the landowners’ estates... The old people on Vyselki died, Anna Gerasimovna died, Arseny Semyonich shot himself...” The fading spirit of the landowners is supported only by hunting. The author recalls the ritual of hunting in the house of Arseny Semyonovich, a particularly pleasant rest when he happened to oversleep the hunt, silence in the house, reading old books in thick leather bindings, memories of girls in the Noble estates... But all this is in the past, and the hero understands that he is not return.
In the story you can trace a slight feeling of sadness and nostalgia for a bygone time. Sadness about the noble nests becoming a thing of the past. It is expressed through a description of autumn and through pictures of the decline of large-scale farming. It is not just the old way of life that is dying, but an entire era of Russian history, the era of the nobility. But for the hero, “...this miserable small-scale life is also good!” It opens up new feelings, memories and sensations for the author.
Summarizing the above, we can conclude that Bunin was able to convey all his memories of noble life, immersing us in the atmosphere of that era with the help of sounds, colors and smells that convey the subtlest shades of feelings.

The narration in the story “Antonov Apples” is told from the perspective of the lyrical hero, who recalls early autumn on the estate. Pictures of village life appear before us one after another. The narrator admires nature, the beauty of the earthly world, men pouring picked apples, and is carried away by memories into the distant past. The image of fragrant Antonov apples is key in the story. This is a symbol of simple village life.

Nature and people - everything delights the storyteller-barchuk. During the day - a riot of beautiful nature, at night - a sky full of stars and constellations, which the hero never tires of admiring: “How cold, dewy and how good it is to live in the world!”

The prose written by the poet is unique in its artistry and depth. Bunin painted with words like a brilliant artist with paints. By nature, the writer was endowed with extraordinary acuity of senses: vision, hearing and smell that exceeded human capabilities. That is why, reading Bunin’s stories, we hear birds, wind and rain, see the smallest details of the world around us that we ourselves would not notice, and smell many smells. “The subtle aroma of fallen leaves and the smell of Antonov apples.” The author glorifies the wisdom of nature, its eternal renewal and beauty.

Bunin's works convey many different smells: from the mushroom dampness of a ravine to the hot aroma of the steppes. And everywhere the writer strives for maximum accuracy. This is shown very well and colorfully in the story “Antonov Apples,” when the hero drives through the village and hears the smell of Antonov apples. This smell awakens childhood memories in him and makes him sad, because that happy time has long passed. And here’s how he described the smells of wormwood: “And it’s getting hotter, the warmth is blowing wider from the steppes, and the bitter wormwood is getting drier and sweeter.” Very often Bunin turned to nature in his poems. His favorite image was the sky. The sky is a joy for him, because it is so good to look and think in it.

Nature in Bunin’s work is alive, the author projects it onto his own feelings, onto human life. If “there was a scent of spring,” then “the secret of young life came into the world” (“Three Nights”), if he sees wild flowers, then they “speak of long-forgotten bright days” (“Wild Flowers”), and the bright light and He associates silk sand with his childhood (“Childhood”).

Bunin's poetry and prose are tender, sad, sad about the past. And his nature is the same, it has only delicate colors: pink morning, matte green bread, blue lowland (“Village”). And Bunin’s people live according to the laws of nature, obeying its cyclicality, its dying and rebirth, and even its mood. Look how the description of nature, “cold autumn stormy weather”, rain-drenched roads, harmonize with the description of the heroes, “a serious and dark-faced man with a stern and tired look (“Dark Alleys”).

Bunin is a poet who glorifies nature, a continuer of the traditions of Pushkin and Tyutchev, a romantic who will always be sad about his homeland, and who, even when apart, will write only about his native open spaces, forests, fields, flowers. All his work is an expression of his quiet love for his native nature and the ordinary person.

The theme of native nature is always present in Bunin’s work. Only over time does it change: the writer talks more and more emotionally about the trees, sky, clouds, river, etc. So, when he writes about a blizzard, he tries to convey its howl and the feeling that covers a person at the same time. Bunin can skillfully convey the howl of the wind, the rustling of leaves, and the barely audible flutter of a butterfly’s wings.

