How do humans differ from apes? Apes and humans - similarities and differences

Great apes or hominoids are a superfamily that includes the most highly developed representatives of the order of primates. It also includes man and all his ancestors, but they are included in a separate family of hominids and will not be discussed in detail in this article.

What distinguishes an ape from a human? First of all, some features of the body structure:

The human spine bends forward and backward.

The facial part of the ape's skull is larger than the brain.

The relative and even absolute volume of the brain is significantly less than that of humans.

The area of ​​the cerebral cortex is also smaller, and the frontal and temporal lobes are also less developed.

Apes do not have a chin.

The chest is round and convex, while in humans it is flat.

The monkey's fangs are enlarged and protrude.

The pelvis is narrower than that of a human.

Since a person is erect, his sacrum is more powerful, since the center of gravity is transferred to it.

The monkey has a longer body and arms.

The legs, on the contrary, are shorter and weaker.

Monkeys have a flat grasping foot with the big toe opposed to the others. In humans, it is curved, and the thumb is parallel to the others.

Humans have virtually no fur.

In addition, there are a number of differences in thinking and activity. A person can think abstractly and communicate using speech. He has consciousness, is capable of summarizing information and drawing up complex logical chains.

Signs of great apes:

large powerful body (much larger than that of other monkeys);

absence of a tail;

lack of cheek pouches

absence of ischial calluses.

Hominoids are also distinguished by their way of moving through trees. They do not run along them on all fours, like other representatives of the primate order, but grab branches with their hands.

Skeleton of apes also has a specific structure. The skull is located in front of the spine. Moreover, it has an elongated front part.

The jaws are strong, powerful, massive and adapted for gnawing solid plant food. The arms are noticeably longer than the legs. The foot is grasping, with the big toe set to the side (like on a human hand).

Great apes include, orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees. The first are separated into a separate family, and the remaining three are combined into one - pongidae. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

The gibbon family consists of four genera. All of them live in Asia: India, China, Indonesia, on the islands of Java and Kalimantan. Their color is usually gray, brown or black.

Their sizes are relatively small for anthropoid apes: the body length of the largest representatives reaches ninety centimeters, weight - thirteen kilograms.

Lifestyle – daytime. They live mainly in trees. They move uncertainly on the ground, mostly on their hind legs, only occasionally leaning on their front legs. However, they go down quite rarely. The basis of nutrition is plant food - fruits and leaves of fruit trees. They may also eat insects and bird eggs.

Pictured is a gibbon ape

Gorilla is very great ape. This is the largest representative of the family. The height of a male can reach two meters, and weight – two hundred and fifty kilograms.

These are massive, muscular, incredibly strong and resilient monkeys. The coat color is usually black; older males may have a silver-gray back.

They live in African forests and mountains. They prefer to be on the ground, on which they walk mainly on four legs, only occasionally rising to their feet. The diet is plant-based and includes leaves, grass, fruits and nuts.

Quite peaceful, they show aggression towards other animals only in self-defense. Intraspecific conflicts occur, for the most part, between adult males over females. However, they are usually resolved by demonstrating threatening behavior, rarely even leading to fights, much less murder.

Pictured is a gorilla monkey

Orangutans are the rarest modern apes. Currently, they live mainly in Sumatra, although previously they were distributed throughout almost all of Asia.

These are the largest of the monkeys, living mainly in trees. Their height can reach one and a half meters, and their weight can reach one hundred kilograms. The coat is long, wavy, and can be of various shades of red.

They live almost entirely in trees, not even coming down to drink. For this purpose, they usually use rainwater that accumulates in the leaves.

To spend the night, they make nests in the branches, and build a new home every day. They live alone, forming pairs only during the breeding season.

Both modern species, Sumatran and Climantan, are on the verge of extinction.

In the photo there is an orangutan monkey

Chimpanzees are the smartest primates, apes. They are also the closest relatives of humans in the animal world. There are two types of them: ordinary and dwarf, also called. Even the normal size is not too big. The coat color is usually black.

Unlike other hominoids, with the exception of humans, chimpanzees are omnivores. In addition to plant foods, they also eat animals, obtaining them by hunting. Quite aggressive. Conflicts often arise between individuals, leading to fights and death.

They live in groups, the average number of which is ten to fifteen individuals. This is a real complex society with a clear structure and hierarchy. Common habitats are forests near water. Distribution: Western and central part of the African continent.

Pictured is a chimpanzee monkey

Ancestors of great apes very interesting and varied. In general, there are much more fossil species in this superfamily than living ones. The first of them appeared in Africa almost ten million years ago. Their further history is very closely connected with this continent.

It is believed that the line leading to humans separated from the rest of the hominoids about five million years ago. One of the likely candidates for the role of the first ancestor of the genus Homo is considered Australopithecus - great ape, who lived more than four million years ago.

These creatures contain both archaic characteristics and more progressive, already human ones. However, there are much more of the former, which does not allow Australopithecines to be classified directly as humans. There is also an opinion that this is a side, dead-end branch of evolution that did not lead to the emergence of more developed forms of primates, including humans.

