Literary devices in the Russian language. Tag Archives: Artistic techniques

Artistic devices in literature and poetry are called tropes. They are present in any work of a poet or prose writer. Without them, the text could not be called artistic. In art, words are an essential element.

Artistic techniques in literature, why are tropes needed?

Fiction is a reflection of reality, passed through the inner world of the author. A poet or prose writer does not simply describe what he sees around him, in himself, in people. He conveys his individual perception. Each writer will describe the same phenomenon, for example, a thunderstorm or tree blossoms in spring, love or grief, in his own way. Artistic techniques help him in this.

Tropes are usually understood as words or phrases that are used figuratively. With their help, the author creates a special atmosphere, vivid images, and achieves expressiveness in his work. They highlight important details in the text, helping the reader pay attention to them. Without this, it is impossible to convey the ideological meaning of the work.

Tropes are seemingly ordinary words consisting of letters used in a scientific article or simply in colloquial speech. However, in a work of art they become magical. For example, the word “wooden” becomes not an adjective characterizing the material, but an epithet revealing the image of the character. Otherwise - impenetrable, indifferent, indifferent.

Such a change becomes possible thanks to the author’s ability to select meaningful associations, to find the exact words to convey his thoughts, emotions, and sensations. It takes a special talent to cope with such a task and create a work of art. Just cramming the text with tropes is not enough. It is necessary to be able to use them so that each carries a special meaning and plays a unique and inimitable role in the test.

Artistic techniques in the poem

The use of artistic techniques in poems is especially relevant. After all, a poet, unlike a prose writer, does not have the opportunity to devote, say, entire pages to describing the image of a hero.

Its “spread” is often limited to a few stanzas. At the same time, it is necessary to convey the immensity. In the poem, literally every word is worth its weight in gold. It shouldn't be redundant. The most common poetic devices:

1. Epithets - they can be parts of speech such as adjectives, participles and sometimes phrases consisting of nouns used in a figurative meaning. Examples of such artistic techniques are “golden autumn”, “extinguished feelings”, “king without retinue”, etc. Epithets do not express an objective, but rather an author’s characteristic of something: an object, a character, an action or a phenomenon. Some of them become persistent over time. They are most often found in folklore works. For example, “clear sun”, “red spring”, “good fellow”.

2. A metaphor is a word or phrase whose figurative meaning allows two objects to be compared to each other based on a common feature. Reception is considered a complex trope. Examples include the following constructions: “a mop of hair” (a hidden comparison of a hairstyle with a mop of hay), “a lake of the soul” (a comparison of a person’s soul with a lake based on a common feature - depth).

3. Personification is an artistic technique that allows you to “revive” inanimate objects. In poetry it is used mainly in relation to nature. For example, “the wind speaks with a cloud,” “the sun gives its warmth,” “winter looked at me harshly with its white eyes.”

4. Comparison has much in common with metaphor, but is not stable and hidden. The phrase usually contains the words “as”, “as if”, “like”. For example - “And like the Lord God, I love everyone in the world,” “Her hair is like a cloud.”

5. Hyperbole is an artistic exaggeration. Allows you to draw attention to certain features that the author wants to highlight and considers them characteristic of something. And therefore he deliberately exaggerates. For example, “a man of giant stature”, “she cried an ocean of tears.”

6. Litotes is the antonym of hyperbole. Its purpose is to downplay, soften something. For example, “an elephant is the size of a dog,” “our life is just a moment.”

7. Metonymy is a trope that is used to create an image based on one of its characteristics or elements. For example, “hundreds of legs ran along the pavement, and hooves hurried nearby,” “the city smokes under the autumn sky.” Metonymy is considered one of the varieties of metaphor, and, in turn, has its own subtype - synecdoche.

As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as its most important component. The correct use of vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.

In context, a word is a special world, a mirror of the author’s perception and attitude to reality. It has its own metaphorical precision, its own special truths, called artistic revelations; the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.

Individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotionally affecting image of this or that. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring, creating a unique world that we discover for ourselves while reading the text.

Not only in literary, but also in oral and colloquial speech, we use, without thinking, various techniques of artistic expression in order to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, and imagery. Let's figure out what artistic techniques there are in the Russian language.

The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.

Metaphor

It is impossible to imagine artistic techniques in literature without mentioning the most important of them - the way of creating a linguistic picture of the world based on meanings already existing in the language itself.

The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:

1. Fossilized, worn out, dry or historical (bow of a boat, eye of a needle).
2. Phraseologisms are stable figurative combinations of words that are emotional, metaphorical, reproducible in the memory of many native speakers, expressive (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
3. Single metaphor (eg homeless heart).
4. Unfolded (heart - “porcelain bell in yellow China” - Nikolay Gumilyov).
5. Traditionally poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
6. Individually-authored (sidewalk hump).

In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, periphrasis, meiosis, litotes and other tropes.

The word “metaphor” itself means “transfer” in translation from Greek. In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of a name from one item to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some similarity, they must be adjacent in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative meaning due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects in some way.

As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking artistic and poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work.

A metaphor can be either simple or extensive. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded ones in poetry is revived, and the nature of simple ones changes significantly.

Metonymy

Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means “renaming,” that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word with another based on the existing contiguity of two concepts, objects, etc. This is the imposition of a figurative word on the direct meaning. For example: “I ate two plates.” Mixing of meanings and their transfer are possible because objects are adjacent, and the contiguity can be in time, space, etc.

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means “correlation.” This transfer of meaning occurs when the smaller is called instead of the larger, or vice versa - instead of the part - the whole, and vice versa. For example: “According to Moscow reports.”

Epithet

It is impossible to imagine the artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action from the subjective author’s position.

Translated from Greek, this term means “attached, application,” that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.

The epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness.

Constant epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those whose function is words in a figurative meaning, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed in words in a literal meaning (red berries, beautiful flowers), belong to tropes. Figurative ones are created when words are used in a figurative meaning. Such epithets are usually called metaphorical. Metonymic transfer of name may also underlie this trope.

An oxymoron is a type of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, forming combinations with defined nouns of words that are opposite in meaning (hateful love, joyful sadness).

Comparison

Simile is a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of different objects by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. It is usually expressed using certain words: “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”, “as if”. Comparisons can also take the form of the instrumental case.

Personification

When describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a type of metaphor that represents the assignment of properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. It is often created by referring to such natural phenomena as conscious living beings. Personification is also the transference of human properties to animals.

Hyperbole and litotes

Let us note such techniques of artistic expression in literature as hyperbole and litotes.

Hyperbole (translated as “exaggeration”) is one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggerating what is being discussed.

Litota (translated as “simplicity”) is the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is being discussed (a boy the size of a finger, a man the size of a fingernail).

Sarcasm, irony and humor

We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be complemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.

• Sarcasm means "tearing meat" in Greek. This is evil irony, caustic mockery, caustic remark. When using sarcasm, a comic effect is created, but at the same time there is a clear ideological and emotional assessment.
• Irony in translation means “pretense”, “mockery”. It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is meant.
• Humor is one of the lexical means of expressiveness, translated meaning “mood”, “disposition”. Sometimes entire works can be written in a comic, allegorical vein, in which one can sense a mocking, good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story “Chameleon” by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.

The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to your attention the following.

Grotesque

The most important artistic techniques in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "bizarre". This artistic technique represents a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the works of, for example, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (“The Golovlevs,” “The History of a City,” fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of a hyperbole.

Sarcasm, irony, humor and grotesque are popular artistic techniques in literature. Examples of the first three - and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, Gulliver's Travels).

What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel “Lord Golovlevs”? Of course it's grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, and Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic techniques in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.

