E Hemingway biography briefly. Ernest Hemingway - biography, information, personal life

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Biography

Hemingway received wide recognition thanks to his novels and numerous stories, on the one hand, and his life, full of adventures and surprises, on the other. His style, concise and intense, significantly influenced the literature of the 20th century.

Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in a privileged suburb of Chicago - the town of Oak Park, Illinois, USA. His father, Clarence Edmont Hemingway, was a doctor, and his mother, Grace Hall, devoted her life to raising children.

From early childhood, his father tried to instill in Ernest a love of nature, dreaming that he would follow in his footsteps and study medicine and natural history. When Ernie was 3 years old, Clarence Hemingway gave him his first fishing rod and took him fishing with him. By the age of 8, the future writer already knew by heart the names of all the trees, flowers, birds, fish and animals that lived in the Midwest. Another favorite pastime for Ernest was literature. The boy sat for hours reading books that he could find in the home library, he especially liked the works of Darwin and historical literature.

Mrs. Hemingway dreamed of a different future for her son. She forced him to sing in the church choir and play the cello. Many years later, already as an elderly man, Ernest will say:
My mother didn't let me go to school for a whole year so I could study music. She thought I had ability, but I had no talent.

Nevertheless, resistance to this was suppressed by his mother - Hemingway had to study music every day.

In addition to their winter home in Oak Park, the family also had a cottage, Windmere, on Walloon Lake. Every summer, Hemingway and his parents and brothers and sisters went to these quiet places. For the boy, trips to Windmere meant complete freedom. No one forced him to play the cello and he could mind his own business - sit on the shore with a fishing rod, wander through the forest, play with children from an Indian village. In 1911, when Ernest was 12 years old, Grandfather Hemingway gave him a single-shot 20-gauge shotgun. This gift strengthened the friendship between grandfather and grandson. The boy loved listening to the old man’s stories and retained good memories of him throughout his life, often transferring them into his works in the future.

Hunting became Ernest's main passion. Clarence taught his son how to use weapons and track animals. Hemingway dedicated some of his first stories about Nick Adams, his alter ego, to hunting and his father figure. His personality, life and tragic end - Clarence will commit suicide - will always worry the writer.

Youth

School years

Being a naturally healthy and strong young man, Hemingway was actively involved in boxing and football. Ernest later said:
Boxing taught me to never stay down, to always be ready to attack again...fast and hard, like a bull.

During his school years, Hemingway made his debut as a writer in a small school magazine, The Tablet. First, “The Court of Manitou” was published - an essay with northern exoticism, blood and Indian folklore. And in the next issue, a new story “It's All About the Color of the Skin” - about the behind-the-scenes and dirty commercial side of boxing. In the summer of 1916, after school, Ernest, seeking to gain independence from his parents, goes with a friend on an independent trip to Northern Michigan. There he experiences a lot of impressions that will later be included in many of the writer’s works. After this summer, the story “Sepi Jingan” will appear - about an Ojibway hunter who talks about blood feud. All these first literary experiences were given to Ernest without much difficulty, and he decided to write weekly reports for the school newspaper “Trapezium”. These are mainly reports about sports competitions and concerts. Particularly popular were snide remarks about the “high life” of Oak Park. At this time, Hemingway had already firmly decided for himself that he would be a writer.

Police reporter

After graduating from school, he decided not to go to university, as his parents demanded, but moved to Kansas City, where he got a job at the local Star newspaper. Here he was responsible for a small area of the city, which included the General Hospital, the train station and the police station. The young reporter went to all the incidents, got acquainted with brothels, encountered prostitutes, hired killers and swindlers, visited fires and prisons. Ernest observed, remembered, tried to understand the motives of human actions, captured the manner of conversations, gestures and smells. All this was stored in his memory, so that later they could become the plots, details and dialogues of his future stories. Here his literary style and habit of always being in the center of events were formed. The newspaper's editors taught him precision and clarity of language and tried to suppress any verbosity and stylistic negligence.

World War I

Hemingway wanted to serve in the army, but due to poor eyesight he was denied for a long time. But he still managed to get to the fronts of the First World War in Italy, signing up as a volunteer driver for the Red Cross. On the very first day of his stay in Milan, Ernest and other recruits were thrown straight from the train to clear the territory of an exploded ammunition factory. A few years later he would describe his impressions of his first encounter with war in his book Death in the Afternoon. The next day, young Hemingway was sent as an ambulance driver to the front in a detachment stationed in the town of Shio. However, almost all the time here was spent in entertainment: visiting saloons, playing cards and baseball. Ernest could not endure such a life for long and achieved a transfer to the Piava River, where he began servicing army shops. And soon he found a way to be on the front line, volunteering to deliver food to soldiers directly into the trenches.

On July 8, 1918, Hemingway, while rescuing a wounded Italian sniper, came under fire from Austrian machine guns and mortars, but survived. At the hospital, 26 fragments were removed from him, and Ernest had more than two hundred wounds on his body. Soon he was transported to Milan, where doctors replaced the shot kneecap with an iron prosthesis.

Homecoming

On January 21, 1919, Ernest returned to the United States as a hero - all the central newspapers wrote about him as the first American wounded on the Italian front. And the King of Italy awarded him the silver medal “For Valor” and the “Military Cross”. The writer himself later says:

I was a big fool when I went to that war. I thought that we were a sports team and the Austrians were the other team participating in the competition.

Hemingway spent almost a whole year with his family, healing his wounds and thinking about his future. On February 20, 1920, he moved to Toronto to return to journalism. His new employers, the Toronto Star newspaper, allowed the young reporter to write on any topic, but only published materials were paid. Ernest's first works, “A Nomadic Exhibition of Paintings” and “Try a Free Shave,” ridiculed the snobbery of art lovers and the prejudices of Americans. Later, more serious materials about the war appeared; about veterans who no one needs at home; about gangsters and stupid officials.

During these same years, the writer had a conflict with his mother, who did not want to see Ernest as an adult. The result of several quarrels and skirmishes was that Hemingway took all his belongings from Oak Park and moved to Chicago. In this city, he continued to collaborate with the Toronto Star, while simultaneously doing editorial work at the Cooperative Commonwealth magazine. On September 3, 1921, Ernest marries the young pianist Hadley Richardson and goes with her to Paris, a city he has long dreamed of.

1920s

Paris

In Paris, the young Hemingway couple settled in a small apartment on Rue Cardinal Lemoine near Place Contrescarpe. In the book “A Holiday That Is Always With You,” Ernest writes:

There was no hot water or sewerage here. But there was a good view from the window. There was a good spring mattress on the floor, which served us as a comfortable bed. There were pictures on the wall that we liked. The apartment seemed bright and cozy.

