Application of geometric shapes step by step. Composition Exercises

There are many fun ways to fill time, but appliqué from geometric shapes will be one of the most entertaining hobbies because it allows you to create real masterpieces of art. Afterwards, it will be possible to decorate the interior of the home, creating a special atmosphere for relaxation or performing household chores.

Applications made from colored paper have gained great popularity in preschool and school educational institutions. It allows you to comprehensively develop a child’s skills, improving his basic abilities:

motor skills;
thinking;
fantasy;
dexterity;
accuracy and others.

Types of applications

Depending on the type of projects or paper crafts created, this hobby can be divided into 2 types:

What can you make from geometric shapes from colored paper?

There is no single standard, as well as a program for teaching children, how to make various applications from colored paper, because each person’s imagination is very different.

The main task is to develop all the basic skills in them. In most cases, the teacher independently decides what pictures the children will make or gives them the opportunity to independently choose what they want to do. This is how not only motor skills develop, but also thinking, as the child chooses the character he likes.

Simple compositions

First, simple flat figures are mastered. For example, a train applique would be a great option for boys. It can be composed of several regular geometric figures, which will be cut out by the teacher or the child himself, depending on age.

Children begin to confidently hold scissors in their hands only at the age of 5-6, and cut out complex figures of irregular shapes in the first grade. In fact, it all depends on the child’s development, his activity and abilities. That's why a train would be a great start.

It will require:

3 rectangles of different colors and sizes. 1 will become a platform, 1 – a driver’s cabin, 1 – a water tank;
the semicircle will be the front of the tank;
an inverted isosceles triangle can become an exhaust pipe;
a pair of circles - wheels;
a long rectangle - a rod for eccentric connection of wheels.

The child learns from the presented materials to fold an image on a sheet of paper, spread glue evenly, and evenly combine the parts together. Fine motor skills, thinking, and imagination develop if you invite him to make a train without an example.

Another fairly simple version of a paper masterpiece is a bird applique. It will require one large circle for the body, a couple of semicircles for the wings, several small triangles for the legs and beak.

You can create pictures of various animals from geometric shapes, letting your child think for himself which one he can make.

Volumetric applique made of colored quilling paper

After developing the skills of creating flat compositions, they proceed to volumetric applications from colored paper. Such crafts will be more difficult to master, so they are used in teaching for older children. For example, in the 4th group of kindergarten or 1st grade. Guys with good abilities can be assigned to a circle.

In the first stages, it is better to master simpler volumetric compositions. For example, a house applique with cutting templates is a good option. The wall may be flat, but the windows, roof and exhaust pipe may be protruding.

The method of adding volume is used differently. Paper parts can be bent, or they can be glued on an additional leg onto a background of the same dimensions, creating a 3D effect with a shadow.

Butterfly applique is one of the simple options that many children can master, even when making a composition in volume.

To do this, you can cut out 2 identical parts. Glue one completely, and bend the second in half and glue it in the center. This is how you get wings. The head is formed from a circle, and the body from a strip.

Volumetric compositions from simple figures

For younger children, you can suggest making an applique from circles of colored paper. From these, if you have some imagination, you can make both flat compositions on a white sheet and three-dimensional ones.

With circles, abstract thinking will develop well if you invite the child to complete an arbitrary picture.

When children's imagination is already somewhat developed, they move on to more complex tasks. For example, mosaic applique is a good option for further development of skills.

Give your student a set of cuttings of different or the same shape so that he can come up with a composition on his own. If there are enough colors, you can get quite colorful pictures.

Cutting templates

If you don’t know where to start with your child’s development, then use a ready-made bunny template for appliqué or other animals.

There are many interesting sets with which you can comprehensively develop children's skills. In any case, all applications contribute to the formation of such qualities as:

figurative and spatial thinking;
perseverance;
endurance;
fantasy;
manual dexterity and motor skills;
accuracy.

As you reach a new level, the tasks for creating compositions can become more complex.

