Historical figures are people who admitted their mistakes. Experience and mistakes in the novel “Crime and Punishment” and in the story “Telegram”

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Final essay. Thematic area: Experience and mistakes. Prepared by: Shevchuk A.P., teacher of Russian language and literature, MBOU “Secondary School No. 1”, Bratsk

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List of recommended literature: Jack London “Martin Eden”, A.P. Chekhov “Ionych”, M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”, Henry Marsh “Do No Harm” M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” A. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”; “Eugene Onegin”. M. Lermontov “Masquerade”; “Hero of Our Time” I. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”; "Spring Waters"; "Noble Nest". F. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.” L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"; "Anna Karenina"; "Resurrection". A. Chekhov “Gooseberry”; "About love". I. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco”; "Dark alleys". A. Kupin “Olesya”; "Garnet bracelet". M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”; "Fatal Eggs" O. Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray”. D.Keys "Flowers for Algernon." V. Kaverin “Two Captains”; "Painting"; “I’m going to the mountain.” A. Aleksin “Mad Evdokia”. B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak.” L. Ulitskaya “The Case of Kukotsky”; “Sincerely yours, Shurik.”

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Official comment: Within the framework of the direction, discussions are possible about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world, gaining life experience. Literature often makes you think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

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Methodological recommendations: “Experience and errors” is a direction in which a clear opposition of two polar concepts is less implied, because without errors there is and cannot be experience. A literary hero, making mistakes, analyzing them and thereby gaining experience, changes, improves, and takes the path of spiritual and moral development. By assessing the actions of the characters, the reader gains invaluable life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook of life, helping not to make one’s own mistakes, the price of which can be very high. Speaking about the mistakes made by the heroes, it should be noted that a wrong decision or an ambiguous act can affect not only the life of an individual, but also have the most fatal impact on the destinies of others. In literature we also encounter tragic mistakes that affect the destinies of entire nations. It is in these aspects that one can approach the analysis of this thematic area.

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Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:  You should not be timid for fear of making mistakes; the biggest mistake is to deprive yourself of experience. Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues  You can make mistakes in different ways, but you can do the right thing only in one way, which is why the first is easy, and the second is difficult; easy to miss, difficult to hit the target. Aristotle  In all matters we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and being corrected. Karl Raimund Popper  He is deeply mistaken who thinks that he will not make a mistake if others think for him. Aurelius Markov  We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us. François de La Rochefoucauld  Learn from every mistake. Ludwig Wittgenstein  Shyness may be appropriate everywhere, but not in admitting one’s mistakes. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing  It is easier to find an error than the truth. Johann Wolfgang Goethe

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As support in your reasoning, you can refer to the following works. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and confessing to what he had done, does not fully realize the tragedy of the crime he committed, does not recognize the fallacy of his theory, he only regrets that he could not commit the crime, that he will not now be able to classify himself among the chosen ones. And only in hard labor does the soul-weary hero not only repent (he repented by confessing to the murder), but embark on the difficult path of repentance. The writer emphasizes that a person who admits his mistakes is able to change, he is worthy of forgiveness and needs help and compassion. (In the novel, next to the hero is Sonya Marmeladova, who is an example of a compassionate person).

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M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". The heroes of so many different works make a similar fatal mistake, which I will regret all my life, but, unfortunately, they will not be able to correct anything. Andrei Sokolov, leaving for the front, pushes away his wife hugging him, the hero is irritated by her tears, he gets angry, believing that she is “burying him alive,” but it turns out the other way around: he returns, and the family dies. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing and says with inexpressible pain: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I will not forgive myself for pushing her away then!”

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Story by K.G. Paustovsky is a story about lonely old age. Grandmother Katerina, abandoned by her own daughter, writes: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come at least for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands.” But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since her mother writes, it means she’s alive.” Thinking about strangers, organizing an exhibition of a young sculptor, the daughter forgets about her only relative. And only after hearing warm words of gratitude “for caring for a person”, the heroine remembers that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon." Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. It is not and will not be dearer. If only I could make it in time, if only she could see me, if only she would forgive me.” The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones “before it’s too late.”

