They belong to the Permian group of languages. Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Dictionary "In Perm speaking"

Perm word
The language of a modern Russian city is a complex entity. It is represented by various "non-standard" forms of the Russian language (inclusions of literary speech, colloquial forms, elements of territorial and social dialects). At the same time, the language of any city can have pronounced local features at different linguistic levels. The vast majority of citizens are a kind of "bilingual" or "polylingual" who are able to "switch" in various areas of communication to the means of the literary language, urban vernacular, professional or group jargon, and sometimes to speech with elements of the local dialect. What is the meaning of such dissimilarity of the language of one city to the language of another? Every modern city strives to have its own language code, which allows to distinguish its own from others.

The speech of the city of Perm has long been actively studied by sociolinguists of the Perm State National Research University, professors T.I. Erofeeva and E.V. Erofeeva. According to scientists, Perm has a specific pronunciation - the so-called closed pronunciation, perceived as "swallowing" vowels. There is a playful explanation for this phenomenon: the pronunciation of sounds with an almost unopened, motionless lower jaw is nothing more than the desire not to open the mouth wide so as not to catch a cold in the Ural frost). Typical Permian phonetic features also include okane, the almost complete loss of the j sound between vowels in words like "sdelaem" (instead of "let's do"), "platte" (instead of "dress"). Less noticeable to a non-specialist is the preservation of roundedness when pronouncing the reduced sound O in an unstressed position, the weakening of the affricate ("sellofan" instead of "cellophane"). A special "singing" rise in tone at the end of phrases is considered a characteristic Ural intonation. We see a lot of special features in the Permian syntax. For example, only here we use "dak yes" to confirm something, expressing consent ("When you hear a smell, do you remember something? - Well, yes, yes"). For enumeration, in the meaning of "and so on," the inhabitants of Perm often use the combination "yes, yes, yes" ("We planted potatoes, carrots, beets, yes, yes"; "Right now, they don't give birth a lot - one by one, yes, two by two"). The speech of the inhabitants of Perm is characterized by an abundance of Komi-Permyak and Turkic lexical borrowings ("balka" - a sheep, "kaga" - a child, "tues" - a box of birch bark with a lid, "uglan" - a teenage boy, "duvan" - a draft, from Turkic name for a high, open place). A lot of words are fixed in the local tradition in meanings that are not typical for other territories. Thus, a document with an inscription giving the right to see a doctor is called a "coupon" in Perm, while in other Russian cities it is a "tag"; Permians, unlike residents of other Russian cities, use the word "vichka" to call a small twig. Permians use a large number of dialect words: "zharekha" - a dish of fried mushrooms, "sinyavka" - russula, "spinhead" - restless, disobedient, "simple" - artless, disinterested. The residents of Perm consistently use the word "redhead" to designate the boletus (according to dialect dictionaries, it is typical for rural residents of the Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Tver, Novgorod, Vladimir, Kostroma, Moscow regions and the Middle Urals). As shown by recent studies of the famous sociolinguist Professor V. I.Belikov, the name of the cigarette butt "chibon" is mainly widespread in Perm (in the north of the region, the word "khabon" is used in this sense). Many phraseological units are purely Permian. So, the expression “Dunka from Bakharevka” is used to describe a strange, abnormal young lady with an exotic appearance (“I don’t understand you: I came to a meeting with serious people, and she dressed up like Dunka from Bakharevka. Not everyone has such broad views what a deputy director should look like!"). Now few people remember that once Bakharevka was a vegetable plantation in Perm, and vegetables were grown here by residents of villages nearby Perm. The most colorful in the creation of the speech image of Perm are the informal colloquial and household names of urban objects: "Death Tower" (about the building of the regional Department of Internal Affairs), the ironically petty name of the Zakamsk district - "Zookamsk", the Proletarsky microdistrict - "Span". The ironic name of the monument to the heroes of the front and rear on the city esplanade is "Taxi, taxi!" - an example not so much of the overwriting of the national historical memory and self-awareness of Permians, but of the reaction of the townspeople to the ideologization of the center of the capital of the region. The sculptural composition of the monument consists of three people, from certain angles the gestures captured by the author resemble the gestures of those trying to hail a taxi towards the railway station ("After registering at the registry office, the newlyweds must be photographed near the TAXI, TAXI"). Not everything in Perm lends itself to rational interpretation, including the unusual speech of its inhabitants. “The more wonderful the language, the sweeter it is,” said the famous writer Valentin Rasputin, a connoisseur of folk speech. The diversity of the vocabulary, the richest variability of the language of the Permian street is a striking feature of the inner life of the regional capital. One of the most noticeable features of Perm's everyday speech is folk word-creation, a language game, the desire of Permians to preserve a "non-general" facial expression.

I.A. Podyukov, -
Doctor of Philology, Head of the Department of General Linguistics, PSPU

Dictionary "In Perm speaking"

In the area of special attention
The main difference of the publication, which we bring to your attention not without some parental pride, is that it completely lacks the academic character inherent in ordinary dictionaries. "Speaking in Permian" is rather a diary of observations. The compilers did not seek to create a dictionary of exclusively Permian words and expressions, if only for the reason that it is almost impossible to establish the true "place of birth" of some units. For example, other regions and cities may well compete for the word "Basic" with Perm - it can be considered rather common in the Urals. In addition, real serious scientists who continue the glorious work of Vladimir Dahl are engaged in fascinating research in the field of classical dialect lexicography - let's leave it to them. When compiling the dictionary with enthusiasm and care, they selected what characterizes the modern Permian in the opinion of the compilers - which, of course, cannot be considered the only true one. For greater objectivity, we added to our own materials: the works of specialists in Permian dialects, philologists (they know better), observations of tourists who visited the Perm Territory (especially for them), and finally, observations of our fellow countrymen from among representatives of different ages and professions (this in fact, it is not obvious, but each of them is the bearer of the very living speech that we tried to describe here).