Bunin belongs to the last generation of writers from a noble estate, which is closely connected with the nature of the central zone. “Few people can know and love nature as Ivan Bunin can,” wrote Alexander Blok in 1908. No wonder the Pushkin Prize was awarded to Bunin in 1903 for his collection of poems “Falling Leaves,” glorifying Russian rural nature. In his poems, the poet connected the sadness of the Russian landscape with Russian life into one inseparable whole. “Against the background of a golden iconostasis, in the fire of falling leaves, gilded by sunset, stands an abandoned estate.” Autumn - the “quiet widow” - is in unusual harmony with empty estates and abandoned farmsteads. “My native silence torments me, the nests of my native desolation torment me.” Bunin’s stories, which are similar to poetry, are also imbued with this sad poetry of withering, dying, desolation. Let us return once again to the beginning of his famous story “Antonov Apples”:

“I remember an early, fresh, quiet morning: I remember a large, all golden, dried up and thinning garden, I remember maple alleys, the subtle aroma of fallen leaves and the smell of Antonov apples, the smell of honey and autumn freshness: “And that same smell of Antonov apples accompanies him in all wanderings as a memory of the homeland. “But in the evenings,” Bunin describes, “I read old poets, close to me in everyday life and in many of my moods. And the drawers of my table are full of Antonov apples, and the healthy autumn aroma transports me to the village, to the landowners’ estates.”

We always only remember about happiness,
And happiness is everywhere. Maybe it's
This autumn garden behind the barn
And clean air flowing through the window.
In the bottomless sky with a light white edge
The cloud rises and shines. For a long time
I'm watching him... We see little, we know,
And happiness is given only to those who know.

Bibliography:

1. Collected works: In 9 volumes. M.: Fiction, 1965-1967.

2. Selected prose. - M.: Olympus; LLC “Firm “AST Publishing House”, 1999.-656 pp.- (School of Classics).

3.Muromtseva – Bunina V.N. Bunin's life. Conversations with memory. M., 1989/ Edition prepared by A.K. Baboreko.

4. Chukovsky K.I. Early Bunin // Questions of literature. 1968.№5

Perhaps his most famous work in prose is “Antonov Apples.” Following the smell of ripe apples, the writer takes us through an ordinary Russian village, through an abandoned estate, through his own memories. And inextricably with every step is a description of nature. Bunin conveys tranquility with his words “August was with warm rains”, “a lot of cobwebs settled on the fields”, “early, fresh, quiet morning”, “the smell of honey and autumn freshness”. In general, there are a lot of smells here: the smell of apples, the smell of rain, the smell of fire, the smell of fallen leaves, the smell of hay, and the house smells again of apples, old furniture, linden blossoms.

Bunin's poetry and prose are tender, sad, sad about the past. And his nature is the same, it has only delicate colors: pink morning, matte green bread, blue lowland (“Village”). And Bunin’s people live according to the laws of nature, obeying its cyclicality, its dying and rebirth, and even its mood. Look how the description of nature, “cold autumn stormy weather,” rain-drenched roads, harmonize with the description of the heroes, “a serious and dark-faced man with a stern and tired look (“Dark Alleys”).

Landscape (French Paysage, from pays - country, area) is a picture of nature that has different artistic meaning depending on the style of the author, the literary movement with which he is associated. In lyric poetry, landscape can have an independent meaning: the perception of nature by the lyrical hero. In prose, the landscape is associated with the nature of the narrative and correlates with the mood of the characters. For the first time, landscape plays an important role among sentimentalists, who depict man against the backdrop of nature, opposed to the civilizational world, and the picture of nature is presented and emphasized emotionally. In contrast to the landscape of the sentimentalists, designed in calm, light colors, the landscape in romanticism presents pictures of a powerful, raging nature or majesticly rich. The romantic landscape is part of the local color and serves as one of the means of creating an extraordinary, sometimes fantastic world, contrasted with reality; in addition, the landscape usually corresponds to the nature of a romantic hero, melancholy-dreamy or restless, rebellious. In a realistic work, the meaning of the landscape is more diverse: it is interesting in itself, as part of the real environment in which the action takes place; it emphasizes or shades the mental state of the characters, the nature of the events taking place. Sometimes the landscape has symbolic content.