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M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". The hero of the novel, M.Yu., also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life. Pechorin himself says about himself: “Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him.” Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find use for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction.

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Grigory Alexandrovich is a very smart and reasonable person, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but at the same time wants to teach others to admit theirs, as, for example, he kept trying to push Grushnitsky to admit his guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute peacefully. But then the other side of Pechorin also appears: after some attempts to defuse the situation in the duel and call Grushnitsky to conscience, he himself proposes to shoot in a dangerous place so that one of them will die. At the same time, the hero tries to turn everything into a joke, despite the fact that there is a threat to both the life of young Grushnitsky and his own life.

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After the murder of Grushnitsky, we see how Pechorin’s mood changed: if on the way to the duel he notices how beautiful the day is, then after the tragic event he sees the day in black colors, there is stone on his soul. The story of Pechorin's disappointed and dying soul is set out in the hero's diary entries with all the mercilessness of introspection; being both the author and the hero of the “magazine,” Pechorin fearlessly speaks about his ideal impulses, and about the dark sides of his soul, and about the contradictions of consciousness. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience does not teach him anything. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, which makes himself unhappy .

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L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If Lermontov's hero, realizing his mistakes, could not take the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then Tolstoy's favorite heroes, the acquired experience helps them become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, one can turn to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky stands out sharply from the high society environment with his education, breadth of interests, dreams of accomplishing a feat, and desires great personal glory. His idol is Napoleon. To achieve his goal, Bolkonsky appears in the most dangerous places of the battle. Harsh military events contributed to the fact that the prince was disappointed in his dreams and realized how bitterly he was mistaken. Seriously wounded, remaining on the battlefield, Bolkonsky experiences a mental crisis. At these moments, a new world opens up before him, where there are no selfish thoughts or lies, but only the purest, highest, and fair.

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The prince realized that there is something more significant in life than war and glory. Now the former idol seems small and insignificant to him. Having experienced further events - the birth of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to the conclusion that he can only live for himself and his loved ones. This is only the first stage in the evolution of a hero who not only admits his mistakes, but also strives to become better. Pierre also makes a considerable series of mistakes. He leads a riotous life in the company of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but understands that such a life is not for him. He cannot immediately correctly evaluate people and therefore often makes mistakes in them. He is sincere, trusting, weak-willed.

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These character traits are clearly manifested in his relationship with the depraved Helen Kuragina - Pierre makes another mistake. Soon after marriage, the hero realizes that he was deceived and “processes his grief alone.” After breaking up with his wife, being in a state of deep crisis, he joins the Masonic lodge. Pierre believes that it is here that he will “find rebirth to a new life,” and again realizes that he is again mistaken in something important. The experience gained and the “thunderstorm of 1812” lead the hero to drastic changes in his worldview. He understands that one must live for the sake of people, one must strive to benefit the Motherland.

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M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Speaking about how the experience of military battles changes people and forces them to evaluate their mistakes in life, we can turn to the image of Grigory Melekhov. Fighting either on the side of the whites or on the side of the reds, he understands the monstrous injustice around him, and he himself makes mistakes, gains military experience and draws the most important conclusions in his life: “...my hands need to plow.” Home, family – that’s the value. And any ideology that pushes people to kill is a mistake. A person already wise with life experience understands that the main thing in life is not the war, but the son who greets him at the doorstep. It is worth noting that the hero admits that he was wrong. This is precisely the reason for his repeated darting from white to red.

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M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". If we talk about experience as “a procedure for reproducing a phenomenon experimentally, creating something new under certain conditions for the purpose of research,” then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky to “clarify the question of the survival of the pituitary gland, and subsequently its influence on rejuvenation organism in humans” can hardly be called completely successful. From a scientific point of view, it is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation. The scientific result was unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life it led to the most disastrous consequences.

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The guy who appeared in the professor’s house as a result of the operation, “short in stature and unattractive in appearance,” behaves defiantly, arrogantly and insolently. However, it should be noted that the emerging humanoid creature easily finds itself in a changed world, but does not differ in human qualities and soon becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the entire house. Having analyzed his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “humane” than P.P. Sharikov.

