Essay on the third image of the defender of the fatherland in literary works as an example of selfless military service. Defender of the fatherland in Russian fine arts The theme of defense of the fatherland in Russian literature

Tsydypov Yaroslav

Many works have been created in various forms of art (literature, painting, music, folk art, cinema, theater) about the exploits, about valor, about the glory of the defenders of the Fatherland. In this work, the student tried to trace how literature and music take different paths to create the image of the defender of the Fatherland and his glorification. The project was completed for the republican competition of research and creative works of students “New Facets of Musical Art” and was presented in the nomination: “Synthesis of Literature and Music.” The student took 2nd place with his work.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Belarus

Municipal autonomous educational institution

"Secondary school No. 43 in Ulan-Ude"

Republican competition of research and creative works of students

"New Facets of Musical Art"

Nomination: “Synthesis of Literature and Music”

Topic: “The image of the defender of the Fatherland in music and literature”

6th grade student of secondary school No. 43

Head: Tsydypova Yu.V.

Ulan-Ude

2012

Introduction

Main part

§ 1 The image of the defender of the Fatherland in epics.

Chapter I I. The image of the defender of the Fatherland in music.

§ 1

§ 2. The image of the defender of the Fatherland in musical art during the Great Patriotic War.

§ 3 The image of the defender of the Fatherland in the soldiers' songs of Afghanistan and Chechnya.

Conclusion

List of used literature

Application

Introduction

The word “Fatherland” has the same root as the words “father”, “father’s house”, “father’s land”, “Fatherland”. This means that the Fatherland is our Motherland, the country in which we live. And the one who defends our Motherland is the defender of the Fatherland.

Many works have been created in various forms of art (literature, painting, music, folk art, cinema, theater) about the exploits, about valor, about the glory of the defenders of the Fatherland. They glorify the greatness and beauty, strength and power, nobility, kindness and spiritual wealth of the Russian person. Ancient epics that glorify the courage of Russian knights and heroes, cantatas of the Peter the Great era, battle and historical paintings by artists of the 19th-20th centuries, soldiers’ songs that instilled in soldiers confidence in their abilities and hope for success in battles have survived to this day.

Russian composers, artists, writers and poets constantly turn to the theme of defending the Motherland in their work. The images of Ivan Susanin, Alexander Nevsky, heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 are vividly and truthfully depicted in various works of art. Thus, the defender of the Fatherland is one of the main images in art. All of the above proves the relevance of our work.

What kind of defender of the Fatherland is he? What image of the defender was created, captured in the art of words and in the visual arts? Getting acquainted with the image of the defender of the Fatherland through various types of arts becamethe purpose of my work.

The following were supplied tasks : get acquainted with various works in which the hero is a defender of the fatherland; show how music, fine art and literature take different paths to create the image of a defender of the Fatherland.

Object research of my work became the image of a defender of the Fatherland, and subject – study of the image of the protector in musical, literary and visual works.

When writing the work, I studied a lot of literature: monographs, magazine articles, works of music, literature and painting, and used Internet resources.

In my opinion, our work will be of interest to a wide range of readers.

Chapter I. The image of the defender of the Fatherland in literature.

§ 1 The image of the defender of the Fatherland in epics.

Who does not respect his kinship,

he humiliates himself.

And who is ashamed of his ancestors,

he will be put to shame through this.

Centuries, replacing each other, go by

Heroes live in ancient epics.

More than once they defended Rus' from enemies,

They shed their blood more than once for their land.

Since then, many generations have changed,

But the memory of them was preserved in Rus'.

What kind of Russian hero is he? How is he depicted in verbal folk art (epics)?

Ozhegov’s dictionary gives the following definition: “A hero is a hero of Russian epics who performs military feats.”

The main characters of the epics are heroes - brave and noble warriors who fight both mythical monsters and the enemies of their country. Most of the epics are dedicated to three heroes - Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Dobrynya Nikitich.

Glorifying the heroes, the defenders of the Motherland, the epics called for feats for the glory of the Fatherland, raised the spirit of the people in difficult years for the country, and instilled courage in people. And the famous hero, Ilya Muromets, whom the Russian army considers its patron, is the personification of all the best in the Russian people: enormous physical strength is combined in him with even greater internal strength and the greatness of his spirit, an unwillingness to kill, but only to defend and protect the Russian land. Such a hero can unite everyone living in Russia, everyone who loves their country.

This is what the epic “Ilya Muromets and Idolishche” says about Ilya: “A great misfortune has approached Kiev-grad: the Basurman army, the army of the Tatar Khan Idolishche, has approached it. Idolishche heard that the hero Ilya Muromets was not in Kyiv - and he became bolder. He called a scribe and ordered Prince Vladimir to write a letter:

“Get out, prince, from your choir. I'm going to Kyiv. I will take the city, destroy the churches, and send you to the kitchen. Will you cook dinner for me? As I wrote, so I did. Idolishche attacked Kyiv, occupied the princely chambers, and sent Prince Vladimir to work in the kitchen. Vladimir cries, but cannot fight the Idol: without the heroes he has no strength of his own.

And Ilya Muromets lives in his parents’ house. He sensed from afar that trouble had befallen Kiev. He mounted his good horse and went to see if his native land needed his help...”