In Fig. 6.1 shows simple geometric bodies that should make up the examination composition. In addition to the bodies already familiar to you, dies and sticks are presented here. Dies are additional flat square, round and hexagonal elements whose height is equal to one-eighth of the edge of the cube. Sticks are linear elements of a composition, the length of which is equal to the edge of the cube. In addition, bodies of the same proportions, but of different sizes, can be used in the composition. These are so-called compositions with scaling (since in this case the sheet contains identical bodies, but as if taken on a different scale). Consider the compositions made by applicants in recent years (Fig. 6.2-6.20).

The form of the examination composition, its size, placement on the sheet, the degree and nature of the interaction of geometric bodies have long been established. All these positions are reflected to one degree or another in the examination task. Of course, you should immediately make a reservation that we will be talking about the exam task that exists today - it may be changed at the time you read this section of the manual. However, we hope that the essence of the task will be preserved, and you will be able to use our tips and recommendations.

First of all, we list the criteria by which your compositions will be evaluated:

Compliance of the completed drawing with the task;

The compositional idea as a whole, the harmony of the compositional solution and the complexity of the composition;

Leaf composition;

Competent depiction of individual elements of the composition, correct perspective and insets;

Graphics, tonal solution;

Completeness of work.

Now let's take a closer look at each of the listed positions. It would seem that the mandatory compliance of the composition with the examination task is undoubted. However, sometimes in the process of preparing for an exam in students’ work there are not only errors in the proportions and relative sizes of geometric bodies, but also a conscious change in them. This is usually explained by the fact that the geometric bodies specified by the exam conditions have ugly proportions and relationships - the hexagon is supposedly too long, and the ball is too small. This is true, but you already know that in the exam task proportions and ratios are expressed in simple proportions 1:1 or 1:1.5 - and this is no coincidence - they are easy to depict and easy to check. They cannot be changed. This is a task; if you change the task, you are taking some other exam. To make this statement more convincing, imagine that in a math exam you multiply not 2 by 2, as the task requires, but 3 by 3, because it is more harmonious, more interesting and more expressive.

If we talk about the general compositional concept, then the exam has traditionally developed in such a way that the applicant is not required to create a composition that meets some conditions, mottos (statics, dynamics, suppressed movement, heaviness, stability, etc.), as is done in some other architectural universities in our country. Whether this is good or bad is a completely different conversation. The important thing is that such freedom is perceived by many applicants as legalized arbitrariness, when all the laws of composition and the laws of harmony can be ignored. Often, exam papers turn into a pile of objects that, although they interact with each other, do not create anything other than some kind of complex chaos. Of all the possible ways to compose a composition, this seems to be the worst. Architectural composition is a diverse thing, or rather, it can be so, since there are many ways to achieve harmony. But composition is not chaos. Harmony may be paradoxical, but it never arises from chaos. Chaos is entropy, dispersion, confusion of everything. Harmony is always natural, ordered, it resists entropy, fights it, and the goal of Homo sapiens is the victory of harmony over chaos. Composition is where harmony is.

In your work, choose a topic that is close to you. This can be massive stability or light, directed into some conventional distance or upward movement. The movement can be looped or extinguished, stopped. The mass can be dense or discharged. The composition can be built on metric, uniform patterns or, conversely, on a simple or complex rhythm. It may contain a uniform distribution of mass or sharp, highlighted accents. The listed properties can be combined (except, of course, those that exclude each other in one work). It should be remembered that the feeling of the complexity of the composition arises from the perception of the complex harmony of some non-trivial design, and not only from the complexity of the inserts and certainly not from the accumulation of many bodies.

Correct perspective is a prerequisite for good composition. You've probably already noticed that when your composition consists of only a few geometric bodies, maintaining the correct perspective on the sheet is quite difficult. Even if the work is based on an almost perfectly constructed cube, the addition of each new body leads to a gradual increase in distortion.

