A short biography of the Saltyks-Shchedrins is the most important thing. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov Shchedrin very short biography

The article is devoted to a brief biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin, a famous Russian writer, creator of numerous satirical works.

Brief biography: public service

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin was born in 1826 in a small village in the Tver province. His family was of ancient origin. Since childhood, the future writer was familiar with all the details of landowner and, accordingly, peasant life. He fully applied this knowledge in his works.
Mikhail received a decent education at home and continued his studies, first at an institute in Moscow, and then at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Here he writes his first poems, being strongly influenced by the works of Gogol and Belinsky's articles.
In 1844, Saltykov-Shchedrin came to St. Petersburg and began serving as an official. Dead bureaucracy and boredom are not to the liking of a young man. He attends evenings where famous writers, scientists and philosophers gather. During meetings, they openly discuss important issues of Russian life. There is often criticism of serfdom. These conversations sink deep into Saltykov-Shchedrin’s soul, and his own worldview begins to take shape.
Saltykov-Shchedrin's first works had a strong social orientation. The authorities took note of him and, in connection with the growing revolutionary movement, a decision was made to deport the young writer to Vyatka. However, even in exile, Saltykov-Shchedrin held a public position in the provincial government. On duty, Saltykov-Shchedrin made numerous trips to villages and observed serfdom. This gave him abundant material for his works. In 1855, after the death of Nicholas I, Saltykov-Shchedrin was granted the right to live freely. He returns to the capital and resumes literary activity.
Saltykov-Shchedrin publishes "Provincial Sketches", which are very popular. The writer is considered one of the heirs of Gogol's talent. Saltykov-Shchedrin gets married.
Saltykov-Shchedrin continues his government activities. He took part in the development of projects for the abolition of serfdom at the turn of the 50-60s. served as vice-governor in Tver and Ryazan. At work, the writer tried to surround himself with young people thirsting for change. He was attracted to honest, decent people who strive to do good and do not care about their well-being. He continues to publish short stories.
In 1862, Saltykov-Shchedrin left the service and joined the editorial board of the Sovremennik magazine. The writer is actively involved in journalistic work. However, two years later, due to internal disagreements in the editorial office, Saltykov-Shchedrin left Sovremennik and re-entered the service. For three years he has headed the Treasury Chambers in several cities, but cannot stay in one place for long. The writer writes sharp satirical articles about his bosses. Another complaint leads to Saltykov-Shchedrin being dismissed. The result of this period of life is “Letters about the Province”.

Brief biography: literary activity

In 1868-1884. The writer works for the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. He completely switches to writing. At this time, he completed his main satirical work, “The History of a City.” This work is the pinnacle of Saltykov-Shchedrin's satire. "History" is a parody of the entire Russian state since its inception. The development of a fictional city and its successive mayors is an analogue of Russian history. The heroes of the work are not direct copies of famous Russian rulers, but have many of their generalized features. Fierce controversy arose over the work. Some praised the talent of Saltykov-Shchedrin, others believed that after such a deep insult to their country it was indecent to even read him.
Subsequently, Saltykov-Shchedrin often travels abroad and meets with foreign writers. In the 80s from his pen came “The Golovlevs” and “Modern Idyll”, which are the culmination of the writer’s grotesquery.
Saltykov-Shchedrin begins to publish in the magazine "Bulletin of Europe". At this time, he wrote an autobiographical novel, “Poshekhon Antiquity.”
Saltykov-Shchedrin died in St. Petersburg in 1889. He did not become a great Russian writer, but was always at the forefront of the socio-political thought of his time. His satirical works, although considered frivolous, are among the best accusatory works of the 19th century. Behind the fantastic characters and scenes is a deep sense of truth and justice.

The biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin shows not just a talented writer, but also an organizer who wants to serve the country and be useful to it. He was valued in society not only as a creator, but also as an official who cared for the interests of the people. By the way, his real name is Saltykov, and his creative pseudonym is Shchedrin.