But the statement that another interesting human ancestor, Sinanthropus - great ape, is already fundamentally wrong. However, the statement that he is the ancestor of man is not entirely correct, since this species already clearly belongs to the genus of humans.

They already had developed speech, language and their own, albeit primitive, culture. It is very likely that Sinanthropus was the last ancestor of modern homo sapiens. However, the possibility is not excluded that he, like Australopithecus, is the crown of a side branch of development.

State educational institution of higher professional education

"East Siberian State Academy of Education"

Man and monkey. Similarities and differences

Performed:

Ropel Alina

Group 2b3

Irkutsk 2010

1. Introduction

2. Evidence of animal origin of humans

3. Differences in the structure and behavior of humans and animals

4. Conclusion

5. Bibliography

1. INTRODUCTION

Apes resemble humans in many ways. They express feelings of joy, anger, sadness, gently caress the cubs, take care of them, and punish them for disobedience. They have a good memory and highly developed higher nervous activity.

J.B. Lamarck proposed a hypothesis about the origin of man from ape-like ancestors, who moved from climbing trees to walking upright. As a result, their body straightened and their feet changed. The need for communication led to speech. In 1871 Charles Darwin's work “The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection” was published. In it, he proves the kinship of humans with apes, using data from comparative anatomy, embryology, and paleontology. At the same time, Darwin rightly believed that not a single living ape can be considered a direct ancestor of humans.

similarity difference man monkey

2. PROOF OF HUMAN ANIMAL ORIGIN

Man is a mammal because he has a diaphragm, mammary glands, differentiated teeth (incisors, canines and molars), ears, and his embryo develops in utero. Humans have the same organs and organ systems as other mammals: circulatory, respiratory, excretory, digestive, etc.

Similarities can also be seen in the development of human and animal embryos. Human development begins with one fertilized egg. Due to its division, new cells are formed, tissues and organs of the embryo are formed. At the stage of 1.5-3 months of intrauterine development, the caudal spine is developed in the human fetus, and gill slits are formed. The brain of a one-month-old embryo resembles the brain of a fish, and that of a seven-month-old embryo resembles the brain of a monkey. In the fifth month of intrauterine development, the embryo has hair, which subsequently disappears. Thus, in many ways, the human embryo is similar to the embryos of other vertebrates.

The behavior of humans and higher animals is very similar. The similarity between humans and apes is especially great. They are characterized by the same conditioned and unconditioned reflexes. In monkeys, like in humans, one can observe developed facial expressions and care for offspring. In chimpanzees, for example, like in humans, there are 4 blood groups. Humans and monkeys suffer from diseases that do not affect other mammals, such as cholera, influenza, smallpox, and tuberculosis. Chimpanzees walk on their hind limbs and do not have a tail. The genetic material of humans and chimpanzees is 99% identical.

Monkeys have a well-developed brain, including the forebrain hemispheres. In humans and monkeys, gestation periods and patterns of embryonic development coincide. As monkeys age, their teeth fall out and their hair turns grey. An important evidence of the animal origin of man is the development of signs of distant ancestors (body hairiness, external tail, multiple nipples) and underdeveloped organs and signs that have lost their functional significance, of which there are over 90 in humans (ear muscles, Darwin's tubercle on the auricle, semilunar fold of the inner corner of the eye , appendix, etc.).

The gorilla has the greatest similarity with humans in such characteristics as body proportions, relatively short upper limbs, and the structure of the pelvis, hands and feet; The chimpanzee is similar to humans in terms of the structure of the skull (greater roundness and smoothness) and the size of the limbs. An orangutan, like a human, has 12 ribs. But this does not mean that man descends from any of the current species of monkeys. These facts indicate that humans and apes had a common ancestor, which gave rise to a number of branches, and evolution proceeded in different directions.

The scientific study of monkey intelligence began with Charles Darwin. He owns a book that remains a classic in its field to this day - “On the Expression of Sensations in Man and Animals” (1872). In particular, it shows that the facial expressions of monkeys are similar to those of humans. Darwin believed this to be a consequence of the similarity in facial muscles among primates.

He also determined that facial expressions and expressions of emotions are, one might say, a means of communication. Darwin also stated the following detail: the ape is capable of mimicking almost all human emotions, except amazement, surprise and disgust.

Many neurological diseases in humans and chimpanzees and even other monkeys are very similar. Relatively recently, it became known that the monkey is the only animal that is successfully used in psychiatric research: in studying the model of isolation, phobia, depression, hysteria, neurasthenia, autism and other features of schizophrenia. A satisfactory model of human psychosis can be obtained by “socially” isolating monkeys.