It is quite difficult to track them and correct them, especially in the first compositions, when experience and practical skills are still small. That is why, to correctly determine the opening of all edges and the direction of all lines on a sheet, various methods are used to organize all these interconnected positions, bringing them into a single system. One such system is described in detail in the following assignment. This is the so-called grid - a spatial structure that determines the opening of the edges of geometric bodies and the direction of lines in perspective throughout the entire sheet.

In the process of preparing for the exam, the “grid” will help you bring together all the variety of tasks associated with the process of constructing a composition, and at once, easily solve them. Of course, the “grid” is a useful thing, but, of course, it also has its pros and cons.

On the one hand, when depicting compositions based on a “grid”, you, of course, spend some (sometimes quite significant) time on the preparatory stage (drawing the “grid” itself), thereby reducing the time spent working on the composition itself.

On the other hand, the “grid” can significantly reduce the time required to solve purely technical problems related to determining the directions of horizontal lines and revealing various surfaces. Of course, a certain skill will allow you to minimize the time spent on the “grid”, but if an error is made in the “grid” (which is quite likely under stressful exam conditions), then you will only be able to notice this error after drawing the first geometric body.

What to do in this case - correct the grid or abandon it altogether to make up for lost time? It is only obvious that you should start working on an exam composition with a “grid” only if for the exam you have learned how to make a “grid” quickly and efficiently, bringing this process almost to automatism, and you can easily build a composition based on it.

Another question that often worries applicants is the question of sidebars: what kind of sidebars should be done, how complex should they be, and is it even worth doing them at all? Let's start with the fact that you don't have to make sidebars in the examination composition - in the exam task, the use of sidebars is only recommended and is not a prerequisite, but it should be understood that a composition without sidebars is significantly inferior in complexity and artistic expressiveness. Do not forget that your composition will be evaluated among others, and therefore, by making a composition without sidebars, you obviously reduce the competitiveness of your own (concerns. Of course, from year to year the level of the examination composition is growing, and this dictates the inclusion in the composition of complex sidebars that make the examination work is more expressive and interesting. However, their completion requires additional time, which is limited in exam conditions. In this situation, it all depends on your experience - if you studied hard for the composition exam, most likely you already have your favorite boxes, which can be quite complex, but, outlined many times, they are depicted easily and, therefore, quickly. But do not get carried away with complex insets, overcomplicate the work - remember that even a composition made using simple insets can be quite complex and expressive. It is also important to say about how geometric bodies should cut into each other. Sometimes in compositions geometric bodies are cut so slightly that it seems as if they are not cut into each other, but only barely touching. Such compositions tend to evoke a feeling of instability, instability and incompleteness. The viewer has an irresistible desire to make such a composition denser, to cut geometric bodies deeper into each other. Analyzing such work, it is difficult to talk about it as a composition - a group of harmoniously subordinate volumes. In other compositions, the bodies are so deeply embedded in each other that it is no longer clear what kind of bodies these are? Such a composition, as a rule, looks like a complex mass with parts of geometric bodies protruding from it and does not create a sense of harmony in the viewer. The bodies in it cease to exist as independent objects, turning into a geometric mixture. If we do not consider such extreme cases (when geometric bodies hardly crash into each other or when they turn into a single dense mass), to create a medium-density composition, the following rule should be followed: a geometric body should crash into another (or other) geometric bodies no more than half, better - one third. In addition, it is desirable that the viewer can always determine the main dimensions of a geometric body from its visible part. In other words, if a cone crashes into any body, its top, a significant part of the lateral surface and the circumference of the base should remain visible in the figure. If a cylinder crashes into any body, then parts of the lateral surface of the cylinder and the circles of its bases should remain visible. Special mention should be made about the insets of cubes and tetrahedrons - in the composition, these geometric bodies form a background or, a kind of frame, for the arrangement and inset of other geometric bodies that are more complex in construction. Therefore, insets are allowed when the visible parts of cubes and tetrahedrons make up less than half of their volumes.

Applique is an ancient method of developing children of all ages, which includes a huge number of varieties: from geometric shapes, from fabric, from natural materials, object-based, plot, decorative, and so on.