Pun

A pun is a figure of speech that represents an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that arises when used in the context of two or more meanings of a word or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.

In puns, the play on words is based on homonymy and polysemy. Anecdotes arise from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A.P. Chekhov.

Figure of speech - what is it?

The word “figure” itself is translated from Latin as “appearance, outline, image.” This word has many meanings. What does this term mean in relation to artistic speech? Syntactic means of expression related to figures: rhetorical exclamations, questions, appeals.

What is a "trope"?

“What is the name of an artistic technique that uses a word in a figurative sense?” - you ask. The term “trope” combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litotes, hyperbole, personification and others. Translated, the word "trope" means "turnover". Literary speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special turns of phrase that embellish the speech and make it more expressive. Different styles use different means of expression. The most important thing in the concept of “expressiveness” for artistic speech is the ability of a text or a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.

We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them evoke positive emotions in us, others, on the contrary, excite, alarm, cause anxiety, calm or induce sleep. Different sounds evoke different images. Using their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading works of literature and Russian folk art, we perceive their sound especially keenly.

Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness

• Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
• Assonance is the deliberate harmonious repetition of vowels.

Alliteration and assonance are often used simultaneously in works. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.

Technique of sound recording in fiction

Sound painting is an artistic technique that is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, a selection of words that imitate the sounds of the real world. This technique in fiction is used both in poetry and prose.

Types of sound recording:

1. Assonance means “consonance” in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It promotes the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm and rhyme of poems.
2. Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in a literary text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
3. Onomatopoeia is the transmission of auditory impressions in special words reminiscent of the sounds of phenomena in the surrounding world.

These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.

To the question: What are the author’s literary techniques? given by the author Yovetlana the best answer is


ALLEGORY

3. ANALOGY

4. ANOMASIA
Replacing a person's name with an object.
5. ANTITHESIS

6. APPLICATION

7. HYPERBOLE
Exaggeration.
8. LITOTA

9. METAPHOR

10. METONYMY

11. OVERDUCTION

12. OXYMORON
Matching by contrast
13. DENIAL OF DENIAL
Proof of the opposite.
14. REFRAIN

15. SYNEGDOHA

16. CHIASM

17. ELIPSIS

18. EPHEMISM
Replacing the rough with the graceful.
ALL artistic techniques work equally in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author’s style, taste and the specific way of developing each specific item.
Source: See examples here http://biblioteka.teatr-obraz.ru/node/4596

Answer from hundredrose[guru]
Literary devices are phenomena of very different scales: they relate to different volumes of literature - from a line in a poem to an entire literary movement.
Literary devices listed on Wikipedia:
Allegory‎ Metaphors‎ Rhetorical figures‎ Quote‎ Euphemisms‎ Autoepigraph Alliteration Allusion Anagram Anachronism Antiphrase Graphics of verse Disposition
Sound recording Gaping Allegory Contamination Lyrical digression Literary mask Logogryph Macaronism Minus device Paronymy Stream of consciousness Reminiscence
Figured poems Black humor Aesopian language Epigraph.

Answer from Old Church Slavonic[newbie]
personification

Answer from Emerev Mikhail[newbie]
Olympiad tasks of the school stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in 2013-2014.
Literature 8th grade
Tasks.












Says a word - the nightingale sings;
Her rosy cheeks are burning,
Like the dawn in God's sky.



