Solar eclipse: Total solar eclipse, partial solar eclipse, annular eclipse. Solar eclipse - explanation for children
Several times a year, stargazers and romantics gather in the open air to see the mesmerizing spectacle of a solar eclipse. This unusual phenomenon, which affects the rhythm of the planet as a whole, makes a person break away from his routine and think about the eternal. For scientists, an eclipse is an incredible opportunity to study new phenomena of the planet, space, universe...
A solar eclipse occurs when the solar and lunar orbits intersect and the lunar disk obscures the sun. The picture is truly mesmerizing: a black disk appears in the sky, framed by a border of sun rays that look like the rays of a crown. It becomes dark all around, and during a total eclipse you can see stars in the sky... Why wouldn’t you like a plot for a romantic date? But a date during a solar eclipse will not last long, about 4-5 minutes, but we guarantee it will be unforgettable!
When and where will the next solar eclipse be?
In 2019, you can enjoy the stunning phenomenon three times: February 15, July 13 and August 11.
Eclipse February 15
The eclipse of February 15, unfortunately, has already passed. It was partial, the moon did not completely cover the sun, and complete darkness did not occur. The southern part of our planet has become a more favorable observation point. To be precise, the best place to view the solar eclipse was Antarctica. But not only there was the disk of the moon framed by the solar corona visible. Also lucky were the residents of Australia and partly the population of South America and Africa. Residents of Russia were not at all lucky; the eclipse was not visible at any point in the large and vast country. Many photographs of residents of Antarctica, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay can be found on various social networks. You can also watch a video that captures the entire eclipse on the YouTube video hosting site.
Eclipse July 13
For those who are too lazy to get out of a warm and cozy crib in winter, they have an amazing opportunity to see fascinating phenomena in summer. In 2019, another partial solar eclipse will take place on July 13, 2019. You can enjoy the phenomenon in Tasmania, Australia (in the southern part), and Antarctica (in the eastern part). Therefore, we book tickets, hotel rooms and countdown! The exact time of this partial solar eclipse: 06 hours 02 minutes before noon Moscow time.
Eclipse August 11
Well, if you don’t have the opportunity to go to another country, to another continent for a couple of days to look at the solar corona, don’t worry. On August 11, the solar eclipse can be observed in Russia, in Moscow. Of course, not only in Moscow, but also in the North-Eastern part of China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, the Far East and Siberia. People located in the central part of Russia, Scandinavia, Greenland and Canada, in the northern part, will also be able to see the phenomenon.
In 2019 there will only be partial solar eclipses. It turns out that we will not have the opportunity to see the all-consuming darkness and the appearance of stars in the sky during the day? Maybe there have never been total solar eclipses at all?
History of eclipses
Let us dwell on this issue and remember the literature course in high school. After all, the most famous solar eclipse is the eclipse of May 1, 1185. It was on this day that Prince Igor Svyatoslavovich set off on an unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsians. It is known about him thanks to the ancient Russian work “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” which we study at school at our desks.
The version that there was no total solar eclipse at all disappears. But now it’s not 1185, but the 21st century; has there really been no more total solar eclipse on Earth since the 12th century?
Let's clarify, and it turns out that the last total solar eclipse was not so long ago. He could be observed on March 20, 2015. The phenomenon occurred in the north Atlantic Ocean and Africa. More recently, a solar eclipse occurred on November 14, 2012 in Australia. The longest total solar eclipse occurred on July 22, 2009. The phenomenon lasted 6 minutes and 4 seconds. To see the longest eclipse of the sun by the moon, people traveled to central and northeastern India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China and the Ryukyu.
The phenomenon of a total solar eclipse has been confirmed, but, unfortunately, it is not expected in 2019. The next one will happen on July 2, 2019, and to see what is happening with your own eyes you will need to move to the central parts of Argentina and Chile, or to the Tuamotu. But those who don't like to travel will have to wait to see the total solar eclipse in Russia. You will have to wait until March 30, 2033, it is in March that the phenomenon of the black lunar disk with the solar corona can be observed in the eastern part of Russia, and also in Alaska, maybe by the time of the total eclipse the territory of the peninsula will also become part of the Russian Federation...
We remind you that in 2019 you will be able to watch 2 more partial solar eclipses: July 13 and August 11. Take a pen, go to the calendar and circle the above dates, then you will definitely not miss these events and will be able to enjoy the beauty and uniqueness of a short moment.
