The world through the eyes of a geographer. Globe and geographical map

For the first time I saw real globe at school in a geography lesson. Then it didn’t seem surprising to me; at first glance, the map looked like a map, simply applied to a rotating ball. The realization of the importance of the globe came somewhat later. In order to find out what is the difference between a globe and a map, you need to consider both separately.

What is a card

Geographic map– this is a significantly reduced image in the plane . This is one of the most important inventions.

Found the cards widely used in people. Thanks to them, you can get acquainted with the terrain without direct contact with it. Maps are actively used as navigation aids in guidebooks for tourists, in ship navigation and even in astronautics! They are also needed in the development of mineral resources, in military affairs and construction. In other words, geographic maps are used in almost all areas.

What is a globe

So, as we have already found out, the first image of the Earth was a map. The globe appeared much later, after people came to the conclusion that our planet was spherical.

The globe is a mini-copy of the Earth. The history of its creation goes deep into ancient times. Around the second century BC scientist Crates Malossi The very first primitive globe was developed. This scientist was very fond of the poem “Odyssey”. He undertook to paint the ball along all the routes his favorite hero took. It turned out primitive, but nevertheless it was a real globe, corresponding to the level of knowledge of those times, and appreciated by our contemporaries.

The world's largest globe created in America. His diameter is 12.6 m, which corresponds to the height of a four-story building!

Advantages of the globe

To the undeniable merits globe include the following:

• A globe is more visual compared to a map. He shows spherical shape Earth.
• The relative position is preserved relative to each other poles, and meridian and parallels.
• In all areas globe the scale is the same.
• Shapes are not distorted objects and their proportions.

The earth has the shape of a ball. This was finally proven when artificial satellites flew around the Earth in all directions. They received photographs of the Earth, clearly showing the convexity of the earth's surface (Fig. 33).

Parts of the world, oceans, seas, rivers, mountains and other geographical objects are marked on the globe. On the globe you can see that most of the earth's surface is occupied by oceans. There are four oceans: Quiet, Indian, Atlantic, Arctic.

Huge areas of land, washed on all sides by the waters of the oceans, are called continents or continents. There are six continents on the globe: Eurasia, North America, South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia.

A continent or part of a continent together with nearby islands is called a part of the world. There are six parts of the world: Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia, Antarctica. As you can see, on one continent of Eurasia there are two parts of the world: Europe and Asia. The conventional border between these parts of the world is drawn along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, north of the Caucasus Mountains along the Kuma-Manych depression, and the Black Sea.

The first globes were created back in Ancient Greece. During the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries in 1492, the first globe that has survived to this day was created. It showed only the continents of the Old World. As different parts of the Earth were studied, more and more accurate globes were created.

If the globe is cut in half along one of the meridians, you will get two hemispheres, each of which will depict half of the surface of the globe.

It is more convenient to use such hemispheres, since you can immediately see the surface of the entire globe. On the globe, only the part that faces the observer is visible. If the hemispheres are shown on a plane, on paper, then this will be a map of the hemispheres, which is placed in atlases.

But it is impossible to depict a hemisphere on a plane without it crumpling into folds and, in some places, tearing apart. True, you can cut the globe along the meridians into shares (Fig. 35) and make a map from these shares (Fig. 36). It is clear that distortions are inevitable on such a map, and they increase in the direction from the Equator to the poles. Therefore, when you need to find out the distance between two points, it is advisable to do this using a globe, since it almost exactly repeats the shape of the Earth.

The degree grid (parallels and meridians) are conditional lines; they do not exist on the very surface of the Earth. They are carried out on a map and globe so that it is possible to accurately indicate where this or that geographical object is located, where travelers are located. Meridians and parallels help navigate, that is, determine your position on the ground and on the map in relation to the sides of the horizon. Parallels and meridians are located perpendicular to each other.

Conventional lines of the poles, equator, tropics and polar circles are also drawn on globes and maps. There is also a conventional date line.

Degree grid

December 22, V winter solstice, the sun's rays fall vertically down over Southern Tropic— parallel to 23.5° S, and the Sun does not set over Southern Arctic Circle at latitude 66.5° S. It's summer in the Southern Hemisphere. The sun does not appear above the Antarctic Circle on June 22, during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Twice a year, 21 March And 23 September, the rays of the Sun fall vertically down over the equator and uniformly illuminate the Earth from pole to pole. In these days of spring and autumn equinox day and night last 12 hours everywhere.

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Target: development of educational and cognitive interest in material about the shape of the Earth and its models (spherical and flat).

Subject objectives of the lesson:

• develop ideas about how the accumulation, generalization, and recording of geographical knowledge took place in the history of mankind;
• to form an understanding that the globe is a model of the Earth; map - a flat image of the earth's surface;
• familiarize yourself with the location of geographic objects on the globe and geographic map.

Personal objectives of the lesson: create conditions for showing interest in new material, forming ideas about basic moral standards of behavior.

Meta-subject objectives of the lesson:

• accept and maintain the learning task, understand the action guidelines identified by the teacher in the new educational material (regulatory);
• construct messages orally, find the answer to a question in the text (cognitive);
• use adequate verbal means in dialogue with the teacher, classmates, perceive other opinions and positions, listen to the interlocutor to express and argue their point of view; evaluate yourself and your comrades; (communicative);
• learn to correctly define the concepts being studied?;
• receive various information from various sources (textbook, Internet, globe, maps).

