Biography of L.N. Tolstoy

Lev Nikolaevich TolstoyOne
from
most
famous
Russians
writers and thinkers, one of the greatest
writers
peace.
Participant
defense
Sevastopol. Educator, publicist, religious
great thinker, corresponding member, honorary
Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences
The most famous works of Tolstoy are:
like the novels “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”,
"Resurrection", autobiographical trilogy
“Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”, stories
“Cossacks”, “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, “Kreutzerova”
sonata",
"Hadji Murat"
cycle
essays
"Sevastopol Stories", dramas "Alive"
corpse" and "The Power of Darkness", autobiographical
religious and philosophical
works
“Confession” and “What is my faith?” and etc.

Parents

Childhood

Childhood, adolescence and youth

Education

Education

Beginning of literary activity

Love for music

Service in the Caucasus

Caucasus and Crimean War

Early publications

Early publications

The end of the Crimean War and travel through Europe

Creativity flourishes

Creativity flourishes

Conversion

Conversion

Late fiction

Last trip

Last trip

Facts from life

Questions

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Lev Nikolaevich was born on September 9 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, Tula province. By origin he belonged to the oldest aristocratic families in Russia. He received home education and upbringing.

L.N. Tolstoy with his brothers was the fourth child in the family; he had three older brothers: Nikolai, Sergei and Dmitry. In 1830, sister Maria was born. His mother died with the birth of her last daughter, when he was not yet 2 years old.

A distant relative, T. Ergolskaya, took up the task of raising orphaned children. In 1837 the family moved to Moscow. But soon their father suddenly died, and the three younger children again settled in Yasnaya Polyana under the supervision of Ergolskaya and their paternal aunt, Countess A.M. Osten-Sacken. Parents of L. N. Tolstoy

He received his initial education at home, as was then customary in noble families. Then Lev Nikolaevich moved to Kazan with his brothers and sister. Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent 2.5 years preparing to enter university; at the age of 17 he entered there.

Lev Nikolaevich already at that time knew 16 languages, read a lot and studied philosophy, but despite this, at the age of 19 he left the university and went to Yasnaya Polyana - an estate he inherited.

Here in Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy tries to find an application for his powers, takes up the study of many sciences, and seriously studies music.

In 1851 he entered military service in the Caucasus. In 1854, Tolstoy took part in the defense of Sevastopol.

In the fall of 1856, he retired (“A military career is not mine…” he writes in his diary) and returns to Yasnaya Polyana. He studied pedagogy and in 1859 opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, then helped open more than 20 more schools in the surrounding villages.

At the Yasnaya Polyana school, the children sat where they wanted, as much as they wanted, and as they wanted. There was no specific teaching program. The teacher's only job was to get the class interested. The classes went well. They were led by Tolstoy himself with the help of several permanent teachers. He himself writes the “ABC” for teaching children to read.

In 1862, Tolstoy married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers. The Tolstoys raised nine children. In the family circle With Sofia Andreevna

The 1860s – 70s were marked by the publication of two works by Tolstoy, which immortalized his name: “War and Peace” (1863 – 1869), “Anna Karenina” (1873 – 1877).

But soon, Lev Nikolaevich lost all interest in life, he was tired of enjoying the prosperity he had achieved. He tries to be closer to the people: he does manual labor, plows, sews boots, and switches to vegetarian food. He gives his entire fortune to his family and renounces literary property rights.

On November 10, 1910, Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana, but on the way he became very ill. On November 20, 1910, at the Astapovo station of the Ryazan-Ural Railway (now the Lev Tolstoy station), Lev Nikolaevich died. Museum at Astapovo station

Elena Antipova
Presentation "Leo Tolstoy"

a lion Tolstoy born on September 9, 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, Tula province. He was the fourth child in a large noble family. Tolstoy was orphaned early. His mother died when he was not yet two years old, and at the age of nine he lost his father. Guardian of five children Tolstykh became aunt - Alexandra Osten-Sacken. The two older children moved to their aunt in Moscow, and the younger ones remained in Yasnaya Polyana. It is with the family estate that the most important and dear memories of Leo’s early childhood are associated Tolstoy.

In 1841, Alexandra Osten-Sacken died, and Fat moved to Aunt Pelageya Yushkova in Kazan. Three years after moving, Leo Tolstoy decided to enter the prestigious Imperial Kazan University. However, he did not like studying, he considered exams a formality, and university professors as incompetent. Tolstoy He didn’t even try to get a scientific degree; in Kazan he was more attracted to secular entertainment.