Hemingway had to work hard to earn a living and be able to travel around the world during the summer months. And he begins submitting his stories to the Toronto Star weekly. The editors expected from the writer sketches of European life, details of everyday life and customs. This gave Ernest the opportunity to choose topics for his essays and develop his own style on them. Hemingway’s first works were essays ridiculing American tourists, “golden youth” and playmakers who flocked to post-war Europe for cheap entertainment (“This is Paris,” “American Bohemia in Paris,” etc.).

In 1922, Ernest met Sylvia Beach, the owner of the Shakespeare and Company bookstore. Warm friendships develop between them. Hemingway often spends time at Sylvia's establishment, rents books, and gets acquainted with Parisian bohemia, writers and artists, who are also regulars at the shop. One of the most interesting and significant things for young Ernest was his acquaintance with Gertrude Stein. She became an older and more experienced comrade for Hemingway; he consulted with her about what he wrote and often talked about literature. Gertrude was dismissive of working at the newspaper and constantly insisted that Ernest's main purpose was to be a writer. Hemingway looked with great interest at James Joyce, a frequent visitor to Sylvia Beach's shop. And when Joyce’s novel “Ulysses” was banned by censors in the USA and England, he, through his friends in Chicago, was able to organize the illegal transportation and distribution of books.

Genoa - Constantinople - Germany

Literary recognition

Ernest Hemingway's first real success as a writer came in 1926 with the publication of The Sun Also Rises (Fiesta) - a pessimistic but at the same time brilliant novel about the "lost generation" of young people living in France and Spain in the 1920s. .

In 1927, Ernest Hemingway published a collection of short stories, Men Without Women, and in 1933, The Winner Gets Nothing. They finally established Hemingway in the eyes of readers as a unique author of short stories. Among them, “The Killers”, “The Short Happiness of Francis Macomber” and “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” are especially famous.

And yet, most people remember Hemingway for his novel A Farewell to Arms! (1929) - the story of the unhappy love of an American volunteer and an English nurse, which developed against the backdrop of the battles of the First World War. The book was an unprecedented success in America - even the economic crisis did not hinder sales.

1930s

Florida

In early 1930, Hemingway returned to the United States and settled in Key West, Florida. Here he catches big fish, travels on his yacht to the Bahamas, Cuba, and writes new stories. According to the writer's biographers, it was at this time that the fame of a great writer came to him. Everything marked by his authorship was quickly published and sold in numerous editions.

In the fall of 1930, Ernest was involved in a serious car accident, which resulted in broken bones, a head injury and an almost six-month recovery period from his injuries. The writer temporarily abandons the pencils with which he usually works and begins typing. In 1932, he took up the novel Death in the Afternoon, where he described bullfighting with great accuracy, presenting it as a ritual and a test of courage. The book again became a bestseller, confirming Hemingway's status as America's number one writer.

In 1933, Hemingway began writing a collection of short stories, The Winner Takes Nothing, the proceeds of which he planned to use to fulfill his long-time dream of an extended safari in East Africa. The book was again a success and at the end of that year the writer went on a trip.

Africa

Hemingway arrived in the area of Lake Tanganyika, where he hired servants and guides from among representatives of local tribes, set up a camp and began to go hunting. In January 1934, Ernest, returning from another safari, fell ill with amoebic dysentery. Every day the writer’s condition worsened, he became delirious, and his body was severely dehydrated. A special plane was sent from Dar es Salaam for the writer, which took him to the capital of the territory. Here in an English hospital he spent a week, undergoing a course of active therapy, after which he began to recover.

However, this hunting season ended successfully for Hemingway: he shot a lion three times, twenty-seven antelopes, a large buffalo and other African animals. The writer’s impressions of Tanganyika are recorded in the book “The Green Hills of Africa” (1935). The work, in fact, was Ernest’s diary as a hunter and traveler.

Spanish Civil War

At the beginning of 1937, the writer finished his next book, “To Have and Not to Have.” The story gave the author's assessment of the events of the Great Depression era in the United States. Hemingway looked at the problem through the eyes of a man, a Florida resident who, escaping poverty, becomes a smuggler. Here, for the first time in many years, a social theme appeared in the writer’s work, largely caused by the alarming situation in Spain. A civil war began there, which greatly worried Ernest Hemingway. He took the side of the Republicans who fought General Franco and organized a collection of donations in their favor. Having collected money, Ernest turns to the North American Newspaper Association with a request to send him to Madrid to cover the progress of the hostilities. A film crew was soon assembled, led by film director Joris Ivens, who intended to make a documentary film “Land of Spain”. The screenwriter of the film was Hemingway.

During the most difficult days of the war, Ernest was in Madrid, besieged by the fascists, at the Florida Hotel, which for a time became the headquarters of internationalists and a correspondents' club. During the bombing and shelling, the only play was written - “The Fifth Column” (1937) - about the work of counterintelligence. Here he meets American journalist Martha Gellhorn, who upon returning home will become his third wife. From Madrid the writer traveled to Catalonia for some time, since the battles near Barcelona were particularly brutal. Here, in one of the trenches, Ernest met the French writer and pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and the commander of the international brigade, Hans Kale.

Impressions from the war were reflected in one of Hemingway’s most famous novels, “For Whom the Bell Tolls” (1940). It combines the vividness of the pictures of the collapse of the republic, comprehension of the lessons of history that led to such an ending, and the belief that the individual will survive even in tragic times.

The Second World War

In 1941, Hemingway went to Baltimore, where he bought a large sea boat from a local shipyard, giving it the name Pilar. He moved the ship to Cuba, where he became interested in sea fishing. However, on December 7, Japan attacked the United States, attacking the Pearl Harbor base. In response, the Americans entered the war and the Atlantic Ocean turned into an active combat zone.

The fact is that the military theme was one of the most beloved in Hemingway’s work. With the outbreak of World War II, he resumed his journalistic activities, moving to London as a correspondent. And before that, in 1941-1943, Ernest organized counterintelligence against fascist spies in Cuba and hunted for German submarines in the Caribbean on his boat "Pilar".

In 1944, Hemingway took part in combat bomber flights over Germany and occupied France. And during the Allied landings in Normandy, he seeks permission to participate in combat and reconnaissance operations. Ernest leads a detachment of French partisans numbering about 200 people and takes part in the battles for Paris, Belgium, Alsace, takes part in breaking through the Siegfried Line, and often finds himself on the front line ahead of the main troops.