The image of the Russian epic hero is captured not only in the art of words, but also in the visual arts. The artist V.M. Vasnetsov painted a picture, which he called simply and briefly “Bogatyrs”. It is no coincidence that the artist depicted exactly three heroes. The number three, in ancient times, had the meaning of plurality. The three heroes represent the entire people who stand guard over the Motherland. (see Attachment).

§ 2 The image of the defender of the Fatherland in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”

In the spring of 1185, a small army of the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich and his few allies moved in the vast, endless wild steppe. “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” names the following reason: Prince Igor “led his brave regiments to the Polovtsian land for the Russian land.” (see Attachment)

The image of the defender of the Motherland in “The Lay...” has several guises. Essentially, all the men depicted as characters in this heroic poem (Vsevolod, Igor, Svyatoslav, the author) are defenders of Rus' and patriots. But they understand their tasks differently.

Vsevolod , the brother of Prince Igor, who took part in the campaign and supported his brother, is not accidentally called “buitur” in the poem. He believes that defending his homeland is his duty and the duty of any Russian prince. Military feats are his element, he is a real defender of his Motherland, physically strong, strong in spirit and conscious of his righteousness: after all, he is always ready to fight on the side of his family against the hated Polovtsians: “Saddle, brother, your greyhound horses - mine have been standing near Kursk for a long time ready". Matching him is his squad, which he cares about and is very proud of: “And my Kuryans are an experienced squad... they themselves gallop like gray wolves in a field, seeking honor for themselves, and glory for the prince.” He is a good warrior, a true defender of the Russian land. Wherever he gallops in battle, “the filthy Polovtsian heads lie there.” He dies as a true warrior and defender of his land - in battle, under the onslaught of the Polovtsian hordes: “Here the brothers were separated on the shore of the fast Kayala...”

The initiator of the campaign against the Polovtsians, PrinceIgor Svyatoslavichdepicted slightly differently. He understands his duty as a defender not only in the literal physical sense - with a sword in his hands to defend his lands from enemies, but also in a more general way. You can secure Rus' from raids not only by protecting your home and principality from enemies, but also by winning a victory in a “wild field”, far from home, so that the Polovtsians not only hate, but also fear the Russians. This image is depicted in the poem as a defender of the entire Russian land.

Leading his regiments to the Polovtsian land for the Russian land, Igor, unlike his brother, no longer thinks about a good fight, but thinks more generally when he says to his squad: “It is better to fall in battle than to completely surrender.” But it was he, wounded in the arm, who was destined to be captured and escape from there; it was his return that the entire Russian land would welcome: “Countries are happy, cities are cheerful.” In addition to the qualities of a defender of the Motherland and a brave warrior, he is shown in the work as a person with a strong will and national pride.

A different view on the protection of Russian land from the very author works. Talking about the grief that befell the Russian land after the death of Vsevolod and the capture of Igor, showing the results of the battle in which “there was not enough blood wine; here the brave Russians ended the feast: they gave the matchmakers drink, and they themselves died for the Russian land,” he mourns along with all people and nature: “The grass will droop with pity, the trees bowed to the ground in grief.” But realistically assessing the events that happened in 1185, speaking about the nobility of Igor, who did not leave his brother to die and, according to the chronicle, ordered his squad to dismount so that the “black people” who came with him, that is, the peasants, fought on equal terms with his warriors conditions, the author places the blame for what happened on Prince Igor and his relatives, believes that their attempts to stand out and seek glory for themselves cost dearly to the Motherland, which the princes must defend: “And the princes forge sedition on themselves, and the filthy ones raid Russian soil with victories , taking tribute per squirrel from the yard.” Here it is, the look of a true patriot, defender of the Fatherland, unclouded by any property or dynastic strife!

The oldest and wisest defender of the Russian state Svyatoslav believes that the Polovtsians are not as terrible for Rus' as the willfulness of the princes and feudal civil strife, which tore the Russian land into weak and defenseless pieces, easy prey for everyone who wants to expand their lands and fill their wallets at Russian expense. Addressing by name all his children and relatives, the Prince of Kiev exclaims, following the author of “The Lay...”: “With your sedition, you began to bring filth to the Russian land, to the property of Vseslavovo. Because of the strife, there was violence from the Polovtsian land.” He demands from all these people that they remember the previous deeds of their ancestors in protecting the Russian principalities, that they be worthy of the glory of their fathers, so that the Russian people really feel under reliable protection and can sincerely proclaim “glory” to the princes, which, according to tradition, ends the text of “Words ... ":" Hello princes and squad, having suffered for Christians on filthy regiments."

§ 3 The image of the defender of the Fatherland in A.T. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin”.

A.T. Tvardovsky throughout the Great Patriotic War he worked in the front-line press, and throughout the entire war period his most outstanding and popularly beloved poem was created"Vasily Terkin" (1941 – 1945).

During the war with the Nazis, the image of a simple soldier Vasily Terkin acquires deeper content and the scope of artistic generalization to the image of a defender of the Fatherland.

The reader's first acquaintance with the hero occurs in the chapter "At a halt." Already here we see Terkin as a sociable person, an interesting storyteller, an experienced “warrior” who is “one of our own” in the regiment.