Currently, important results have been obtained, already used in practice, on the study of a model of human depression in lower monkeys. Various forms of major depression in monkeys, as a rule, developed as a result of separation of monkeys from an attachment figure, for example, a baby from its mother, which had a hard impact on both. The symptoms of depression in monkeys are largely parallel to similar conditions in children and adults: depressed mood, sleep disturbance, lack of appetite, a clear decrease in motor activity, loss of interest in games. It has been shown that infants of different species of macaques, isolated from their peers or from their mothers, as well as the females themselves, develop disorders of cellular immunity similar to those that occur in adults after bereavement. The state of depression in monkeys can last for years, and most importantly, already in adulthood the animal turns out to be biologically inferior, and it is extremely difficult to cure it. Separation causes not only depression, but also other disorders, each time associated with the “personal” life history of each individual.

The emotions of monkeys (not necessarily higher ones, but also lower ones!) are not just similar to human ones. They often manifest themselves “humanly”; the heart of an irritated baboon is ready to jump out of his chest, but he hides his indignation from others, is “calm”, inhibited, and, on the contrary, the animal clearly threatens the enemy, shows formidable fangs and sharply raises his eyebrows, and there are no changes in autonomic functions. (It may be noted that blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and heart rate in monkeys are the same as in humans).

Great apes are susceptible to hypnosis, which can be induced in them using conventional methods. Recently, gorillas have been shown to preferentially use their right hand, suggesting brain asymmetry in apes that is similar to that in humans.

Especially great neurological and behavioral similarities between humans and great apes have been established in infancy and childhood. Psychomotor development in a baby chimpanzee and a child proceeds in the same way.

The immobility of the ear of monkeys and humans is unique, which is why they have to turn their heads equally towards the sound source in order to hear better. It has been proven that chimpanzees distinguish 22 colors, up to 7 shades of the same tone. There is evidence of similarities among higher primates in the sense of smell, taste, touch, and even the perception of the weight of lifted objects. Studying various representatives of vertebrates, physiologists trace the path of development and gradual complication of the higher nervous activity of animals, their ability to retain in memory developed conditioned reflexes.

We can say that humans, chimpanzees and orangutans are the only creatures on Earth that recognize themselves in the mirror! The authors talk about the presence of elementary ideas about their own “I” in monkeys that recognize themselves. Self-recognition is considered by many to be the highest form of associative behavior in the animal kingdom. In different situations, a chimpanzee makes the most appropriate decision: it perfectly uses a lever, a key, a screwdriver, a stick, a stone and other objects, searches for and finds them if they are not at hand.

3. DIFFERENCES IN THE STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR OF HUMANS AND ANIMALS

Along with similarities, humans have certain differences from monkeys.

In monkeys, the spine is arched, but in humans it has four curves, giving it an S-shape. A person has a wider pelvis, an arched foot, which softens the shaking of internal organs when walking, a wide chest, the ratio of the length of the limbs and the development of their individual parts, the structural features of the muscles and internal organs.

A number of structural features of a person are associated with his work activity and the development of thinking. In humans, the thumb on the hand is opposed to the other fingers, thanks to which the hand can perform a variety of actions. The cerebral part of the skull in humans prevails over the facial part due to the large volume of the brain, reaching approximately 1200-1450 cm3 (in monkeys - 600 cm3); the chin is well developed on the lower jaw.

The great differences between monkeys and humans are due to the adaptation of the former to life in trees. This feature, in turn, leads to many others. The significant differences between man and animals are that man has acquired qualitatively new features - the ability to walk upright, freeing his hands and using them as labor organs for making tools, articulate speech as a way of communication, consciousness, i.e. those properties that are closely related to the development of human society. Man not only uses the surrounding nature, but subjugates it, actively changes it according to his needs, and creates the necessary things himself.

4. SIMILARITIES OF HUMANS AND APEES

The same expression of feelings of joy, anger, sadness.

Monkeys tenderly caress their babies.

Monkeys take care of children, but also punish them for disobedience.

Monkeys have a well-developed memory.

Monkeys are able to use natural objects as simple tools.

Monkeys have concrete thinking.

Monkeys can walk on their hind limbs, supporting themselves on their hands.

Monkeys, like humans, have nails on their fingers, not claws.

Monkeys have 4 incisors and 8 molars - just like humans.

Humans and monkeys have common diseases (influenza, AIDS, smallpox, cholera, typhoid fever).

Humans and apes have a similar structure of all organ systems.

Biochemical evidence of the affinity between humans and apes :

the degree of hybridization of human and chimpanzee DNA is 90-98%, human and gibbon - 76%, human and macaque - 66%;

Cytological evidence of the proximity of humans and monkeys:

Humans have 46 chromosomes, chimpanzees and monkeys have 48, and gibbons have 44;

in the chromosomes of the 5th pair of chimpanzee and human chromosomes there is an inverted pericentric region

CONCLUSION

All of the above facts indicate that humans and apes descended from a common ancestor and make it possible to determine the place of humans in the system of the organic world. Humans belong to the phylum of chordates, the subtype of vertebrates, the class of mammals, and the species Homo sapiens.

The similarity between humans and monkeys is proof of their relatedness and common origin, and the differences are a consequence of different directions of evolution of monkeys and human ancestors, especially the influence of human labor (tool) activity. Labor is the leading factor in the process of transformation of a monkey into a human.