An eclipse is an astronomical situation in which one celestial body completely blocks the light of another celestial body. The most famous are the eclipses of the Moon and the Sun. Eclipses are considered interesting natural phenomena, familiar to humanity since ancient times. They occur relatively often, but are not visible from every point on the earth. For this reason, eclipses seem to be a rare event to many. As everyone knows, planets and their satellites do not stand in one place. The Earth revolves around the Sun, and the Moon moves around the Earth. Periodically, moments arise when the Moon completely or partially covers the Sun. So why do solar and lunar eclipses occur?
Moon eclipse
During its full phase, the moon appears coppery red, especially as it approaches the center of the shadow region. This shade is due to the fact that the rays of the sun, tangent to the surface of the earth, passing through the atmosphere, are scattered and fall into the shadow of the Earth through a thick layer of air. This works best with rays of red and orange shades. Therefore, only they paint the lunar disk this color, based on the state of the earth’s atmosphere.
Eclipse of the sun
A solar eclipse is the lunar shadow on the surface of the Earth. The diameter of the shadow spot is about two hundred kilometers, which is several times smaller than the earth. For this reason, an eclipse of the sun can only be seen in a narrow strip along the path of the moon's shadow. An eclipse of the Sun occurs when the Moon comes between the observer and the Sun, blocking it.
Since the Moon on the eve of an eclipse is turned towards us with the side that does not receive light, a new moon always occurs on the eve of an eclipse of the Sun. Simply put, the Moon becomes invisible. It seems that the Sun is covered by a black disk.
Why do solar and lunar eclipses occur?
The phenomena of solar and lunar eclipses are clearly observed through. Observers were able to achieve great achievements by confirming the effect of gravity of large space objects on light rays.
Astronomical knowledge is an interesting part of the general knowledge required for a person to understand what is happening in the environment. We direct our gaze to the sky whenever dreams take over our minds. Sometimes certain phenomena strike a person to the core. We will talk about these in our article, namely what a lunar and solar eclipse is.
Although today the disappearance or partial concealment of luminaries from our eyes does not cause such superstitious fear as it did among our ancestors, a special aura of mystery of these processes remains. Nowadays, science has facts that can be used to explain this or that phenomenon in a simple and accessible way. We will try to do this in today’s article.
and how does it happen?
A solar eclipse is one that occurs as a result of the Earth's satellite eclipsing the entire solar surface or part of it facing observers located on the ground. However, it is possible to see it only during the new moon, when the part of the Moon facing the planet is not completely illuminated, that is, it becomes invisible to the naked eye. We understand what an eclipse is, and now we will find out how it happens.
An eclipse occurs when the Moon is not illuminated by the Sun from the side visible on Earth. This is possible only in the growing phase, when it is near one of the two lunar nodes (by the way, the lunar node is the point of intersecting lines of two orbits, solar and lunar). Moreover, the lunar shadow on the planet has a diameter of no more than 270 kilometers. Therefore, it is possible to observe an eclipse only at the location of the passing shadow strip. In turn, the Moon, rotating in orbit, maintains a certain distance between it and the Earth, which at the moment of an eclipse can be completely different.
When do we observe a total solar eclipse?
You've probably heard about the concept of a total eclipse. Here we will once again clearly outline what a total solar eclipse is and what conditions are needed for it.
The shadow of the Moon falling on the Earth is a certain spot of a certain diameter with a possible change in size. As we have already said, the diameter of the shadow does not exceed 270 kilometers, while the minimum figure is approaching zero. If at this moment the observer of the eclipse finds himself in a dark stripe, he has a unique opportunity to witness the complete disappearance of the Sun. At the same time, the sky becomes dark, with the outlines of stars and even planets. And around the previously hidden solar disk, the outline of a corona appears, which is impossible to see in normal times. A total eclipse lasts no more than a few minutes.
The photographs of this unique phenomenon presented in the article will help you see and understand what a solar eclipse is. If you decide to observe this phenomenon live, you must follow safety precautions regarding vision.
With this, we finished the information block in which we learned what a solar eclipse is and what conditions are necessary to see it. Next we have to get acquainted with the lunar eclipse, or, as it sounds in English, lunar eclipse.
What is a lunar eclipse and how does it happen?