Without pretending to complete the presentation of Permian words and expressions in this edition, we, nevertheless, argue that even the small selection that the reader will get acquainted with with his help can serve as an excellent service when first getting to know the region. It doesn’t matter for what purpose you are going to visit the Kama region: whether it’s a work occasion or a journey at the call of your heart, upon arrival in Perm you will hear a lot of interesting things from the natives (we guarantee this) and, perhaps, not all words and expressions will be able to understand right away. We flatter ourselves with the hope that our collection will be of help to you in this difficult task. "Speaking in Permian" consists of words and expressions that are definitely from the Kama region - for example, the compilers vouch for the Permianness of "posikunchiks" and other "pistics" with their heads, hands and other parts of the body; further, words that do not have an exclusively Perm residence permit, but may be characteristic of the entire Ural region, but "in Moscow no one speaks like that for sure"; and actually what is characteristic of the speech of the Permian of our time - jargon, slang, borrowings creatively comprehended by our contemporaries and countrymen, and so on.

Meanwhile, when learning any language, only words and expressions (vocabulary) are not enough for full-fledged communication. It is important to know how these words are formed into phrases (grammar, that is), and how all this is then pronounced (correctly, phonetics). Some rules for the formation of an utterance in Perm are in the dictionary. It also contains several universal phrases that can help out in many situations (for example, the richest field for various constructions that can express almost anything is provided by the word CHE, beloved by Perm people). Be prepared for the fact that a rich vocabulary alone does not guarantee success. It is worth paying attention to the ability to construct a statement in Perm. A win-win option is to start any statement with the words DAK or CHE. In some cases (especially if the sentence is interrogative) it is best to even combine them into DAK CHE. For example: Well, are we going to eat today? In some cases, DAK may also complete the phrase. For example: Come here, you can't sleep anyway. But speaking Perm without an accent - from a purely pronunciation point of view - requires more thorough preparation. So, we carefully read the rules, listen to native speakers and try to reproduce.

Perm pronunciation rules
(must read, without this you will sound completely un-Permian)
1. When you speak, your mouth should open as little as possible. To be honest, it's better not to open your mouth at all. If you find it difficult at first, help yourself by pushing your lower jaw slightly forward.
2. At the same time, speech should be very fast so that others do not have time to understand you.
3. Remember: if the letter O is present in the word, then even in an unstressed position it will be read as O
4. In general, try to keep A and O always similar to O. Y is also allowed. In some cases, Y is even preferable. Even if it’s difficult to pronounce the Y, feel free to throw out the vowel completely.

A little strengthening exercise. The first word in the chain is pronounced in the usual way. In the second case, we insert the correct, Permian-colored vowel sound. And the last word is already perfect in Perm.

Home - smoke - dmoy
Sausage - kilbysa - klbsa
Submariners - pydvodnikov - pdvodnikv
Language is a reflection of the culture and worldview of its bearer. Some people are amused by Perm speech, others are annoyed, others do not believe at all that someone actually says this. Of course, it is impossible to embrace the immensity. To convey the full power of Permian speech is a task of exceptional complexity. It needs to be heard and it needs to be spoken. If you look in any dictionary, then next to the word "attraction" you will see the following definition: "That which deserves attention and has special value." In terms of tourism, the Perm Territory is a surprisingly diverse territory. One should pay attention here to the former Stroganov factories, and the current modern enterprises, and magnificent natural monuments, and the richest museums, and much, much more. However, the spirit of the place, its unique atmosphere, its originality and "taste" cannot be felt without getting acquainted with the local dialect. We believe that the famous Perm dialect is one of the most interesting and valuable sights of the Kama region. We can recommend everyone who has just begun to master speaking Perm to experiment with new vocabulary, involving it in their active vocabulary in a variety of communicative situations. And as a small master class, we suggest trying to retell long-known stories in Permian: you will see how seemingly utterly familiar stories magically acquire a fresh sound.

Dictionary "In Perm speaking"

Languages. Carriers P. I. live mainly in the north-east of the European part of the USSR - in the Komi ASSR, the Udmurt ASSR and in the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Komi-Zyryans also live in the lower reaches of the Ob and along the Tobol River within the Tyumen and Omsk regions. Their settlements are also found in some areas of other regions. The Komi also live on the Kola Peninsula. In the upper reaches of the Kama there are Kirov Permians (the so-called Zyuzdins; about 5 thousand people). The settlements of the Komi-Permyaks are found in a number of regions of Siberia. In the north-east of the Perm region, along the middle and upper reaches of the Yazva, a tributary of the Vishera, live the Krasnovishersky Permians (the so-called Komi-Yazvinians). Their language, in a number of features, is close to the Onkovo, Lower Inven dialects of the Komi-Permyak language. Small groups of Udmurts are found in the Bashkir ASSR, Tatar ASSR, as well as in the Kirov, Sverdlovsk and Perm regions. Udmurt settlers live in Siberia. Among the Udmurts, a special ethnic group stands out - the Besermen, who live mainly along the middle and lower reaches of the Cheptsa River. Besermyans speak a special dialect of the Udmurt language.

The ancestors of the Permian peoples originally lived in the Vyatka basin and along the middle and lower reaches of the Kama. The collapse of the Proto-Permian community occurred around the 8th century. The main reason for the collapse was the penetration of the Turkic peoples into the Volga, mainly the Bulgars. The resettlement of the Komi to the territory of the modern Komi ASSR began in the 6th-7th centuries.