F. Engels drew attention to this feature of human evolution in his essay “The Role of Labor in the Process of Transformation of Ape into Man,” which was written in 1876-1878. and published in 1896. He was the first to analyze the qualitative uniqueness and significance of social factors in the historical formation of man.

The decisive step for the transition from ape to man was taken in connection with the transition of our earliest ancestors from walking on all fours and climbing to an upright gait. In work activity, articulate speech and human social life developed, with which, as Engels said, we enter the realm of history. If the psyche of animals is determined only by biological laws, then the human psyche is the result of social development and influence.

Man is a social being who has created a magnificent civilization.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST

1. Panov E.N. Zykova L.Yu. Animal and human behavior: similarities and differences. Pushchino-on-Oka, 1989.

2. Sifard P.M., Cheeney D.L. Mind and thinking in monkeys // In the world of science. 1993. No. 2-3.

3. Stolyarenko V.E., Stolyarenko L.D. “Anthropology is a systemic science of man”, M.: “Phoenix”, 2004.

4. Khomutov A. “Anthropology”, M.: “Phoenix”, 2004.

5. Reader on zoopsychology and comparative psychology: Textbook / Comp. M.N. Sotskaya MGPPU, 2003.

6. Khrisanfova E.N., Perevozchikov I.V. "Anthropology. Textbook. Edition 4", M.: MSU, 2005.

7. Yarskaya-Smirnova E.R., Romanov P.V. “Social anthropology”, M.: social protection, 2004.

Humans and apes are similar in skeletal structure and internal organs. Both have 12-13 pairs of ribs and 5-6 sacral vertebrae. The number of canines and jaw teeth is also the same. Both humans and monkeys move on their hind limbs. The structure of the human ear, eyes, and skin is close to the structure of these organs in apes. The four blood types characteristic of humans are found in gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans.

Similarities in the appearance of the chromosomes were also revealed. When the chromosomes of humans and monkeys are stained using a special method, a thin transverse stripe appears on them, strictly specific to each chromosome. Apes have 48 chromosomes. Due to the connection of two pairs of chromosomes in a person, his karyotype consists of 46 chromosomes.

The volume of the human brain is about 1400-1650 cm3, and that of an ape is 600 cm3 (Fig. 78). The surface of the human cerebral cortex is on average 1250 cm3. In apes it is about three times less. Due to the small volume of the brain, the smaller surface of the cerebral cortex than that of humans, as well as the insufficient development of the frontal and temporal regions, apes do not have the ability to generalize and abstract thinking. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru

Pictures (photos, drawings)

• Signs of similarities and differences between humans and apes table

• Signs of difference between man and man

• Abstractions of varying degrees of complexity (humans, apes).

• Meeting of man and monkey compare

• Comparison of humans and apes and bonobo chimpanzees table

Tests

151-01. What distinguishes an ape from a human?
A) general plan of the building
B) metabolic rate
B) the structure of the forelimbs
D) caring for offspring

151-02. How does an ape differ from a human?
A) the structure of the hand
B) differentiation of teeth
B) general plan of the building
D) metabolic rate

Humans, unlike mammals, have developed
A) conditioned reflexes
B) second signaling system
B) sense organs
D) caring for offspring

151-04. What distinguishes humans from apes is the presence
A) caring for offspring
B) first signal system
B) second signaling system
D) warm-blooded

A person, unlike animals, having heard one or several words, perceives
A) a set of sounds
B) location of the sound source
B) the volume of sounds
D) their meaning

Humans, unlike apes, have
A) diaphragm
B) S-shaped spine
B) grooves and convolutions in the telencephalon
D) stereoscopic color vision

151-07. Human speech differs from “animal language” in that it
A) provided by the central nervous system
B) is congenital
B) arises consciously
D) contains information only about current events

Humans and modern apes are similar in that
A) speak
B) capable of learning
B) capable of abstract thinking
D) make stone tools

151-09. The differences between humans and apes associated with their work activities are manifested in the structure
A) arched foot
B) S-shaped spine
B) larynx
D) brushes

151-10. How are humans different from chimpanzees?
A) blood groups
B) learning ability
B) genetic code
D) ability for abstract thinking

In humans, unlike other animals,
A) the second signaling system is developed
B) cells lack a hard shell
B) there is asexual reproduction
D) two pairs of limbs

In humans, unlike other representatives of the class of mammals,
A) the embryo develops in the uterus
B) there are sebaceous and sweat glands
B) there is a diaphragm
D) the cerebral part of the skull is larger than the facial part

The similarities between apes and humans are
A) the same degree of development of the cerebral cortex
B) identical proportions of the skull
B) the ability to form conditioned reflexes
D) ability for creative activity

What skeletal feature is characteristic of humans and apes, as opposed to other mammals?
A) the thumb is opposed to all the others
B) a hook-shaped hand, with a poorly developed thumb
B) the upper limb consists of the shoulder, forearm and hand
D) the lower jaw is connected to the skull movably

151-15. Which of the following structural features of the human skull is an adaptation to speech?
A) the presence of a protruding chin
B) vertical forehead
B) fusion of the skull bones
D) enlarged in comparison with the facial part of the skull

Dmitry Pozdnyakov BIOLOGY contents
ZUBROMINIMUM: preparing for the Unified State Exam quickly
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A group of scientists from universities in the US and UK said that in comparative studies of humans and monkeys, scientists systematically underestimate the intelligence of the latter, biased experiments and biased interpretation of the results.