Cuba

In 1949, the writer moved to Cuba, where he resumed his literary activities, such as the story “The Old Man and the Sea” (1952). The book talks about a heroic and doomed confrontation with forces, about a man who is alone in a world where he can only rely on his own perseverance, faced with the eternal injustice of fate. The allegorical tale of an old fisherman battling sharks that have torn apart a huge fish he has caught is marked by the traits most characteristic of Hemingway as an artist: a dislike of intellectual sophistication, a commitment to situations in which moral values are clearly manifested, a spare psychological drawing.

Ernest Hemingway won the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea. This work also influenced the awarding of Hemingway the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. In the same year, Hemingway begins work on an autobiographical book about Paris in the 1920s, “A Feast That Always Be With You,” which will be published only after the writer’s death.

He continued to travel and in 1953 he was involved in a serious plane crash in Africa.

last years of life

In 1960, Hemingway left the island and returned to the United States, Ketchum (Idaho).

Hemingway suffered from a number of serious physical illnesses, including hypertension and diabetes, but for “treatment” he was admitted to the Mayo Clinic for psychiatric care, where the psychiatrist ignored these obvious factors and dealt only with the “mental disorders” that Hemingway was “awarded” by his colleagues. Electroconvulsive therapy was used as treatment. After 20 ECT sessions, Hemingway lost his memory and the ability to formulate thoughts in writing: when required, he could not even write a few words of official greeting. Here's what Hemingway himself said:

These doctors who gave me electric shocks don’t understand writers... Let all psychiatrists learn to write works of art in order to understand what it means to be a writer... what was the point in destroying my brain and erasing my memory, which represents my capital and throw me to the sidelines?

On July 2, 1961, at his home in Ketchum, a few days after being discharged from the Mayo Psychiatric Clinic, Hemingway shot himself with his favorite gun, leaving no suicide note.

Family

* First wife - Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (1891-1979). Son - Bambi John (1923-2000). Granddaughters Margot (1954-1996), Mariel (born 1961).
* Second wife - Paulina Pfeiffer (1895-1951). Sons - Patrick (1928) and Gregory (1931-2001).
* Third wife - Martha Gellhorn (1908-1998).
* Fourth wife - Mary Welsh (1908-1986).

Bibliography

Novels

* 1926 - Spring Waters
* 1926 - The sun also rises (Fiesta)
* 1929 - Farewell to arms!
* 1933 - Where it’s clean, it’s light (story)
* 1937 - To have and not to have
* 1938 - Snows of Kilimanjaro
* 1940 - For whom the bell tolls
* 1950 - Across the river, in the shade of trees
* 1952 - The Old Man and the Sea
* 1970 - Islands in the ocean
* 1986 - Gardens of Eden
* 1999 - Pre-dawn truth

Collections

* 1923 - Three stories and ten poems
* 1925 - In our time
* 1927 - Men without women
* 1933 - The winner gets nothing
* 1936 - Snows of Kilimanjaro
* 1938 - The Fifth Column and the first 49 stories
* 1969 - Fifth Column and four stories about the Spanish Civil War
* 1972 - Stories about Nick Adams
* 1987 - Collection of short stories by Ernest Hemingway
* 1995 - Ernest Hemingway: Collected Works Documentary prose
* 1932 - Death in the Afternoon
* 1935 - Green Hills of Africa
* 1962 - Hemingway, Wild Time
* 1964 - A holiday that is always with you
* 1967 - By-Line: Ernest Hemingway
* 1970 - Ernest Hemingway: Cuban Reporter
* 1981 - Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters
* 1985 - Dangerous Summer
* 1985 - Dateline: Toronto
* 2000 - Hemingway fishing
* 2005 - Under Kilimanjaro
*Stage Plays
* 1961 - A Short Happy Life
* 1967 - The Hemingway Hero (working title was: Of Love and Death)

Perpetuation of memory

* In 2001, the biographical film “Hemingway” was shot, where the writer was played by William Forsythe.

Ernest Hemingway in culture

* In the computer game World of Warcraft, there is a character based on Hemingway, Heming Earnestway, a dwarf who hunts in Stranglethorn Vale, Nagrand and Sholazar Basin. He also owns the novel “The Green Hills of Stranglethorn,” which he wrote, which according to the plot in the game is scattered across the pages, and which needs to be put together as part of the quests.

Interesting Facts

* Ernest Hemingway created the Montgomery cocktail at Harry's bar in Venice. The writer calculated that General Montgomery's soldiers in North Africa would not dare attack the Nazi troops until their numbers were 15:1 - this is the ratio of gin to vermouth in this cocktail
* Upon learning of the Nobel Prize for his novel “The Old Man and the Sea,” Hemingway laughed and said that after his novel “Across the River, in the Shade of the Trees” was unanimously rejected by critics, he decided not to write a single line for the rest of his life. After a few years, he didn't have a penny, and he decided to quickly write a story to pay off his creditors. This is how "The Old Man and the Sea" appeared. - Since then I have been asking myself: isn’t lack of money the best source of inspiration for a writer?!
* Victor Hill stalked Ernest Hemingway for several months in a row, extorting his autograph. Finally, the writer gave in and wrote in his own hand on the inside cover: “No answer to Victor Hill, the real son of a bitch who can’t understand.”

Biography

The morning was very quiet. The dry pine forest around the house was asleep, and the mountains were gloomily silent in the uncertain light. Everything was hidden in anticipation of a noisy spring day. He looked at the mountains. The world was a good place and worth fighting for, and he didn't want to leave it. But sometimes life is like a novel that you just can’t finish. The gun was leaning against the wall. My father said that a gun can be either your best friend or your worst enemy. And now it is a friend and will help him. Father... “Dying is not difficult at all,” he said. Father was not afraid, and he was not afraid either. After all, it is life that requires courage, not death.

Fight and conquer!