The Komi-Permyak language is close to the Komi-Zyryan. The reason for its transformation into an independent language was the territorial isolation outside the Komi ASSR (Perm region) and the independent development of the literary language.

The dialects of the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages are usually classified according to 2 principles - typological and territorial. Until the 70s. 20th century dialects were combined into 3 groups: Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Perm and Komi-Yazva. Since the 70s they unite in the Komi-Zyryansk and Komi-Permyak groups.

The typological classification takes into account the fate of the Proto-Permian l. Depending on its character, 4 types of dialects are distinguished: el dialects; null-el dialects; ve-el dialects; bezelovye dialects. In El dialects, the sound l is preserved in any position, for example, ve̮l ‘horse’, ve̮lte̮g ‘without a horse’, ve̮le̮n ‘by a horse’. In null-el dialects, the older l at the end of a word and in the middle of a word before a consonant is replaced by a lengthening of the previous vowel or dropped out entirely. If the previous vowel is e or i, then l becomes j (cf. ni̮i̮ or ni̮ ‘girl’ from ni̮l, zej ‘very’ from zel). In ve-el dialects in the middle of a word before a consonant and at the end of a word, l becomes v (cf. ve̮v ‘horse’ from ve̮l, ki̮vni̮ ‘hear’ from ki̮lni). In non-el dialects, l goes everywhere into v.

According to the classification, which takes into account the territorial location of dialects, the following 10 dialects are distinguished in the Komi-Zyryan dialect: Lower Vychegodsk, Upper Vychegodsk, Middle Sysolsky, Syktyvkarsky, Upper Sysolsky, Udorsky, Izhma, Vymsky, Pechora and Luzsko-Letsky. The dialects received these names mainly from the names of the rivers along which their speakers lived or live.

The dialects of the Komi-Permyaks, common within the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, are combined into 2 dialects - northern and south. In the Udmurt language, 2 dialects are also distinguished - northern and southern. Between them are transitional (“middle”) dialects, whose speakers live in the central (middle) regions of the Udmurt ASSR. Transitional dialects arose as a result of a mixture of northern and southern dialects.

The Komi and Udmurt languages, despite the well-known differences that exclude the possibility of mutual understanding of their speakers, are at the same time the same type of languages.

The phonemic composition of all three literary languages is the same: 7 vowels and 26 consonant phonemes. The morphological structure is also basically the same: the case systems are the same - in the Udmurt literary language there are 15 cases, in Komi-Zyryan - 16, in Komi-Permyak - 17. Of these cases, 14 case forms are common. They match in performance and functions. The system of personal-possessive suffixes is almost the same in these languages. Significant similarity is observed in the system

Which of them are the indigenous inhabitants of the region?

Perm region

The region is the border between Europe and Asia. A significant territory of the region is located in the east of the European part of Russia. It is bordered by the Komi Republic in the north, Bashkortostan in the south, Sverdlovsk Region in the east, and Kirov Region in the northwest.

Modern education - the Perm Territory - was formed in 2005, after the unification of the Komi-Perm Autonomous Okrug. The main administrative center is the city of Perm. The territory of the region was inhabited by people since the Paleolithic era. Active development by Russians began around the 16th century and intensified in the 17th century, after the discovery of copper and gold.

The peoples of the Perm Territory and their traditions are very diverse. Approximately 125 nationalities live on an area of 160 square kilometers. The total population is 2.6 million people. The urban population significantly predominates over the rural population, it is 75%.

What peoples inhabit the Perm Territory?

The region is home to many ethnic groups and peoples. Of these, only seven are the earliest, authentic for this area. The languages of the peoples of the Perm Territory are numerous. Within the indigenous ethnic groups, they are divided into Finno-Ugric, Slavic (Russian), Turkic.

The main population is represented by Russians (2.1 million). The next largest are Tatars (115 thousand), Komi-Permyaks (80 thousand), Bashkirs (30 thousand), Udmurts (20 thousand) and Ukrainians (16 thousand). More than four thousand people are Belarusians, Germans, Chuvashs, and also Maris. The rest of the peoples of the Perm Territory are represented in the minority. Among them are Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Turks, Ingush, Komi-Yazvinians, Mordovians, Gypsies, Moldavians, Mansi, Koreans, Chinese, Georgians, Chechens and others.

The indigenous peoples of the Perm region are represented by three main groups: Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Slavic. In the period from the 15th to the 16th century, the ancestors of modern Komi-Permyaks settled in the upper reaches of the Kama. The southern parts of the region were inhabited by Bashkirs and Tatars. Udmurts, Mansi and Mari also lived on the territory. The Russian population came here around the 16th century, very soon becoming predominant.

Mari

The name of the peoples of the Perm Territory may differ in different languages. For example, the Mari usually refer to themselves as mari or mare. This people belongs to the Finno-Ugric ethnic group. They are located in the area between the Volga and Vetluga. Most of them live in the Russian Republic of Mari El, as well as in the Volga region and the Urals.

According to anthropological features, they belong to the Subural type, with more pronounced features of the Mongoloid race. The ethnos was formed back in the 1st millennium AD. e. In their culture and way of life, they are most similar to the Chuvash. The people are made up of four ethnic groups, mainly Kungur Mari live on the territory of the region.

Part of the people converted to Orthodoxy, although the traditional religion remains the main belief. In this case, it represents folk mythology combined with monotheism. The paganism of the Mari is based on the veneration of the forces of nature, prayers to which take place in sacred groves (in the ritual building kude).

Folk clothing is represented by a tunic shirt, decorated with embroidery, trousers and a caftan, girded from above with a belt or a towel. Women wore jewelry made of coins, shells, beads. The headdress is a towel with an overcoat - a sharpan, a magpie or a cone-shaped cap. The men wore brimmed hats.