Comparative psychology deals with the evolution of the psyche, and to do this, studies often compare organisms of different species.

But the results of research in this area should be interpreted with caution, since when conducting experiments it can sometimes be difficult to maintain objectivity and ensure fair and equal conditions for participants. Even within the same species, there are difficulties: in order to compare the intelligence of different groups of people, it is necessary to take into account everything that influences this intelligence. It was once believed that this was an innate characteristic, that it was inherited, and comparison seemed simple. But back in 1981, it became known that in addition to genes, the environment in which an individual grows and develops, his education, life experience, and health play an important role.

But if it is difficult to compare people with each other, then what about interspecies differences? Ideally, the intelligence of children and monkeys can be compared only if the monkeys are exposed to the same environmental influences. In tests of social intelligence (language and gesture comprehension), lack of experience with human habits can be especially important and significantly affect test success.

Studies have already been carried out with monkeys that grew up with people, in one of them the scientist Winthrop Kellogg “adopted” a young chimpanzee named Gua, who lived and grew up with his young son. However, at present, such a study is unlikely to be replicated and published due to ethical restrictions.

This is just one of the errors that the authors found. They examined several comparative experimental studies from recent decades that dealt with the social intelligence of children and monkeys and, in particular, their ability to interpret and correctly use a pointing gesture (index finger pointing towards an object).

In all studies, humans outperformed monkeys in test results, and this was explained by its evolutionary uniqueness. The works were checked for compliance with the criteria that the authors described as necessary to ensure the objectivity of the experiment: equality of environment, preparation, sampling protocols, testing procedure and age of the subjects at testing.

The environment in which the subjects lived was not the same, the discrepancy was quite gross, without any attempts on the part of the experimenters to equalize these conditions. In the experiments, monkeys sat in cages, and children, of course, did not, but the presence of physical barriers could negatively affect the results (as was the case with dogs). Also, experimental animals often grew up in sterile laboratory conditions, while children grew up in good conditions that promote cognitive development.

This fact also influenced the sample, since the intellectual level of people was higher due to environmental conditions. The sample was also skewed by additional selection criteria among people: in some studies, in order to participate in the test, the child had to have done something similar before.

For monkeys, no such criterion was put forward. In terms of training, in studies involving language and gesture, children had much more experience with the subject than monkeys. The testing procedures also differed: in one study, children who failed the task of pointing at an object were given a “second chance” and allowed to answer by placing their palm on it, but still concluded that the person was superior.

Claims of human superiority in direct comparative studies are confounded by inconsistencies in experimental conditions. From left to right: source, presumed mental state (p), contradictions (Y = yes, N = no): environment, test preparation, sampling protocols, testing procedures, age of test takers. Mental states, top to bottom: visual attention leads to knowledge acquisition, assessing internal mental focus, understanding communicative intentions, understanding false beliefs, understanding attention as a mental state, joint intentionality, understanding communicative intentions, general conceptual framework. David Leavens, Kim Bard & William Hopkins, Animal Cognition, 2017.

In addition, the authors paid attention to how the experimenters interpreted the results: the test result was always a specific visible and measurable answer, but, in their opinion, it indicated the deep mental abilities inherent in people. For example, in one study, children and hominid monkeys searched for an object hidden in one of the containers, and the experimenters gave clues, which included pointing to the desired container with a finger.

The children understood this gesture better than the monkeys and made the correct choice more often, and the researchers suggested that this was due to the fact that children understand the communicative intentions of people, but animals do not. That is, the interpretation in these studies did not take into account differences in experimental conditions and often underestimated the intelligence of the monkeys.

Inadequate conditions for comparative studies lead to contradictory results.

The results of all the studies analyzed by the authors were later refuted. In the hidden object study, the results indicated that the monkeys did not understand the pointing gesture, but some monkeys still managed to do it. In another study, scientists only partially refuted these results when they found that success in performing the same task was influenced by the distance of hominids in relation to the container.

So do monkeys have social intelligence?

While in comparison tests the monkeys do not always perform at the level of a one-year-old infant, other results show that they are at the level of a two- to three-year-old child and are able to understand other individuals' false beliefs. Many studies indicate that monkeys can be taught to speak, for example, sign language, but their speech remains poor and is not transmitted further.

The champion in mastering human language among monkeys is considered to be the pygmy chimpanzee Kanzi, who could understand about three thousand words by ear.