Equipment: globe, map of hemispheres, projector, application.

Globe - model of the globe Equator km Dimensions of the Earth North Pole The surface area of ​​our planet is km2. The distance from the center of the Earth to the equator is 6378 km, and to the poles 6356 km, that is, our planet is slightly flattened at the poles. In order to travel around the Earth on a fast train, it will take about a month, since the circumference of our planet is equal to km.

Geographic map - image of the Earth on a plane Types (groups) of maps By territory coverage By content By scale - World and hemispheres - Continents and oceans and their parts - States and their parts - General geographical - Thematic - Small-scale (smaller than 1:) - Medium-scale (from 1: up to 1: inclusive) - Large-scale (larger than 1:) - a reduced image of the Earth’s surface or its parts on a plane using symbols

The scale shows how many times each line drawn on the map is reduced in relation to its actual dimensions on the ground Numerical Named Linear 1:100 This means that 1 cm on the map corresponds to 100 cm on the ground Measures of length on both sides of the “:” sign are the same B 1 cm - 1 m To record a named scale, convenient measures of length are used (100 cm = 1 m) m1 m Linear scale - is a line divided into equal segments. The segments to the right of 0 show what distance on the ground corresponds to distances on the plan of 1 cm, 2 cm, etc. The segment to the left of 0 is divided into equal small parts. Knowing the distance on the ground to which a large segment corresponds, and the number of small segments, one can calculate what distance on the ground these small segments correspond to. For example, the length of the large segment to the left of 0 is 1 m. This segment is divided into 5 small parts, which means that the length of one such part is 1 m: 5 = 20 cm.

An image from the convex surface of a ball (planet Earth) cannot be transferred to a plane (map) without distortion. All images on the plane will inevitably be changed in shape and size, and in different areas of the ball the degree of distortion will be different. The smaller the scale, the more distortions and errors there are on the map, since objects are reduced many times. It must be remembered that... Distortions By shape By size By area

Degree grid of a geographic map and globe Meridians are the shortest lines conventionally drawn on the surface of the Earth from one geographic pole to another. Parallel lines are conventionally drawn along the surface of the Earth parallel to the equator. The main concepts of the topic are lines of meridians and parallels, divided into degrees.

Features Meridians - directed north and south; - represent semicircles converging at the poles; - the magnitude of the arc is measured in degrees; - have the same length - length 1° is always equal to 111 km; Parallels - directed to the east and west; - circles parallel to the equator; - the circumference is measured in degrees; - the circumference decreases from the equator to the poles; - length 1° in kilometers is indicated at the map frame (class 6,7 atlas)

Geographical coordinates Geographical latitude – The magnitude of the meridian arc in degrees from the equator to a given location. - Determined by parallels - There are northern (N) and southern (S) Geographic longitude - The magnitude of the parallel arc in degrees from the prime meridian to a given place. -Determined by meridians - There are western (W) and eastern (E). - geographic latitude and geographic longitude of a point on the earth’s surface Example: Cape Igolny - 34 o S. St. Petersburg - 60 o N Example: Igolny metro station – 20°E. St. Petersburg – 30°E.

What is the degree grid used for? Determining directions Determining geographic coordinates (Examples, see earlier) Measuring distances between objects To measure distances on a map, you need to know: - coordinates of points (A and B) - length of the 1 0 parallel or meridian (depending on the direction of measurements) (Examples, see earlier)

Determining directions Orientation is the ability to determine the sides of the horizon. ssz sun south south south To determine the exact direction of an object, it is not enough to know which side of the horizon it is located on. In such cases, the azimuth to the object is determined using a compass. Dictionary North Direction to an object Azimuth (angle) Azimuth is the angle between the direction north and the direction to some object, measured from the direction north clockwise.

3) in the figure we see that the angle we need is 120 o figure 1 figure 2 Determine the azimuth and the exact direction to the well yourself (Figure 1) south southwest north south we need to determine the azimuth to the tree (from figure 1) Conclusion: azimuth = 120 o, which corresponds to the direction ESE (east-southeast) (according to Figure 2) Example: 1) draw an imaginary direction line to the object as shown in Figure 2) determine the azimuth, i.e. determine the angle from the direction north to the direction towards the object clockwise

Examples of Unified State Examination tasks on the topic “Globe and Geographical Map” 1. What letter on a fragment of a world map indicates the parallel of 20 ° N. w. ? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 2. Which arrow on a fragment of the world map corresponds to the direction to the southeast? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

3. Which of the points indicated on a fragment of the world map has the geographic coordinates of 24 °S. and 92 °E ? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 4. Which of the points indicated by letters on the world map has the geographic coordinates of 5 °N. and 72 °E ? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

5. Which direction corresponds to direction A-B on the map of the European part of Russia? 1) north 2) northeast 3) east 4) southeast 6. Which direction does the A-B direction correspond to on the map of the European part of Russia? 1) west 2) northwest 3) north 4) northeast

7. Which of the points indicated by letters on a fragment of the world map has the geographic coordinates of 35°S. and 14 °W ? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 8. Which of the points indicated by letters on the map of Europe has the geographic coordinates of 37°N. and 3°W? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

9. Fill in the missing number: “1 centimeter on a scale 1 map: corresponds to _______ km on the ground.” 10. What azimuth do you need to follow to get from point B to point A on the shore of a forest lake?

Test yourself Questions Answers Possible: 208,209,210, 211, 212