A lunar eclipse is a cosmic phenomenon that occurs when the Moon falls into the shadow of the Earth. At the same time, as with the Sun, events can have several development options.
Depending on certain factors, a lunar eclipse can be total or partial. Logically, we can well assume what this or that term that characterizes a particular eclipse means. Let's find out what a total lunar eclipse is.
How and when does a planet's satellite become invisible?
Such an eclipse of the Moon is usually visible where it is located above the horizon at the appropriate moment. The satellite appears in the shadow of the Earth, but at the same time a total eclipse is not able to hide the Moon completely. In this case, it is only slightly shaded, acquiring a dark, reddish tint. This happens because, even being completely in the shadow, the lunar disk does not cease to be illuminated by the sun's rays passing through the earth's atmosphere.
Our knowledge has expanded with facts about the lunar eclipse. However, these are not all the possible options for the eclipse of a satellite by the earth's shadow. We'll talk about the rest further.
Partial lunar eclipse
As in the case of the Sun, the darkening of the visible surface of the Moon is often incomplete. We can observe a partial eclipse when only a certain part of the Moon is in the shadow of the Earth. This means that when part of the satellite is eclipsed, that is, obscured by our planet, then its second part continues to be illuminated by the Sun and remains clearly visible to us.
A penumbral eclipse will seem much more interesting and unusual, differing from others in astronomical processes. We will talk further about what a penumbral lunar eclipse is.
Unique penumbral lunar eclipse
This type of eclipse of the Earth's satellite occurs a little differently than a partial eclipse. It is easy to find out from open sources or from your own experience that there are areas on the surface of the Earth where the sun's rays are not completely obscured, and therefore cannot be a shadow. But there is no direct sunlight either. This is the penumbra region. And when the Moon, which finds itself in this very place, finds itself in the penumbra of the Earth, we can observe a penumbral eclipse.
When entering the penumbral region, the lunar disk changes its brightness, becoming slightly darker. True, such a phenomenon is almost impossible to notice and recognize with the naked eye. For this you will need special devices. It is also interesting that at one edge of the Moon's disk the darkening may be more noticeable.
So we have finished the second main block of our article. Now we can easily explain ourselves what a lunar eclipse is and how it happens. But the interesting facts about solar and lunar eclipses don't end there. Let's continue the topic by answering some questions related to these amazing phenomena.
Which eclipses occur more often?
After everything that we have learned from the previous parts of the article, the question naturally arises: which of the eclipses do we have a better chance of seeing in our lives? Let's also say a few words about this.
It’s incredible, but true: the number of eclipses of the Sun is greater, even though the Moon is smaller in size than. After all, knowing what an eclipse is and why it occurs, one might think that the shadow of a larger object is more likely to block a smaller one than vice versa. Based on this logic, the size of the Earth allows us to hide the lunar disk in no time.
Nevertheless, it is precisely solar eclipses that happen more often on the planet. According to statistics from astronomers and observers, for every seven eclipses there are only three lunar and solar eclipses, respectively, four.
The reason for the amazing statistics
The disks of the celestial bodies closest to us, the Sun and the Moon, are almost identical in diameter in the sky. It is for this reason that solar eclipses can occur.
Typically, solar eclipses occur during the new moon period, that is, when the Moon approaches its orbital nodes. And since it is not perfectly round, and the nodes of the orbit move along the ecliptic, during favorable periods the disk of the Moon on the celestial sphere can be either larger, smaller, or even equal to the solar disk.
In this case, the first case contributes to a total eclipse. The decisive factor is the angularity. At its maximum size, the eclipse can last up to seven and a half minutes. The second case involves complete shading for just seconds. In the third case, when the moon's disk is smaller than the sun's, a very beautiful eclipse occurs - an annular one. Around the dark disk of the Moon we see a shining ring - the edges of the solar disk. This eclipse lasts 12 minutes.
Thus, we have supplemented our knowledge of what a solar eclipse is and how it occurs with new details worthy of amateur researchers.
Eclipse factor: location of luminaries
An equally important reason for an eclipse is the uniform distribution of heavenly bodies. The Moon's shadow may or may not fall on the Earth. And sometimes it happens that only the penumbra of an eclipse falls on the Earth. In this case, you can observe a partial, that is, incomplete eclipse of the Sun, which we already talked about when we talked about what a solar eclipse is.