Udmurts

The autochthonous population of the Kama and Cis-Urals are the Udmurts. They belong to the Finno-Ugrians, like some other peoples of the Perm Territory. The closest to them are the Komi-Permyaks and the Komi-Zyryans, although Russian and Tatar traditions strongly influenced their way of life and culture. The majority of the population professes Orthodoxy, but elements of folk beliefs have been preserved in the villages.

The Udmurts have traditionally been engaged in agriculture (grain and potatoes) and animal husbandry, hunting and gathering, beekeeping and fishing. They lived where several families lived on the same territory. They were engaged in embroidery, knitting, woodworking, weaving and spinning.

The ritual building (kuala) for prayer was, like the Mari, in the forest. The house had a stove with a hanging boiler, bunk beds for sleeping and a red corner (table and chair) for the head of the family. The women's costume consisted of a shirt, a robe, a bib trimmed with velvet and a belt. They decorated themselves with coins, rings, beads. The men wore blue-and-white striped trousers, blouses, and felted hats.

Komi-Permyaks

Representatives of the people call themselves Komi Mort or Komi Otir. They are settled mainly on the territory of the former Komi-Permyatsk district. They belong to the Finno-Ugric group. In terms of language and traditions, they have the greatest similarities with the Komi-Zyryans. There is practically no literature in the language of the people.

The main occupation of the Komi-Permyaks was agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, weaving, pottery, spinning. Currently it is wood processing and agriculture. Like many peoples of the Perm region, the Komi-Permyaks were pagans, but the majority converted to Christianity. Now folk beliefs are trying to revive.

At first, traditional clothes were blue and black, later other shades appeared, and a “cage” pattern was added to the shirt. Women's attire consisted of a tunic-shaped shirt, over which a sundress was worn. Sometimes an apron was worn on a sundress. Headdresses - kokoshniks, were decorated with embroidery and ornaments. Men wore tunic-shaped embroidered shirts, belted with sashes, and trousers. Cats, galeshkas and bast shoes were worn on their feet.

Mansi

The Mansi ethnic group belongs to the Ugric peoples. There are few representatives of this people in Russia. The main population lives in Nevertheless, the Mansi represent the autochthonous peoples of the Perm Territory. There are only a few of them left in the region (up to 40), they live in the Vishera Reserve.

Native to the ethnic group is the Mansi language, which belongs to the Ob-Ugric group. Culturally, the Hungarians and Khanty are closest to the Mansi. In beliefs, along with Orthodoxy, folk mythology and shamanism have been preserved. Mansi believe in patron spirits.

Traditional occupations include reindeer herding, fishing, hunting, farming and cattle breeding. Housing was built seasonally. In winter, they lived in log houses or huts of the Russian type, in summer in conical tents made of birch bark. An open hearth made of poles served as heating and a source of light. A characteristic feature of the Mansi was that they did not eat mushrooms, considering them a home for evil spirits.

Women's costume consisted of a swinging robe made of cloth or satin and a dress. He wore a scarf and a lot of jewelry. The men had shirts and trousers; clothing, as a rule, was with a hood made of cloth.

Tatars

Tatars belong to the Turkic peoples. And they are widely settled on the territory of Russia (the second largest people). They live in the Kama region, the Urals, the Volga region, the Far East, Siberia. In the Perm Territory, Tatars are present in almost all settlements.

The Tatar language belongs to the Altaic family. Most of the people are Sunni Muslims, although there are Orthodox and atheists. In the Kama region, the Tatars closely interacted with the Bashkirs, which led to the mutual influence of cultures on each other.

The national costume is different for different ethnic groups of Tatars. The main features of the women's costume are a long shirt-dress, bloomers. An embroidered bib was worn on top, and a robe was worn as outerwear. A turban, scarf or kalfak hat was put on the head. Men wore a felt hat over a skullcap. Jewelry for women was made of metal.

Bashkirs

Another people of the Turkic group is the Bashkirs. The main population lives in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The national language is Bashkir. Like Tatar, it belongs to the Altai family. Representatives of the people are Sunni Muslims.

The Bashkirs are closest to the Turkic peoples, although Iranians and Finno-Ugric peoples also participated in their ethnogenesis. The people led a semi-nomadic lifestyle, engaged in cattle breeding. Along with this, he was engaged in fishing, hunting, beekeeping, farming, and gathering. Among the crafts were weaving, the production of shawls and carpets. The Bashkirs were well versed in jewelry and forging.

Folk clothes were sewn from sheepskin. Women and men wore pants with a wide step. A dress was put on top (differed for women and men). They also wore a robe, semi-caftan, camisole. There was a lot of embroidery and appliqués on the clothes. Hats ranged from caps, towels to hats with earflaps. Everything was richly embroidered with patterns. Men wore skullcaps and felt hats.

Conclusion

The peoples of the Perm Territory and their traditions differ greatly from each other. The region has always been characterized by polyethnicity; there was no single nationality throughout its territory. Previously, individual tribes constantly wandered from one place to another, in search of the most favorable conditions for life.

In the 15th century, several tribes at once settled in the territory of the Kama region, whose ancestors formed the peoples of the Perm Territory. The culture and ethnography of these peoples did not develop in isolation, but mutually influenced each other. For example, the Udmurts inherited the cultural traits of the Tatars, while the Tatars, in turn, were influenced by the Bashkirs.

The Russians had the greatest influence on the culture of the peoples, who already in the 17th century significantly prevailed in numbers. Today, traditional clothing and lifestyles are poorly supported. For some representatives, they are reflected in religion, although many have become Christianized. Folk languages are more often used as a second language, while Russian is used as a first one.