The landscape can be rural, urban, sea, mountain, etc. I really like the works of I.A. Bunin. Having opened one of the volumes of his collected works, I plunged into the wonderful world of his heroes. It smelled like Antonov apples, a fire, and a fresh summer evening. I saw on the pages of his stories the life of the village people, the beauty of Russian nature and true love. I was struck by the liveliness of the images created by the writer (even nature, in the works of Ivan Alekseevich, comes to life before my eyes). There is something in all of Bunin’s heroes that made me empathize with them, rejoice and be sad with them. A). The work "Mitya's Love". Bunin’s description of the state and mood of a person coincides with the mood of nature. Many of Ivan Alekseevich’s works are filled with love, therefore, this state is well reflected in nature. The work begins with the onset of spring. Spring is a time of love and beauty. Everything comes to life, wakes up. “Winter suddenly gave way to spring, it was almost hot in the sun. It was as if the larks had flown in and brought with them warmth and joy. Everything was wet, everything was melting, drops were dripping from the houses... Everywhere was crowded and lively” (No. 12 p. 330) Mitya is the main character of the work. He was in love with his girlfriend Katya, who was fond of theater. But gradually their relationship became colder and they decided to take a break from each other. Katya went with her mother to Crimea, and Mitya went to the village to join his family. In the village, Mitya kept thinking about Katya and that’s what he lived for. “The weather was beautiful, the gardens were blooming and there was a spring freshness in the air.” (No. 12 p. 339) Mitya recalled how his childhood passed (by the way, this story contains memories, also the main “horse” in Bunin’s work). He remembered what he experienced when his father died, which also happened in the spring. Then Mitya felt death in the world! “Somehow the sun didn’t shine as well, the grass wasn’t as green - everything wasn’t the same as a day ago.” Mitya imagined a strange, disgusting, sweetish smell in the house, which had been washed and aired many times... Mitya hated spring before meeting Katya. “The world was transformed again, full again, as if nothing terrible had happened, but on the contrary, wonderfully merging with the joy and youth of spring.” (No. 12 p. 349) Mitya sent letters to Katya, but when Katya stopped answering, fear and the smell of death crept into the hero’s soul (“he decided that if Katya did not answer him, he would shoot himself”). Nature changes dramatically with the hero’s condition: “It rained, there were thunderstorms and downpours, and the sun shone again (the sun in these lines symbolizes hope, the hope that Katya will answer his letter and everything will be fine with them). The garden faded and crumbled, thickened and darkened.” (No. 12 p. 351) Soon a letter from Katya arrived. It said that they should separate. “The rain fell (Bunin used a verb that communicates suddenness, unpreparedness and helplessness) on the garden with force and unexpected thunderclaps.” (No. 12 p. 384) This is due to an unexpected, difficult letter for him. Mitya could not save his beautiful love in that most beautiful spring world, which so recently seemed like paradise. In this story, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin writes about love as the highest gift of fate. This work is based on the real feelings of young Bunin towards V.V. Pashchenko. This is confirmed by V.N. Muromtseva-Bunina: in “Mitya’s Love,” she wrote, “it’s true that there is not a single autobiographical external feature, but Mitya’s experiences are the experiences of the young man Bunin... And, it seems to me, nowhere did Ivan Alekseevich reveal his love experiences, as in “Mitya love”, carefully camouflaging them.” The author gave Katya some of the features of V.V. Pashchenko: inconstancy, desire for the stage. Like Paschenko, Katya leaves Mitya for another person. Ivan Alekseevich took the image of Mitya from a barchuk who came to visit. Ivan Alekseevich’s work “Mitya’s Love” is filled with the suffering and experiences of the main character. Therefore, Bunin, in order to convey Mitya’s feelings, shows the state of nature. Nature is raging when fear, anxiety, and sadness creep into the hero’s soul “... the wind rose, the sky was covered with dark clouds, and the rain poured down...” (No. 12 p. 383) Bunin, as an artist, paints a description of nature, but not with a brush, but words, and he did it very well. While describing nature, I very well felt the grief that Mitya experienced. B). The story "Cold Autumn".