Benefits of applique classes for children of all ages

Application classes will make an extremely positive contribution to the development of the child:

Preparing the workplace and materials

Whether it's a simple application of geometric shapes or gluing a long story, using the data provided, Due attention must, first of all, be paid to organizing the child’s workplace:

scissors (light, small, comfortable for a child’s hand, always with blunt ends);
a base that will become the base for the appliqué (for example, a white sheet of paper, cardboard, a wooden block);
glue (preferably glue - a pencil that will not spread, spill or stain, unlike the usual liquid type);
working material (what the applique will be made from: colored paper, fabric, cereals, foil, flowers, and so on).

Working with Templates

To properly organize appliqué lessons with children, it is important to work out every little detail, in particular the templates. Applications for the youngest (3-5 years old), for example, from geometric shapes, leave no questions regarding the creation of templates for them. In this case, you need to create a drawing, indicating on it the places where the baby should glue the pre-cut elements.

In situations with preparing for appliqués for older children, certain difficulties may arise if the organizer does not have good drawing skills. The described situation is due to the need to create more complex sketches, by tracing and independently cutting out which children will be able to obtain the necessary components of a future craft.

The algorithm for working with templates is identical for each type of application:

create a sketch in color;
copy the original drawing;
cut (for children 3-5 years old) or divide with bright lines (for children over 5 years old) the image copied in color into the constituent parts of the future work;
glue the elements onto the prepared base.

Figure templates for the younger group of kindergarten

Applications from geometric shapes - the most suitable a way to develop fine motor skills and creative thinking of children in the younger group of kindergarten:

Figure templates for the senior group of kindergarten

Application of geometric shapes, adding to the plot of a picture, “composing” pictures of animals, birds by gluing eyes, paws, wings, etc. main types of applicative activities with children 4-5 years old:

Templates of figures for the preparatory group of kindergarten

As a rule, tasks for children over 5 years old This involves not only cutting and gluing, but also preparing a template for the applique yourself:

Figure templates for 1st grade

An applique of geometric shapes will certainly be suitable for schoolchildren who know how to handle scissors carefully.

Students are given complicated tasks with a large number of templates - circles, polygons, cutting out which will require strength, perseverance, and accuracy.

Applications:

Figure templates for grade 2

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Shape templates for 3rd grade

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Shape templates for 4th grade

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Application on the theme “Summer”

Applications of forest, sun, mushrooms, trees, grass, made from geometric shapes of various materials, will perfectly reveal the theme of summer in a child’s work:

As a result of the work, the child receives an image of a sunny day with all the components of the summer period.

Application on the theme “Autumn”

When working on “autumn” applications, you can, as an option, use natural materials:

As a result of simple manipulations, the child will receive an application illustrating the details of the autumn season.

Application on the theme “Winter”

Work with a winter theme can be made from a variety of materials: cotton wool, paper, fabric and so on. The most useful from the point of view of developing fine motor skills in children is an applique consisting of small pieces of paper. The child should not cut out these components, but tear the paper as small as possible. It is better to use a dark blue sheet of colored cardboard as a base.

Performance:

First, children need to prepare templates of houses and trees, consisting of geometric shapes. (rectangles - houses; squares - windows of houses; elongated rectangles - tree trunks; triangles - roofs of houses).
Having glued the resulting appliqué parts into place, you can begin the process of tearing the paper.
Small pieces of white paper obtained as a result of the work done are randomly attached to the roof, branches, and ground, depicting snowfall or snowdrifts.

As a result of creativity, an image of a winter city is obtained on a sheet of paper.

Application on the theme “Space”

When working on a “space” application, you can invite your child to “make” constellations:

As a result of creativity, you should get a variety of constellations of the night sky: Ursa Major/Little Bear, Gemini, Canis Major, and so on.

Making patterns from geometric shapes

Making a pattern of geometric shapes helps children master or consolidate knowledge about their names, develops fine motor skills, creative thinking, and imagination. This type of activity consists of gluing the simplest figures in a chaotic order to obtain a pattern or classifying components by size, shape, color, and so on.