The Halls and Hemingways were the most respected and wealthy families of the town. Their mansions stood opposite each other on the most respectable street. His father, Clarence Hemingway, lived in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago. He was proud of his ancestors, among whom were fearless conquerors of the Wild West, who traveled across the prairies in wagons, as well as participants in the war between the North and South. In the mansion opposite, young Grace Hall grew prettier every day. When he graduated from medical school, an engagement took place. After some time, Grace became the wife of the provincial doctor Hemingway, giving up the singing career she had begun. However, the ambition seething in her required an outlet. She never tired of reminding her husband of her sacrifice. Clarence lived a quiet and contemplative life. A lover of hunting and fishing, he felt at home in the lap of nature. The Oakpark mansion, where the always dissatisfied Grace lived, seemed like a prison to him. God did not deprive the Hemingways of children. Ernest, born July 21, 1899, was the second child. The boy was named after his grandfather, and Ernest never liked his name, considering it too bourgeois. Not yet able to speak, little Ernest nevertheless clearly felt that his mother and father had fenced themselves off from each other with a blank wall of hostility, and the atmosphere in the house was always stormy and suffocating. For the summer, the Hemingways moved to a cottage on Walloon Lake. The boy liked the spartan atmosphere here more, and sometimes he forgot that there was a boring, hypocritical Oak Park in the world. One day Ernest was sent to a nearby farm to buy milk. He was skipping along the path, waving his stick, but suddenly he suddenly tripped, fell and a sharp stick stuck in his throat. Clarence quickly stopped the bleeding. The throat took a long time to heal and was very painful. “When it hurts and you want to cry, whistle,” my father advised. Subsequently, this advice was very useful to Ernest. From then on, if Ernest completely lost heart or suffered physically, he would whistle blithely, wanting to show everyone in the world that what was happening to him was nonsense.

At the age of three, he experienced a feeling of genuine happiness when he caught a small trout from a stream. He never forgot this feeling - a stretched fishing line, at the end of which a living elastic fish beats. To teach his son to aim carefully and shoot accurately, Clarence gave him three cartridges a day. Grace had already come to terms with the fact that her eldest son would not make a decent resident of Oak Park, but when he also became interested in boxing, she simply could not see this savage with a broken nose and a black eye. “Boxing taught me never to stay down,” the writer Hemingway would later say. Ernest picked up strong words during boxing training and fights and often used them in conversation. Grace ordered in an unquestioning tone: “Go to the bathroom and wash your mouth with soap!” Meanwhile, in the school magazine, one story by Ernest had already appeared in the spirit of his idol - Jack London and another - about the machinations around the boxing betting. Starting quarrels everywhere, young Hemingway sought to prove to himself and everyone that he was invincible and invulnerable. After graduating from school, Ernest had, like any respectable Oakpark resident, to go to university, find something he liked, get married and settle in a quiet suburb of Chicago. However, Ernest was simply sick of this prospect. He wanted to fight, get drunk, conquer! He was ready to run away anywhere, as long as it was away from here. The First World War had been going on overseas for three years. What kind of university is this when you can take part in such a big mess! However, the parents who supported him resolutely rebelled against military entertainment. Well, even if they don’t let him go to war, he still won’t stay at home. He got tired of Grace's lectures and moved to Kansas City, where his uncle helped him get a job as a reporter at a newspaper. “My luck was in a big fire,” Ernest recalled. To see all the details, the young journalist climbed into the thick of it, so that sparks burned holes in his new suit. After passing on the information over the phone, he added $15 per suit to the editor’s bill. However, no one was going to compensate him for the damage. “This was a lesson to me,” the writer will say, “not to risk anything if you are not ready to lose it.” Ernest's energy was overflowing. One journalist recalled that when Hemingway typed, he always missed letters because his fingers could not keep up with his thoughts. He rushed around the city all day, completing tasks, and spent his nights reading books.

Taste of War

However, the desire to go to war did not leave him. He wanted to take part in this performance. He wanted to fight for the sake of fighting, and not to defend some ideals. Most likely, he didn’t even care which side to fight on. However, the military commission rejected him due to poor eyesight. Then he enlisted in the transport corps of the American Red Cross and began to prepare to be sent to the Italian front. The next morning, Hemingway, suffering from a hangover, set off for Europe on the steamship Chicago. All passengers feared attack by German submarines. Hemingway stood on the deck, waiting to see if an enemy periscope would appear above the water. When the ship arrived safely, he, eager for adventure, said that he felt as if he had been cheated.

From Milan, Hemingway sent home a postcard with the laconic: “Had a great time.” Only this time this daredevil was showing off. In Milan, a bomb hit an ammunition factory, and volunteers cleared a huge area of corpses. It was creepy, especially when they carried out the bodies of women. Then they collected pieces of bodies stuck in the barbed wire. All this sobered up the young journalist a little. Up to this point, he had viewed the war as a game of cowboys and Indians.

The volunteers were placed in a quiet place in Shio. Ernest felt like he was on vacation at a country club, and it infuriated him. He asked to go to the front line, and he was sent to the Piave River. Every day he delivered food and cigarettes to the trenches and one day miraculously remained unharmed after a direct hit from a shell into a trench. “I was covered in what was left of my friends.” Hemingway boasted that he was charmed against bullets and shells. But on July 18, 1918, when Hemingway, as usual, brought chocolate and cigarettes to the soldiers on a bicycle, the Austrians unexpectedly opened heavy fire from a mortar. Everyone who was close to Ernest was killed. He was greatly stunned. The last thing he saw was a wounded Italian sniper lying nearby. Having woken up, Ernest climbed out of the trench and crawled towards the sniper. He turned out to be alive, and, lifting him onto himself, Hemingway, bending down, tried to get to his people. However, the Austrians noticed him and began to fire at him. Again shell-shocked by the blast wave, Hemingway fell to the ground again. For a moment he felt what is called the soul fly out of him and after some time return back. “Then there was only pain and blackness,” Hemingway recalled. - The thought came that I should think about my whole past life, and it seemed funny to me. I had to come to Italy specifically to think about my past life! And in general, at such moments you think about anything, but not about the past. I wanted to run but couldn’t, as happens in nightmares.”

When Ernest got to his people, it turned out that the Italian he was dragging had long been killed by shrapnel. In the heat of the moment, Hemingway himself did not feel pain, although his knee was shattered and many fragments lodged in his leg. At the field hospital, some of the fragments (there were more than two hundred in total) were removed, and Ernest was sent to Milan. One of his acquaintances recalled how, lying in a hospital bed, Hemingway amused himself by taking out steel fragments from his leg, putting them in a jar and counting them. The danger of amputation looming over him passed after numerous operations. However, the pain tormented him day and night. He tried to drown it out with cognac. But his guardian angel did not forget about him and one day appeared to him in the form of a young nurse. The American Agnes von Kurowski was seven years older than Ernest, and he really liked it. The romanticism of relationships in the style of “a wounded warrior and a merciful woman” completely captured him. Agnes looked at him as if he were a funny child and called him “my baby.” During the day they exchanged numerous notes, and Agnes arranged her night shifts so that she could be with him. At night, he himself delivered thermometers to the wounded so that she would not have to get up. On the way back, he thought about her lying in his bed, and this thought warmed him as much as her body had an hour ago.