Winthrop Kellogg's chimpanzee achieved some success, but stopped in social development quite early, as she turned out to be indifferent to communicating with her new parents.

Summarizing the work on errors, the authors make several recommendations for conducting comparative studies. They mention the technique of cross-fostering, as in the Gua chimpanzee experiment, but although it solves many problems associated with unequal conditions, it is not ideal for ethical reasons.

Therefore, it can be replaced by adequate training to pass the test: for example, if a child at the age of nine months can navigate by adult gestures (if the gesture points to an object nearby), then the monkey should be trained for at least nine months.

In addition, one should be more rigorous in explaining behavioral outcomes and rely only on variables that can be observed and measured. And the sample needs to be made more equal and balanced, paying more attention to the influence of the environment.

We have previously written about the status of humans in the primate world, as well as the success of primates in learning language, and described a comparative study in which monkeys perform a false belief task. Differences between humans and monkeys were also found at the level of the brain: in humans, brain plasticity turned out to be higher.

According to most anthropologists, the main stimulus for the development of mental abilities in primates is complex social relationships.

Anna Zinina
N+1

Main articles: Evidence of the origin of man from animals, Human evolution, Stages of human evolution, Biological characteristics of man

Similarities between humans and apes

Humans and apes are similar in skeletal structure and internal organs.

Both have 12-13 pairs of ribs and 5-6 sacral vertebrae.

The number of canines and jaw teeth is also the same. Both humans and monkeys move on their hind limbs. The structure of the human ear, eyes, and skin is close to the structure of these organs in apes. The four blood types characteristic of humans are found in gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans.

Similarities in the appearance of the chromosomes were also revealed.

When the chromosomes of humans and monkeys are stained using a special method, a thin transverse stripe appears on them, strictly specific to each chromosome. Apes have 48 chromosomes. Due to the connection of two pairs of chromosomes in a person, his karyotype consists of 46 chromosomes.

Apes, like humans, express feelings of joy, anxiety, resentment, and anger.

Differences between humans and apes

The volume of the human brain is about 1400-1650 cm3, and that of an ape is 600 cm3 (Fig. 78). The surface of the human cerebral cortex is on average 1250 cm3. In apes it is about three times less. Due to the small volume of the brain, the smaller surface of the cerebral cortex than that of humans, as well as the insufficient development of the frontal and temporal regions, apes do not have the ability to generalize and abstract thinking.

Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru

If each species of apes approaches humans in some respects, then in other respects it moves away from them. For example, a gorilla is similar to a human in the general proportionality of the body, the structure of the hand, a chimpanzee - in the structure of the skull bones, the size of the limbs, an orangutan - by the presence of 12 pairs of ribs, a gibbon - by a flat chest, but they all differ sharply from humans in other ways.

Pictures (photos, drawings)

Material from the site http://WikiWhat.ru

On this page there is material on the following topics:

• What characteristic is common to humans and apes?

• Morphological similarities and differences between humans and apes

• What distinguishes humans from apes

• Striking resemblance between humans and monkeys photo

• How are humans different from apes?

Man and monkey. Similarities and differences

Differences in the structure and behavior of humans and animals

Along with similarities, humans have certain differences from monkeys.

In monkeys, the spine is arched, but in humans it has four curves, giving it an S-shape. A person has a wider pelvis, an arched foot, which softens the shaking of internal organs when walking, a wide chest, the ratio of the length of the limbs and the development of their individual parts, the structural features of the muscles and internal organs.

A number of structural features of a person are associated with his work activity and the development of thinking. In humans, the thumb on the hand is opposed to the other fingers, thanks to which the hand can perform a variety of actions. The cerebral part of the skull in humans prevails over the facial part due to the large volume of the brain, reaching approximately 1200-1450 cm3 (in monkeys - 600 cm3); the chin is well developed on the lower jaw.

The great differences between monkeys and humans are due to the adaptation of the former to life in trees. This feature, in turn, leads to many others. The significant differences between man and animals are that man has acquired qualitatively new features - the ability to walk upright, freeing his hands and using them as labor organs for making tools, articulate speech as a way of communication, consciousness, i.e. those properties that are closely related to the development of human society.

Man not only uses the surrounding nature, but subjugates it, actively changes it according to his needs, and creates the necessary things himself.

Similarities between humans and apes

The same expression of feelings of joy, anger, sadness.

Monkeys tenderly caress their babies.

Monkeys take care of children, but also punish them for disobedience.

Monkeys have a well-developed memory.

Monkeys are able to use natural objects as simple tools.

Monkeys have concrete thinking.

Monkeys can walk on their hind limbs, supporting themselves on their hands.

Monkeys, like humans, have nails on their fingers, not claws.

Monkeys have 4 incisors and 8 molars - just like humans.

Humans and monkeys have common diseases (influenza, AIDS, smallpox, cholera, typhoid fever).

Humans and apes have a similar structure of all organ systems.