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Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid hybrid Sharikov is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey... This, doctor, is what happens when a researcher, instead of going parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” Philip Philipovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story “Heart of a Dog,” the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is happy with his fate and with himself. But in real life, such experiments have a tragic effect on people’s destinies, warns Bulgakov. Actions must be thoughtful and not destructive. The main idea of the writer is that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people and such a mistake will be irreversible.

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V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". When discussing mistakes that are irreparable and bring suffering not only to each individual person, but also to the people as a whole, one can turn to the indicated story by a twentieth-century writer. This is not just a work about the loss of one’s home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. The plot of the story is based on a true story. During the construction of the hydroelectric power station on the Angara, the surrounding villages were flooded. Relocation has become a painful experience for residents of flooded areas. After all, hydroelectric power stations are built for a large number of people.

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This is an important economic project, for the sake of which we need to rebuild, and not hold on to the old. But can this decision be called unambiguously correct? Residents of flooded Matera are moving to a village built inhumanely. The mismanagement with which huge amounts of money are spent hurts the soul of the writer. Fertile lands will be flooded, and in the village built on the northern slope of the hill, on stones and clay, nothing will grow. Gross interference in nature will certainly lead to environmental problems. But for the writer it is not so much they that are important as the spiritual life of people. For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family.

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And the reason for this is the tragic mistake that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. The older generation, wise from life experience, does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because for these amenities they demand to give Matera, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of the elderly is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, abandon his roots. In discussions on this topic, one can turn to history and the disasters that human “economic” activity entailed. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people of the 21st century.

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Composition. “Experience is the teacher of everything” (Gaius Julius Caesar) As a person grows up, he learns from books, school classes, conversations and relationships with other people. In addition, the environment, traditions of the family and the people as a whole have an important influence. While studying, a child receives a lot of theoretical knowledge, but the ability to apply it in practice is necessary in order to acquire skills and gain personal experience. In other words, you can read the encyclopedia of life and know the answer to any question, but in reality, only personal experience, that is, practice, will help you learn to live, and without this unique experience a person will not be able to live a bright, full, rich life. The authors of many works of fiction depict characters in dynamics to show how each person develops his personality and goes through his own path.

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Let us turn to Anatoly Rybakov’s novels “Children of the Arbat”, “Fear”, “The Thirty-Fifth and Other Years”, “Dust and Ashes”. The difficult fate of the main character Sasha Pankratov passes before the reader’s gaze. At the beginning of the story, he is a sympathetic guy, an excellent student, a school graduate and a first-year student. He is confident in his rightness, in his future, in the party, his friends, he is an open person, ready to help those in need. It is because of his sense of justice that he suffers. Sasha is sent into exile, and suddenly he finds himself an enemy of the people, completely alone, far from home, convicted under a political article. Throughout the trilogy, the reader observes the development of Sasha’s personality. All his friends turn away from him, except for the girl Varya, who selflessly waits for him, helping his mother overcome the tragedy.

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Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables tells the story of the girl Cosette. Her mother was forced to give her baby to the family of the innkeeper Thenardier. They treated someone else's child very badly there. Cosette saw how the owners pampered and loved their own daughters, who were smartly dressed, played and were mischievous all day long. Like any child, Cosette also wanted to play, but she was forced to clean the tavern, go to the forest to get water from the spring, and sweep the street. She was dressed in miserable rags, and slept in a closet under the stairs. Bitter experience taught her not to cry, not to complain, but to silently carry out the orders of Aunt Thenardier. When, by the will of fate, Jean Valjean snatched the girl from the clutches of Thenardier, she did not know how to play, did not know what to do with herself. The poor child learned to laugh again, play with dolls again, spending his days carefree. However, in the future, it was this bitter experience that helped Cosette become modest, with a pure heart and an open soul.

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Thus, our reasoning allows us to formulate the following conclusion. It is personal experience that teaches a person about life. Whatever this experience may be, bitter or blissful, it is our own, experienced, and the lessons of life teach us, forming character and nurturing personality.