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Introduction

The Perm Territory, or, as it is also called, the Perm Kama Region, is a unique region in ethno-cultural terms. Throughout history, it has evolved as a multi-ethnic one: it was mastered by peoples of different origin, language, economic structure, traditions, as a result of which one of the most interesting ethno-cultural complexes was formed that has no direct analogues in other regions of Russia. At the same time, interethnic relations in the region have always been peaceful.

In the Kama region, the interaction of peoples was actively taking place. Characteristic features of the ethnic cultures of the Permian peoples are interethnic borrowings, which were the result of contacts with neighbors. The degree and forms of interaction remained different: from minor borrowings to complete assimilation.

Representatives of more than 120 nationalities live on the territory of the Perm Territory, which belong to three language groups: Slavic, Turkic, Finno-Ugric.

We were interested in why the territory of the Perm Territory, which occupies only about 1% of the territory of Russia, has such a diverse ethnic composition of the population.

Purpose of the study: study of the national composition of the population of the Kama region.

Tasks:

1) study the literature on the national composition of the population of the Perm Territory;

2) analyze the geography of the national composition of the region's population;

3) to identify the reasons for the complex national composition of the population of the Kama region.

Object of study: population of the Perm region.

Subject of study: ethnic composition of the population of the Kama region.

Research methods: cartographic allowed to trace the geography of settlement of the territory of the region by different peoples; analytical - to identify the causes of the complex national composition of the population of the Perm Territory.

Hypothesis: The population of the Perm Territory is multinational, the main reason for which is the peculiarities of the settlement of the territory.

The sources of the study were textbooks, local history literature, data from the Territorial Body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Perm Territory.

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the results of the All-Russian Population Census of 2010 have not yet been published, and this work brings together information on the national composition of the population of the Kama region, its geography, and identifies the reasons for the complex national composition.

Chapter 1. Slavic peoples

The territory of the Kama region has long been a historical crossroads for many peoples moving along the Kama or overcoming the Ural Range on the road from Europe to Siberia and in the opposite direction. The most important communication routes of Western Europe and the Russian Plain with the steppe and taiga regions of Asia and the states of the East passed here. Ancient trade routes ran along the Kama and its tributaries. All this had an impact on the formation of a complex national composition of the local population. In the late 19th - early 20th century, Mansi, Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts, Mari, Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs lived here. The most ancient population of the region, as Russian chroniclers testify, were tribes Perm (Permyaks, Zyryans) - the ancestors of the Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks, and Yugra- ancestors of modern Mansi and Khanty. The dramatic history of the country in the 19th and 20th centuries brought representatives of many other nations to the Permian land.

Russians

The most numerous people are Russians. They make up 85.2%, or over 2.5 million people according to the 2002 census (Table 1). They are evenly settled, and in most territories their numbers are predominant, with the exception of the Bardymsky district (7.2%) and five districts of the Komi-Permyatsk Autonomous Okrug (Gainsky, Kosinsky, Kochevsky, Kudymkarsky, Yusvinsky) - 38.2% (Fig. 2). The Russian population in the West Ural region is of foreign origin. Included in the 15th century into the Russian state, the Upper Kama lands were developed, first of all, by the Russian peasants of the European North. The process of formation of the Russian population of the Perm Territory was closely connected with the formation of the Russian state and the expansion of its borders to the east. In the 17th century, the process of turning Russian settlers into an integral part of the population of the Urals was going on. It ended with the formation of a compact and nationally mature group of the population, which became part of the Russian nation.

Ukrainians

In the 19th-20th centuries, the ethnic composition of the population of the Kama region becomes more complicated: peoples appear whose ethnic history is connected with very remote territories. In 1897, 195 people of Ukrainian nationality lived on the territory of the region (almost half lived in the Perm district), and in 1920 - 922 Ukrainians, of which 627 people ended up in Osinsky and Okhansky districts (all of them became migrants as a result of the Stolypin land reform). A huge number of Ukrainians were forcibly resettled in the Perm Territory during the period of collectivization and the “fight against the kulaks”. Many residents of Ukraine independently moved to the Kama region during the Great Patriotic War and in the post-war period.

Today, the Ukrainian population among the multinational population of the Kama region is more than 16 thousand people, and mainly lives in the cities of the region (Aleksandrovsk, Berezniki, Gremyachinsk, Gubakha, Kizel), as well as in the Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug (Gayinsky district).

Belarusians

The first Belarusians appeared in the Kama region at the end of the 18th century. In 1897 there were 77 of them in the region, 51 of them in the Perm district. Then the Belarusians moved to the Kama region and as a result of the Stolypin land reform. In 1920, there were already 3,250 of them, of which 2,755 lived in rural areas. A new wave - special settlers who ended up in the Kama region as a result of mass repressions. Here they preserved the language and features of traditional life. Belarusians lived compactly in Osinsky and Okhansky districts, but by now very few of them have survived in these places. They also lived in the north of the region. According to the 2010 census, 6.5 thousand Belarusians live in the Perm Territory (Fig. 1) .

Poles

Pre-revolutionary Perm has long been a place of political exile. Many among the exiles were Poles - participants in the national liberation movement of the Polish people, deprived of statehood at the end of the 18th century and forcibly included in the Russian Empire. In 1897, there were 1,156 Poles in the territory of the province, most of whom were expelled from Poland after the armed uprising of 1863. The Perm Territory has become a second home for many Poles who were abandoned in a harsh region during the years of Stalinist repressions. The Poles, as well as representatives of other nationalities, left a noticeable mark in the history of the region and made a great contribution to the development of its culture. In 1989, the number of Poles in the region was 1183 people (0.03%).