If a lunar eclipse can be observed from the entire night surface of the planet, from which the circumference of the lunar disk is visible, then a solar eclipse can only be observed when you are in a narrow strip with an average width of 40-100 kilometers.
How often can you see eclipses?
Now that we know what an eclipse is and why some happen more than others, one more exciting question remains: how often can these amazing phenomena be observed? After all, in our lives, each of us has heard only one piece of news about an eclipse, a maximum of two, some - not a single one...
Despite the fact that a solar eclipse occurs more often than a lunar eclipse, it can still be seen in the same area (remember the strip with an average width of 40-100 kilometers) only once every 300 years. But a person can observe a total lunar eclipse several times in his life, but only if the observer has not changed his place of residence throughout his life. Although today, knowing about the blackout, you can get anywhere and by any means of transport. Those who know what a lunar eclipse is will probably not stop walking a hundred or two kilometers for the incredible spectacle. Today there are no problems with this. And if you suddenly receive information about the next eclipse in some place, do not be lazy and spare no expense in order to get to the place of maximum visibility at the moment when you can observe the eclipse taking place. Believe me, no distance can compare with the impressions received.
Nearest visible eclipses
You can learn about the frequency and schedule of eclipses from the astronomical calendar. In addition, significant events such as a total eclipse will definitely be discussed in the media. The calendar says that the next solar eclipse visible in the Russian capital will take place on October 16, 2126. Let us also recall that the last eclipse in this territory could be observed more than a hundred years ago - in 1887. So Moscow residents won’t have to watch a solar eclipse for many years. The only opportunity to see this amazing phenomenon is to go to Siberia, the Far East. There you can observe a change in the brightness of the Sun: it will only darken a little.
Conclusion
With our astronomical article, we tried to explain clearly and briefly what an eclipse of the Sun and Moon is, how these phenomena occur, and how often they can be seen. The conclusion of our research in this area: eclipses of different celestial bodies occur according to different principles and have their own characteristics. But understanding some of the details necessary for the average person to fully understand the environment is very important.
Nowadays, thanks to developed science and technology, the temporarily extinguished star is no longer frightening, but remains just as alluringly mysterious. Today we know what a lunar and solar eclipse are and what they bring to us. Let the interest in them now be purely cognitive as a rare outlandish phenomenon. Finally, we wish you to see at least one eclipse with your own eyes!
Observations of the Moon explained the causes of eclipses. It is clear that solar eclipses can only occur during a new moon, that is, when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun.
The Moon blocks the light of the Sun, casting a shadow on the Earth. In those places through which this shadow passes, a solar eclipse is observed.
A shadow strip 200-250 kilometers wide, accompanied by a wider penumbra, runs at high speed across the earth's surface. Where the shadow is thickest and darkest, a total solar eclipse is observed; it can last, at most, about 8 minutes: in the same place where the penumbra lies, there is no longer a total, but a particular, partial eclipse. And beyond this penumbra, no eclipse can be detected - the Sun still shines there.
So people finally found out why a solar eclipse occurs and, having calculated the distance from the Earth to the Moon, equal to 380 thousand kilometers, knowing the speed of movement of the Moon around the Earth and the Earth around the Sun, they could already determine with absolute accuracy when and where solar eclipses would be visible .
And when these hitherto mysterious heavenly phenomena became clear to people, people also realized that much of what was said in the Holy Scriptures did not correspond to reality. There is a fairy tale that on the day of Christ’s death the Sun darkened and “darkness reigned over the whole Earth from the sixth hour to the ninth hour.” And we know that this could not have happened. To do this, it was necessary to perform another miracle - to stop the movement of the heavenly bodies for three hours. But this is as absurd as the tale of Joshua, who ordered the Sun to stop.
Knowing the cause of a solar eclipse, it is easy to determine why lunar eclipses occur.
Lunar eclipses, as we can imagine, can only happen during the full moon, that is, when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon. Falling into the shadow cast by our planet into space, the Earth's satellite - the Moon - is eclipsed, and since the Earth is many times larger than the Moon, the Moon no longer enters the dense shadow of the Earth for a few minutes, but for two to three hours and disappears from our eye.