Puritanical Oak Park made itself felt - Ernest definitely wanted to marry his mistress. He loved her as one loves the first woman: without noticing her shortcomings and vices. The leg was healing, and Ernest was so used to the pain that he felt uncomfortable if nothing hurt. While he was experiencing his first novel, the war ended. He was awarded the Italian silver medal "For Courage". He was one of the first American soldiers to be wounded in World War I. His feat was described in many American newspapers.

Prodigal son

A completely different Ernest Hemingway returned to Oak Park. Leaning on a stick, a man in an Italian leather coat emerged from the carriage. He refused to lean on his father's arm and got into the car. The test of pain, love and “copper pipes” did its job. In order not to feel like a stranger at home, Ernest turns his room on the third floor into a military trench - military photographs and clothes, maps, awards, and weapons were hung on the walls. He covered himself with a blanket from a Milan hospital, the smell of which smoothed out the nightmares that tormented him. The only joy is Agnes. “She’s such a beauty,” he tells his family again and again, “she’ll come, then you’ll see.” While waiting for letters from Agnes, he eagerly greeted the postman every morning. Suddenly, Ernest came down with a fever, did not leave his room and did not allow his father to examine him. He revealed the cause of his illness only to his sister Merseline when he read her a letter from Agnes. She wrote that her love for him was more like a mother’s love, that she was marrying an Italian officer.

Ernest drank cognac, locking himself in the room until the memories of the Milanese nights were erased from his memory. When everything burned out, only one desire remained - to write. Having gained some experience, he already knew what he was talking about, but did not know how. Having moved to a cottage on Walloon Lake, he began to write sheet after sheet, but a feeling of dissatisfaction did not leave him, the feeling that all this was not what he was looking for. For some time he was obsessed with the idea of going to the East, but his mother refused to give him money for a passport and travel to Yokohama. She tormented her son with accusations of irresponsibility. In her opinion, for 18 months now he has been hanging around idle, not wanting to find a serious income-generating occupation. The profession of a journalist was for her synonymous with parasitism. And the thought that a young man from a decent family could become a writer infuriated her. In the end, Grace gave her son an ultimatum - either let him look for a job or get out of the house. Ernest chose the latter.

Girlfriend Hash

He moved in with a friend in Chicago and got a job as an assistant editor at an economics magazine. If earlier he worked for pleasure, now, having lost the support of his family, he did it only for money. Ernest met a girl named Elizabeth Hadley Richardson. Soon he invited her to a football match. But Hadley sprained her ankle that day. The foot was swollen and there was no way to put a shoe on it. Then Hadley put a red slipper on her foot and calmly walked down the street in it next to Ernest. This contempt for convention captivated Hemingway. He liked her brown hair and smile. Hadley's life before meeting Ernest could not be called paradise. Her father committed suicide, she suffered for a long time due to a spinal injury and thought that she would be a burden for the man who would connect his life with her. Rejected by Agnes, Hemingway at this time also considered himself a flawed person. They both needed each other. Hash (as Hemingway called her) lived in St. Louis, and they exchanged letters for a long time. She was the first to appreciate his literary experiments, saying that his prose had rhythm and precision of words. She gave him his first typewriter, saying: “I gave you such a good gift that now you are obliged to marry me.” On September 3, 1921, they were married in a small Methodist church in Horton Bay. Grace, who was present at the ceremony, hoped that, having started a family, Ernest would come to his senses and stop writing stories that no one wants to buy. After her mother's death, Hash received a small inheritance and was ready to invest the money in her budding literary husband. And Ernest dreamed of Paris. And then the editor of the Toronto Daily Star invited him to go to Europe as a traveling correspondent for the newspaper. Ernest had to bear all expenses; the editors would only pay for his publications.

On December 8, 1921, the Hemingway couple sailed from New York to Europe on the steamship Leopoldina. Hash was amazed by the low prices in Paris - for seven francs (60 cents) you could have a good lunch. Young unrecognized talents flocked to Paris from everywhere, attracted by the cheap life and atmosphere of creative and moral freedom. The couple rented a two-room apartment on Cardinal Lemoine Street without running water or other amenities. They slept on a mattress thrown on the floor. Hash was the ideal wife for an unrecognized genius - she stoically endured all the difficulties of this camp life. Ernest wrote essays about Parisian life and customs for the newspaper, went to an international conference in Genoa, and later interviewed Mussolini. In the French capital, he met Parisian Americans: Gertrude Stein, a plump, ugly woman who spoke in metaphors, the eccentric Fitzgerald couple, and bookstore owner Sylvia Beach. Hash got a very difficult husband to communicate with. He could not speak for days, absorbed in creative ideas. Literature was perhaps the only thing he took seriously, saying that it did not tolerate half measures. When Ernest began a work, he sharply reduced any communication with his wife, directing all his energy to writing. One day, when Hash was traveling to visit him in Lausanne to go skiing, her suitcase with all his manuscripts, which she was carrying for him, was stolen on the train. Having learned about this, Ernest created a scandal, accusing Hadley of almost malicious intent.

Europeans certainly considered all Americans to be millionaires. However, Ernest and Hash soon had difficulty scraping together even seven francs for lunch. Ernest preferred to save only on clothes for Hash, but not on food or drink. When Hash became pregnant, he received the news with horror. He complained to Gertrude Stein that he was not ready to be a father and suspected that a child would complicate his already difficult life. His first book, “Three Stories and 10 Poems,” published in a circulation of 300 copies, stroked Ernest’s pride, but went unnoticed and did not bring in a cent of money. Soon, however, he came to terms with the fact that he would have to be a father. He took the pregnant Hash to boxing, took her to Switzerland to ski, and later they saw a bullfight together in Spain. Ernest believed that after all this, Hash would certainly give birth to a boy who would become a real man. When he first saw bullfighting in Pamplona, Hemingway was captivated by the spectacle and said that bullfighting was an act akin to an ancient tragedy. Dancing people in the streets, with leather skins full of wine, running bulls along the main street - all this created the atmosphere of a medieval carnival. It seemed that the celebration had no boundaries either in time or space. The money from Hash’s inheritance had come to an end by that time, and the couple decided to go to America for a couple of years, earn extra money there, and then return to Europe. John Hadley Nicanor was born in Toronto in October 1923. The boy was named Nicanor in honor of the matador who amazed Hemingway with his virtuosity. Meanwhile, the father of the family was not doing well.

The deputy editor-in-chief disliked Hemingway for his excessive freethinking and made every effort to force him out of the newspaper. After liberal Europe, Toronto seemed to Ernest an enlarged copy of Oak Park. Ernest develops his creative principles. A writer is, first of all, an attentive observer of life. “Even if you are heartbroken, standing at the bedside of your dying father, you must notice everything, to the last detail, even if it causes you suffering.” From observing the details, Hemingway's famous iceberg principle was born. The characters - a man and a woman - can sit in a bar and talk about unimportant things like brands of wine, and only a random word, a gesture, a trembling voice indicate that both are experiencing a tragedy.