Education

The biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin begins from childhood spent on the Tver provincial estate of his father, an ancient nobleman located in the village of Spas-Ugol. The writer would later describe this period of his life in the novel “Poshekhon Antiquity,” published after his death.

The boy received his primary education at home - his father had his own plans for his son’s education. And at the age of ten he entered the Moscow Noble Institute. However, his talents and abilities were an order of magnitude higher than the average level of this institution, and two years later, as the best student, he was transferred “for government money” to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. At this educational institution, Mikhail Evgrafovich became interested in poetry, but soon realized that writing poetry was not his path.

War Department official

Saltykov-Shchedrin’s work biography began in 1844. The young man enters the service as an assistant secretary in the office of the War Ministry. He is captivated by literary activity, to which he devotes much more mental energy than to bureaucratic work. The ideas of the French socialists and the influence of the views of George Sand are visible in his early works (the stories “An Entangled Affair” and “Contradictions”). The author sharply criticizes serfdom, which throws Russia back a century relative to Europe. The young man expresses a deep thought that human life in society should not be a lottery, it should be life, and for this we need a different social structure of this very life.

Link to Vyatka

It is natural that the biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin during the reign of despot Emperor Nicholas I could not be free from repression: public freedom-loving thoughts were not welcomed.

Exiled to Vyatka, he served in the provincial government. He devoted a lot of time and effort to his service. The career of an official was successful. Two years later he was appointed advisor to the provincial government. Thanks to frequent business trips and active insight into people's affairs, extensive observations of Russian reality are accumulated.

In 1855, the term of exile ended, and the promising official was transferred to his native Tver province to the Ministry of Internal Affairs for militia affairs. In fact, a different Saltykov-Shchedrin returned to his small homeland. The (short) biography of the returning writer-official contains one more touch - upon his arrival home, he got married. His wife was Elizaveta Apollonovna Boltova (the Vyatka vice-governor blessed his daughter for this marriage).

A new stage of creativity. "Provincial Sketches"

However, the most important thing is that he acquired his own literary style: his regular publications in the Moscow magazine “Russian Messenger” were expected by the literary community. This is how the general reader became acquainted with the author’s “Provincial Sketches.” Saltykov-Shchedrin's stories presented the addressees with the pernicious atmosphere of outdated serfdom. The writer calls anti-democratic state institutions an “empire of facades.” He denounces officials as “guzzlers” and “mischievous people”, local nobles as “tyrants”; shows readers the world of bribes and behind-the-scenes intrigues...

At the same time, the writer understands the very soul of the people - the reader feels this in the stories “Arinushka”, “Christ is Risen!” Starting with the story “Introduction,” Saltykov-Shchedrin immerses recipients in the world of truthful artistic images. A short biography concerning creativity, at the turn of writing “Provincial Sketches”, he himself assessed it extremely succinctly. “Everything I wrote before was nonsense!” The Russian reader finally saw a vivid and truthful picture of the generalized provincial town of Krutoyarsk, the material for the image of which was collected by the author in Vyatka exile.

Cooperation with the magazine "Otechestvennye zapiski"

The next stage of the writer’s work began in 1868. Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Evgrafovich left public service and completely focused on literary activity.

He began to work closely with the Nekrasov magazine Otechestvennye zapiski. The writer publishes in this printed edition his collections of stories “Letters from the Province”, “Signs of the Times”, “Diary of a Provincial...”, “The History of a City”, “Pompadours and Pompadours” (the full list is much longer).

The author’s talent, in our opinion, was most clearly demonstrated in the story “The History of a City,” full of sarcasm and subtle humor. Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin masterfully illustrates to the reader the history of his own collective image of the “dark kingdom” of the city of Foolov.

Before the eyes of the addressees passes a host of rulers of this city who were in power in the 18th-19th centuries. Each of them manages to ignore social problems, while, for their part, compromising the city government. In particular, mayor Brudasty Dementy Varlamovich ruled in such a way that he provoked the townspeople into unrest. Another of his colleagues, Pyotr Petrovich Ferdyshchenko, (former orderly of the all-powerful Potemkin) died of gluttony while touring the lands entrusted to him. The third, Vasilisk Semyonovich Wartkin, became famous for launching real military operations against his subjects and destroying several settlements.