People were able to predict lunar eclipses two thousand years ago. Centuries-long observations of the sky have made it possible to establish a strict, but rather complex periodicity of lunar and solar eclipses. But why they happened was unknown. Only after the discoveries of Copernicus. Galileo, Kepler and many other remarkable astronomers made it possible to predict the onset, duration and location of solar and lunar eclipses with accuracy down to the second. With almost the same accuracy, it is possible to establish exactly when solar and lunar eclipses occurred - one hundred, three hundred, a thousand or tens of thousands of years ago: on the eve of the battle of the Russian army, Prince Igor with the Polovtsians, on the birthday of the Egyptian pharaoh Psametikh, or on that distant day the morning when the progenitor of modern man first armed his hand with a stone.
Thus, we can conclude that solar or lunar eclipses do not at all represent any unusual celestial phenomena. They are natural, and, of course, there is and cannot be anything supernatural in these phenomena.
Eclipses of the Moon and Sun also happen quite often. Several such eclipses occur around the globe every year. Solar eclipses, of course, are observed only in certain places: where the shadow of the Moon runs across the globe, eclipsing the light of the Sun.
To understand why solar eclipses occur, people have been observing them for centuries and keeping score, recording all the circumstances surrounding them. At first, astronomers noticed that a solar eclipse occurs only on a new moon, and not on every moon. After this, paying attention to the position of our planet’s satellite before and after the amazing phenomenon, its connection with this phenomenon became obvious, since it turned out that it was the Moon that was blocking the Sun from the Earth.
After this, astronomers noticed that two weeks after a solar eclipse a lunar eclipse always occurs; what was especially interesting was the fact that the Moon was always full. This once again confirmed the connection between the Earth and the satellite.
A solar eclipse can be seen when the young Moon completely or partially obscures the Sun. This phenomenon occurs only on a new moon, at a time when the satellite is turned to our planet with its unlit side, and therefore is absolutely invisible in the night sky.
A solar eclipse can only be seen if the Sun and the new Moon are within twelve degrees on either side of one of the lunar nodes (the two points where the solar and lunar orbits intersect) and the Earth, its satellite and the star are aligned , with the Moon in the middle.
The duration of eclipses from the initial to the final stage is no more than six hours. At this time, the shadow moves in a stripe across the earth's surface from west to east, describing an arc with a length of 10 to 12 thousand km. As for the speed of movement of the shadow, it largely depends on latitude: near the equator - 2 thousand km/h, near the poles - 8 thousand km/h.
A solar eclipse has a very limited area, because due to its small size, the satellite is not able to hide the Sun at such a great distance: its diameter is four hundred times less than the solar one. Since it is four hundred times closer to our planet than the star, it still manages to block it from us. Sometimes completely, sometimes partially, and when the satellite is at its greatest distance from the Earth, it is ring-shaped.
Since the Moon is smaller not only than the star, but also the Earth, and the distance to our planet at the closest point is at least 363 thousand km, the diameter of the satellite’s shadow does not exceed 270 km, therefore, an eclipse of the Sun can be observed along the path of the shadow only within this distance . If the Moon is at a great distance from the Earth (and this distance is almost 407 thousand km), the stripe will be significantly smaller.
Scientists suggest that in six hundred million years the satellite will move so far away from the Earth that its shadow will not touch the surface of the planet at all, and therefore eclipses will be impossible. Nowadays, solar eclipses can be seen at least twice a year and are considered quite rare.
Since the satellite moves around the Earth in an elliptical orbit, the distance between it and our planet during an eclipse is different each time, and therefore the size of the shadow fluctuates within extremely wide limits. Therefore, the totality of a solar eclipse is measured in quantities from 0 to F:
- 1 – total eclipse. If the diameter of the Moon turns out to be larger than the diameter of the star, the phase can exceed unity;
- From 0 to 1 – private (partial);
- 0 – almost invisible. The Moon's shadow either does not reach the earth's surface at all, or only touches the edge.
How a wondrous phenomenon is formed
It will be possible to see a total eclipse of a star only when a person is in the band along which the shadow of the Moon moves. It often happens that just at this time the sky is covered with clouds and disperses no earlier than the moon’s shadow leaves the area.
If the sky is clear, with the help of special eye protection, you can observe how Selena begins to gradually obscure the Sun on its right side. After the satellite finds itself between our planet and the star, it completely covers the Sun, twilight sets in, and constellations begin to appear in the sky. At the same time, around the disk of the Sun hidden by the satellite, one can see the outer layer of the solar atmosphere in the form of a corona, which is invisible during normal times.