The second chapter, “Before the Battle,” which describes the period of retreat of the Russian army, reveals such qualities of Tvardovsky’s hero as cheerfulness, fortitude, and unshakable confidence in victory:

The soldiers followed us,

Leaving the captive region.

I'll have one political conversation

Repeated:

- Cheer up.

Let's not go too far, let's break through

We will live - we will not die,

The time will come, we'll come back,

We will return everything that we gave.

The third chapter of the poem “Crossing” demonstrates the courage and heroism of Terkin, who crosses the river to convey an important report to the commander. We see the hero adequately overcoming difficulties, not losing his presence of mind in a moment of danger, philosophically perceiving the possibility of death:

Crossing, crossing!

Left bank, right bank.

The snow is rough, the edge of ice...

To whom is memory, to whom is glory,

Who wants dark water?

No sign, no trace.

Subsequent chapters add individual touches to the image. We note resilience, heroism, love of life (“Terkin is wounded,” “Death and the Warrior”), we see restraint, modesty (“About the Reward”), resourcefulness (“Who Shot?”), the ability to have fun and rejoice (“Harmon” ). So, we see that the main character of the poem is a simple Russian man, an ordinary soldier, a true defender of his Motherland, whose courage, fortitude, mental alertness and sparkling sense of humor cannot but arouse the sympathy of the reader. This explains the enormous popularity among the people of the image of Vasily Terkin.

Chapter I I The image of the defender of the Fatherland in music.

§ 1 The image of the defender of the Fatherland in Russian classical music.

Not only the lives of holy warriors, chronicles, epics, poetry, icons, but also works of Russian musical culture tell about the exploits of the defenders of the Fatherland. So famous Russian composer S.S. Prokofiev wrote a piece of music - a cantata"Alexander Nevskiy".It tells the story of the battle of the Russian people under the leadership of the Grand Duke through music and poetry.

Get up, Russian people,

To the death, the last battle!

Native in Rus', big in Rus'

No enemy!

Get up, get up,

Dear Mother Rus'!

“Life for the Tsar” (“Ivan Susanin”)- opera by M.I. Glinka in 4 acts with an epilogue. The opera tells about the events of 1612 associated with the campaign of the Polish gentry against Moscow. The feat of the peasant Ivan Susanin, who led an enemy detachment of Poles into an impenetrable thicket and died with them, was often used by writers. In 1815, the premiere of Katerino Cavos’s opera “Ivan Susanin” took place at the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater. The author of the libretto was Alexander Shakhovskoy. The opera was written in the style of the French "opera comic" - the dialogues took up almost as much space as the music. In it, Susanin remained alive.

More than two decades later, Glinka took on the same plot, striving to create a Russian national opera. According to the memoirs of the composer's friends, back in 1832 he outlined a detailed plan for a five-act patriotic opera and played the melodies of future arias and ensembles. Glinka intended to write an opera based on the story “Maryina Roshcha” by Vasily Zhukovsky, but the poet proposed a different theme - the theme of the feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin.

Thus, in Russian classical music there are many patriotic works that reveal the image of the defender of the Fatherland from different sides

§ 2. The image of the defender of the Fatherland in musical art during the Great Patriotic War.

During the Great Patriotic War, interest in real art did not wane. Artists from dramatic and musical theaters, philharmonic societies and concert groups contributed to the common cause of fighting the enemy. Front-line theaters and concert brigades were extremely popular. Risking their lives, these people proved with their performances that the beauty of art is alive and cannot be killed. These people, by their example, inspired soldiers to heroic deeds.

But the very image of the Russian soldier - the defender of the Motherland - did not go unnoticed. A good song has always been a fighter's faithful assistant. He rested with a song in the short hours of calm, remembering his family and friends. Many front-line soldiers still remember the battered trench gramophone, on which they listened to their favorite songs to the accompaniment of artillery cannonade. A participant in the Great Patriotic War, writer Yuri Yakovlev writes: “When I hear a song about a blue handkerchief, I am immediately transported to a cramped front-line dugout. We are sitting on the bunks, the meager light of the smokehouse is flickering, the wood is crackling in the stove, and there is a gramophone on the table. And the song sounds, so familiar, so understandable and so tightly fused with the dramatic days of the war. “A modest blue handkerchief fell from drooping shoulders...”

The history of the creation of one of the most famous songs of the Great Patriotic War is interesting. On June 24, 1941, the newspapers Izvestia and Krasnaya Zvezda published a poemV. I. Lebedeva-Kumacha, which began with the words: “Get up, huge country, get up for mortal combat...”

The poem was read in the newspaper by the head of the Red Banner Song and Dance Ensemble of the Red Army, A. V. Alexandrov. It made such a strong impression on him that he immediately sat down at the piano. The next day, coming to rehearsal, the composer announced:

– We’ll learn a new song –"Holy war".

He wrote the words and notes of the song with chalk on a slate board - there was no time to type! - and the singers and musicians copied them into their notebooks. Another day for rehearsal with the orchestra, and in the evening - the premiere at the Belorussky railway station, the junction point from which in those days combat echelons departed for the front.