Thematic direction

« EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES »

Universal introduction

According to D. Ushakov’s dictionary, an error is an incorrectness in actions, deeds, statements, thoughts, an error. And in the same dictionary we read: “Experience is the totality of practically acquired knowledge, skills and abilities.” As we see, there is a very close connection between these concepts. Indeed, our life is a series of different actions, decisions, it is an everyday choice, as a result of which we are not immune from mistakes. But by doing them, analyzing the reasons for failures, we gain valuable life experience.

Possible entry

A person tries to achieve certain goals throughout his life, although he often makes mistakes and blunders. People cope with difficulties in different ways: some become depressed, others try to start over, and many set new goals for themselves, given the sad experience in achieving previous ones. In my opinion, this is the meaning of human life.

Life is an eternal search for oneself, a constant struggle for one’s purpose. And if “wounds” and “abrasions” appear in the struggle to achieve a goal, then this is not a reason for despondency, because these are our own mistakes, to which we have the right and, overcoming which, we gain invaluable life experience.

Proverbs that can be used in the introduction

"You learn from mistakes"

“Everything that is done is for the better”

“Only those who do nothing make no mistakes”

“If you knew where to fall, there would definitely be straws

I would lay it down"

Possible theses

Bitter experience. Irreparable mistakes. The price of mistakes.

(Sometimes a person commits actions that lead to tragic consequences. And, although he eventually understands that he made a mistake, nothing can be corrected. Often the cost of a mistake is someone’s life)

Arguments

Let's go back to the story A. Mass "Trap". It describes the action of a girl named Valentina...

Let's remember the story "Holidays" Ray Bradbury , whose heroes wished to be left alone in the world. What came of this?...

And in the story K.G. Paustovsky “Telegram” it talks about a girl Nastya, who is too busy with business and hardly remembers her mother, who is living out her life in the village.

Nikolai Dmitrievich Teleshov “White Heron” (fairy tale)

Possible theses

2. Mistakes, without which it is impossible to move along the path of life. By making mistakes, a person gains experience.

(Is it possible to live life without making mistakes? I think not. A person walking along the path of life is not immune from a wrong step. And sometimes, precisely thanks to mistakes, he gains valuable life experience and learns a lot)

Arguments

Let's go back to the story V. A. Oseeva “Why?” . It talks about a little boy who...
Sometimes it takes a long time to realize your mistake, and it's good if it happens before it's too late to correct it. To the heroine of the story B. Ekimova “Speak, Mom, Speak” It took years to realize how important her daughter's attention was to her mother.

Possible arguments

3. Experience that prevents errors.

( Life is the best teacher. Sometimes difficult situations arise when a person must make the right decision. By making the right choice, we gain invaluable experience, which helps us avoid mistakes in the future)

Arguments

In the story B. Ekimova “Night of Healing” the author tells the story of a teenager Grisha, who comes to visit his grandmother on vacation...

The author seems to want to tell us: it is necessary to listen to the voice of the heart, to act in accordance with good feelings. This is precisely the life experience that guides us along the right path and helps us avoid many mistakes.

Arguments

In the story A. Mass "Difficult exam" it talks about a girl named Anya Gorchakova, who managed to withstand a difficult test...

It was this incident that taught the heroine to control herself and her feelings. The first experience of overcoming difficulties helped the girl achieve her goal - she later became a famous actress.

Arguments

By making this or that choice, we learn a lot. However, not only our own experience is valuable to us; other people play an important role in our lives, whose actions influence our worldview. Yes, in the story V. Rasputin “French Lessons” talking about the teacher...

It seems that such life experience will help the boy grow up as a sensitive person and protect him from indifference.

Possible theses

4. Human experience. Historical experience. War.

(People who know their history also know about the great tragedy of the war. The bitter experience of the harsh war years teaches us not to forget how much grief and suffering war can bring. We must remember this so that the tragedy does not repeat itself again and again)

Arguments

The tragedy of the war is also shown in the story M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”...

