Geographic map. globe

For the first time I saw real globe at school in a geography lesson. Then it didn’t seem surprising to me; at first glance, the map looked like a map, simply applied to a rotating ball. The realization of the importance of the globe came somewhat later. In order to find out what is the difference between a globe and a map, you need to consider both separately.

What is a card

Geographic map– this is a significantly reduced image in the plane . This is one of the most important inventions.

Found the cards widely used in people. Thanks to them, you can get acquainted with the terrain without direct contact with it. Maps are actively used as navigation aids in guidebooks for tourists, in ship navigation and even in astronautics! They are also needed in the development of mineral resources, in military affairs and construction. In other words, geographic maps are used in almost all areas.

What is a globe

So, as we have already found out, the first image of the Earth was a map. The globe appeared much later, after people came to the conclusion that our planet was spherical.

The globe is a mini-copy of the Earth. The history of its creation goes deep into ancient times. Around the second century BC scientist Crates Malossi The very first primitive globe was developed. This scientist was very fond of the poem “Odyssey”. He undertook to paint the ball along all the routes his favorite hero took. It turned out primitive, but nevertheless it was a real globe, corresponding to the level of knowledge of those times, and appreciated by our contemporaries.

The world's largest globe created in America. His diameter is 12.6 m, which corresponds to the height of a four-story building!

Advantages of the globe

To the undeniable merits globe include the following:

• A globe is more visual compared to a map. He shows spherical shape Earth.
• The relative position is preserved relative to each other poles, and meridian and parallels.
• In all areas globe the scale is the same.
• Shapes are not distorted objects and their proportions.

The Earth, like other planets, has the shape of a ball, slightly flattened at the poles. A person, being on the surface of the Earth, sees only a few square kilometers of its area. At the same time, the total surface area of ​​the Earth is 510 million square meters. km.

Based on the shape and size of the planet, a model of the Earth was created - a globe.

globe- a three-dimensional reduced model of the Earth. The globe has the same shape as the planet itself, it is three-dimensional, its axis of rotation, just like the planet’s, is tilted.

The globe depicts continents, islands, oceans, seas, etc. They have the same outlines as on the surface of the Earth, and are located relative to each other in the same way. Thus, on the globe there is minimal distortion of the earth's surface.

The first globe was created around 150 BC. e. The oldest globe that has survived to this day is the globe of Martin Behaim.

In addition to the globe and plans, maps are actively used to depict the earth's surface. On a map, unlike a plan, you can see the entire earth's surface or large parts of it. In addition, geographic maps have a small scale, since the image must be reduced a large number of times to fit on the map.

Geographic map- an image of the earth's surface containing a degree grid, in a reduced form on a plane using symbols.

Geographic maps are completely different. For example, maps that depict natural objects: mountains, seas, plains, continents are called physical; maps showing countries, their borders, capitals - political.

Rice. 4. Physical map of the world ()

Rice. 5. Political map of Eurasia ()

There is a special type of maps - contour maps. These maps have only the boundaries of geographical objects, their outlines, and a degree network. On such maps it is necessary to independently mark the geographical objects being studied, maintaining accuracy, accuracy and using other geographical maps.

Rice. 6. Outline map of the world ()

Files

There are no additional materials for this lesson.

“The globe is a model of the Earth.

Geographic map"

6th grade
Write down the date and topic of the lesson in your notebook

1. 
   Shape and size of the Earth

The greatest thinker of antiquity, Aristotle, observing lunar eclipses, noticed that the edge of the earth's shadow falling on the Moon always has a round shape. This allowed him to confidently judge that the Earth is spherical (Fig. 2). Now, thanks to the achievements of space technology, we all (more than once) had the opportunity to admire the beauty of the globe from photographs taken from space.

A reduced likeness of the Earth, its miniature model is a globe. To find out the circumference of a globe, just wrap it in drink and then determine the length of this thread. But you can’t walk around the huge Earth with a measuring tape along the meridian or equator. And no matter in what direction we begin to measure it, insurmountable obstacles will certainly appear on the way - high mountains, impassable swamps, deep seas and oceans...
Today we will learn:

• 
  Who measured the Earth?
• 
  When and where did the first globe appear?
• 
  How does a geographical map differ from a local plan?
• 
  What types of cards are there?
• 
  How to measure distances using a geographic map.