Immediately after an intense rehearsal, the ensemble group went to the Belorussky railway station to perform for the soldiers leaving for the front line. From the very first bars, the song captured the fighters. And when the second verse sounded, there was absolute silence in the hall. Everyone stood up, as if during the anthem. Tears are visible on the stern faces, and this excitement is transmitted to the performers. They all also have tears in their eyes... The song died down, but the fighters demanded a repetition. Again and again - five times in a row! – the ensemble sang “Holy War”.

Thus began the song's journey, a glorious and long journey. From that day on, “Holy War” was adopted by our army and all the people, and became the musical emblem of the Great Patriotic War. It was sung everywhere - at the forefront, in partisan detachments, in the rear, where weapons for victory were forged. Every morning after the striking of the Kremlin chimes, it sounded on the radio.

Everyone knows the song“In the dugout” (music by K. Listov, lyrics by A. Surkov), but not everyone knows how it appeared.. In the beginning there were poems that the author did not intend to publish and certainly did not expect that they would become a song. “These were sixteen “homely” lines from a letter to my wife Sofya Antonovna,” recalled Alexey Aleksandrovich Surkov, “I wrote it at the end of November, or rather, the 27th, after a heavy battle near Istra.” That’s how they would have remained in the poet's home archive, composer Konstantin Listov, who desperately needed “something to write a song for,” did not come to the editorial office of the front-line newspaper “Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda.” There was no “something.” And then, fortunately, I I remembered the poems I had written home, found them in my notebook and, having copied them completely, gave them to Lisztov, being sure that... a song would not come out of this absolutely lyrical poem...

But a week later the composer appeared again in our editorial office and sang his song “In the Dugout” with a guitar. Everyone thought that the song “came out”. After the poetry and melodic line were published in Komsomolskaya Pravda, the song was picked up and sung everywhere, despite the fact that it was not published anywhere else and at one time was even banned. “To some guardians of soldier’s morality,” Surkov noted on this occasion, “it seemed that the lines “it’s not easy for me to reach you, but there are four steps to death” are decadent and disarming. They asked and even demanded that the death story be crossed out or moved further away from the trench. But it was too late to spoil the song...”

And now, four and a half decades later, this song continues to excite people’s hearts and remains an ageless hymn of love and loyalty to soldier’s duty.

Biography of "Katyusha" (lyrics by M. Isakovsky, music by M. Blanter)– a veteran song – is continued by life itself, having written many memorable pages into it. It gained particular popularity during the Great Patriotic War. The song became not only an event in musical life, but also a kind of social phenomenon. Millions of people perceived the heroine of the song as a real girl who loves a fighter and is waiting for an answer. They wrote letters to her.

The fighters, imitating “Katyusha,” sang in their own way words that were not entirely perfect, but came from the bottom of their hearts, and they dedicated them in her image to their beloved girl, their dream and hope. An unknown soldier asked Katyusha, as if she were next to him: “If a stray bullet suddenly hits you on the far side, don’t be sad, then, my dear, tell the whole truth about me.” These simple words of front-line folklore are touching, and today, decades later, they cannot be read without emotion.

It is clear that in war there is no time for rest, but there are outlets in the series of harsh soldier’s everyday life. In the Russian army, one of these outlets has always been song. A song about home, a song about a soldier, a song about a beloved, a song about the Motherland.

§ 3 The image of the defender of the Fatherland in soldiers’ songs of Afghanistan and Chechnya.

In the second half of the 20th century, tragic pages again appeared in the history of our country - military operations in Afghanistan. Our army helped the friendly regime of this country with its military forces, the blood and sweat of its soldiers, maintaining peace.

The war in Afghanistan has claimed the lives of many good people. Some of them had just begun to live and did not have time to take the first step in their lives, while for others death forever blocked the road to their career. Even if one of them did not even have time to fire his first shot, he will still remain a hero and will never die in the memory of his friends and fellow soldiers. Many songs have been written about the war in Afghanistan; they carry the memory of the tragic days of the ten-year war. The memory of friends, brothers, fathers remained forever in Afghan songs.

In the 90s, after the collapse of the Soviet state, interethnic conflicts began on the territory of our country, including on the territory of the Chechen Republic.

The soldier's song helped our guys not to lose heart and supported them during military operations. The image of the defender of the Motherland - a young soldier - is forever captured in songs about the Chechen War.

Conclusion

An increased interest in the Motherland and the problem of its defense arises among writers, artists, and musicians in connection with military events of our time or memorable dates of the heroic past. In human history, with varying degrees of frequency, wars have, unfortunately, happened all the time: aggressive, liberating, just and unjust. Military actions are certainly associated with manifestations of courage, heroism, bravery and boldness. Defense of the Fatherland in peacetime is the main activity of people in the military profession. When protecting the peace of one's fellow citizens, situations often arise when one has to sacrifice oneself and perform heroic deeds. Art strives to reflect these features of the defenders of the Fatherland.

The theme of the defender of the Fatherland is reflected in almost all types of art: in music and sculpture, in literature and fine arts, in theater and cinema.

Having analyzed some musical and literary works, paintings by artists, I came to the conclusion that works in which the main character is a soldier - the defender of the Fatherland, glorify the greatness and beauty, strength and power, nobility, kindness and spiritual wealth of the Russian soldier.