Chapter 2. Finno-Ugric peoples

Komi-Permyaks

In the XII-XV centuries, more extensive lands in the upper reaches of the Kama were inhabited by the Komi-Permyaks (Fig. 2). By origin and language, the Komi-Permyaks are close to the Udmurts and Komi-Zyryans. In 1472, the Komi-Permyaks, among the first of all the peoples of the Urals, became part of the Russian state. In 1869, 62,130 Komi-Permyaks lived in the Verkhnekamsk basin, in 1920 - 11,400 people. They formed the main ethnic core of the national (and since 1977 - autonomous) district formed in 1925. According to the 1989 census, there were 123,371 Komi-Permyaks in the region (Table 1).

The northern (Kosino-Kama) Komi-Permyaks have long been part of the Cherdyn district, and the southern (Invensky) - in Solikamsky. The former experienced the influence of the economy and culture of the Russian peasants earlier and more fully, and the latter somewhat later and not always deeply and comprehensively, therefore, there were differences in language and cultural and everyday life between the two main groups of Komi-Permyaks. In the conditions of a single autonomy, there was a consolidation of closely living ethnic groups of the population, and the main differences disappeared.

The most significant changes in the nature of settlement, the demographic parameters of the Komi-Permyaks, and interethnic contacts took place in the 20th century. Komi-Permyaks are the fifth largest Finno-Ugric people in Russia. Their growth was most significant from the middle of the 19th century to the first quarter of the 20th century. The share of Komi-Permyaks in the population of Russia in 1897 was 0.08%. In the population of the Russian Federation in 1959, Komi-Permyaks already accounted for 0.12%, in 1979 - 0.11%, and in 1989 - 0.10%. In the population of the district, Komi-Permyaks in 1989 accounted for 60.2%, which is the highest proportion of titular nationality among the Finno-Ugric autonomies of Russia. The 2002 census noted 103.5 thousand Komi-Permyaks in the Perm Territory, and the 2010 census - more than 81 thousand people (Fig. 1) .

Komi-Yazvintsy

For a long time, the Komi-Yazvinians were considered part of the Komi-Permyak ethnos and were called "Yazvinsky Komi-Permyaks". Representatives live on the territory of the Perm Territory - in the upper reaches of the Yazva River (Krasnovishersky and Solikamsky districts) (Fig. 2). In the latest official censuses, they were listed as Russians, but they do not consider themselves as such. Despite the lack of written language, this ethnic group has not yet lost its native language, ethnic identity and some features of cultural and everyday specifics. Today, the Yazvinians live along the banks of the Yazva River. From the regional center (Krasnovishersk) this territory lies at a distance of 40 km. Back in the 1950s, it was much wider.

The native language was spoken by the adult population in all the villages around the village of Verkhnyaya Yazva and the villages of Verkhnyaya and Nizhnyaya Bychina. Nowadays, the native language is best spoken by the residents of the most remote, up the Yazva, Antipinsky village administration, which has more than 1,000 people. Researchers note that the language of the inhabitants of Verkhnyaya Yazva cannot be attributed to either the Komi-Permyak or the Komi language. This allows us to consider the Permians of the Upper Yazva as an independent people. And the Yazvinians themselves insist that they are neither Komi nor Komi-Permyaks. At present, there are about 2,000 Komi-Yazva people.

Mansi

In the X - XII centuries. east of the Kama region - in the Trans-Urals, the Mansi people formed. In the XVII - XIX centuries. Mansi were settled in the Kama region in several areas. The Mansi population during this period lived in the Kungur and Cherdyn districts. Compact groups of Mansi were in the upper reaches of the river. Vishera - Vishera, or Cherdyn, Mansi, and along the river. Chusovoy - Chusovoy, or Kungur.

The number of the Mansi population in the Kama region can be traced back to the end of the 18th century. According to the 5th revision of 1795, 152 Mansi lived in Kungursky district, 120 - in Cherdynsky. Kopchik - 110, and in the Cherdyn district, in the village of Ust-Uls, there were, according to various sources, from 42 to 65 people. In total, the number of Mansi in the territory of the Perm Kama region during this period was 204 people.

A significant decrease in the Mansi occurred in the Cherdyn district, which is associated with the migration of part of the Mansi population in the late 1850s. in the Trans-Urals, on the river. Lozva, in Verkhotursky district. Back in 1857, the number of Cherdyn Mansi was 138 people. But already according to the results of the 1897 census, there were 193 Kungur Mansi people, and 79 Cherdyn people. The modern Mansi population of the Perm Territory is scattered in small numbers over many areas and amounted to 26 people in 1989, and 31 in 2002. Along the river. Chusovaya was not noted by the latest censuses of the Mansi population, and their largest number - 10 people - in 2002 was recorded in Krasnovishersky district.

Udmurts

In Zakamye, on the Bui River, at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century, the Udmurts came. At this time, in the Upper Kama region, on the territory of the traditional residence of the Udmurts, the process of Christianization began, which was accompanied by an increase in feudal oppression. The Kuedin (Buy) Udmurts were pagans, they preserved the beliefs and rituals of their ancestors. There are many anachronisms in their language, and borrowing has left an imprint on the ethnoculture - the result of the long residence of the Udmurts next to the Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs. The multinational environment of the Kama region with the predominance of the Russian population contributed to the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of peoples.

According to the 1989 census, 32.7 thousand Udmurts live in the region, which is 1.1% of the total population (Table 1). In the Kuedinsky district, on the territory of three rural administrations, there is a historically formed group - the Kuedinsky (Buy) Udmurts, numbering 5.8 thousand people, which is 17.7% of the total population of the district. They recognize themselves as Udmurts, their native language is their main everyday language, it is studied in schools. Udmurts maintain cultural ties with their historical homeland - the Udmurt Republic. According to the 2002 census, 26.3 thousand Udmurts lived in the Perm Territory, and according to the 2010 census, more than 20 thousand people (Fig. 1) .