At I.A. Bunin has a story “Cold Autumn”, which intertwines love and war. Many writers who touched upon the military topic described the horror that our compatriots experienced. Bunin was no exception, but he did not describe the war itself, but described those feelings that related them to the war. Bunin showed through nature the onset of war and farewell to loved ones. The story “Cold Autumn” is narrated on behalf of a woman who is seeing off her lover to war. The early cold autumn, which came suddenly, helps to understand the situation. “Surprisingly early and cold autumn. ... In the black sky, pure icy stars sparkled brightly and sharply.” Bunin uses vivid expressions, for example, “in the black sky.” Black color is the color of mourning, sadness, sorrow. Bunin uses, for example, not a dark sky, but a black one, which symbolizes death. Ivan Alekseevich uses the expressive adverb “bright”; in my opinion, it is something bright that simultaneously symbolizes life. In the adverbs “bright” and “sharply” there is a sound “r”, which gives these words brightness, expressiveness, and sound. In his work, Bunin uses the expression “ice stars” - this definition directly chills the soul, cold is associated with death, which instills horror and fear. The heroine’s soul “was becoming heavier and more indifferent.” The red moonrise also stirred her soul. Red is the color of blood. And the moon seemed like a fire. Everything predicted trouble. Indeed, nature turned out to be right. Our heroine's lover was killed a month after the war. The heroine was not afraid to die, because she knew that they would be waiting for her there. “I’ve lived, I’m happy, and now I’ll be back soon.” In the work “Cold Autumn,” the role of the landscape is to show how nature suddenly changes with the war: cold autumn comes unexpectedly for everyone. Bunin, with the help of this technique, confirms that a difficult time has come for the people. Nature is in tune with human feelings. Cold in nature, cold in souls. Critics praised this work from the best side. They were delighted with how Ivan Alekseevich conveyed the horror of war with the help of a sudden, cold, rainy autumn. I also really liked the work “Cold Autumn”. I have never been to war, and I wouldn’t want to be there, I have no idea how scary it is there, but this horror emerges in the work “Cold Autumn.” And if you read it carefully, you can experience this pain along with the heroes of the work. IN). The work “Natalie” Ivan Alekseevich Bunin in the work “Natalie” combined three of his themes on which his work was based: the theme of love (as always passionate and unhappy), the theme of nature (as in all his works Bunin uses a description of nature for the concept of the situation in the work) , the theme of death (in almost all works related to love, death is present at the end. Love pushes you to rash actions, the price of which is life). The main character comes on vacation to his uncle, where his cousin Sonya, with whom he was in love, lived. At that time, Sonya's friend Natasha lived in their house. And our hero has no idea what kind of love adventure he has gotten himself into. Sonya had a presentiment that the hero would immediately like Natasha, but at the same time, so that her father would not find out about their love, Sonya forced the hero to fake his love for Natalie. But Sonya did not allow her to cross the threshold of genuine love into real love. “Through the open windows one could see the bright sun, blue sky, greenery, and a long birch alley. There could be heard the warm smell of river water and the cry of rooks on the treetops.” Gradually, after solitary meetings with Natalie, our hero realized that he could not live without Natasha. He was torn between Sonya and Natasha. “Why did God give me two loves at once, so different and so passionate, such painful beauty of Natalie’s adoration and such bodily rapture of Sonya.” The hero crossed that threshold of prohibition in his relationship with Natasha. He suffers, and nature changes with him. “A cloud came from behind the garden, the air grew dim, the soft summer noise moved wider and closer through the garden, the field rain wind blew sweetly... At night it rained quietly, but in the morning the weather cleared up, and in the afternoon it became dry and hot.” Natalie noticed that there are more feelings between the hero and Sonya than between brother and sister. At that moment, our hero was also not indifferent to her, and he gave her hope by declaring his love. “The room and the garden were already drowned in darkness from the clouds; in the garden, outside the open windows, everything was rustling, trembling, and more and more often I was illuminated by a quick green-blue flame that disappeared at the same second. A fresh wind and such a noise from the garden blew towards me, as if horror had seized it: here it is, the earth and sky are on fire! I jumped up, with difficulty closed one window after another, catching their frames, overcoming the wind that tossed me... it seemed to me that the storm would break all the windows in the living room. In the green-blue illumination, in the color and brightness, I saw something truly unearthly, which for a second left in my blinded vision a trace of something tinny and red. A year later, Natalie married someone else, but her husband died. (“after three years of our separation, Natalie had already become a widow and a mother. She seemed even more beautiful, I looked at her and could not take my eyes off her, as if from an icon”). Our hero married, but not to Sonya. He believed that this was not love, but terrible pity and tenderness. He realized that true love was love for Natalie. And Natalie's true love was her love for the hero. Their fates were unfortunate, but they could have been happy. “She died in premature labor in December.” Unhappy love is what Ivan Alekseevich wants to show in the work “Natalie”. Two hearts that love each other could not be together because of a stupid game, lack of awareness. The landscape also takes part in the description of unhappy love. The landscape, just like in the work “Mitya’s Love,” conveys the hero’s state through nature, how it changes when something terrible happens in the hero’s fate.