A total solar eclipse does not last long, about two to three minutes, after which the satellite, moving to the left, reveals the right side of the Sun - the eclipse ends, the corona goes out, it begins to quickly brighten, the stars disappear. Interestingly, the longest solar eclipse lasted about seven minutes (the next event, lasting seven and a half minutes, will only be in 2186), and the shortest was recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean and lasted one second.
You can also observe the eclipse while staying in the penumbra not far from the passage of the Moon's shadow (the diameter of the penumbra is approximately 7 thousand km). At this time, the satellite passes by the solar disk not in the center, but from the edge, covering only part of the star. Accordingly, the sky does not darken as much as during a total eclipse, and the stars do not appear. The closer to the shadow, the more the Sun is covered: while at the border between the shadow and penumbra the solar disk is completely covered, on the outer side the satellite only partially touches the star, so the phenomenon is not observed at all.
There is another classification, according to which a solar eclipse is considered total when the shadow at least partially touches the earth's surface. If the lunar shadow passes near it, but does not touch it in any way, the phenomenon is classified as private.
In addition to partial and total eclipses, there are annular eclipses. They are very similar to total ones, since the Earth's satellite also covers the star, but its edges are open and form a thin, dazzling ring (while a solar eclipse is much shorter in duration than an annular eclipse).
This phenomenon can be observed because the satellite, passing the star, is as far away from our planet as possible and, although its shadow does not touch the surface, visually it passes through the middle of the solar disk. Since the diameter of the Moon is much smaller than the diameter of the star, it is not able to completely block it.
When can you see eclipses?
Scientists have calculated that over the course of a hundred years, about 237 solar eclipses occur, of which one hundred and sixty are partial, sixty-three total, and fourteen annular.
But a total solar eclipse in the same place is extremely rare, and they do not differ in frequency. For example, in the capital of Russia, Moscow, from the eleventh to the eighteenth centuries, astronomers recorded 159 eclipses, of which only three were total (in 1124, 1140, 1415). After that, scientists here recorded total eclipses in 1887 and 1945 and determined that the next total eclipse in the Russian capital will be in 2126.
At the same time, in another region of Russia, in southwestern Siberia, near the city of Biysk, a total eclipse could be seen three times over the past thirty years - in 1981, 2006 and 2008.
One of the largest eclipses, the maximum phase of which was 1.0445 and the width of the shadow stretched over 463 km, occurred in March 2015. The penumbra of the Moon covered almost all of Europe, Russia, the Middle East, Africa and Central Asia. A total solar eclipse could be observed in the northern latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic (as for Russia, the highest phase of 0.87 was in Murmansk). The next phenomenon of this kind will be observed in Russia and other parts of the northern hemisphere on March 30, 2033.
Is it dangerous?
Since solar phenomena are quite unusual and interesting spectacles, it is not surprising that almost everyone wants to observe all phases of this phenomenon. Many people understand that it is absolutely impossible to look at a star without protecting your eyes: as astronomers say, you can look at this phenomenon with the naked eye only twice - first with the right eye, then with the left.
And all because with just one glance at the brightest star in the sky, it is possible to remain without vision, damaging the retina of the eye to the point of blindness, causing a burn, which, damaging the cones and rods, forms a small blind spot. A burn is dangerous because a person does not feel it at all at the beginning and its destructive effect appears only after a few hours.
Having decided to observe the Sun in Russia or anywhere else on the globe, you must take into account that you cannot look at it not only with the naked eye, but also through sunglasses, CDs, color photographic film, X-ray film, especially filmed, tinted glass, binoculars and even a telescope, if it does not provide special protection.
But you can look at this phenomenon for about thirty seconds using:
- Glasses designed to observe this phenomenon and provide protection from ultraviolet rays:
- Undeveloped black and white photographic film;
- A photo filter, which is used to observe a solar eclipse;
- Welding glasses with protection not lower than “14”.
If you couldn’t get the necessary funds, but you really want to look at an amazing natural phenomenon, you can create a safe projector: take two sheets of white cardboard and a pin, then punch a hole in one of the sheets with a needle (do not expand it, otherwise you will only be able to see ray, but not the darkened Sun).
After this, the second cardboard must be placed opposite the first in the direction opposite to the Sun, and the observer himself must turn his back to the star. The sun's ray will pass through the hole and create a projection of the solar eclipse onto the other cardboard.