Instead of a conclusion

The life of Saltykov-Shchedrin was not simple. A caring and active person, not only as a writer he diagnosed the diseases of society and demonstrated them in all their ugliness for viewing. Mikhail Evgrafovich, as a government official, fought to the best of his ability against the vices of government and society.

His health was undermined by a professional loss: The authorities closed the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, with which the writer had big personal creative plans. He died in 1889 and, according to his will, was buried next to Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, who had passed away six years earlier. Their creative interaction during life is well known. In particular, Mikhail Evgrafovich was inspired to write the novel “Gentlemen Golovlevs” by Turgenev.

The writer Saltykov-Shchedrin is deeply revered by his descendants. Streets and libraries are named in his honor. In his small homeland, Tver, memorial museums have been opened, and numerous monuments and busts have also been erected.

Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Evgrafovich

Russian writer and publicist Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin was born on January 27, 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, located in the Kalyazinsky district of the Tver province. The father of the future writer Evgraf Vasilyevich Saltykov belonged to an old noble family, his mother Olga Mikhailovna Zabelina came from a wealthy merchant family. The writer spent his childhood on the Saltykov family estate. In his work “Poshekhonskaya Side” M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin described the features of landowner life, familiar to him from childhood. Mikhail's elder sister and the serf artist Pavel were his first teachers.

At the age of 10, Mikhail Saltykov entered the Moscow Noble Institute, where he studied for two years, achieved great success in his studies and was recognized as an excellent student. For his special successes, he was transferred to study at government expense at the famous Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. During his studies at the Lyceum 1838-1844, he began to compose and publish poetry, but soon decided that he did not have any special abilities for poetry. In 1844, after graduating from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Mikhail Saltykov was hired by the office of the War Ministry, where he worked until 1848.

While working at the War Ministry, M.E. Saltykov became interested in the ideas of utopian socialism and became close to the Petrashevites, who belonged to the advanced strata of the youth of St. Petersburg. During these years, he wrote and published his first literary works - the stories “Contradictions” and “Entangled Affair”, which were recognized as harmful, containing ideas contrary to the regime. In 1848, Mikhail Saltykov was exiled from St. Petersburg to Vyatka for spreading anti-regime ideas.

In Vyatka, Saltykov was appointed to the Vyatka provincial government to the position of a clerical official, and then a senior official for special assignments under the Vyatka governor. Later, Mikhail Saltykov was appointed ruler of the provincial chancellery, and in August 1850 - advisor to the provincial government. The exile lasted until 1856. The writer was released from exile after the death of Emperor Nicholas I, receiving in November 1855 the right to live in any place at his discretion.

In 1856 M.E. Saltykov returns to St. Petersburg, where he enters the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he served until 1858. In August of this year, he was sent on a business trip to the Tver and Vladimir provinces to study the militia committees that were created in 1855 in connection with the Eastern War. During his business trip, Saltykov visited several small towns in both provinces, and in August 1856, under the pseudonym N. Shchedrin, published “Provincial Sketches,” which brought him great popularity and determined the nature of all further literary work. In Russia he began to be considered the literary heir of N.V. Gogol.

In 1856 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin married young Elizaveta Boltina, who was the daughter of the vice-governor of Vyatka.

In 1858 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin was appointed to the post of vice-governor of the city of Ryazan, and two years later in 1860 - vice-governor of Tver.

While serving as Tver vice-governor, Mikhail Evgrafovich fought against bribe-takers and thieves, surrounding himself with honest and decent people. He initiated the initiation of several dozen court cases accusing landowners of various crimes, and suspended administrators convicted of official misconduct. For his activities, he received the nickname “Vice-Robespierre” from the serf owners. Saltykov-Shchedrin welcomed the reform of 1861 and contributed in every possible way to its implementation.

In Tver M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote satirical essays “Our Friendly Trash”, “Our Foolov Affairs”, “Characters”, “After Dinner Away”, “Everyman Writers”, “Slander”, newspaper articles, plays “Songs” and “Pursuit” for happiness."