Love is one of the feelings that almost all writers write about. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was no exception. Love is one of the themes on which he wrote his works. And not just love - the highest feeling, but unhappy love. With the help of landscape, the writer seems to revive both nature and love. The works “Mitya’s Love”, “Cold Autumn”, “Natalie” are connected by a common theme on which Bunin wrote. Most of Ivan Alekseevich’s works are based on real events. For example, the story “Mitya’s Love” is based on the feelings of young Bunin for V.V. Pashchenko. The landscape helps to better understand the problem facing the hero and convey all the feelings of the hero and the author. When describing nature, the work comes to life and becomes more interesting. Bunin embodies his own tragic understanding of love in his stories, realizing it not only in dramatic endings, but also in depicting instantaneous, unexpectedly interrupted meetings of heroes. Love as a happy short-term meeting is the characteristic content of recurring situations in the stories of the cycle. The hero of the short story “In Paris” bitterly realizes that “from year to year, from day to day in secret” he waits for only one thing - “a happy meeting”, lives, in essence, “only with the hope of this meeting and everything is in vain.” But even if this meeting occurs, Bunin has no way out into the future life together of a man and a woman. Such an “unstable”, “temporary” meeting corresponds to the “unstable” artistic space of the cycle’s story: an inn, a hotel, a train, a noble estate, where the heroes stay on vacation, on vacation. The tragic ending seems to be predetermined, and the author brings to the fore the characters’ sensual, emotional and aesthetic perception of love. But even the brightest, sharpest moment of awareness of falling in love is not able to break through the inevitable life together, which is hostile to high feelings. It never gets to him in Bunin's stories. G). The work "Mr. from San Francisco".

One of the reasons for writing the story was a memory associated with an impression in April 1909, on a steamship, while traveling, Bunin had a dispute “about social injustice,” and he answered his opponent this way: “If you cut the steamer vertically, you will see: we are sitting , we drink wine, talk on various topics, and the drivers are in the heat, black from the coal, working. Is this fair? And most importantly, those sitting at the top and for the people who work for them...” This is where “The Mister from San Francisco” was born.

The story "Mr. from San Francisco" was highly praised by critics. Before Bunin, no one had so openly described people in different social strata. Bunin was right that all people are equal before each other and before death, this is what he is trying to convey with his story. The gentleman from San Francisco was the name of the main character of the story. The hero did not have his own name, since he was not worthy of it. This gentleman believed that if he was rich, he could afford everything. He was fifty-eight years old, but all these years he did not live, but existed. He worked all his life and never thought about rest. His goal was to be a rich and famous man. Deciding to take a vacation, the Master goes on a trip around the countries with his wife and daughter on the ship “Atlantis”. Bunin named the ship in honor of the sunken country. With this, Ivan Alekseevich shows the danger of the upcoming trip.

All actions taking place on the Atlantis ship are staged and fake. For example, there was one couple on the ship who created an atmosphere of love. Bunin despises this falsehood, which reigns everywhere, including on the Atlantis ship.