Mari

In the course of migration at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century, the Mari settled in the southern regions of the Perm Territory - in the upper reaches of the Sylva River (Suksunsky District). An insignificant number of Mari moved to the Southern Kama region even before the accession of the Middle Volga region to the Russian state. Perm Mari belong to the eastern group of the Mari people, whose representatives also live in the Sverdlovsk region and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Eastern Mari use the literary norm of the Mari language, which has developed on the basis of the meadow dialect.

The number of Mari living in the Perm Territory, according to the 1989 census, is 6.6 thousand people - this is 0.2% of the total population of the region (Table 1). There are compact Mari settlements in the Suksun, Kishert, Oktyabrsky, Chernushinsky and Kuedinsky districts. 1.6 thousand Mari, which is 6.7% of the total population of the region, live compactly in their historical territory - in two rural administrations of the Suksun region. According to the 2002 census, the number of Maris was 5591 people, and according to the 2010 census - more than 4 thousand people (Fig. 1).

Chapter 3. Turkic peoples

Tatars

One of the numerous groups of the indigenous population of the Kama region is formed by the Tatars. After the fall of the Kazan Khanate, the free lands of the Southern Kama region were quickly settled, including by the Volga Tatars. Their highest concentration was observed in Tulva, Sylva, Ireni and adjacent territories. The Volga Tatars were joined by part of the Siberian Tatars, who migrated here much earlier. However, the Perm Tatars are heterogeneous, researchers identify several ethno-territorial groups among them: Sylven-Iren Tatars, Mullin Tatars and Tulvin Tatars and Bashkirs.

In the early 1990s, there were 150.4 thousand Tatars in the Perm Territory (4.9%). The Tatar population lives compactly in 12 territories of the region: in the cities of Gremyachinsk (15.3%), Kizel (13.5%), Lysva (16.8%), Chusovoy (6.7%), in the districts of Kuedinsky (6.4%). %), Kungursky (8.8%), Oktyabrsky (32.5%), Orda (16.4%), Perm (5.1%), Suksunsky (7.9%), Uinsky (33.5%) , Chernushinsky (7.1%) (Fig. 2). The 2002 census noted a decrease in the number of Tatars to 136.6 thousand people, and the 2010 census - to 115 thousand people (Fig. 1) .

Bashkirs

In the XIII - XIV centuries, several Bashkir clans moved from the northern regions of Bashkiria to the Tulva basin (Bardymsky and Osinsky regions) (Fig. 2). Here they formed into a compact group and assimilated the ancient Finno-Ugric population. Formed in the 16th - 17th centuries, compact areas with a Turkic population - Tatars and Bashkirs - have survived to this day. There was intense interaction between representatives of different cities. This led to a reduction in the Bashkir population. Many Bashkirs at the beginning of the 20th century no longer had a pronounced ethnic identity. Being under the long influence of the Tatar language and culture, they began to identify themselves as Tatars. Therefore, the censuses showed a steady decline in the Bashkirs and a significant increase in the Tatars. In the 1989 census, about 30 thousand Bashkirs registered as Bashkirs, but they called Tatar their native language.

52.3 thousand people (1989 census) of Bashkir nationality lived in the region, of which 24.9 thousand people lived in the Bardymsky district, which accounted for 85% of the total population of the region (Table 1). The territories with compact Bashkirs also include Chernushinsky (6.5%), Kuedinsky (5.9%), Osinsky (3.9%), Oktyabrsky (2.2%), Uinsky (2.2%), Permsky ( 1.6%) districts. The 2002 census noted a decrease in the number of Bashkirs to 40.7 thousand people, and the 2010 census - to 32.7 thousand people (Fig. 1) .

Chuvash

In the late 1920s, the resettlement of the Chuvash began in the Perm Territory. The Chuvash population moved to the Kama region from different regions of Chuvashia. Permian Chuvashs associate the reasons for migration with overpopulation in their historical homeland, lack of land, mowing, and forests. The second mass influx of the Chuvash population into the Perm Territory occurred in the 1950s.

Today, the Chuvash are settled in the Kuedinsky, Chernushinsky, Elovsky and Chaikovsky regions of the Perm Territory. According to the 1989 census, 10.8 thousand Chuvashs lived in the region, of which 1277 people lived compactly in the Kuedinsky district (Table 1). The 2002 census noted a decrease in the number of Chuvash to 7 thousand people, and the 2010 census - to 4 thousand people (Fig. 1).

Chapter 4

Germans

According to the All-Union Population Census of 1989, more than 15,000 Germans lived in the Perm Territory, which accounted for 0.5% of the total population of the region. Historically, the dynamics of the development of the German population of the Kama region developed as follows: in 1897, 355 Germans lived on the territory, of which 256 people lived in Perm; in 1920 there were already 1,533 of them. During the Great Patriotic War, a large number of special settlers arrived in the Perm Territory - Germans from the Volga region. Approximately 40 thousand of the deported Germans ended up on the territory of the region. The main places of concentration of German settlers were the Usolsk and Solikamsk camps, the Kizelshakhtstroy, Kizelugol, Kospashugol trusts, the city of Krasnokamsk, and the Yugokamsk plant. After the war, the influx of people of German nationality continued.

The former Labor Army members were joined by their children, who came to the Kama region for "family reunification", mainly from Kazakhstan, as well as a large batch of repatriated people (these are the Germans who refused in the areas occupied by the Nazi troops and were sent to the West, to Poland and Germany). Approximately 20 thousand people arrived in the Kama region at that time. In the late 40s - early 50s, more than 200 thousand special settlers were registered in the Perm Territory, of which 70-80 thousand were Germans. After the change in the political situation in the country, many Germans remained to live in the region. In the new areas of residence: Solikamsk, Berezniki, Kizel, Gubakha, Aleksandrovsk, Krasnokamsk, Kungur, Cherdyn, Krasnovishersk, Perm, ethnically homogeneous groups were formed. There is a steady downward trend in the number of Russian Germans. The share of the German population in the composition of the inhabitants of the Perm Territory continues to decrease at the present time, primarily due to the departure of German families to Germany. Nevertheless, about 6 thousand Germans now live in the Kama region.