Andrei Sokolov, recalling the recent past, says: “I had a family, my own home, all this was put together over the years, and everything collapsed in one moment, I was left alone.” This is how war interferes in a person’s life, destroys his home, his destiny.

Arguments

The basis of the story B. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet” an episode is set, insignificant in the enormous scale of the Great Patriotic War, but it is told in such a way that all its horrors appear before the eyes in their ugly, terrible discrepancy with the essence of man. It is emphasized both by the fact that the work is titled “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet” and by the fact that its heroes are girls forced to participate in the war.

Arguments

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” (episode of the death of Petya Rostov)
B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”

Possible theses

5. Human experience. Attitude to nature.

(What does the experience of mankind, our entire history, teach us? One of the most important lessons is the lesson of caring for the Earth, for nature.)

Arguments

N. N. Nosov “Doll”;

V.P. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”;

V.G. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”;

Ray Bradbury "GREEN MORNING"

Homework (due Monday) – optional

How do you understand Heinrich Heine’s statement: “Morality is the mind of the heart”?
What helps you make a choice between honor and dishonor in difficult times?
What effect do the victories and defeats of his country have on a person?
Is life possible without mistakes?
Parents and children: friendship or enmity.

Prepared by a teacher from the MBOU "Roshchinskaya Secondary School" of the Vyborg district of the Leningrad region

Fedorova Tamara Ivanovna

Site materials used

http://sochitog.ru/obshee/obshee.html

Direction

in preparation for writing

final essay

Official comment

Within the framework of the direction, discussions are possible about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world, gaining life experience. Literature often makes you think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

“Experience and errors” is a direction in which a clear opposition of two polar concepts is less implied, because without errors there is and cannot be experience. A literary hero, making mistakes, analyzing them and thereby gaining experience, changes, improves, and takes the path of spiritual and moral development. By assessing the actions of the characters, the reader gains invaluable life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook of life, helping not to make one’s own mistakes, the price of which can be very high.

Aphorisms and sayings of famous people

You should not be timid for fear of making mistakes; the biggest mistake is to deprive yourself of experience.

Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues

You can make mistakes in different ways, but you can act correctly only in one way, which is why the first is easy, and the second is difficult; easy to miss, difficult to hit the target.

Aristotle

Karl Raymund Popper

He who thinks that he will not make mistakes if others think for him is deeply mistaken.

Aurelius Markov

We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us.

Francois de La Rochefoucauld

Learn from every mistake.

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Shyness may be appropriate everywhere, but not in admitting one’s mistakes.

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

It is easier to find error than truth.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

In all matters, we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and correcting ourselves.

Karl Raymund Popper

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and confessing to what he had done, does not fully realize the tragedy of the crime he committed, does not recognize the fallacy of his theory, he only regrets that he could not commit the crime, that he will not now be able to classify himself among the chosen ones. And only in hard labor does the soul-weary hero not only repent (he repented by confessing to the murder), but embark on the difficult path of repentance. The writer emphasizes that a person who admits his mistakes is able to change, he is worthy of forgiveness and needs help and compassion.

M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"

K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram".

The heroes of so many different works make a similar fatal mistake, which I will regret all my life, but, unfortunately, they will not be able to correct anything. Andrei Sokolov, leaving for the front, pushes away his wife hugging him, the hero is irritated by her tears, he gets angry, believing that she is “burying him alive,” but it turns out the other way around: he returns, and the family dies. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing and says with inexpressible pain: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I will not forgive myself for pushing her away then!”

M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". The hero of the novel, M.Yu., also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life.

Pechorin himself says about himself: “Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him.” Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find use for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction.

The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience does not teach him anything. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, which makes himself unhappy .

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If Lermontov's hero, realizing his mistakes, could not take the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then Tolstoy's favorite heroes, the acquired experience helps them become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, one can turn to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov.