Is it possible to find out the size of the Earth without measuring its entire circumference? Of course you can.

The first measurement of the Earth in this way was made by the ancient Greek scientist Eratosthenes (c. 276-194 BC), who lived in the Egyptian city of Alexandria, on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 3).

Fig.4. Eratosthenes' measurement of the earth's circumference

But Eratosthenes was unable to measure this distance across the desert. The guides of the trade caravans could not measure it either. They only knew how much time their camels spent on one journey, and believed that from Siena to Alexandria there were 5,000 Egyptian stadia. This means the entire circumference of the Earth: 5000 * 50 = 250,000 stadia.
Unfortunately, we do not know the exact length of the Egyptian stage. According to some data, it is equal to 174.5 m, which gives the earth’s circumference 43,625 km. It is known that the radius is 6.28 times less than the circumference. It turned out that the radius of the Earth, according to Eratosthenes, is 6943 km. This is how the size of the globe was first determined more than twenty-two centuries ago.

In connection with the development of knowledge about the Earth, ideas about its size and shape have received clear evidence.

It has now been scientifically proven that the Earth has dimensions:

Equator - 40,075 km

Meridian - 40,009 km

Circumference - 40,000 km

Equatorial radius - 6378 km

Polar radius - 6357 km. (see fig.5)

Let's draw a drawing with a pencil

JV

a) Equatorial radius.

b) Polar radius.

UP

Fig.5. Shape and size of the Earth

• 
  Based on these data, tell me, does the Earth have the shape of a perfect sphere? (No.)
• 
  Why?
• 
  How much longer is the equatorial radius than the polar radius?

• 
  In what area is the Earth flattened? (At the poles.)

Assignment: Write down the missing data in the “General Information about the Earth” table.

The shape and size of the Earth are of great geographical importance. The spherical figure of the Earth causes a decrease in the angle of incidence of solar rays on the earth's surface from the equator to the poles and, as a consequence of this phenomenon, the formation of several thermal belts (Fig. 7).

Heat zones, in turn, along with other factors (the size and mass of the Earth, its certain distance from the Sun) determine a natural change in natural processes and phenomena in the direction from the equator to the poles (Fig. 8).

Fig.9. Map of the Earth's Heat Zones

The size and mass of the Earth determine the force of gravity that holds an atmosphere of a certain composition and hydrosphere, without which life is impossible.

The distance of the Earth from the Sun is also important. If the position of the Earth was closer to the Sun than it is now, it could turn into a hot desert; if it were more distant, it could acquire a permanent shell of ice.

1. 
   Globe - model of the Earth

Rice. 10.

It is believed that the first globe was made by the German geographer and traveler Martin Beheim in 1492 (Fig. 11).

Rice. eleven.
The globe has the same scale everywhere, which is usually labeled in the South Pacific. The scale of school globes is very small: 1:50,000,000, i.e. 1 cm is 500 km, the true distance on it is reduced by 50,000,000 times. To determine the distance on a globe, you need to use a thread or a strip of paper to measure the distance between given points and, knowing the scale of the globe, calculate the true distance (you can also use a scale ruler).

The Great Gottorp Globe is on display in the Kunstkamera. One of the world's first planetariums, it is unique in size and design, allowing the outer globe with a map of the earth's surface and the inner planetarium with a map of the starry sky to rotate simultaneously (Fig. 12).

Fig. 12. The Great Gottorp Globe is the world's first planetarium globe.

In 1717, the globe was placed in the tower of the Kunstkamera building under construction. During the fire of 1747 it was badly damaged, its surface was destroyed. Thanks to the work of Russian masters of the 18th century, modern restorers, researchers and curators, museum visitors today can share the pride and admiration that this unique monument evoked among people of past centuries.

1. 
   Geographic map

All globes are small scale. This property of globes does not allow large-scale images to be obtained.