To spark a child’s interest in this type of appliqué, an adult invites him to decorate a napkin.

Having provided the student with the templates, it is necessary to show him a sample, a copy of which should become the result of the work. An alternative to the model can be cooperation with the teacher, where, hearing the name (color, size) of a geometric figure previously cut out according to a template, the child must choose the same one and stick it to the indicated place.

It is important for the organizer of application classes to remember the need to:

properly equip the “student’s” workplace: remove unnecessary things, prepare what is necessary;
in classes, resort to playful techniques to keep the child’s interest;
use a variety of materials for applications in order to best develop children’s tactile sensations;
choose a topic that suits the interests of a particular age group;
ask the child to express his personal opinion after the work done for further analysis of errors in organizing the process;
do not limit the child’s imagination and allow him to refine the appliqué lesson plan as he works.

Applications made in the style of the simplest gluing together of pictures from geometric shapes, along with more complex options, should, first of all, bring joy to children.

Definitely, the “teacher” must interest the children before formulating the task, praise them during the process, and evaluate the merits of the work already completed. By enjoying the activities, the child will not only develop, but also have a pleasant time in the company of peers or parents, which means that appliqué classes will take root in his life for a long time.

Video: application of geometric shapes

Applications from geometric shapes in the video:

Find out how to create an applique with animals in the video:

The main task entrance tests in composition are a test of applicants' creative abilities and skills in the field of modeling volumetric architectural composition, rules for constructing its orthogonal projections and performing the corresponding perspective drawing with black and white elaboration , ability to perform linear sketch drawing.

When performing examination work, the following conditions must be observed:

Each applicant receives an examination card with specified in orthogonal projections (front view and top view) by a bunch of three geometric bodies , the horizon line and the point in space from where he observes the future composition. The ticket also specifies the theme of the composition (eg: vertical development, horizontal development). The proportions of the given elements do not change when composing the composition
By adding other geometric bodies to a given combination of three elements, it is necessary to create a holistic volumetric composition and create its orthogonal projections (plan, façade) and perspective drawing. Geometric bodies added to the composition are selected by the applicant independently from elements (specified types presented in the application to the ticket), which may have changed sizes and proportions.
Used geometric bodies in “Appendix 1”.

Element types:

cube;
parallelepiped with a square base;
cylinder;
pyramid;
cone;
triangular prism;
square, rectangular, round, triangular plates.

The composition must use at least 5 types of elements.

The total number of elements in the composition is 12-15

All elements of the composition must be located in parallel-perpendicular planes. The elements are connected to each other through insets or overlapping planes. It is not allowed to connect the faces of adjacent forms in one plane and combine their edges.

In a perspective drawing of a composition, it is necessary to use two vanishing points located outside the sheet. The horizon line can have an upper (“bird”) or lower position (corresponding to the horizon of perception of a walking person in relation to the volumetric model), which is specified by the exam card.
Construction lines and invisible outlines of shapes are preserved.

The composition is depicted on a plane.

Be sure to use bodies of rotation in the composition.
The use of a square and ruler in the work is not allowed.

Each applicant must complete a version of the sketch for the work in linear graphics.
For light and shadow elaboration of the composition, the applicant chooses the direction of lighting arbitrarily. In this case, falling shadows from an object onto an object in the composition are not shown.

The examination task is completed in A2 format (40x60cm) for 4 hours (240 min.)

Sketches are made on a separate A3 sheet

After completing the work, the following are submitted to the examination committee:

Issued ticket
Sheet with 2 sketches made in line graphics (format A 3)
Sheet with a volumetric architectural composition and 2 orthogonal projections (format A 2)

The main criteria for assessing a volumetric architectural composition:

The quality of the compositional solution, the harmonious combination of geometric elements and taking into account their role in ensuring the plastic and silhouette expressiveness of the composition.
Originality and individuality of the composition.
Achieving integrity and completeness of the composition.
Tectonicity as an expression in composition of the relationship and work of volumes in the presence of gravity.
Layout of projections and images on the sheet
Correspondence of perspective drawing to orthogonal projections
Compliance of the position of the original combination of figures with the requirements of the exam card.
Literacy of perspective image
Competency in constructing inset lines.
The quality of graphic elaboration of a three-dimensional model.
Sketches are included in the evaluation of the work. The sketching technique is linear graphics.
The evaluation of sketches is carried out according to the composition evaluation criteria.