In February 1862 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin resigns and leaves for St. Petersburg. In honor of his departure, on March 22, 1862, he organizes a literary evening in the hall of the Assembly of Nobility, in which the poets A.M. Zhemchuzhnikov, A.N. Pleshcheev, playwright A.N. Ostrovsky, artist I.F. Gorbunov.

In St. Petersburg, at the invitation of N.A. Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin was accepted into the editorial office of the Sovremennik magazine. The disagreements that arose at Sovremennik lead to him leaving the magazine and returning to public service.

From November 1864 to April 1868 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin heads the state chambers of Penza, Tula and Ryazan. In 1868, having the rank of full state councilor, he was sent into final retirement.

In June 1868, N.A. Nekrasov invited M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin to become with him co-editor of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, which replaced Sovremennik. He accepts this invitation and works for the magazine until it is banned in 1884.

In the 80s of the XIX century, the writer wrote many works. Among them are “Pompadours and Pompadours” (1873), “Well-Intentioned Speeches” (1876), “Gentlemen Golovlevs” (1880), “Poshekhon Antiquity” (1889), etc.

M.E. died Saltykov-Shchedrin May 10, 1889 in St. Petersburg. The writer was buried at the Volkov cemetery next to I.S. Turgenev.

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (real name Saltykov, pseudonym "N. Shchedrin") was born on January 27 (January 15, old style) 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province (now Taldomsky district, Moscow region). He was the sixth child of a hereditary nobleman, a collegiate adviser, his mother came from a family of Moscow merchants. Until the age of 10, the boy lived on his father's estate.

In 1836, Mikhail Saltykov was enrolled in the Moscow Noble Institute, where the poet Mikhail Lermontov had previously studied, and in 1838, as the best student of the institute, he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Saltykov was known as the first poet on the course; his poems were published in periodicals.

In 1844, after graduating from the lyceum, he was assigned to serve in the office of the War Ministry in St. Petersburg.

In 1845-1847, Saltykov attended meetings of the circle of Russian utopian socialists - “Fridays” of Mikhail Butashevich-Petrashevsky, whom he met at the Lyceum.

In 1847-1848, the first reviews of Saltykov were published in the magazines Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski.

In 1847, Saltykov’s first story, “Contradictions,” dedicated to the economist Vladimir Milyutin, was published in Otechestvennye zapiski.

The publication of this work coincided with the tightening of censorship restrictions after the Great French Revolution and the organization of a secret committee chaired by Prince Menshikov. As a result, the story was banned, and its author was exiled to Vyatka (now Kirov) and appointed to the post of scribe in the Provincial Board.

In 1855, Saltykov received permission to return to St. Petersburg.

In 1856-1858, he was an official of special assignments in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and participated in the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861.

From 1856 to 1857, Saltykov's "Provincial Sketches" were published in the "Russian Bulletin" under the pseudonym "N. Shchedrin". The “essays” received the attention of Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Nikolai Dobrolyubov, who dedicated articles to them.

In March 1858, Saltykov was appointed vice-governor of the city of Ryazan.

In April 1860, due to a conflict with the Ryazan governor, Saltykov was appointed vice-governor of Tver; in January 1862 he resigned.

In 1858-1862, the collections “Innocent Stories” and “Satires in Prose” were published, in which the city of Foolov, a collective image of modern Russian reality, first appeared.

In 1862-1864, Saltykov was a member of the editorial board of the Sovremennik magazine.

In 1864-1868 he held the positions of chairman of the Penza Treasury Chamber, manager of the Tula Treasury Chamber and manager of the Ryazan Treasury Chamber.

Since 1868 he collaborated with the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, and since 1878 he was the executive editor of the magazine.

During the period of work at Otechestvennye zapiski, the writer created his significant works - the novels “The History of a City” (1869-1970) and “The Golovlevs” (1875-1880).