Principles of “our time” After leaving the newspaper, Ernest and his family sailed back to Europe. In Paris, they rented an apartment above a sawmill on the Rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs. In January 1924, Ernest’s second book, “In Our Time,” was published in a small edition. Clarence ordered six copies of the collection and sent them back immediately. The naturalistic details of some of the stories greatly shocked his parents. Ernest believed that one must write truthfully, without hushing up anything. His father wrote to him: “Decent people do not discuss their venereal diseases anywhere except in the doctor’s office.” Merselina recalls that the parents reacted to their son’s book “like nuns who ended up from a monastery in a brothel.” Clarence and Grace tried not to remember the collection “In Our Time,” and if they did, they referred to it only as “this book.” This rejection of his work hurt Ernest, and he stopped writing to his parents. Meanwhile, Ernest decided not to return to the profession of journalist, believing that it would spoil his pen. Hash and Ernest ate onions and cahors, diluted with water. Ernest later recalled how he lied to Hash that he was invited to dinner, and went for a walk around Paris so that his wife and son could get more food. Avoiding looking at the windows of pastry shops, he wandered around the Luxembourg Gardens, sometimes looking into museums, noting that the pictures become clearer and more beautiful if he sucks in the pit of his stomach. He developed the habit of working in a cafe, where the noise of the sawmill and the crying of his son did not disturb him. “I ordered coffee with brioche for one franc and worked all day,” the writer recalled. The half-starved existence did not discourage Ernest. “I’ll be damned if I write a novel just to have lunch every day,” he said. He earned 10 francs per round as a partner for professional boxers in training. In October 1925, a reputable American publishing house released the second edition of his collection “In Our Time.” One day he met an American woman, Duff Twisden, in a cafe. Duff was one of the most scandalous personalities in Paris. The daughter of an aristocrat and a shopkeeper, she managed to be a British spy, marry an English aristocrat and run away from him to Paris with her bisexual cousin. She liked Ernest because he was undisturbed and handsome - a rare combination for Paris. In the summer of 1925, the famous trip to Pamplona took place. Duff was accompanied by her cousin, her new lover Harold Loeb, and Hemingway and his wife. Immediately upon arrival in Spain, a love pentagon was formed. The rivalry between the three men electrified their company. Jealous cousin Duff gave her a black eye, and Ernest, who always strived to be the winner, challenged Lab to a duel. Hash watched all this silently. Their relationship suffered when she became pregnant a second time, and Hemingway forced her to have an abortion. In the end, Duff left all three, becoming infatuated with the handsome matador. Although Ernest and Duff were never lovers, she, with her short hair and simply and elegantly dressed, became his muse, inspiring him to write his first novel, entitled Fiesta. Duff, of course, would not refuse his bed, but when it came to cheating on his wife, Ernest became a puritan. Although the characters in the novel were not copies of the real participants in the trip to Pamplona, all of Duff's lovers recognized themselves. The main character, Brett Ashley, based on Duff, careless and suffering, was liked by readers the most.

Ernest so masterfully described the suffering of the narrator, the impotent Jake, that rumors spread about the writer's male inferiority. The Lost Generation theme was in vogue, but Ernest's novel became an encyclopedia of the lives of people returning from the First World War. Hash interested him less and less. In old dresses, plump, always sitting at home with her son and so... ordinary. He already regretted that he had missed the opportunity to have adultery with Duff. Maybe that's why he turned his attention to Hash's friend, Pauline Pfeiffer. Pauline could be called, rather, a charming plain woman than a beauty. The daughter of wealthy parents, she worked for the Parisian magazine Vogue and dressed like the models from its pages. A bright bird compared to Hash, an ordinary gray sparrow. Pauline knew how to flatter men and, in order to marry a fashionable writer, pretended to be a fan of his work. She quoted phrases from his stories, sprinkled him with her favorite expressions, and even adopted his manner of speaking. Pauline followed the couple to a Swiss ski resort, where she most likely became Ernest's mistress. Hemingway immediately began to regret his action and was burdened by a feeling of guilt. The knowledge that he was living with Pauline “in sin” forced him to ask Hesh for a divorce. He later blamed Pauline for the collapse of his marriage and called Hash the most generous woman in the world. Oddly enough, after the divorce, the initiator himself suffered more. Ernest became depressed and called himself a bastard and a son of a bitch. He gave the entire fee for “Fiesta” to Hash. One of the heroes of the story “In a Strange Country” voices the writer’s pessimistic thoughts at that time: “A person cannot marry. He must find something that cannot be lost." Hemingway first looked at this world as a universal trap. Each of his subsequent wives was richer than the previous one. The time of hunger and economy passed, and Ernest settled with Pauline in spacious apartments. The shock caused by the divorce was so great that Ernest was struck by temporary impotence. In America, he settled in its most exotic part - on the island of Key West off the southern tip of Florida. While he was writing a new novel, two events happened in his life. Pauline bore him a son. The birth was difficult, and the child was born by caesarean section. Ernest spent many hours in the hospital corridor, sure that Pauline would die, and if she died, it would be his fault. Almost immediately following this event, Clarence Hemingway committed suicide by shooting himself with his Smith & Wesson. The father suffered from diabetes and, in addition, went broke after investing a large sum of money in real estate in Florida. As a doctor, Clarence clearly saw how his illness was progressing, and, not wanting to live out his life as a helpless invalid, he shot himself in the head in his bedroom in Oak Park. According to Ernest, only cowards die this way. He blamed his mother for everything; he believed that she suppressed Clarence with her dictatorial character. In the future, he called Grace nothing more than “that bitch” and, when she died, he did not come to her funeral. His father remained in his memory as a kind but strict man who taught him to shoot and catch trout. He loved him very much. Until Clarence became henpecked by his wife. Ernest himself was so afraid of becoming like his father that he not only dominated his family, but was even a domestic tyrant. When he wrote well, he was complacent and cheerful, but when he was dissatisfied with what he wrote, he became unbearable. For a long time Ernest did not allow himself to grieve for his father. This could have prevented him from finishing the novel.