Biochemical evidence of the affinity between humans and apes:

the degree of hybridization of human and chimpanzee DNA is 90-98%, human and gibbon - 76%, human and macaque - 66%;

Cytological evidence of the proximity of humans and monkeys:

Humans have 46 chromosomes, chimpanzees and monkeys have 48, and gibbons have 44;

in the chromosomes of the 5th pair of chimpanzee and human chromosomes there is an inverted pericentric region

All of the above facts indicate that humans and apes descended from a common ancestor and make it possible to determine the place of humans in the system of the organic world. Humans belong to the phylum of chordates, the subtype of vertebrates, the class of mammals, and the species Homo sapiens.

The similarity between humans and monkeys is proof of their relatedness and common origin, and the differences are a consequence of different directions of evolution of monkeys and human ancestors, especially the influence of human labor (tool) activity. Labor is the leading factor in the process of transformation of a monkey into a human.

F. Engels drew attention to this feature of human evolution in his essay “The Role of Labor in the Process of Transformation of Ape into Man,” which was written in 1876-1878.

The decisive step for the transition from ape to man was taken in connection with the transition of our earliest ancestors from walking on all fours and climbing to an upright gait.

In work activity, articulate speech and human social life developed, with which, as Engels said, we enter the realm of history.

If the psyche of animals is determined only by biological laws, then the human psyche is the result of social development and influence.

Reindeer, population
Proof of human animal origin
Peculiarities of primate behavior
Protection and attraction of birds of prey
Predator birds
Great apes
Integration, herd organization
Jerboa family
Characteristics of rodents

Question 1. Describe the systematic position of man in the animal world.
Man belongs to the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrates, class Mammals, subclass Placentals, order Primates, suborder Anthropoid (anthropoid-Great apes) primates, superfamily Greater apes, family Hominids (Humans), the only genus Homo with the only species Homo sapiens (Homo Sapiens).
In addition to the anthropoid suborder, primates also include lemurs and tarsiers.

Question 2. Indicate the characteristics of humans as a representative of the class of mammals.
Humans can be classified as Mammals based on the following characteristics:
seven cervical vertebrae;
hair, sweat and sebaceous glands of the skin;
well developed lips and muscular cheeks;
diaphragm and alveolar lungs;
the auricle and three auditory ossicles of the middle ear;
one aortic arch (left) and anucleate red blood cells;
warm-blooded;
mammary glands, care of offspring;
similarities in embryo development.

Question 3. What characteristics are common to humans and apes?
Humans and apes (ponids) are similar in their large body size, the absence of a tail and cheek pouches, good development of facial muscles, and a similar structure of the skull and skeleton in general. In addition, what humans and apes have in common are blood types and the Rh factor, similarity of chromosomes (out of 23 chromosomes, 13 are similar to chimpanzees), various diseases, a long gestation period and a long prepubertal (pre-reproductive) period. They are also united by a high level of development of higher nervous activity, the ability to quickly learn, the ability to use tools, good memory, and rich emotions. An example is experiments on teaching apes the language of deaf-mutes, during which gorillas and chimpanzees learned up to 200-300 sign words. The human and chimpanzee genomes are 98.5% identical.

Question 4. List the structural features inherent only to humans.
There are differences between humans and animals.
Man is a social being who produces tools and uses them to influence nature. A person has a highly developed brain, possesses consciousness, thinking, articulate speech and a number of anatomical features that have arisen in connection with labor activity, which is unique to humans. The differences are related to the direction of evolution. Man and apes are two branches of the order of primates, which in relatively recent times separated from the common genealogical trunk.
It is typical for a person to:
1. Adaptation to upright walking. The spine has acquired an S-shaped curvature, the foot has a dome shape. These are the main devices that provide shock absorption and shock absorption when walking and jumping, which is important for protecting the brain. The big toe functions as a support. The pelvis is wider, it takes on the pressure of the organs in an upright position. The chest is flat, compressed laterally, due to the pressure that the internal organs exert on the ribs, due to the horizontal position of the body when walking. The brain part of the skull has increased and dominates the facial part. There are no brow ridges. The jaws and chewing muscles are less developed. In the lower part of the body, the gluteal, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles are especially developed. The consequences of upright walking are associated with limited speed of movement, hypertension, immobile sacrum, dilated veins in the legs, and osteochondrosis.
2. The presence of a flexible hand - an organ of labor adapted to complex movements. The human hand is specialized as a grasping organ; the thumb is well mobile. A person's arms are shorter than his legs.
3. The brain is well developed. In humans, the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes are highly developed, where the main centers of higher nervous activity are located. The surface of the brain is 1250 cm2. The surface area of ​​the cortex in the frontal region is twice that of great apes. The appearance of speech, abstract thinking, and consciousness is characteristic.
4. Hairless skin has become a giant receptor field capable of bringing additional information to the brain. This was a factor in the intensive development of the brain. "Balding" of the skin is the last biological prerequisite for the development of man as a creative social being.