At the same time, the writer worked on journalistic articles; in the 1870s he published collections of stories “Signs of the Times”, “Letters from the Province”, “Pompadours and Pompadours”, “Gentlemen of Tashkent”, “Diary of a Provincial in St. Petersburg”, “Well-Intentioned Speeches”, which have become a noticeable phenomenon not only in literature, but also in socio-political life.

In the 1880s, the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin were published, the first of which were published in 1869.

In 1886, the novel "Poshekhon Antiquity" was written.

In February 1889, the writer began preparing the author's edition of his collected works in nine volumes, but only one volume was published during his lifetime.

On May 10 (April 28, old style), 1889, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin died in St. Petersburg. He was buried on the Literatorskie bridge of the Volkovsky cemetery.

In 1890, the complete collected works of the writer were published in nine volumes. From 1891 to 1892, a complete collection of works was published in 12 volumes, prepared by the author’s heirs, which was reprinted several times.

Saltykov-Shchedrin was married to Elizaveta Boltina, whom he met during the Vyatka exile, and the family had a son, Konstantin, and a daughter, Elizaveta.

SALTYKOV Mikhail Evgrafovich , pseudo. N. Shchedrin (January 15, 1826, Spas-Ugol village, Kalyazinsky district, Tver province - April 28, 1889, St. Petersburg) - writer, publicist, editor.

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov was born on January 15 (27), 1826 into an old noble family, on his parents’ estate, in the village of Spas-Ugol, Kalyazinsky district, Tver province. He was the sixth child of a hereditary nobleman and collegiate adviser Evgraf Vasilyevich Saltykov (1776-1851). The writer's mother, Olga Mikhailovna Zabelina (1801-1874), was the daughter of the Moscow nobleman Mikhail Petrovich Zabelin.

In 1830, O. M. Saltykova acquired the village of Zaozerye in the Uglich district of the Yaroslavl province. As a child, the future writer lived for a long time on the estate, and came here as a teenager from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he studied, often spending summer holidays in Zaozerye. (According to the observations of local historian and writer A. V. Pryamkov, Saltykov-Shchedrin visited Zaozerye more than 6 times, in Uglich - 4, in Yaroslavl and Rostov - 3 times, in Rybinsk - 1, in Karabikha, at Nekrasov - twice).

M. E. Saltykov’s first teacher was a serf of his parents, the painter Pavel Sokolov; then his elder sister, the priest of a neighboring village, the governess and a student at the Moscow Theological Academy took care of him. Ten years old, he entered the Moscow Noble Institute, and two years later, as one of the best students, he was transferred as a state student to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

In 1844, Mikhail graduated from the Lyceum in the second category (with the rank of X class). While still studying, he began to compose poetry. Several of his poems were published in the Reading Library of 1841 and 1842; some were later published in Sovremennik (ed. Pletnev) in 1844 and 1845.

In August 1845, Mikhail Saltykov was enlisted in the office of the Minister of War and only two years later he received his first full-time position there - assistant secretary. Literature even then occupied him much more than service: he not only read a lot, being particularly interested in George Sand and the French socialists, but also wrote - first small bibliographic notes (in "Notes of the Fatherland" 1847), then the story "Contradictions" (there same, November 1847) and “A Confused Affair” (March 1848).

On April 28, 1848, Saltykov, “as punishment for freethinking,” was exiled to Vyatka and on July 3 appointed as a clerical official under the Vyatka provincial government. In November of the same year, he was appointed senior official of special assignments under the Vyatka governor, then twice served as ruler of the governor's office, and from August 1850 he was an adviser to the provincial government.

During this period he was engaged in translations from Tocqueville, Vivien, Cheruel. For the Boltin sisters, daughters of the Vyatka vice-governor, one of whom (Elizaveta Apollonovna) became his wife in 1856, he compiled a “Brief History of Russia.”

In November 1855, Saltykov was finally allowed to leave Vyatka (from where he had only left once before); in February 1856 he was assigned to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in June of the same year he was appointed an official of special assignments under the minister and in August he was sent to the provinces of Tver and Vladimir to review the paperwork of the provincial militia committees (convened, on the occasion of the Eastern War, in 1855) .