Literature

1. Biryukov, Yu. E. Songs born in battles / Yu. E. Biryukov. - M.: Music, 1985
2. Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. Windows DVD-2006
3. Vainkop Yu. Brief biographical dictionary of composers. L. “Music” 1987
4. Puzitsky V. Native history. Saratov "Children's book" 1994
5. Sergeeva G., Kritskaya E. Music. Textbook for 5th grade. M. 2003
6. A word about music. Reader M. 1990
7. Terekhov V. Alexander Nevsky. M. 1990
8. Tkachenko P.I. When soldiers sing: Modern amateur song creativity of Soviet soldiers fulfilling their international duty in Afghanistan / P. I. Tkachenko. - M.: Young Guard, 1987.

Application

V.M. Vasnetsov “Bogatyrs” (1898)

Still life "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". Arsenyuk Yuri. Bilibin I.Ya. Illustration for "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

I.I. Golikov Design of the illustration for “The Word...”

Vasily Terkin is a national hero.

Not only Lermontov creates images of the heroes of the Motherland in his work, but also Tvardovsky in his poem Vasily Terkin. He described the heroism, courage and great love for the homeland of the defending soldier. The image of Vasily Terkin in the poem is collective; it unites all the features of a Soviet soldier. Like the heroes of Borodino, Tyorkin performs a selfless feat for his country: risking his life, he delivers an important report to the command. The poet shows that all feats are performed by the simplest Russian soldiers, once again proving the idea of ​​the strength of the Russian character.

Images of defenders of the fatherland are also found in the work of ancient Russian literature - “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”. This is a detailed historical account of the campaign against the Polovtsians by Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor and three other princes: his brother Vsevolod of Kursk, Igor’s son Vladimir Putivlsky, and nephew Svyatoslav Rylsky.

The campaign of the princes was an attempt to repel the onslaught of the enemy, while other princes were absorbed in civil strife. In this, Igor and Vsevolod were continuers of the work of their father, who repeatedly tamed the Polovtsian uprisings.

The campaign of the Grand Duke and his squad shows in the best possible way the love for his native land and his people, for whose sake the wars rebelled against foreign enemies. This work once again confirms that the Russian spirit is unshakable in the face of the enemy - even after captivity, Igor does not take the side of the enemy, but escapes and returns to his native land. The work ends with the glory of the Russian valiant wars.

The strength of unity of the people is no less important. The author of “The Lay” managed to combine lamentation and glory in the work: reproach for recklessness and admiration for the courage of the defenders of the Russian land, approval of heroism and doubt that victory can be achieved in a disunited state.

Updated: 2019-01-19

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Useful material on the topic

• How is the theme of generations resolved in M.Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Borodino”? / In what works of Russian literature are images of defenders of the Fatherland created and in what ways can these works be compared with the given poem?

The article focuses on literary works devoted to the problems of Russian officers. The author covers the time period, starting from the ancient lives of the first Russian saints to the 21st century. In his research, the author dwells on such literary genres as stories, satires, fables, odes, war notes, novels, etc. A special type of literary art, the akathist, also deserves special attention from the author. We are talking about one of the forms of church poetry.

Patriotism, militancy, defender of Motherland, Russian officers, literature , historical and cultural layer

Short address: https://site/14342256

IDR: 14342256

Bibliography Essay on the third image of the defender of the fatherland in literary works as an example of selfless military service

• Borisov B.P. Ethnic identity as a problem in the era of globalization//Cossack self-education. No. 3. Krasnodar, 2007. P.17-23.
• Ancient Russian literature. M., 1980. pp. 118-123.
• Kudryavtsev I.M. “Message to the Ugra” by Vassian Rylo as a monument of journalism of the 15th century // TODRL. T. VIII. M.; L., 1951. S. 158-186.
• Kuzmin A.I. The heroic theme in Russian literature. M., 1974. P.14-15.
• Likhachev D. S. Development of Russian literature of the X-XVII centuries. St. Petersburg, 1998.
• Monuments of literature of Ancient Rus': XIII century. M., 1981.
• Translation of “Domostroy” into modern Russian by V. V. Kolesov:URL: http://sscadm.nsu.ru

Sofia Bisilova
Project work of 2nd grade students “The image of the defender of the Fatherland through time”

1. Introduction

Relevance of the topic

Purpose of the study

Research objectives

Object and subject of research

Research methods

Hypothesis Issues

2. Main part

2.1. Analysis of literature on the research problem

1. Introduction.

Relevance of the topic.

Subject « Defenders of the Fatherland» is especially relevant in our time when children draw information from the Internet and television programs about force as aggression and terrorism.

Our country has long been famous defenders who guarded the borders of the Motherland. Many glorious warriors and ordinary people have accomplished feats that have glorified Russia since ancient times times and up to now. Learning about defenders of the Fatherland, we generate feelings of pride and love.

Purpose of the study: studying image of the defender of the Fatherland through time

Research objectives:

Study and systematize documentary sources about Heroes defenders;

Conduct a survey among elementary school students on the topic "Russia, Motherland, Fatherland";

Watch how it changes image of a protector through time.

Object of study. History of our Motherland.

Subject of study. .

Research methods:

Analysis of fiction and Internet sources on this topic;

Descriptive method (observation, classification, generalization);

Questioning.