“The ocean roared behind the wall like black mountains, the blizzard whistled strongly in the heavy rigging, the whole steamer trembled, overcoming both it and these mountains, as if with a plow, breaking apart their unsteady masses, now and then boiling and fluttering high with foamy tails, - the siren, choked by the fog, moaned in mortal anguish, they froze from the cold, and frolicked under the sultry depths...” (12 p. 281). The weather throughout the trip was not favorable: sometimes hot, sometimes cold. With this description, Bunin seeks to show that trouble will happen on the ship. A gentleman from San Francisco sought to find a worthy and rich groom for his daughter. While traveling, his daughter met a prince who was traveling incognito. He was ugly and strange, but since he was a rich man, the daughter of the Master from San Francisco spent time with the prince. The gentleman from San Francisco, not noticing the presence of his wife and not thinking about his age, glanced at the young ladies. He was not even embarrassed by the fact that many of them were ready to give their love, even if not completely disinterestedly. The gentleman was generous on his journey and believed in the caringness of all those who fed and watered him and served him from morning to evening. In Naples, where they arrived, local residents began to run up to the Master and offer him their services. The gentleman grinned at these ragamuffins. December was not entirely successful; the weather was bad. The porter constantly made excuses that they did not remember such weather, although such weather persisted from year to year. Lies and hypocrisy reign here. “The morning sun deceived every day: from midday it invariably turned gray and began to rain, and it became thicker and colder; then the palm trees at the hotel entrance shone with tin, the city seemed especially dirty and cramped, the museums too monotonous...; There’s nothing to say about the dampness and the stench of rotten fish from the foaming sea near the embankment.” (No. 12, p. 285) Whatever city the gentleman from San Francisco came to, during the trip, with his family, there was a terrible picture and vile weather everywhere. “There was no sun in the morning. A heavy fog hid Vesuvius to its very foundations, low and gray above the leaden swell of the sea. The island of Capri was damp and dark..." (No. 12, pp. 286-287).

The gentleman from San Francisco has died. He tried to be good for everyone, scattered money over trifles, but when he died, everyone forgot about him. Everyone continued to have fun and dance; even the fact that the dead man was hurriedly carried into the ship and laid on the bed in room forty-three, the smallest, worst, dampest and coldest, at the end of the lower corridor, where the rats were running, did not spoil the mood. The Master lay on a cheap iron bed, under coarse woolen blankets, on which one horn shone from the ceiling” (No. 12, pp. 293-294). And instead of a coffin, the gentleman from San Francisco had an ordinary box of soda water. After death, the Master is not expressed a feeling of regret, but rather joy. For example, a servant who served the Master laughs at the deceased after his death. “...And, squeezing his throat, pushing out his lower jaw, he answered himself creakingly, slowly and sadly, as if from behind a door...” (No. 12, p. 295). “The body of a dead old man from San Francisco was returning home... Having experienced a lot of humiliation, a lot of human inattention, having spent a week wandering from one port shed to another, it again ended up on that famous ship on which so recently, with such honor, it was transported to Old light. But now he was sailing not with living people, but in a black hold.

Bunin shows that now in our society money decides everything. If you are poor, then you are nobody - this can be seen in the example of the Master (he was needed when he had money). Ivan Alekseevich ridicules such a society and despises it. I share the author’s point of view and believe that money is not the most important thing in our lives. As they say: “Whoever has big money has big problems.”

Composition

I. A. Bunin with extraordinary skill describes in his works the natural world full of harmony. His favorite heroes are endowed with the gift of subtly perceiving the world around them, the beauty of their native land, which allows them to feel life in all its fullness. After all, a person’s ability to see beauty around him brings peace and a feeling of unity with nature into his soul, helps him better understand himself and other people. We see that not many heroes of Bunin’s works are given the opportunity to feel the harmony of the world around them. Most often these are simple people, already wise from life experience. After all, only with age does the world open to a person in all its completeness and diversity. And even then, not everyone can comprehend it.

The old farmhand Averky from the story “The Thin Grass” is one of those heroes of Bunin who achieved spiritual harmony. This no longer a young man, who has seen a lot in his life, does not experience horror from the knowledge of approaching death. He waits for it resignedly and humbly, because he perceives it as eternal peace, deliverance from vanity. Memory constantly returns Averky to the “distant twilight on the river”, when he met “that young, sweet one, who now looked at him indifferently and pitifully with senile eyes.” This man carried his love throughout his life. Thinking about this, Averky remembers both the “soft twilight in the meadow” and the shallow creek, turning pink from the dawn, against which a girl’s figure can be seen.