In April 1847, Lev's student life Tolstoy ended. He inherited his part of the estate, including his beloved Yasnaya Polyana, and immediately went home, never receiving a higher education. On the family estate Tolstoy I tried to improve my life and start writing. He made his plan education: study languages, history, medicine, mathematics, geography, law, agriculture, natural sciences. However, he soon came to the conclusion that it is easier to make plans than to implement them.

Publications on the topic:

So, having thought through all the information entering my wild head, I decided on the project “We are going to the city of Emerald along a difficult road.” Now everything.

Today I would like to bring to your attention material on the lexical topic “ANIMALS OF HOT COUNTRIES”. Plan - outline of the OOD for the application "Lev.

Good day! Today I want to talk about the application that the guys and I made when we had a lexical topic “Animals.

Open lesson on fiction for older preschoolers “A. Tolstoy "The Golden Key or the Adventures of Pinocchio" Topic: A. Tolstoy “The Golden Key or the Adventures of Pinocchio.” Program content: Continue to introduce children to the fairy tale “The Golden Key.

Lesson summary in the 5th grade of the correctional school “A. Tolstoy “The last snow is melting” Class: 5 Lesson topic: A. Tolstoy “The last snow is melting” Lesson objectives: To introduce A. Tolstoy’s poem “The last snow is melting.”

Goal: Development of cognitive and creative activity of children. Children making crafts from plasticine - "Lion". Objectives: 1. Teach children to divide.

Age group: second youngest Form of organization and number of children: team work (group of 15 people) Program objectives: 1.

Slide 1

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
(1828-1910)

Slide 2

Origin
A representative of the count branch of the Tolstoy noble family, descended from Peter's associate P. A. Tolstoy. The writer had extensive family connections in the world of the highest aristocracy.

Slide 3

Childhood
“Happy, happy, irrevocable time of childhood! How can I love or cherish the memories of her? These memories refresh, elevate my soul and serve as a source of pleasure for me...
Leo Tolstoy was born on August 28, 1828 in the Krapivensky district of the Tula province, on his mother’s hereditary estate - Yasnaya Polyana. He was the fourth child in the family. His mother, née Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old.

Slide 4

But from the stories of family members, he had a good idea of ​​“her spiritual appearance”: some of his mother’s traits (brilliant education, sensitivity to art, a penchant for reflection. Tolstoy’s father, a participant in the Patriotic War, was remembered by the writer for his good-natured, mocking character, love of reading, and hunting (died early (1837)).

Slide 5

The children were raised by a distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family legends, first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works, and were reflected in the autobiographical story “Childhood.”

Slide 6

Kazan University
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children, P. I. Yushkova. In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages, Faculty of Philosophy. Then he transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: his studies did not arouse any keen interest in him and he passionately indulged in social entertainment.

Slide 7

In the spring of 1847, having submitted a request for dismissal from the university “due to poor health and home circumstances,” Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of legal sciences (in order to pass the exam as an external student), “practical medicine,” languages, agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and “achieve the highest degree of excellence in music and painting.”

Slide 8

"The stormy life of adolescence"
After a summer in the countryside, disappointed by the unsuccessful experience of managing under new conditions favorable to the serfs (this attempt is depicted in the story “The Morning of the Landowner,” 1857), in the fall of 1847 Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to take candidate exams at the university.

Slide 9

His lifestyle during this period often changed: he spent days preparing and passing exams, he devoted himself passionately to music, he intended to start an official career, he dreamed of joining a horse guards regiment as a cadet. Religious sentiments, reaching the point of asceticism, alternated with carousing, cards, and trips to the gypsies.

Slide 10

In the family he was considered “the most trifling fellow,” and he was able to repay the debts he incurred then only many years later. However, it was precisely these years that were colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.

Slide 11

"War and Freedom"
The Caucasian nature and the patriarchal simplicity of Cossack life, which struck Tolstoy in contrast with the life of the noble circle and with the painful reflection of a person in an educated society, provided material for the autobiographical story “Cossacks” (1852-63). Caucasian impressions were also reflected in the stories “Raid” (1853), “Cutting Wood” (1855), as well as in the later story “Hadji Murat” (1896-1904, published in 1912).
In 1851, his elder brother Nikolai, an officer in the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go together to the Caucasus. For almost three years, Lev Nikoalaevich Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, traveling to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in hostilities (at first voluntarily, then he was recruited).

Slide 12

Returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this “wild land, in which the two most opposite things - war and freedom - are so strangely and poetically combined.” In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story “Childhood” and sent it to the magazine “Sovremennik”, without revealing his name (published in 1852 under the initials L.N.; together with the later stories “Adolescence”, 1852-54, and “Youth”, 1855 -57, compiled an autobiographical trilogy). Tolstoy's literary debut immediately brought real recognition.