Hypothesis. Is an ordinary schoolboy capable of a heroic act?

Problematic issues:

What famous battles were there in the history of our Motherland?

How do we understand words? "Hero", « Defender» ?

Is an ordinary schoolboy capable of heroic deeds?

2. Main part.

To answer all questions, We:

Learned to analyze material

Characteristics of historical events were given

We learned to draw conclusions.

To find answers, we had necessary:

Watch feature films and documentaries;

Get acquainted with historical dates;

To meet with library worker;

Conduct a survey.

(Student 1)

The topic of our project« The image of the defender of the Fatherland through time»

We were interested to know whether image of the defender of the Fatherland through time.

In our research, we studied and systematized documentary sources about the Heroes defenders, analyzed fiction and Internet sources on this topic, conducted a survey among primary school students classes.

And here's what we found out:

First defenders– these are Russian heroes Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich. They are the ones defended borders of the native land from enemies.

IN image ancient Russian heroes embodied folk concepts of high moral qualities that a true hero should have

One of the most important qualities of a hero is a sense of justice and awareness of his duty - to stand for the truth.

Alexander Nevskiy. Russian commander, Grand Duke of Vladimir, at the age of 20 he defeated the Swedish conquerors on the Neva River (Battle of the Neva, 1240, and at 22 - the German “knights of the Livonian Order (Battle on the Ice, 1242).

Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky created a people's militia against the Polish invaders. On November 4, 1612, Moscow was liberated from the invaders.

Mikhail Kutuzov. Illustrious commander. Distinguished himself in the Russian-Turkish, Russian-French war

Alexander Suvorov. Suvorov is a brilliant commander, one of the most beloved by the Russian people. The soldiers loved Suvorov. Suvorov himself also left behind a book "The Science of Winning"

Fyodor Ushakov is a famous Russian commander who never knew defeat. Ushakov did not lose a single ship in battles, not a single one of his subordinates was captured. In 2001, the Russian Orthodox Church canonized Theodore Ushakov as a righteous warrior.

The famous Admiral Nakhimov for paternal caring for subordinates was called "father-benefactor". For the sake of a kind word "Stepanych's Fall" the sailors were ready to go through fire and water. Nakhimov personally checked the quality of soldiers' rations.

Georgy Zhukov. Famous Russian commander of the Great Patriotic War. Zhukov became a recipient of more than 60 awards from various countries around the world.

Konstantin Rokossovsky stood at the origins of the largest operations of the Great Patriotic War. He was successful in both offensive and defensive operations (Battle of Stalingrad, Kursk Bulge, Bobruisk offensive operation, Berlin).

(Student 3)

In our research, we were interested in whether an ordinary person is capable of a feat defense of the Motherland?

Ivan Susanin was a serf peasant, he lived in the village of Domnino, not far from the city of Kostroma. In the late winter of 1613, a Polish-Lithuanian detachment tried to find the road to the Tsar’s village and capture the Russian Tsar. Nearby they met the elder Ivan Susanin and ordered him to show the way. Ivan Susanin agreed, but led them in the opposite direction, and sent his messenger to the king with a warning of danger. When the enemies discovered the deception, Ivan Susanin was subjected to severe torture and brutally killed. Composer M. I. Glinka dedicated his opera to the great Russian hero Ivan Susanin, and a monument was also erected.

(Student 3)

We continued to study the exploits of ordinary people. Alexander Matrosov (1924-1943)- private of a rifle regiment, Hero of the Soviet Union, soldier who covered a fascist machine gun with himself.

Sasha’s front-line letter goes to his own orphanage. “I am writing to you from the area where the Nazis were recently. You can’t even imagine what these bastards have done on Russian soil. I saw a well into which the fascist monsters threw sixteen children under the age of 12. I saw a burnt warehouse where the Germans burned 265 women, old people and children. February 27, 1943. There was a fierce battle near the village of Chernushki, Pskov region. The soldiers came under heavy enemy machine-gun fire. Enemy machine-gun fire hindered the advance of our troops. Rushing forward, with his chest and heart, Sailors laid down on the enemy’s firing point and silenced it. The way forward was open.

(Student 4)

In our research we asked the question - “only adults can defend the homeland?» It turned out that not only...

Children are the heroes of the Great Patriotic War

War is not a child's business. It should be so, but this war was special. The war was called the Great Domestic because, what all, "from small to large", climbed the defense of the Motherland. Many young patriots died in battles with the enemy, and four of them - Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Lenya Golikov and Zina Portnova - were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. They were often written about in newspapers, books were dedicated to them. And even the streets and cities of our Great Motherland - Russia were named after them.

Before the war, these were the most ordinary boys and girls. We studied, helped elders, played, ran and jumped, broke our noses and knees. The hour has come - they showed how huge a small child’s heart can become when a sacred love for the Motherland and hatred for its enemies flares up in it. Little heroes of the big war. They fought alongside their elders - fathers, brothers. At sea, like Borya Kuleshin. In the sky, like Arkasha Kamanin. In a partisan detachment, like Lenya Golikov. In the Brest Fortress, like Valya Zenkina. In the Kerch catacombs, like Volodya Dubinin. In the underground, like Volodya Shcherbatsevich.