M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Speaking about how the experience of military battles changes people and forces them to evaluate their mistakes in life, we can turn to the image of Grigory Melekhov. Fighting either on the side of the whites or on the side of the reds, he understands the monstrous injustice around him, and he himself makes mistakes, gains military experience and draws the most important conclusions in his life: “...my hands need to plow.” Home, family – that’s the value. And any ideology that pushes people to kill is a mistake. A person already wise with life experience understands that the main thing in life is not the war, but the son who greets him at the doorstep. It is worth noting that the hero admits that he was wrong. This is precisely the reason for his repeated darting from white to red.

M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". If we talk about experience as “a procedure for reproducing a phenomenon experimentally, creating something new under certain conditions for the purpose of research,” then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky to “clarify the question of the survival of the pituitary gland, and subsequently its influence on rejuvenation organism in humans” can hardly be called completely successful.

From a scientific point of view, it is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation. The scientific result was unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life it led to the most disastrous consequences.

V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". When discussing mistakes that are irreparable and bring suffering not only to each individual person, but also to the people as a whole, one can turn to the indicated story by a twentieth-century writer. This is not just a work about the loss of one’s home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole.

For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family. And the reason for this is the tragic mistake that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people.

The older generation, wise from life experience, does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because for these amenities they demand to give Matera, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of the elderly is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, abandon his roots.

In discussions on this topic, one can turn to history and the disasters that human “economic” activity entailed.

Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people of the 21st century.

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The author of the presentation is a teacher of Russian language and literature, Secondary School No. 8, Mozdok, North Ossetia-Alania, Pogrebnyak N.M.

Stupidity rules the world. At least, if we look at the history of mankind, we will understand that it is all dotted with stupid mistakes of great and not so great people. Read on to avoid repeating these mistakes.

The stupidest mistakes in history. Who was wrong and about what?

One of the most funded agencies in the world - NASA, managed to accidentally delete his greatest achievement. We are talking about video materials that were filmed by the crew of the Apollo 11 spacecraft, which first brought people to the surface of the Moon. All that remains are photographs + a few videos in the archives of TV channels.

Architects who designed and built Leaning Tower of Pisa, spent more than 170 years on everything, so that after ten years their creation began to fall. True, this mistake turned Pisa into one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world.

Constructors "Titanic" believed that technological progress had reached its peak and their ship could not be sunk. Before the fateful voyage, there were only 22 lifeboats on board the ship, with a total number of passengers of more than 2,500 people.

Recording company "Decca Records" refused the group's request " The Beatles» record their album. The company's management bluntly stated that no one needs such music, and it will never be sold.

After losing files from the Moon, NASA distinguished themselves again, although much later. This time they lost an expensive satellite "Mars Climate Orbiter" for a stupid reason - one part of the team carried out calculations in the metric system, and the other in the imperial system.

Napoleon believed that he would conquer Russia in less than three months.

Hitler believed that he was much smarter and more talented than Napoleon.

Persian king when the messengers arrived Genghis Khan, cut off their heads and sent them to the Mongols, considering them helpless and arrogant barbarians who could be defeated in one pitched battle.

One cannot help but recall the idiocy of the Dutch navigators, who Australia was the first to be discovered, but decided not to tell anyone about it, because the continent was considered a useless desert. A hundred years later, the British landed on the shores of Australia and turned it into one of their most important colonies.

The Russian Empire, being heavily in debt, decided sell useless land - “Russian America” which we know today as Alaska– one of the richest oil regions on the planet. One acre of land was sold for 2 American cents.

Inca ruler Atahualpa was such an inadequate military leader that he managed to lose to two hundred Spanish horsemen, having at his disposal more than 200,000 warriors.

The rulers of Troy, fooled by " Trojan horse».

Engineers of the world's largest airship "Hindenburg", who decided to fill it with hydrogen, which led to one of the worst disasters of that time.

An ordinary butcher, who for a few gold coins opened the gates of Constantinople in 1453, after which the Turks destroyed Byzantium.

Rulers of China, who in the fourteenth century decided never to build a navy and to follow the path of isolation. Experts say that if not for this stupid decision, China would have become one of the most influential countries of the Age of Discovery.

Personal driver Archduke Franz Ferdinand, who chose the wrong road and brought his master straight to the murderer. This murder marked the beginning of the First World War.