For example, we need a cartographic image of Russia on a scale of 1: 10,000,000 (1 cm 100 km). A globe of this scale would have a diameter of 1290 cm. Obviously, using such a large globe is very inconvenient.

Much more convenient to use geographical cards - This is a reduced image of the Earth's surface or its parts on a plane using conventional symbols.

Write this definition in your notebook
And so, we found out the main advantages of geographical maps. The map shows the location and state of various natural and social phenomena. Depending on what is shown on the cards, they have different names. Cards are classified according to various criteria .

You are already familiar with one of the classifications. This is a classification of times according to the scale of the depicted territory.

By scale: large-scale (1: 10,000 - 1: 100,000), medium-scale (1: 200,000 - 1: 1,000,000) and small-scale maps (smaller than 1: 1,000,000). Scale determines the relationship between the actual size of an object and the size of its image on the map. Knowing the scale cards(it is always indicated on it), you can use simple calculations and special measuring instruments (ruler, curvimeter) to determine the size of an object or the distance from one object to another (Fig. 14).

Let's draw the diagram in a notebook

Fig. 15. Physical map of the hemispheres (scale 1: 80,000,000)

(http://www.mapsmaps.ru)

Fig. 16. Physical map of the world ( http://www.200stran.ru)

Fig. 17. Physical map of Africa (scale 1: 30,000,000)

(http://www.mapsmaps.ru)


Rice. 18. Physical map of Australia and Oceania (scale 1: 60,000,000)

(http://www.mapsmaps.ru)

Rice. 19. Map of Great Britain (scale 1: 10,000,000)

(http://gbritan.akvilon.info)

Fig.20. Map of Germany (scale 1: 5,000,000)

(http://www.t-pro.ru)
Based on their content, maps are divided into general geographical and thematic. Thematic maps are divided into physical-geographical and socio-economic. Physiographic maps are used to show, for example, the nature of the relief of the earth's surface or climatic conditions in a certain area. Socio-economic maps show the borders of countries, the location of roads, industrial facilities, etc.

Let's draw the diagram in a notebook

Fig.22. Climate map of the world (scale 1: 100,000,000)

(http://www.200stran.ru)

Fig.23. Political map of the world (scale 1: 100,000,000)

(http://www.200stran.ru)
Exercise: Using the textbook, fill out the table:

1. 
   Map scale

For example:

We need to find out what is the distance between the two cities of Moscow and Paris.

1. 
   We open the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, read the scale of the map (for example: 1 cm is 950 km).
2. 
   We find the specified objects on the map (Moscow, Paris).
3. 
   We measure the distance using a ruler (3 cm).
4. 
   We multiply the distance in centimeters by the map scale and get the required distance (3 cm x 950 km = 2,850 km).

1) Africa and Australia

IN) 9,000 km;

D) 15,000 km.

B) 2,000 km;

D) 500 km.
3) Delhi and Beijing:

A) 3,800 km;

1) Moscow and Arkhangelsk

B) 1,000 km;

D) 2,500 km.
2) Moscow and Tyumen

B) 10,000 km;

G) 1,800km.

1. 
   Symbols of geographical maps

Familiarize yourself with the main symbols of geographical maps (Fig. 24).

There are three groups of symbols: point, linear and area. Dot symbols are not scaled, their sizes on the map are always larger than the actual sizes of objects on the ground. These can be individual structures, for example, factories, bridges, mineral deposits, etc. Circles indicate populated areas, and asterisks indicate power plants. Sometimes point symbols resemble the silhouette of an object, for example, a simplified drawing of an airplane shows an airfield, and tents show a campsite.

Linear symbols mark linear objects - boundaries, roads, rivers, faults, etc. The color and thickness of the lines indicate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the depicted objects, for example, the type of coastline, warm or cold atmospheric fronts.

Area symbols They are used to depict forests and lakes; from them you can always determine the exact area of ​​the object.