Half smile, half cry,
Her eyes are like two deceptions,
Failures covered in darkness.
A combination of two mysteries
Half-delight, half-fear,
A fit of mad tenderness,
Anticipation of mortal pain.
7, 5 points (0.5 points for the correct name of the work, 0.5 for the correct name of the author of the work, 0.5 points for the correct name of the character)
3. What places are the life and creative paths of poets and writers connected to? Find matches.
1.V. A. Zhukovsky. 1. Tarkhany.
2.A. S. Pushkin. 2. Spasskoye – Lutovinovo.
3.N. A. Nekrasov. 3. Yasnaya Polyana.
4.A. A. Blok. 4. Taganrog.
5.N. V. Gogol. 5. Konstantinovo.
6.M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. 6. Belev.
7.M. Yu. Lermontov. 7. Mikhailovskoe.
8.I. S. Turgenev. 8. Greshnevo.
9.L. N. Tolstoy. 9. Shakhmatovo.
10.A. P. Chekhov. 10. Vasilyevka.
11.S. A. Yesenin. 11. Spas – Angle.
5.5 points (0.5 points for each correct answer)
4. Name the authors of the given fragments of works of art
4.1. Oh, memory of the heart! You are stronger
The mind's memory is sad
And often with its sweetness
You captivate me in a distant country.
4.2. And the crows?..
Come on, to God!
I’m in my own forest, not in someone else’s forest.
Let them shout, raise the alarm -
I won't die from croaking.
4.3.I hear the lark's songs,
I hear the trills of a nightingale...
This is the Russian side,
This is my homeland!
4.4. Hello, Russia is my homeland!
How joyful I am under your foliage!
And there is no foam

Answer from I-beam[newbie]
Literary device includes all the means and moves that the poet uses in the “arrangement” (composition) of his work.
To unfold the material and create an image, humanity has developed over the centuries certain generalized methods and techniques based on psychological laws. They were discovered by ancient Greek rhetoricians and have since been successfully used in all arts. These techniques are called TRAILS (from the Greek Tropos - turn, direction).
Paths are not recipes, but assistants, developed and tested over centuries. Here they are:
ALLEGORY
Allegory, expression of an abstract, abstract concept through specifics.
3. ANALOGY
Matching by similarity, establishing correspondences.
4. ANOMASIA
Replacing a person's name with an object.
5. ANTITHESIS
Contrasting comparison of opposites.
6. APPLICATION
Enumeration and piling up (of homogeneous details, definitions, etc.).
7. HYPERBOLE
Exaggeration.
8. LITOTA
Understatement (reverse of hyperbole)
9. METAPHOR
Revealing one phenomenon through another.
10. METONYMY
Establishing connections by contiguity, i.e. association based on similar characteristics.
11. OVERDUCTION
Direct and figurative meanings in one phenomenon.
12. OXYMORON
Matching by contrast
13. DENIAL OF DENIAL
Proof of the opposite.
14. REFRAIN
Repetition that enhances emphasis or impact.
15. SYNEGDOHA
More instead of less and less instead of more.
16. CHIASM
Normal order in one and reverse order in the other (gag).
17. ELIPSIS
An artistically expressive omission (of some part or phase of an event, movement, etc.).
18. EPHEMISM
Replacing the rough with the graceful.
ALL artistic techniques work equally in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author’s style, taste and the specific way of developing each specific item. Olympiad tasks of the school stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in 2013-2014.
Literature 8th grade
Tasks.
1. Many fables contain expressions that have become proverbs and sayings. Indicate the name of I. A. Krylov’s fables according to the lines given.
1.1. “I walk on my hind legs.”
1.2. “The Cuckoo praises the Rooster because he praises the Cuckoo.”
1.3. “When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go well.”
1.4. “God, deliver us from such judges.”
1.5. “A great man is only loud in his deeds.”
5 points (1 point for each correct answer)
2.Identify the works and their authors based on the given portrait characteristics. Indicate whose portrait this is.
2.1.In holy Rus', our mother,
You can’t find, you can’t find such a beauty:
Walks smoothly - like a swan;
He looks sweet - like a darling;
Says a word - the nightingale sings;
Her rosy cheeks are burning,
Like the dawn in God's sky.
2.2. “... the official cannot be said to be very remarkable, short in stature, somewhat pockmarked, somewhat reddish, somewhat blind in appearance, with a small bald spot on his forehead, with wrinkles on both sides of the cheeks and a complexion that is called hemorrhoidal...”
2.3. (He) “was a man of the most cheerful, most meek disposition, constantly sang in a low voice, looked carefree in all directions, spoke slightly through his nose, smiling, squinting his light blue eyes and often took his thin, wedge-shaped beard with his hand.”
2.4. “He was all overgrown with hair, from head to toe, like the ancient Esau, and his nails became like iron. He stopped blowing his nose a long time ago,
he walked more and more on all fours and was even surprised how he had not noticed before that this way of walking was the most decent and most convenient.
2.5. Her eyes are like two fogs,
Half smile, half cry,
Her eyes are like two deceptions,
Failures covered in darkness.
A combination of two mysteries
Half-delight, half-fear,
A fit of mad tenderness,
Anticipation of mortal pain.