Jews

The beginning of the Jewish settlement of the Kama region was laid by retired soldiers who were taken out of Belarus as children. In the middle of the 19th century, many Jews found themselves in exile in the Kama region. After the decree of Emperor Nicholas I on the introduction of recruitment for Jews in Perm, Jewish underage recruits appeared - students of military schools. From the servicemen, some of whom, at the end of their service life, took advantage of the right to stay in the Urals, beyond the "Pale of Settlement", for permanent residence, the "taxable" Jewish population of the city is formed. In 1864, there were 309 Jews in the Perm province, 216 of them, about 50 families, lived in Perm. A decade later, the Jewish population of the Perm province is 286 people of "both sex", in Perm - 116 people.

In the post-reform period, the right to live outside the "Pale of Settlement" was granted to merchants of the 1st and 2nd guilds, people with higher education, artisans, medical and pharmaceutical workers. The Jewish population of Perm is increasing mainly due to artisans. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, a Jewish intelligentsia was formed in the city, which was based on doctors, engineers, musicians, and opera theater artists. In 1881, the first synagogue was opened. In 1897, 1,005 Jews lived in the Kama region, of which 865 lived in Perm.

The next influx of Jewish settlers was observed during the First World War. Refugees from the western provinces of Russia arrived in Perm. In 1920 there were 3526 Jews. According to the 1926 census, 76% of the Jews of Perm called Yiddish their native language. From the 1920s to the early 1950s, the Jewish population in Perm and the region was constantly increasing. A significant number of Jews appeared in the Kama region during the Great Patriotic War - refugees from Ukraine and Belarus. Since the late 1950s, the Jewish population of the region has been gradually declining. In 1989, there were 5.5 thousand people (0.2%), and in 2002 - 2.6 thousand people (0.1%) (Table 1).

Peoples of the Caucasus

The first representatives of the peoples of the Caucasus appeared in the Kama region in the 19th century. One of the sources of complication of the ethnic map of the Kama region in recent decades has been the numerous influx of refugees and labor migrants, primarily from the CIS countries. The results of the 2002 census indicated the active formation of "new" diasporas of the peoples of Central Asia and Transcaucasia - Tajiks, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, whose numbers increased by 1.5 - 2 times. According to the 2002 census, there were 5 thousand Armenians (0.2%), Georgians - 1.6 thousand people. (0.05%), Azerbaijanis - 5.8 thousand people (0.2%), Tajiks - 2 thousand people. (0.07%), Uzbeks - 2 thousand people, Kazakhs - 0.8 thousand people. (Table 1).

Koreans

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Koreans had to emigrate to different countries, including Russia, for a variety of reasons. The first Koreans arrived in Perm during the Great Patriotic War from Central Asia, where they had previously been deported from the Far East. Many Koreans settled in Perm in a later period. They come here to get an education, and after graduation they stay to work. Most families are mixed. Perm Koreans in the third generation no longer speak Korean. According to the 1989 census, there were 312 Koreans in the province.

The last decades have led to the complication of the ethnic map of the Kama region. Changes in the national composition are due to the action of three factors. The first factor is related to differences in the natural movement of the population. The second factor is the migration processes that took shape under the influence of the collapse of the USSR. The third factor is associated with the processes of changing ethnic identity under the influence of mixed marriages and other phenomena.

Conclusion

As a result of the study, data were obtained on the national composition of the population of the Kama region, its geography. The reasons for the diverse national composition of the population were also identified.

We learned that more than 120 peoples live in the Kama region. The most numerous people are Russians. They are an alien population. The most ancient people of the region were the ancestors of the Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks. A large number of Ukrainians and Belarusians were forcibly resettled in the Perm Territory during the period of collectivization and as a result of repressions. The last decades have led to the complication of the ethnic map of the Kama region.

Changes in the national composition of the population of the Kama region are due to the action of three factors. These are differences in the natural movement of the population, migration processes that have developed under the influence of the collapse of the USSR, and processes of changing ethnic identity under the influence of mixed marriages and other phenomena.

In the process of work, we have significantly expanded our knowledge of the ethnic composition of the population of the Perm Territory. The results of the study are used and can be used in the lessons of geography, history and local history.

Bibliography

The life of nationalities. Great Perm: at the crossroads of times and peoples.Perm, 2001.

Nazarov N.N., Sharygin M.D. Geography. Perm region. Tutorial. Ed. "Book World", Perm, 1999.

Nikolaev S.F., Stepanov M.N., Chepkasov P.N. Geography of the Perm region. Handbook for eight-year and high school students. Perm, Prince. publishing house, 1973.

Oborin V.A. Settlement and development of the Urals at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 17th century. - Irkutsk: Irkut Publishing House. un-ta, 1990.

Chernykh A.V. Peoples of the Perm Territory. History and ethnography. - Perm: Pushka Publishing House, 2007.

Applications

Table 1

The national composition of the population of the Perm Territory

Peoples of the Perm Territory	2002 census		1989 census
		in % of the total population		in % of the total population


Komi-Permyaks


Ukrainians
Belarusians


Azerbaijanis






Moldovans


Other nationalities

Fig.1. The national composition of the population of the Perm Territory

(according to preliminary data of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)

Fig.2. Geography of the national composition of the population of the Perm Territory