Returning from Vyatka, Saltykov resumed his literary activity. Since 1856, under the pseudonym Nikolai Shchedrin, he published his “Provincial Sketches” in the Russian Bulletin, which immediately became very popular.

In March 1858, Mikhail Saltykov was appointed Ryazan vice-governor, and in April 1860 he was transferred to the same position in Tver.

In 1859, during the division of property, the village of Zaozerye was transferred to the joint ownership of the brothers Mikhail and Sergei Saltykov. In 1866, the writer helped organize one of the first zemstvo schools in the Yaroslavl province for peasant children of Zaozerye. In 1876, the estate with land was sold to the first Zaozersky peasant society.

Since the late 1850s. Mikhail Evgrafovich wrote a lot, at first he published in various magazines (in Athenaeum, Sovremennik, Library for Reading, Moskovsky Vestnik), but since 1860 - almost exclusively in Sovremennik. From what he wrote between 1858 and 1862, two collections were compiled - “Innocent Stories” and “Satires in Prose.”

In February 1862, Saltykov retired for the first time. He wanted to settle in Moscow and establish a biweekly magazine there; when he failed, he moved to St. Petersburg and from the beginning of 1863 became in fact one of the editors of Sovremennik. For two years, he published works of fiction, social and theater chronicles, Moscow letters, book reviews, polemical notes, and journalistic articles.

The constraints that Sovremennik encountered at every step from the censorship prompted Mikhail Evgrafovich to re-enter the service. In November 1864, he was appointed manager of the Penza Treasury Chamber, two years later he was transferred to the same position in Tula, and in October 1867 - to Ryazan.

As soon as Otechestvennye zapiski (from January 1, 1868) came under the editorship of N.A. Nekrasov, Mikhail Evgrafovich became one of their most diligent employees, and in June 1868 he finally left the service and took the position of one of the main employees and managers of the magazine, of which he became the official editor ten years later, after Nekrasov’s death.

While “Domestic Notes” existed, that is, until 1884, M. E. Saltykov worked exclusively for them. Most of what he wrote at this time was included in the collections “Signs of the Times”, “Letters from the Province”, “The History of a City”, “Pompadours and Pompadours”, “Gentlemen of Tashkent”, “Diary of a Provincial in St. Petersburg”, “Well-Intentioned Speeches” , “In an environment of moderation and accuracy”, “Gentlemen Golovlyov”, “Mon Repos Shelter”, “All Year Round”, “Modern Idyll”, “Abroad”, “Letters to Auntie”, “Unfinished Conversations”, “Poshekhonsky Stories”.

"Fairy Tales", published especially in 1887, originally appeared in "Notes of the Fatherland", "Week", "Russian Gazette" and "Collection of the Literary Fund".

After the ban on “Domestic Notes,” Mikhail Saltykov published his works mainly in “Bulletin of Europe”; Separately, “Motley Letters” and “Little Things in Life” were published during the author’s lifetime, “Poshekhonskaya Antiquity” - after his death, in 1890.

Saltykov-Shchedrin's prose is imbued with historical, biographical, geographical allusions and literary reminiscences. Obviously, the geographical Zaozerye of the Uglich district can be considered as a prototype of the literary Zabolotye (“Poshekhon antiquity”). However, it is necessary to take into account that behind the social and biographical specifics in the writer’s works, a different plane of artistic reality arises, focused on comprehending the deep patterns of national life. This is the universal Russian city of Foolov - outside of time and space ("The History of a City"), the ghost of the Golovlev family, excluding kinship ("The Golovlev Lords"), the mysterious Poshekhonye ("Poshekhonsky Stories", "Poshekhonskaya Antiquity"). In the grotesque toponymy of Saltykov-Shchedrin, these are images of a high degree of conventionality, a kind of artistic reflection of the writer about the state, family, people in the atmosphere of the omnipotent “Poshekhon magic.”

Mikhail Evgrafovich died on April 28 (May 10), 1889 and was buried on May 2 (14), according to his wishes, at the Volkovsky cemetery, next to I. S. Turgenev.