Answer from Daniil Babkin[newbie]
Not only in literature, but also in oral and colloquial speech, we use various techniques of artistic expression to give it emotionality, imagery and persuasiveness. This is especially facilitated by the use of metaphors - the use of words in a figurative meaning (the bow of a boat, the eye of a needle, a death grip, the fire of love).
An epithet is a technique similar to a metaphor, but the only difference is that the epithet does not name the object of artistic display, but a sign of this object (good fellow, the sun is clear, or oh, bitter grief, boring, mortal boredom!).
Comparison - when one object is characterized by comparison with another, it is usually expressed using certain words: “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”, “as if”. (the sun is like a ball of fire, rain is like a bucket).
Personification is also an artistic device in literature. This is a type of metaphor that assigns the properties of living beings to inanimate objects. Personification is also the transference of human properties to animals (cunning, like a fox).
Hyperbole (exaggeration) is one of the expressive means of speech; it represents a meaning with an exaggeration of what is being discussed (lots of money, haven’t seen each other for centuries).
And vice versa, the opposite of hyperbole is litotes (simplicity) - an excessive understatement of what is being discussed (a boy the size of a finger, a man the size of a fingernail).
The list can be supplemented with sarcasm, irony and humor.
Sarcasm (translated from Greek as “tearing meat”) is malicious irony, a caustic remark or caustic mockery.
Irony is also mockery, but softer, when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is meant.
Humor is one of the means of expression, meaning “mood”, “disposition”. When the story is told in a comic, allegorical manner.

Figures of speech on Wikipedia
Check out the Wikipedia article about Figures of Speech

When we talk about art and literary creativity, we are focused on the impressions that are created when reading. They are largely determined by the imagery of the work. In fiction and poetry, there are special techniques for enhancing expressiveness. A competent presentation, public speaking - they also need ways to construct expressive speech.

For the first time, the concept of rhetorical figures, figures of speech, appeared among the orators of ancient Greece. In particular, Aristotle and his followers were involved in their study and classification. Delving into the details, scientists have identified up to 200 varieties that enrich the language.

Means of expressive speech are divided according to language level into:

• phonetic;
• lexical;
• syntactic.

The use of phonetics is traditional for poetry. Musical sounds often predominate in a poem, giving poetic speech a special melodiousness. In the drawing of a verse, stress, rhythm and rhyme, and combinations of sounds are used for emphasis.

Anaphora– repetition of sounds, words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, poetic lines or stanzas. “The golden stars dozed off...” - repetition of the initial sounds, Yesenin used phonetic anaphora.

And here is an example of lexical anaphora in Pushkin’s poems:

Alone you rush across the clear azure,
You alone cast a dull shadow,
You alone sadden the jubilant day.

Epiphora- a similar technique, but much less common, in which words or phrases are repeated at the end of lines or sentences.

The use of lexical devices associated with a word, lexeme, as well as phrases and sentences, syntax, is considered as a tradition of literary creativity, although it is also widely found in poetry.

Conventionally, all means of expressiveness of the Russian language can be divided into tropes and stylistic figures.