And their young hearts did not waver for a moment! Their matured childhood was filled with such trials that, even if a very talented writer had invented them, it would have been difficult to believe. But it was. It happened in the history of our great country, it happened in the destinies of its little children - ordinary boys and girls.

(Student 5)

AND modern children perform feats. Schoolchildren from the Krasnodar region Roman Vitkov and Mikhail Serdyuk saved an elderly woman from a burning house. Heading home, they saw a burning building. Running into the yard, the schoolchildren saw that the veranda was almost completely engulfed in fire. Roman and Mikhail rushed into the barn to get a tool. Grabbing a sledgehammer and an ax, breaking out the window, Roman climbed into the window opening. An elderly woman was sleeping in a smoky room. They managed to get the victim out only after breaking the door.

From the theoretical part of our research we made conclusions:

Each of us can become defender of his Fatherland. We are still children now, but it will take a little while time and we will become soldiers and we will defend your homeland.

Appearance defender changes over time, and his internal qualities, such as courage, courage, honor, kindness, justice will be transmitted Through me from generation to generation.

(Student 1)

Practical part.

We conducted a survey among elementary school students, where there were such questions:

1. What feelings does the word Russia, Motherland, Fatherland evoke in you?

2. What human qualities do you consider important?

3. When I hear the word Motherland, I imagine...

4. Who should defend the homeland?

(Student 2)

We found out that the word Russia, Motherland, Fatherland evokes a feeling of pride and love, and such a concept as "indifference" absent among primary school students. The guys consider kindness, courage and responsibility to be important human qualities. When they hear the word Motherland, they imagine their city, and their Motherland Everyone has a duty to protect.

(Student 3)

3 Conclusion.

In conclusion, we concluded - we are proud of our defenders. They were and remain « Through me» loyal to the Motherland and ready for any risk, for any danger, they will fight to the death to the end. It is impossible to defeat our Motherland. The younger generation is proud of their Motherland, will remember, honor and know the history of Russia, and will grow up to be a worthy replacement.

1. Encyclopedia for children. Russian history. Moscow "Avanta +" 1997 2. S. Alekseev stories about Suvorov

3. The most famous battles in world history. Encyclopedia for children

4. https://www.google.ru/shkolazhizni.ru

5. https://www.google.ru/Frufact.org

6. folklor.igraemsdetmy.ru

7. http://www.zyorna.ru

Sections: Literature

Explanatory note

My work, like the activities of the entire teaching staff of the Tambov Cadet Corps, is focused on the implementation of the methodological theme of the cadet boarding school: “Improving the heroic-patriotic education of the younger generation based on the heroic traditions of our Motherland in academic and extracurricular activities.”

When leaving the working materials for the course, I built a system of lectures and practical classes in such a way as to equally implement both narrowly subject-specific tasks and the cadet component. The goal of implementing the cadet component is to prepare a patriot, state-minded, ready to take responsibility for the fate of his country; an initiative, independent, mobile citizen with a leadership position; an enlightened, cultured, reasonable, mature person, a noble and decent man, a caring family man.

It is well known that literature can seriously influence the formation of a person’s inner world. The entire system of educational work in the classroom is aimed at comprehensively developing spiritual and physical abilities in each cadet, correctly developing character, deeply rooting the concepts of piety and duty, and firmly strengthening the inclinations of those moral qualities that are of paramount importance in the education of a citizen serving the Fatherland. The educational process in a cadet boarding school solves the following problems:

• to raise a patriot and citizen of Russia;
• to form legal awareness and state thinking, conscious discipline among cadets;
• to prepare students for conscious service to society, the state, for successful adaptation in society, and the ability to enter into communicative relationships at the domestic and global levels;
• to develop in cadets the ability to objectively assess reality, draw informed conclusions, make decisions and act in accordance with their life goals;
• to instill values ​​based on historical traditions, moral, spiritual and cultural heritage of the Fatherland;
• to cultivate a sense of self-esteem, the desire for self-affirmation, the fulfillment of duty, the desire to achieve set goals, and continuous improvement;
• to cultivate a caring attitude towards nature, the desire to preserve it and the ability to live with it in harmony and peace.

The proposed course is also oriented towards this.

Goals and objectives of the course

The student will know:

1. About the ambiguous attitude of the authors of works to important events of Russian history, expressed in works of art of different genres;
2. About moral values ​​of different eras;
3. Various ways of expressing patriotic ideas.
4. The content of literary texts or fragments selected for study, as well as their authors.
5. The most significant features of the methods and styles of the authors studied.

The student will be able to:

At an elementary level, analyze the proposed fragments of literary texts, i.e.

Connect the images, oils, feelings that fill the text with your own personal experience, with what you have experienced in reality:

See the theme and idea of ​​the work;
- highlight episodes in the text;
- see patterns in the compositional structure;
- characterize the image of the hero;
- to grasp the basic emotionality of a literary text and the dynamics of the author’s feelings;
- justify the change of emotional motives in reading by the content of a literary work;

Distinguish between works of art in their generic and genre specifics: at the elementary level, evaluate and comment on a literary text in terms of its content and form;
- use the apparatus of books, dictionaries of literary terms, reference books and encyclopedias;
- characterize the main characters of the work, identify the general and individual in each, explaining the connection between the characters and events in the works.