Isolines(from the Greek isos - equal, identical - approx. from geoglobus.ru) are called lines connecting points with the same indicator of a phenomenon. With their help, maps show continuous, smoothly changing phenomena - an increase or decrease in terrain, pressure fields or air temperature. To construct isolines, you must first plot the readings of the phenomenon being studied at the observation points on the map, and then, using interpolation, draw lines of equal values. Depending on what exactly isolines characterize, they come in several types. For example, isohypses connect points with the same height (on topographic maps they are called contour lines), isotherms connect points with the same temperature; isobars - with the same atmospheric pressure, and isotachs - with the same wind speed. For clarity, the spaces between the lines are sometimes painted over so that the color intensity reflects an increase or decrease in the indicator.

Way high quality background used to depict qualitative differences in phenomena that have a continuous distribution. In this way, states are shown on a political map, the age of rocks on a geological map, soil types on a soil map, etc.

The scale of heights and depths, which is located under the bottom frame of the map, is also an example of a high-quality background (Fig. 25). Green color – lowlands, dark brown – mountains.

Rice. 24. Map symbols ( http://geography.su)

Rice. 25. Image of relief on geographical maps

(http://geography.su)

We need to find out the main differences between a site plan and a geographical map.

Let's draw the following table

Now let's put theoretical knowledge into practice.

You must complete the following tasks.
Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer.

What is a miniature model of the Earth called?

B) topographic map;

B) globe;

A geographic map is:

A) a reduced, generalized image of the surface of the Earth (or other planets), made on a plane using conventional signs on a certain scale;

B) a spherical model of the Earth depicting the outlines of land and water;

C) an image of a small area of ​​the earth's surface on a large scale.
Task 3. Choose the correct answer.

Who made the very first globe?

Task 5. Choose the correct answer. The surface area of ​​the Earth is:

Task 6. Choose the correct answer. The length of the equator is:

Task 8. Choose the correct statements:

A) On geographic maps, objects on the earth's surface are designated exclusively by words.

B) On geographic maps, objects on the earth's surface are indicated by special symbols.

C) On the map of the hemispheres, forests are indicated in green.

D) On the map of the hemispheres, lowlands are indicated in green.
Task 9. Select from the list geographical objects that are on the terrain plan, but not on the map of the hemispheres:

A) lakes and rivers;

B) swamps and seas;

B) arable lands and gardens;

D) ravines and bushes.

Task 10. Select the largest scale:

A) 1: 1,000,000;

Task 11. Choose the correct answer. An example of a thematic map is:

A) political map of the world;

B) physical map of the hemispheres;

B) physical map of Russia.

This material was prepared for you by a geography teacher.

CO No. 109 Daria Nikolaevna Chekushkina.

E-mail address: [email protected]

Test tasks.

1. The model of the globe is

a) geographical map

b) aerial photograph

c) globe

d) topographic map

2. What are the advantages of a globe compared to a geographical map?

a) the globe depicts the surface of the Earth in more detail

b) the globe gives an idea of ​​the shape and true appearance of the Earth’s surface

c) the globe is convenient for transportation

d) the globe gives an idea of ​​the values ​​of the Earth’s radii

3. Geographic map - drawing. This means that she

a) can be drawn by anyone

b) is created using certain rules

c) understandable to anyone

d) gives an idea of ​​the real appearance of objects

4. Green color on the physical map shows

b) vegetation

D) lowland plains

5. Unlike aerial photographs, satellite images

a) more detailed

b) allow you to cover huge areas of the earth's surface

c) are a true image of the territory

d) can be performed by anyone

6. From the list provided, select words and terms related to aerial photographs. Write down their letter designations.

a) physical map

b) vertically down

c) airplane

d) horizontally

e) photography

e) submarine

Thematic workshop

Read the text and answer the questions.

Globe and map

Globe is a small image of the globe. The globe clearly shows how the continents, oceans, seas and their sizes are located. The globe produces the most correct image of the earth's surface without any distortion.

But globes have a major drawback: the image on them is greatly reduced. In order to obtain a more detailed image on the globe, it must have enormous dimensions - tens of meters! It is, of course, impossible to use such a globe.

On ordinary globes used in schools, it is impossible to depict small details in the outlines of continents, in the structure of river networks, mountain ranges, etc. Many states (for example, Denmark, Belgium, Portugal) are depicted with such small figures that there is barely enough space on them for one circle - the symbol of the capital.