Trails

Tropes are the use of words and phrases in a figurative sense. Paths make speech more figurative, enliven and enrich it. Some tropes and their examples in literary work are listed below.

Epithet- artistic definition. Using it, the author gives the word additional emotional overtones and his own assessment. To understand how an epithet differs from an ordinary definition, you need to understand when reading whether the definition gives a new connotation to the word? Here's a simple test. Compare: late autumn - golden autumn, early spring - young spring, quiet breeze - gentle breeze.

Personification- transferring the signs of living beings to inanimate objects, nature: “The gloomy rocks looked sternly...”.

Comparison– direct comparison of one object or phenomenon with another. “The night is gloomy, like a beast...” (Tyutchev).

Metaphor– transferring the meaning of one word, object, phenomenon to another. Identifying similarities, implicit comparison.

“There is a red rowan fire burning in the garden...” (Yesenin). The rowan brushes remind the poet of the flame of a fire.

Metonymy– renaming. Transferring a property or meaning from one object to another according to the principle of contiguity. “The one in felt, let’s argue” (Vysotsky). In felt (material) - in a felt hat.

Synecdoche- a type of metonymy. Transferring the meaning of one word to another based on a quantitative connection: singular - plural, part - whole. “We all look at Napoleons” (Pushkin).

Irony- the use of a word or expression in an inverted, mocking sense. For example, the appeal to the Donkey in Krylov’s fable: “Are you crazy, smart one?”

Hyperbola- a figurative expression containing exorbitant exaggeration. It may relate to size, meaning, strength, and other qualities. Litota is, on the contrary, an exorbitant understatement. Hyperbole is often used by writers and journalists, and litotes is much less common. Examples. Hyperbole: “The sunset burned with one hundred and forty suns” (V.V. Mayakovsky). Litota: “a little man with a fingernail.”

Allegory- a specific image, scene, image, object that visually represents an abstract idea. The role of allegory is to suggest subtext, to force one to look for hidden meaning when reading. Widely used in fable.

Alogism– deliberate violation of logical connections for the purpose of irony. “That landowner was stupid, he read the newspaper “Vest” and his body was soft, white and crumbly.” (Saltykov-Shchedrin). The author deliberately mixes logically heterogeneous concepts in the enumeration.

Grotesque– a special technique, a combination of hyperbole and metaphor, a fantastic surreal description. An outstanding master of Russian grotesque was N. Gogol. His story “The Nose” is based on the use of this technique. A special impression when reading this work is made by the combination of the absurd with the ordinary.

Figures of speech

Stylistic figures are also used in literature. Their main types are shown in the table:

Test "Means of Artistic Expression"

To test your understanding of the material, take a short test.

Read the following passage:

“There the war smelled of gasoline and soot, burnt iron and gunpowder, it scraped with caterpillar tracks, screeched from machine guns and fell into the snow, and rose again under fire...”

What means of artistic expression are used in the excerpt from K. Simonov’s novel?

Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.

Drumming, clicks, grinding,

The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning,

And death and hell on all sides.

A. Pushkin

The answer to the test is given at the end of the article.

Expressive language is, first of all, an internal image that arises when reading a book, listening to an oral presentation, or a presentation. To manipulate images, visual techniques are needed. There are enough of them in the great and mighty Russian. Use them, and the listener or reader will find their own image in your speech pattern.

Study expressive language and its laws. Determine for yourself what is missing in your performances, in your drawing. Think, write, experiment, and your language will become an obedient tool and your weapon.

Answer to the test

K. Simonov. The personification of war in the passage. Metonymy: howling soldiers, equipment, battlefield - the author ideologically connects them into a generalized image of war. The techniques of expressive language used are polyunion, syntactic repetition, parallelism. Through this combination of stylistic techniques when reading, a revived, rich image of war is created.

A. Pushkin. The poem lacks conjunctions in the first lines. In this way the tension and richness of the battle are conveyed. In the phonetic design of the scene, the sound “r” plays a special role in different combinations. When reading, a rumbling, growling background appears, ideologically conveying the noise of battle.