Slide 13

Crimean campaign
In 1854, Leo Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army in Bucharest. Boring life at the headquarters soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals).

Slide 14

Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers, among other things); here he began to write a series of “Sevastopol stories”, which were soon published and had enormous success (even Alexander II read the essay “Sevastopol in December”.
The first works amazed literary critics with the boldness of psychological analysis and a detailed picture of the “dialectics of the soul” (N. G. Chernyshevsky).

Slide 15

Some of the ideas that appeared during these years make it possible to discern in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy the preacher: he dreamed of “founding a new religion” - “the religion of Christ, but purified of faith and mystery, a practical religion.”

Slide 16

Among writers
After the end of the Crimean War, Tolstoy left the army and returned to Russia. Arriving home, the author enjoyed great popularity on the literary scene of St. Petersburg.

Slide 17

In November 1855, L. Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov and others), where he was greeted as “the great hope of Russian literature” (Nekrasov) .

Slide 18

“These people disgusted me, and I disgusted myself.”
Tolstoy took part in dinners and readings, in the establishment of the Literary Fund, became involved in disputes and conflicts among writers, but felt like a stranger in this environment, which he described in detail later in “Confession” (1879-82):

Slide 19

Abroad
In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, left for Yasnaya Polyana, and in 1857, declaring himself an anarchist, he left for Paris. Once there, he lost all his money and was forced to return home to Russia.

Slide 20

He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story “Lucerne”), returned to Moscow in the fall, then to Yasnaya Polyana.

Slide 21

Folk school
Returning to Russia in 1862, Tolstoy published the first of 12 issues of the thematic magazine Yasnaya Polyana. That same year he married the daughter of a doctor named Sofya Andreevna Bers.

Slide 22

In 1859, Leo Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped set up more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this activity fascinated Tolstoy so much that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.

Slide 23

Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of education should be “the freedom of the student” and the rejection of violence in teaching.
In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine “Yasnaya Polyana” with books for reading as an appendix, which became in Russia the same classic examples of children's and folk literature as those compiled by him in the early 1870s. "ABC" and "New ABC".

Slide 24

Turning point (1880s)
The course of the revolution that took place in the consciousness of Leo Tolstoy was reflected in artistic creativity, primarily in the experiences of the heroes, in the spiritual insight that refracts their lives.
These characters occupy a central place in the stories “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1884-86), “The Kreutzer Sonata” (1887-89, published in Russia in 1891), “Father Sergius” (1890-98, published in 1912), the drama “ Living Corpse" (1900, unfinished, published in 1911), in the story "After the Ball" (1903, published in 1911).

Slide 25

The writer’s new worldview is reflected in “Confession.” In general, he “felt that what he stood on had given way, that what he had lived on was no longer there.” The natural result was the thought of suicide: “I, a happy man, hid the cord from myself so as not to hang myself on the crossbar between the cabinets in my room, where I was alone every day, undressing, and stopped going hunting with a gun so as not to be too tempted an easy way to rid yourself of life. “I myself didn’t know what I wanted: I was afraid of life, I tried to get away from it and, meanwhile, I hoped for something else from it,” Tolstoy wrote.

Slide 26

Lev Nikolaevich sought the meaning of life in the study of philosophy, in getting to know the results of the exact sciences. He tried to simplify as much as possible, to live a life close to nature and agricultural life.

Slide 27

Gradually, Tolstoy abandons the whims and comforts of a rich life (simplification), does a lot of physical labor, dresses in simple clothes, becomes a vegetarian, gives his entire large fortune to his family, and renounces literary property rights.

Slide 28

On the basis of a sincere desire for moral improvement, the third period of Tolstoy’s literary activity is created, the distinctive feature of which is the denial of all established forms of state, social and religious life.

Slide 32

In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana.
Letter from L.N. Tolstoy left for his wife before leaving Yasnaya Polyana. 1910 October 28. Yasnaya Polyana. My departure will upset you. I regret this, but understand and believe that I could not have done otherwise. My situation in the house is becoming, has become, unbearable. Apart from everything else, I can no longer live in the conditions of luxury in which I lived, and I do what old people of my age usually do: they leave worldly life to live in solitude and silence the last days of their lives. Please understand this and don't follow me if you find out where I am. Your arrival will only worsen your and my situation, but will not change my decision. I thank you for your honest 48-year life with me and ask you to forgive me for everything that I was guilty of before you, just as I sincerely forgive you for everything that you could be guilty of before me. I advise you to make peace with the new position in which my departure puts you, and not to have any ill feelings against me. If you want to tell me anything, tell Sasha, she will know where I am and will send me what I need; she cannot say where I am, because I made her promise not to tell this to anyone. Lev Tolstoy. 28 of October. I instructed Sasha to collect my things and manuscripts and send them to me. L.T.