We see how nature participates in the life of this hero Bunin. Twilight on the river now, when Averky is close to death, gives way to autumn withering: “Dying, the grass dried up and rotted. The threshing floor became empty and bare. A mill in a deserted field became visible through the vines. The rain sometimes gave way to snow, the wind howled through the holes of the barn, angry and cold.” The onset of winter caused in the hero of “The Thin Grass” a surge of life, a feeling of the joy of being. “Ah, in winter there was a long-familiar, always pleasing winter feeling! First snow, first blizzard! The fields turned white, drowned in it - hide in a hut for six months! In white snowy fields, in a snowstorm - wilderness, game, and in a hut - comfort, peace. They will sweep the bumpy earthen floors clean, scrub them, wash the table, heat the stove with fresh straw - good!” In just a few sentences, Bunin created a magnificent living picture of winter.

Like his favorite heroes, the writer believes that the natural world contains something eternal and beautiful that is beyond the control of man with his earthly passions. The laws of life of human society, on the contrary, lead to cataclysms and upheavals. This world is unstable, it is devoid of harmony. This can be seen in the example of the life of the peasantry on the eve of the first Russian revolution in Bunin’s story “The Village”. In this work, the author, along with moral and aesthetic problems, touches on social problems caused by the reality of the early 20th century.

The events of the first Russian revolution, reflected in the village in peasant gatherings, burning landowner estates, and the revelry of the poor, brought discord into the usual rhythm of life in the village. There are many characters in the story. Her characters are trying to understand their surroundings, to find some kind of support for themselves. So, Tikhon Krasov found it in money, deciding that it gives confidence in the future. He devotes his entire life to accumulating wealth, even marrying for profit. But Tikhon never finds happiness, especially since he has no heirs to whom he could pass on his wealth. His brother Kuzma, a self-taught poet, is also trying to find the truth, deeply experiencing the troubles of his village. Kuzma Krasov cannot calmly look at the poverty, backwardness and downtroddenness of the peasants, their inability to rationally organize their lives. And the events of the revolution further aggravate the social problems of the village, destroy normal human relationships, and pose insoluble problems for the heroes of the story.

The Krasov brothers are extraordinary individuals who are looking for their place in life and ways to improve it not only for themselves, but also for the entire Russian peasantry. They both come to criticize the negative aspects of peasant life. Tikhon is amazed that in the fertile black earth region there can be hunger, ruin and poverty. “The owner should come here, the owner!” - he thinks. Kuzma considers the reason for this situation of the peasants to be their profound ignorance and downtroddenness, for which he blames not only the peasants themselves, but also the government “empty talkers” who “trampled and killed the people.”

The problem of human relationships and the connection of a person with the world around him is also revealed in the story “Sukhodol”. At the center of the narrative in this work is the life of the impoverished noble family of the Khrushchevs and their servants. The fate of the Khrushchevs is tragic. Young lady Tonya goes crazy, Pyotr Petrovich dies under the hooves of a horse, and the feeble-minded grandfather Pyotr Kirillovich dies at the hands of a serf. Bunin shows in this story the extent to which human relationships can be strange and abnormal. This is what the former serf nanny of the Khrushchevs, Natalya, says about the relationship between masters and servants: “Gervaska bullied the barchuk and grandfather, but the young lady bullied me. Barchuk - and, to tell the truth, grandfather themselves - doted on Ger-vaska, and I doted on her.” And what does such a bright feeling as love lead to in Sukhodol? To dementia, shame and emptiness. The absurdity of human relationships is contrasted with the beauty of Sukhodol, its wide expanses of steppe with their smells, colors and sounds. The world around us is beautiful in Natalya’s stories, in the conspiracies and spells of holy fools, sorcerers, wanderers wandering around their native land. “There is no nature separate from us; every slightest movement of air is the movement of our own soul,” wrote Bunin. In his works, imbued with deep love for Russia and its people, the writer was able to prove this. For the writer himself, the nature of Russia was that beneficial force that gives a person everything: joy, wisdom, beauty, a sense of the integrity of the world:

* No, it’s not the landscape that attracts me,
* It’s not the colors that I’m trying to notice,
* And what shines in these colors,
* Love and joy of being.