Therefore, geographic maps are created that depict not the entire globe, but only part of the earth’s surface, but with greater detail. In this case, the image from the surface of the ball must be transferred to a flat sheet. However, the surface of the ball cannot be unfolded or spread out on a plane without folds or tears.

When compiling a map, we have to allow for some inaccuracies. Therefore, distortions of directions, distances and areas appear on the map, which are not the same in different parts of the map. Through complex mathematical calculations and constructions, these distortions are tried to be minimized.

Why can't a globe be as detailed as a map?

In order to obtain a more detailed image on the globe, it must have enormous dimensions.

What is the reason for the distortions on the maps?

The image must be transferred to a flat sheet. But the surface of the ball cannot be expanded, spread out on a plane without folds and tears.

Is it possible to make a map completely free of distortion?

Through complex mathematical calculations and constructions, distortions are tried to be minimized.

What countries do you think (other than those named in the text above) are also difficult to show on the globe?

Microstates Vatican City, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, San Marino.

Cartographic workshop.

Place the digital designations of the listed geographical objects on the contour map.

1 - Bay of Bengal

2 - islands of New Zealand

3 - Australia

4 - Congo River

5 – Black Sea

6 - Hindustan Peninsula

The earth has the shape of a ball. This was finally proven when artificial satellites flew around the Earth in all directions. They received photographs of the Earth, clearly showing the convexity of the earth's surface (Fig. 33).

Parts of the world, oceans, seas, rivers, mountains and other geographical objects are marked on the globe. On the globe you can see that most of the earth's surface is occupied by oceans. There are four oceans: Quiet, Indian, Atlantic, Arctic.

Huge areas of land, washed on all sides by the waters of the oceans, are called continents or continents. There are six continents on the globe: Eurasia, North America, South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia.

A continent or part of a continent together with nearby islands is called a part of the world. There are six parts of the world: Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia, Antarctica. As you can see, on one continent of Eurasia there are two parts of the world: Europe and Asia. The conventional border between these parts of the world is drawn along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, north of the Caucasus Mountains along the Kuma-Manych depression, and the Black Sea.

The first globes were created back in Ancient Greece. During the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries in 1492, the first globe that has survived to this day was created. It showed only the continents of the Old World. As different parts of the Earth were studied, more and more accurate globes were created.

If the globe is cut in half along one of the meridians, you will get two hemispheres, each of which will depict half of the surface of the globe.

It is more convenient to use such hemispheres, since you can immediately see the surface of the entire globe. On the globe, only the part that faces the observer is visible. If the hemispheres are shown on a plane, on paper, then this will be a map of the hemispheres, which is placed in atlases.

But it is impossible to depict a hemisphere on a plane without it crumpling into folds and, in some places, tearing apart. True, you can cut the globe along the meridians into shares (Fig. 35) and make a map from these shares (Fig. 36). It is clear that distortions are inevitable on such a map, and they increase in the direction from the Equator to the poles. Therefore, when you need to find out the distance between two points, it is advisable to do this using a globe, since it almost exactly repeats the shape of the Earth.

The degree grid (parallels and meridians) are conditional lines; they do not exist on the very surface of the Earth. They are carried out on a map and globe so that it is possible to accurately indicate where this or that geographical object is located, where travelers are located. Meridians and parallels help navigate, that is, determine your position on the ground and on the map in relation to the sides of the horizon. Parallels and meridians are located perpendicular to each other.

Conventional lines of the poles, equator, tropics and polar circles are also drawn on globes and maps. There is also a conventional date line.

Degree grid

December 22, V winter solstice, the sun's rays fall vertically down over Southern Tropic— parallel to 23.5° S, and the Sun does not set over Southern Arctic Circle at latitude 66.5° S. It's summer in the Southern Hemisphere. The sun does not appear above the Antarctic Circle on June 22, during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Twice a year, 21 March And 23 September, the rays of the Sun fall vertically down over the equator and uniformly illuminate the Earth from pole to pole. In these days of spring and autumn equinox day and night last 12 hours everywhere.