The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can separate them, with a word you can serve love, but with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. Beware of such a word that divides people. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

Biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828 - 1910)

PEDIGREE
Great-grandfather Andrei Ivanovich served as president of the Chief Moscow Magistrate. His two sons served the Fatherland: Pyotr Andreevich - an associate of Peter I, Ilya Andreevich - an officer of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. He married the daughter of the Minister of War, Pelageya Nikolaevna Gorchakova.

The son of Ilya Andreevich, Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a participant in the War of 1812, in 1820 married Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, the daughter of a retired general close to Catherine II. The family had children Nikolai, Sergei, Dmitry, Lev (August 28, 1828) and Maria

CHILDHOOD
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana on August 28, 1828. When Lyovushka was 2 years old, her mother died. The closest person was a distant relative of Pelageya Nikolaevna’s grandmother, Tatyana Aleksandrovna Ergolskaya.

STUDIES
Moving to Kazan in 1841. Here in 1844 L. Tolstoy entered Kazan University. He attends classes at the Faculty of Philosophy (Department of Arabic-Turkish Literature) for a year and at Law for two years. In 1847, L.N. Tolstoy left the University

THE CAUCASUS AND THE CRIMINAL WAR
In 1851, together with his older brother Nikolai L. Tolstoy, he left for the Caucasus to join the active army, where he served first as a volunteer and then as a junior artillery officer.

With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish War, L. Tolstoy submits a memo on his transfer to the Danube Army. As an artillery officer of the fourth bastion, he participated in the defense of Sevastopol. He returned home at the end of 1855 with the Order of St. Anne “For Bravery” and medals “For the Defense of Sevastopol.”

Literary activity of the first half of the 1850s.
1852 - the story “Childhood”, published in Sovremennik, later “Adolescence” (1854) and “Youth” (1856) were published in it. In 1855, L. Tolstoy completed work on “Sevastopol Stories”

Literary activity of the second half of the 50s.
Returning from Sevastopol, Leo Tolstoy plunged into the literary environment of St. Petersburg. In 1857 and 1860-61, L.N. Tolstoy made foreign trips to European countries. However, I did not find peace of mind here. 1857 – stories “Albert”, “From the Notes of Prince Nekhlyudov”, story “Lucerne” 1859 – story “Three Deaths”

Pedagogical activity
Back in 1849, L.N. Tolstoy began classes with peasant children. In 1859 he opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana. In 1872, L. Tolstoy wrote “The ABC,” which was published 28 times during the writer’s lifetime.

Life and creative maturity (1860-1870s)
1863-69 – “War and Peace” 1873-77 – “Anna Karenina”. According to the writer, in the first work, “folk thought” was dear to him, in the second, “family thought.” Soon after publication, both novels were translated into foreign languages.

SPIRITUAL CRISIS
1882 The autobiographical work “Confession” was completed: “I renounced the life of our circle...” In 1880-1890, Leo Tolstoy created a number of religious works in which he outlined his understanding of Christian doctrine. In 1901, the Holy Synod excommunicated Leo Tolstoy from the church.

Literary activity of 1880-1890
At the beginning of the 1889s, Leo Tolstoy’s views on art changed significantly. He came to the conclusion that he should write not “for the masters”, but for “Ignatius and their children” 1889-1899 - “Resurrection” 1886 - “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” 1887-89 “Kreutzer Sonata” 1896 1904 - “Hadji Murat » 1903 – “After the Ball”

FAMILY LIFE
In 1862, Lev Nikolaevich married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers. After the wedding, the newlyweds immediately leave for Yasnaya Polyana.

Sofya Andreevna in Yasnaya Polyana for many years becomes the housekeeper, secretary of her husband, teacher of children and keeper of the hearth.

Of the 13 children, seven survived. (In the photo: Mikhail, Lev Nikolaevich, Vanechka, Lev, Sasha, Andrey, Tatyana, Sofya Andreevna, Maria) Two losses were especially noticeable: the death of the last child Vanechka (1895) and the writer’s beloved daughter Maria (1906).

Last years.
Relations with his wife and children were tense. They finally deteriorated after a secretly written will, according to which the family was deprived of the right to the literary heritage of the writer.

On the night of October 27-28, 1910, Leo Tolstoy secretly left his home and went to the south of Russia, where he planned to stay with peasant friends. He died in the house of the head of the Astapovo station on November 7, 1910 at 6:50 am.