Japanese who attacked Pearl Harbor. The Emperor and his commanders presented it as a great military triumph, but only provoked the entry of the United States into the war and the complete surrender of Japan a few years later.

Engineers at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, who did not take emergency situations into account in the project, and believed that this station was the most reliable and safe in the world.

Twelve largest UK publishers refused to publish Harry Potter", explaining his refusal by the lack of a sensible plot and interesting characters in the books.

I was stupid and Alexander the Great, failed to choose one heir for one of the largest empires in history, which led to its collapse immediately after his death.

Those who set fire to the Library of Alexandria, which contained hundreds of thousands of texts on the ancient history of mankind.

Here we go again. For some reason, something as small as choosing what to eat for dinner resulted in a negative argument. And you just can't understand why. It seemed like you were the perfect couple, but lately something has gone wrong. Let's look at some of the most common reasons why even the strongest relationships can crumble like a house of cards. And it is true.

It is quite difficult to recognize the problem immediately, since there are no templates and stencils in relationships that can be applied to everyone. But there is a long list of mistakes that kill all romance.

The most common fatal mistakes in relationships:

1. Your partner is not a telepath.

No matter how much you would like it, your half cannot read minds. If your loved one does not know what you want, this does not mean that he does not love and appreciate you enough. This is just a sign of a lack of communication between you, conversations, hints, etc.

Solution:

What to do? Establish communication. That is, learn to talk about what you need and what your partner needs. Be fair, truthful, honest and patient. Without these qualities, no relationship can advance even a millimeter. Help your lover get to know you more, show your hobbies and favorite activities, and admire what you want from a partner.

2. Negotiations and lies.

Do you know what is almost impossible to revive? Confidence! This is a simple truth, but it always works with everyone, without exception. Be honest and fair. And to yourself as well. Do not deceive your other half, do not cheat or undermine trust.

Otherwise, in a relationship where there is a lie, there is simply no point left.

Solution:

First, understand yourself. Should you cheat on your partner? For what? And if so, then maybe it’s easier not to waste either your time or the person next to you, and become free to commit any actions that no longer hurt anyone? Learn to respect your partner. And for this, understand yourself.

3. Debriefing.

Imagine. You came home tired, depressed and upset from work, complaining about a bad day and about the people involved in some unpleasant situation that happened to you today. And the last thing you want is for your partner to start understanding the situation and looking for those to blame, saying what you did wrong, what you should have done and how to fix the problem.

Solution:

Your partner expects the same from you. What he really needs at this moment is attention and support. So that someone would silently listen to him and support him with simple non-trivial phrases, such as “you can handle it,” “everything will pass,” “you are not to blame for anything.” He just needs to “cry into his vest.”

Of course, unless he himself asks you to help him deal with the problem. Then he will directly tell you: “What would you do in my place?”, “What should I do in this situation?” or “Please help me understand the situation.”

Pretty simple but good advice, isn't it?

4. Expecting your partner to make you happy every minute.

Yes, of course, your partner should take care of you. But this does not mean at all that he should make sure every free minute that all your desires are fulfilled. Being in a relationship does not mean you stop being a free individual.

Solution:

What is the point of a relationship then? It is about growing and developing together without encroaching on freedom. A healthy relationship is about support, sharing desires, respecting each other’s desires and joy for each other’s successes and intellectual growth. You just need to be attentive to each other, and not try to serve every minute.

5. Communicate using negative gestures or “rolling your eyes.”

Some of you have definitely been caught in this. Your partner said something stupid, and you, in turn, rolled your eyes or shook your head reproachfully, muttered something inaudible and reproachful, or simply simply expressed your dissatisfaction without words? This is not at all necessary. It's rude and disrespectful. This way you challenge your partner.

Solution:

Replace reproachful gestures and facial expressions with something more positive: a light smile, a hug, or just hug your partner. This will help avoid unpleasant emotions and even conflict.

Result:

If any of these problems apply to your relationship, be sure to use the solution. remember, that A healthy relationship is all about respect, caring, and growing together. They require effort and are generously rewarded for it!

Wisdom and patience to you! Be happy in your relationship!