If you were unable to give the correct answers while answering the test, do not be upset. Just re-read the article.

Everyone knows well that art is the self-expression of an individual, and literature, therefore, is the self-expression of the writer’s personality. The “baggage” of a writer consists of vocabulary, speech techniques, and skills in using these techniques. The richer the artist’s palette, the greater the possibilities he has when creating a canvas. It’s the same with a writer: the more expressive his speech, the brighter his images, the deeper and more interesting his statements, the stronger the emotional impact his works can have on the reader.

Among the means of verbal expressiveness, more often called “artistic devices” (or otherwise figures, tropes), in literary creativity metaphor is in first place in terms of frequency of use.

Metaphor is used when we use a word or expression in a figurative sense. This transfer is carried out by the similarity of individual features of a phenomenon or object. Most often, it is metaphor that creates an artistic image.

There are quite a few varieties of metaphor, among them:

metonymy - a trope that mixes meanings by contiguity, sometimes suggesting the imposition of one meaning on another

(examples: “Let me eat another plate!”; “Van Gogh is hanging on the third floor”);

(examples: “nice guy”; “pathetic little man”; “bitter bread”);

comparison is a figure of speech that characterizes an object by comparing one thing with another

(examples: “like the flesh of a child is fresh, like the call of a pipe is tender”);

personification - “revival” of objects or phenomena of inanimate nature

(examples: “ominous darkness”; “autumn cried”; “blizzard howled”);

hyperbole and litotes - a figure in the meaning of exaggeration or understatement of the described object

(examples: “he always argues”; “a sea of ​​tears”; “there wasn’t a drop of poppy dew in his mouth”);

sarcasm - evil, caustic mockery, sometimes outright verbal mockery (for example, in rap battles that have become widespread recently);

irony - a mocking statement when the speaker means something completely different (for example, the works of I. Ilf and E. Petrov);

humor is a trope that expresses a cheerful and most often good-natured mood (for example, the fables of I.A. Krylov are written in this vein);

grotesque is a figure of speech that deliberately violates the proportions and true dimensions of objects and phenomena (often used in fairy tales, another example is “Gulliver’s Travels” by J. Swift, the work of N.V. Gogol);

pun - deliberate ambiguity, a play on words based on their polysemy

(examples can be found in jokes, as well as in the works of V. Mayakovsky, O. Khayyam, K. Prutkov, etc.);

oxymoron - a combination in one expression of the incongruous, two contradictory concepts

(examples: “terribly handsome”, “original copy”, “pack of comrades”).

However, verbal expressiveness is not limited to stylistic figures. In particular, we can also mention sound painting, which is an artistic technique that implies a certain order in the construction of sounds, syllables, words to create some kind of image or mood, imitating the sounds of the real world. The reader will often encounter sound writing in poetic works, but this technique is also found in prose.

If you look at the sky, you will see the sun. Without the sun, life on Earth is impossible. The sun has attracted people's attention for thousands of years. In ancient times they worshiped him and made sacrifices.

• Red wolf - message about a rare animal

  Among the known species of animals in the fauna world, those that have features due to which they can be classified as rare are distinguished. It could be an unusual appearance, a warm skin, or nutritious meat from an animal.

• Soap - message on chemistry grade 10

  Any self-respecting person cannot live without soap. It symbolizes cleanliness and personal hygiene. From a scientific point of view, soap is a solid or liquid substance.

• Laws of Hammurabi - report message

  The code of laws of Hammurabi is the oldest monument of written laws. It was created by one of the rulers of Babylon of the Hammurabi dynasty. The text of the laws was carved on basalt tablets. Subsequently, at the beginning of the twentieth

• How to teach a child to work and work?

  Today, the younger generation often, instead of doing housework or helping relatives in some other area of ​​activity, simply choose to walk down the street or play computer games.