Love cycle

In 1933, he went on his first African safari with Pauline. The writer always believed that his woman should be able to do everything that he can do. Therefore, all his wives, without exception, were sharp shooters, brilliant skiers and skilled fishermen. The Hemingway couple settled on a farm in Nairobi. They spent two weeks preparing for the safari there. In a passenger car they moved to the Serengeti nature reserve. They were accompanied by two trucks with hunting equipment, a mechanic, porters and a cook. Having killed his first lion, the writer experienced great disappointment. He expected a brutal fight with roars and blood, and the lion simply fell dead. There, in Africa, he conceived a story about a hunter who overcomes his cowardice. Striving to be a winner in everything, Ernest tried to get more trophies than the rest. He managed to shoot a rhinoceros and many kudu antelopes. The green hills of Africa and its emerald valleys became the theme of his work for a long time. Returning to America, he purchased his famous boat "Pilar" from a shipyard in Brooklyn. On the island of Bimini, he bought a light machine gun, which he installed on a boat to drive away sharks from the fish he caught. Then he met Jane Mason, a beautifully built blue-eyed blonde. She was married to a wealthy respectable man. It was an unhappy marriage. Jane was barren and often looked for entertainment on the side. From her fashionable house with nine servants, she fled to Ernest. They went to sea together on the Pilar. By that time, Pauline had already given birth to her second son by Caesarean section. Doctors warned her that another pregnancy could be fatal for both her and the baby. Afraid of getting pregnant, Pauline kicked her husband out of their marital bed. And barren Jane in this sense did not know any restrictions. They often met in Havana in a room at the Ambos Mundos hotel, where the romantic mistress climbed up the fire escape. Jane was extremely unstable, drank heavily, suffered from depression and once tried to commit suicide. Gradually their passion faded away. Jane was too much like him. Sometimes it seemed to Hemingway that he was an unlucky talisman, touching which was fraught with tragedy. Even though he always carried a horse chestnut and a rabbit's foot in his pocket, he couldn't help but feel an unhappy aura around him. His father killed himself, his sister Ursula, having fallen ill with an incurable disease, committed suicide, and his younger brother shot himself in 1982. His mistress Jane Mason and his Parisian friend, the writer Fitzgerald, tried to commit suicide. One of the writer's first biographers jumped out of a window.

At a Key West bar he met Martha Gellhorn, another blonde in a black suit. He told everyone that first he fell in love with her slender legs, and only then with her. Martha was a strong-willed, ambitious, independent person. She was a fairly well-known journalist and became famous as an exposer of social ills such as unemployment. They talked for hours about the civil war that had broken out in Spain. And if Ernest went to his first war solely out of a desire to fight, now he was eager to kick the Francoists out of his beloved country with a kick in the ass. Pauline tried her best to dissuade him from this idea. Ernest and Martha, as correspondents, left America separately and met in Madrid, staying in different rooms at the Florida Hotel. Martha was a real “trench wife” - she patiently endured the difficulties of the field and did not bow to bullets. Pauline bombarded him with letters, begging him to come home. “I want you to be here, sleep in my bed, wash in my bathroom, drink my whiskey. Dear Dad, come home soon!” - she wrote. And he returned briefly to quiet Key West, only to soon rush off to Spain again. In besieged Madrid, he felt like a man “who has no wife, children, house, boat, nothing.” I drove with Marta along the Aragonese front, sleeping in barns or in the back of a truck, filmed a documentary about the Spanish War, carrying heavy equipment under fire and looking for the best camera angle. Soon both left for Paris, where Pauline was waiting for Ernest. After the victory of the Francoists, Ernest, tired of quarrels with his wife, settles in Havana, in his favorite hotel, Ambos Mundos. Every day from eight o'clock until lunch he wrote his new novel about the Spanish War, called "For Whom the Bell Tolls." Subsequently, when he was asked what he wanted to say with this work, he replied that he wanted to write “about the land that will endure forever.” Martha lived with him. "The Bell" was a huge success. The novel was immediately stolen for quotes. Even the words from the epigraph: “Never ask for whom the bell tolls - it tolls for you,” became a catchphrase. Paramount Studios acquired the film rights to the novel. Meanwhile, having divorced Pauline, he immediately married Martha. He maintained good relationships with almost all of his ex-women. “If you truly love someone, you will never completely get rid of this love,” he said. Martha, unlike Ernest’s other wives, was not very suitable for the role of homemaker. “She is the most ambitious woman who has ever lived,” the writer recalled. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered World War II. Martha instantly evaporated from the Cuban Finca, where they had settled by this time, and rushed off to the front. Hemingway, suffering from loneliness, decided to organize a counterintelligence network to identify enemy agents who had sneaked into Cuba. He himself recruited waiters, fishermen, loaders and drank in the company of his many cats. By writing “The Bell,” he understood that he had set a bar for himself, and if the next work was weaker, there would be talk that Hemingway had written himself out. In the end, physically and mentally exhausted, he came to Martha in London, where he met Mary Welsh, a short blonde and also an American journalist. He shocked her by immediately declaring that he wanted to marry her... Having drunk heavily at a party, he, returning to the hotel by car, crashed into a water tank and hit his head hard. I had to spend some time in the hospital. Martha came to visit him and, seeing his bandaged head, laughed loudly. Ernest was offended, and she attacked him with reproaches, saying that “they don’t behave like that in war,” and left for the combat zone. Ernest, meanwhile, decided to fly on an English bomber. The likelihood that the plane would be shot down was high, and on the eve of departure the writer did not feel very comfortable. In addition, the maid accidentally threw away his talisman - a pebble given to him by his son Bambi. The superstitious writer finally lost his peace of mind, and then the maid gave him a cork from a champagne bottle for luck. The plane, having dropped its portion of bombs, returned safely to the airfield, and Ernest carried the cork in his pocket for a long time, considering it “lucky.” In 1944, Hemingway, together with American motor reconnaissance units, entered a small French city, where he organized a perimeter defense with local partisans. The sight of Paris abandoned by the Germans brought tears to his eyes: “My throat was sore, because ahead of me lay a pearl-gray and, as always, beautiful city, which I love more than all the cities in the world.” After the defense, settling in a room at the Ritz with his overgrown and heavily armed friends, who were ready to shoot anyone who offended their Pope, he celebrated the victory for a long time and wildly. Soon Mary appeared at the Ritz, and they spent their first night in a room littered with guns, grenades and empty bottles, listening to the singing of the Marseillaise in the street. At the end of 1945, when he divorced Martha, a tabloid newspaper published an article entitled "The Bell Tolls for Hemingway's Three Women."

Ernest Miller Hemingway

USA, 7/21/1899 - 7/2/1961

One of the most famous writers of the 20th century.