The student will have experience:

1. Public speaking and expressive reading.
2. Comparisons of works of different types of art.
3. Creating a research project.

Thus, the course is designed for 12 hours of lectures and seminars.

Comments on the program content

Lesson 1 (1 hour).

It is advisable to analyze the image of a courageous prince, defender of the Fatherland during a lesson-research on ancient Russian literature based on the material of “The Life of A. Nevsky”. Students have already been familiar with this material, but the purpose of this lesson is the process of integrating different types of art to comprehend educational material, an attempt to teach how to use interdisciplinary and supradisciplinary competencies. The main goal of the lesson: to compare the image of A. Nevsky as a historical figure and as a hero of hagiographic literature. The topic of the lesson includes the possibility of integrating subjects such as: literature, Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture, history, painting, architecture and music. To intensively use time in class, this topic can be worked on using the “Project Method” pedagogical technology, or a preliminary assignment can be given to a group of students. Thus, each cadet can realize his potential in this lesson and reveal his creative abilities through working with the direction of art that is closer to him.

Lesson 2 (1 hour).

The work is focused on the integration of works of art that, to one degree or another, use images of the pearl of ancient Russian literature. “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” is a bright and ever-living phenomenon not only of ancient Russian literature, but also of modern literature - the 19th–20th centuries. During the lesson, students become familiar with how images of the “Tale” are used in poems about Russia (the poetry of A. Blok) and in the works I. Bunin. Literary and historical images in painting (appeal to the “Word” of artists N. Roerich, V. Vasnetsov and V. Favorsky). “The Word” as the basis of the plot of A. P. Borodin’s opera “Prince Igor”. The unifying idea of ​​all The presented works are a call for the unity of Russian people for the sake of saving the Fatherland.

Lesson 3 (2 hours).

In this lesson we will talk about the heroes of this war, whose names are inscribed in golden letters in our Russian history. Many wonderful works of Russian literature were dedicated to them. The greatest monuments today speak about the glory and valor of the heroes of our army: the Arc de Triomphe, the Panorama Museum "Battle of Borodino".

The destinies and civil feats of the heroes of 1812 inspired M. Lermontov, L. Tolstoy, M. Tsvetaeva and other Russian writers. Tolstoy, as the greatest humanist, in the novel “War and Peace” expresses a thought dear to his heart: war deprives the beauty of Mother Earth, destroying her children: both Russians and French. The tragedy of the “bifurcation” of Russia is expressed in the poems of M. Tsvetaeva.

Lesson 4 (1 hour).

The topic of the lesson is aimed at border class cadets (humanitarian profile). In the process of work, students become acquainted with historical documents and works of art. Among the materials for research, you can use the books of Zaitsev and Vertelko. The use of the pedagogical technology “Project Method” will significantly expand the range of works.

Lesson 5 (3 hours).

Classes using local history material and works of Tambov writers and poets dedicated to the defense of the Motherland during the Great Patriotic War.

It is the love of one’s native land that stimulates creative inspiration and becomes the subject of vivid artistic generalizations for writers, artists, and musicians. They are especially close and understandable to a person who grew up on this land.

Lesson 6 (2 hours).

The purpose of the lesson is to determine how the Russian national character of the Soviet people manifested itself during the Great Patriotic War (in the rear of the front, in the partisan movement, in captivity). This is an attempt to comprehend the uniqueness of the Russian mentality using the example of the life of a person who went through the trials of war. It is necessary to bring students to the idea of ​​the significance of the ideological beliefs of the Russian people during the war of 1941–1945. You can use fragments of documentaries about the Great Patriotic War and S. Bondarchuk’s film “The Fate of a Man.”

Equipment:

• historical map “The Great Patriotic War of 1941 – 1945”;
• film by S. Bondarchuk “The Fate of a Man”;
• excerpts from video documentaries.

Lesson 7 (2 hours).

The Battle of Stalingrad is one of the most important events of the Great Patriotic War, an example of unbending courage, inhuman fortitude, and the unparalleled love of Soviet people for their homeland, their land. Stalingrad is a page of history written in blood, a page that cannot be forgotten. The story of heroes whom we cannot help but worship, to whom we are eternally indebted.

An integrated lesson exploring the historical and literary aspects of the Battle of Stalingrad. The main goal of the lesson is to create conditions for instilling a sense of patriotism and pride in one’s country and its people. To do this, it is necessary to characterize with historical accuracy the significance of the Battle of Stalingrad as a fundamental turning point in the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War, to reveal the reasons for the victory of the Soviet people in the Battle of the Volga, to analyze key episodes from works of art depicting the Battle of Stalingrad

Topics of qualifying research work (approximate list):

1. Battle scenes in works of Russian literature: historical and military accuracy (A.S. Pushkin “Poltava”, M.Yu. Lermontov “Borodino”, L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, “Sevastopol Stories”).
2. Images of defenders of the native land in Russian folklore.
3. Depiction of the attitude towards a defeated enemy in works of Russian literature.
4. Literature of besieged Leningrad.
5. Defense of the Fatherland in the works of writers and poets of the Tambov region.