EXAMPLES OF CREATIVE WORK according to volumetric architectural composition

This article is intended for practicing appliqué with children. Geometric applique will unobtrusively introduce the baby to the basic properties of objects: size, color, shape. The drawing is made up of simple geometric shapes. The application is associated with cognitive activity and has a huge impact on the development of the child’s creative and mental abilities. It will be of great benefit and will help develop work skills.
When starting to introduce your child to the app, you need to remember three main rules:
1) the child cannot hold his attention for a long time
2) he should be interested
3) the child needs praise for the work done.

Before starting class, cut out geometric shapes of different colors and sizes. Pay the baby's attention to the figure, its color and size. Help me put the shapes in the right order.

Flower applique.

If the child is still very small, then it is better to perform the application together. Place the flower on paper and ask your child to repeat after you. Show how to use glue and glue a picture.
At first, use 2-3 geometric shapes in the application; for better memorization, pronounce the names and comment on your actions.

The flower is made of circles and squares. The circles are the petals of the flower, and the squares laid out in the shape of a diamond are the stem of the flower.

Caterpillar applique.

The caterpillar is made entirely of circles and only a small triangle is required for the mouth.

Butterfly applique.

The butterfly applique will be more complex, it includes new geometric shapes. The number and size of parts increases.

It’s worth trying to make a general picture of geometric shapes with your child. First, work out each element of the future picture separately (flower, butterfly, caterpillar), and then assemble the overall picture.
While doing appliqué with your child, ask him who he is portraying? Who are caterpillars and what do they turn into? By conducting classes using this method, the child’s horizons develop.

Winter picture.

If it’s winter outside, then you should try to make a simple winter geometric applique.

House applique.

First, we try to lay out the house from the figures, and then glue it onto the base for the applique.

Christmas tree applique.

We assemble the Christmas tree from green triangles, and from small circles we make beads for the Christmas tree.

Snowman applique.

Everything is also simple with the snowman, it consists of circles of different sizes, one trapezoid and two different small triangles.

Application of geometric shapes "Cats and mice".

Geometric paper applique. Garland.

Our task is to teach the child to stick exactly geometric shapes: circles and ovals, rhombuses and triangles, squares and rectangles, alternating them by color and shape. Show your child how to make a paper applique, imitating a garland on a string using circles and flags.

Ship made of geometric shapes.

The geometric application should be interesting, not very complex and not very simple, only then can the child be interested in the work. Cut out various geometric shapes from colored paper and construct different ships from them. It can be one large ship or several small ones, with sails or a funnel. Glue the result you like onto paper.

And if some of you think that working on creating appliqués is a child’s job, they are deeply mistaken; skilled craftsmen create amazingly delicate and jewelry-like works using such techniques. And then, those around you cannot understand at all from what material this or that is made. The main thing in any technique is to have a strong desire and desire to create something very beautiful and quickly move towards the intended goal.

Well, such an activity will always be interesting for your children, even for the most restless ones. After all, this is, first of all, the creation of some element that is involved in cutting out figures, and children always like to cut out. Then work with glue - which the kids often also like, especially when they can get dirty and spill something that they wouldn’t otherwise.

The main thing for work is that you should have on hand such tools that will help you create geometric shapes: a ruler, a compass, a square, various drawing patterns, scissors, a simple pencil, PVA glue, glue brushes, cardboard, a sketchbook and, of course , colored paper.

Using shapes like these, you can primarily create bookmarks for books. They will be useful not only in work, but also as a gift from kids. After all, any work done by a child’s hands carries positivity and refined feelings from a little soul.