Born in Oak Park, Illinois. In the same city he graduated from River Forrest Township School. Hemingway did not receive any other systematic education. In 1917, he began working as a reporter for the Kansas City Star newspaper in Kansas City, Missouri. Six months later he was mobilized and worked as a driver for the Red Cross field service in Italy. On July 8, 1918, he was wounded in both legs by shell fragments (227 fragments were recovered during the operation) and machine-gun fire. After returning to America (January 21, 1919), Hemingway worked for some time for the Toronto Star newspaper (Toronto, Canada), then lived at odd jobs in Chicago. On September 2, 1921, he married Elizabeth Hadley Richardson. On December 22, 1921, they moved to Paris, from where Hemingway continued to write reports for the Toronto Star.

In 1923, Hemingway's debut collection, Tree Stories and Ten Poems, was published in Paris. In August of the same year, the family returned to Canada due to Hadley's pregnancy. On October 10, the Hemingways' son John Hadley Nicanor is born. In January 1924, Hemingway's second book, “in my home,” was published and the family moved to Paris again. In October 1926, Hemingway's first novel, The Sun Also Rises, was published in the United States (in Russian editions, The Sun Also Rises and Fiesta).

In 1927, Ernst and Hadley divorced and Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer, whom he had met two years earlier. In April 1928, Paulina and Ernest leave Paris for the island of Key West near Florida. On June 28, 1928, their son Patrick was born, and their second son, Gregory Hancock, was born on November 12, 1931.

In September 1929, the novel “A Farewell to Arms” was published, followed by several more collections. In August 1933, Hemingway traveled to Kenya, where he suffered from dysentery. After returning to the United States, he buys a fishing boat and goes to sea on it, and also becomes seriously interested in boxing and Martha Ellis Gellhorn, who soon becomes his wife.

In March 1937, Hemingway returned to journalism and went to Spain to write about the civil war - he went there four times in 1937-38.

On December 26, 1939, Hemingway broke up with Paulina and, together with Martha Gellhorn, moved to Cuba and a year later purchased a house in the village of San Francisco de Paula, a few miles from Havana. During the war, he continued to write, publish several books, and hunt for German submarines on his longboat. In 1944, he came to London to write some reports about the war, and at breakfast at Irwin's, Shaw met Mary Welsh, who on May 2, 1945, became his fourth wife. In June 1953, they set off on a year and a half safari to Kenya. Hemingway wins the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. In the 50s, he and Martha traveled to Europe several times. Hemingway continues to write and publishes several new books.

In 1959-1961, Hemingway, who suffered from cirrhosis of the liver, secretly went to the hospital several times, but was unable to improve his health. On July 2, 1961, he committed suicide by shooting himself in the forehead with a hunting double-barreled shotgun.

>Biographies of writers and poets

Brief biography of Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Miller Hemingway is a famous American writer of the 20th century, journalist, Nobel Prize laureate in literature. The most famous books: “The Old Man and the Sea”, “A Farewell to Arms!”, “For Whom the Bell Tolls”, “The Sun Also Rises”. The writer was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. His father was a doctor, and his mother was raising children. From childhood, his father instilled in him a love of nature, in the hope that his son would follow in his footsteps and study natural science and medicine. The future writer's mother insisted on studying music and even forced him to sing in the church choir. As he himself later noted, he had no musical talent at all. At the age of 12, the boy received a single-shot gun as a gift from his grandfather, which he remembered for the rest of his life. The friendship between Ernest and his grandfather strengthened, and he often mentioned him in his works. Since then, hunting has been the boy's main passion.

After graduating from Oak Park High School, he went to work as a reporter for a Kansas City newspaper. He was soon mobilized and sent to serve with the Red Cross in Italy. In July 1918, Hemingway was seriously wounded by shell fragments in both legs. When he returned to America, he worked for several years as a reporter for a Canadian newspaper. The writer’s first collection of stories, “In Our Time,” was published in 1925. A year later, the novel “The Sun Also Rises,” dedicated to the “lost generation,” was published. The book that brought Hemingway world fame was on the same subject - “A Farewell to Arms!” (1929). During his literary career, the writer experienced a creative crisis more than once. So, for example, in the early 1930s, one of these periods began and for personal development E. Hemingway went on a long trip to African countries. In these exotic countries he managed not only to hunt, but also to find himself. As a result, he wrote several new stories and collections: “Death in the Afternoon” (1932), “The Green Hills of Africa” (1935), “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” (1936).

One of the best works, which outlined a way out of the crisis, was the novel “To Have and Have Not” (1937). A radically new period of creativity is associated with Hemingway’s participation in the Spanish Revolution, during which he was a war correspondent. This experience gave him many new ideas for reports, essays and stories. The largest works of that period were the play “The Fifth Column” (1938) and the novel “For Whom the Bell Tolls” (1940). Another decline in creativity began at the end of World War II. One after another, mediocre and even unfinished works were published, until finally the parable story “The Old Man and the Sea” (1952) appeared. This work was the last in Hemingway's work and brought him two prizes: the Pulitzer Prize (1953) and the Nobel Prize (1954). A few years later, the writer was overtaken by a new crisis, from which he could no longer get out. E Hemingway committed suicide on July 2, 1961 in Ketchum, Idaho.

Due to an eye injury received in adolescence, he was not drafted into the army to participate in the First World War. He volunteered for war in Europe and became a driver for the American Red Cross detachment on the Italian-Austrian front. In July 1918, he was seriously wounded in the leg while trying to carry a wounded Italian soldier from the battlefield. Hemingway was twice awarded Italian orders for his military valor.

In 1952, Life magazine published Hemingway's story "The Old Man and the Sea" - a lyrical story about an old fisherman who caught and then lost the biggest fish of his life. The story was a huge success both among critics and among the general reader, and caused a worldwide resonance. For this work, the writer received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953, and in 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

In 1960, Hemingway was diagnosed with depression and severe mental illness at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. After leaving the hospital and finding that he could no longer write, he returned to his home in Ketchum, Idaho.
On June 2, 1961, Ernest Hemingway committed suicide with a gunshot.

Some of the writer's works, such as "The Holiday That Is Always With You" (1964) and "Islands in the Ocean" (1970), were published posthumously.

The writer was married four times. His first wife was Elizabeth Hadley Richardson, his second was his wife's friend Paulina Pfeiffer. Hemingway's third wife was journalist Martha Gellhorn, and his fourth wife was journalist Mary Welsh. From his first two marriages, the writer had three sons.

The material was prepared on the basis of RIA Novosti and information from open sources

Some of the writer's works, such as "The Holiday That Is Always With You" (1964) and "Islands in the Ocean" (1970), were published posthumously.

The material was prepared on the basis of RIA Novosti and information from open sources