Question 5. Which
The increase in the size and complexity of the structure of the brain provided a person with the opportunity to develop many functions, such as highly organized nervous activity, the ability to learn, the presence of a large amount of memory and complex emotions, speech. They also contributed to the emergence of abstract thinking and the ability to work. The centers associated with the senses provide the finest analysis of visual and auditory information, which allows us to perceive and understand facial expressions and speech. The motor centers of the brain exercise extremely precise and operational control of the muscles of the fingers, vocal cords, etc. In many ways, it was the development of the brain that allowed man to reach the high stage of evolutionary development that he now occupies.

The presence of a four-chambered heart; 2) upright posture; 3) the presence of an arched foot; 4) presence of nails; 5) S-shaped spine; 6) replacing baby teeth with permanent ones.

a) 1,4,6; b) 3,4,6;

c) 2,3,5; d) 2,5,6;

6.Indicate the units of the Amphibian class–

Order Scaly; 2) order Tailed; 3) squad Predatory; 4) detachment Tailless; 5) Turtle squad; 6) Legless squad.

a) 1, 3, 5; b) 1, 2, 6;

c) 1, 3, 4; d) 2, 3, 5;

Specify the plants of the Bryophyta department -

Kukushkin flax; 2) male shieldweed; 3) asplenium; 4) sphagnum; 5) Venus hair; 6) Marchantia.

a) 1, 3, 5; b) 1, 5, 6;

c) 1, 4, 6; d) 2, 3, 4;

8.Which of the listed examples can be classified as aromorphoses?

Development of seeds in gymnosperms; 2) development of a large number of lateral roots in cabbage after hilling; 3) formation of juicy pulp in the fruit of the mad cucumber; 4) release of odorous substances from fragrant tobacco; 5) double fertilization in flowering plants; 6) the appearance of mechanical tissues in plants.

a) 1, 3, 4; b) 1, 5, 6;

c) 2, 3, 4; d) 2, 4, 5;

9. Indicate the types of hereditary variability –

Mutational; 2) modification; 3)combinative; 4) cytoplasmic; 5) group; 6) specific.

a) 1, 2, 4; b) 1, 3, 4;

c) 1, 4, 5; d) 2, 3, 5;

Paleontological evidence of evolution includes -

Remaining third century in humans; 2) plant imprints on coal seams; 3) fossilized remains of ferns; 4) the birth of people with thick body hair; 5) coccyx in the human skeleton; 6) phylogenetic series of the horse.

a) 1,4,6; b) 1,3,4;

c) 2,4,5; d)2,3,6;

Part 3. You are offered test tasks in the form of judgments, with each of which

must either agree or reject. In the answer matrix, indicate the answer option “yes” or “no”. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 20 (1 point for each test task).

1 .The material for evolution is natural selection.

2. A collection of plants of the same species, artificially created by man, is called a breed.

3. With an autosomal dominant type of inheritance, the trait occurs in both men and women.

4. The variety of phenotypes that arise in organisms under the influence of environmental conditions is called combinative variability.

5 .Allopolyploidy is a multiple increase in the number of chromosomes in hybrids obtained by crossing different species.

6 .When the egg matures, three guiding bodies are formed for each full-fledged cell.

7. The cavity inside the blastula is called the blastomere.

8. In spermatogenesis in the growth phase, the number of chromosomes and DNA molecules is 2n4c.

9. The coding unit of the genetic code is the nucleotide.

10. The Krebs cycle occurs on the mitochondrial membrane.

11. A plant cell contains semi-autonomous organelles: vacuoles and plastids.

12. A centromere is a section of a eukaryotic DNA molecule.

13. The number of mitochondria in a cell depends on its functional activity.

14 .Protozoan cells lack a cell wall.

15. The most common monosaccharides are sucrose and lactose.

16. According to the type of nutrition, the adult toothless fish is a biofilter.

18. Fish lack the ability to accommodate.

19. Most of the cambium cells are deposited towards the wood.

20. If the flowers are collected on the lateral axes, then such inflorescences are called complex.

Part 4: Match. The maximum number of points you can score is 25.

Establish a correspondence between a plant trait and the department to which it belongs

Signs of the plant Division

A. The life cycle is dominated by the gametophyte 1. Bryophytes

B. The life cycle is dominated by the sporophyte 2. Gymnosperms

B. Reproduction by spores

D. The presence of a well-developed root system

D. Formation of pollen grains.

Establish a correspondence between the example and the environmental factor.

Examples Environmental factors

A. Chemical composition of water 1. abiotic factors B. Diversity of plankton 2. biotic factors

B. Humidity, soil temperature

D. Presence of nodule bacteria on legume roots

D. Soil salinity.

Establish a correspondence between the features of the processes of protein biosynthesis and photosynthesis

Features of processes Processes

A. Ends with the formation of carbohydrates 1. protein biosynthesisB. Starting substances - amino acids2. photosynthesis

B. It is based on matrix synthesis reactions

D. Starting substances – carbon dioxide and water

D. ATP is synthesized during the process.

Answer matrix 11th grade

Part 1.

Part 2.

Part 3.

Part 4.

Maximum points –100