Types: basic, additional and local. Detail elements

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language. - M.: Astrel, AST. A. I. Fedorov. 2008.

See what “Put on view” is in other dictionaries:

put on display- make a warning, warn, make a remark Dictionary of Russian synonyms ... Synonym dictionary

Put/put in sight- to whom what. Official Do someone l. verbal reprimand, make a remark. BMS 1998, 82; BTS, 129...

VIEW Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

VIEW- VIEW1, species, male. 1. units only Appearance, appearance. The house looks neat. The area looked bleak. || External outlines, shapes. Ball-shaped appearance. || trans. External resemblance. Give the reproach the appearance of a joke. || Appearance as an expression... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

view- 1. VIEW, a (y), sentence. about the form, in the form, in mind, in sight; m. 1. only units. Appearance of someone; appearance, appearance (usually as a manifestation of health, character, mood, etc.). Sick, healthy, blooming look who has l. Requirements … encyclopedic Dictionary

view- VIEW, a (y), about the form, in the form, in mind, in sight, husband. 1. (prev. about the form, in the form). Appearance, visible appearance; state. External c. person. Healthy in. With the air of an expert. On the or he looks young. In corrected form. 2. (prev. about the form, in the form).... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

VIEW- Pale appearance and quiet gait. Volg. 1. About a sick, weak person. 2. About a person punished and brought into submission. Glukhov 1988, 4. In view. Sib. Not far, in close proximity to someone. FSS, 27. Take the view. Zabayk. Choose a convenient place... ... Large dictionary of Russian sayings

view- I mean the transfer. in mind, in anticipation, in the future (not to be confused with the preposition in mind!). I don't have anything in mind. In what form (to be, to find, etc.) what n., in what n. condition. The books are in good shape. Show up drunk. I saw him... Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language

put- 1. PUT, I love you, you see; delivered; flax, a, o; St. (unsw. put). 1. who what. Give to whom, what l. standing vertical or some kind a certain position; position, strengthen in this position. P. log standing up. P. log on the butt. P.… … encyclopedic Dictionary

STAY ON THE POINT. PUT ON THE POINT. Outdated Simple 1. whom. Force someone to act or behave appropriately; rein in A shaggy-haired lawyer, a sweet and understanding guy who promised to put everyone on point. This one is from everyone... ... Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language

That day, Father Evgeniy held the funeral service for twelve-year-old Lyuba. She looked about eight years old, no more. The face of a small and fragile girl was almost invisible among the sea of ​​daisies - she loved them very much during her lifetime. And next to her in the coffin lay an old and tattered teddy bear... Father Eugene had to perform funeral services for the children more than once. It was always very difficult. And he found it difficult to find words, trying to console his parents.

But now he was in more pain than ever. Unbearable. Father Eugene held the funeral service for his most beloved parishioner. Fighting the lump rising in his throat, he sang with difficulty: “Rest with the saints.” And he held on only because he knew: Lyubochka’s soul is now truly There. With saints, with angels, with God.

***
This family appeared in the parish four years ago. Ilya, Marina and their three children: little twins Pasha and Petya and eight-year-old Lyuba. Everyone immediately paid attention to the older girl. Not even because she was noticeably limping, and her face was spoiled by a harelip. She didn't behave like other children. Lyuba was not at all interested in the noisy children who were organizing some games in the courtyard.

She did not try to get to know them and even somehow avoided them. But she constantly fussed with her brothers and carefully watched that none of the children offended them. And if this happened, she would fearfully cover the kids with herself and quietly say: “Please, don’t.” She also often approached her parents, took one or the other by the hand, pressed her close and looked into their eyes. As if asking: “Do you love me?” And they stroked her head with a gentle smile. Later, Father Evgeniy learns that quite recently Ilya and Marina took Lyubochka from an orphanage. Petya and Pasha were nine months old at the time.

***
Lyuba's mother Nina was deprived of parental rights. She was once an alcoholic janitor. And then she was kicked out of work, and she simply became an alcoholic. In her dirty one-room apartment, smelling of tobacco and cheap vodka, there were always some men and there was a spicy fumes. And Nina didn’t even remember which of them got her pregnant once.

I wanted to have an abortion, but one of my drinking buddies said that they “pay a lot” for children and you can live well on benefits. Throughout her pregnancy, Nina led her usual lifestyle. And she didn’t even think that now she was not alone. “My mother did everything.” “And I’m as healthy as a horse,” she said proudly. The girl was born prematurely.

Tiny and blue. One of her legs was shorter than the other. The head, dangling from a neck like a thread, seemed huge compared to the skinny, sickly body. And her small, wrinkled face was disfigured by a harelip. “Ugh, how scary,” Nina said with disgust and turned away from her daughter. She was disgusted to take the baby in her arms, and she fed her only because she dreamed of being discharged as quickly as possible, getting “good money” and getting drunk.

***
Nina had an old, lonely, compassionate neighbor, Grandma Vera. Knowing that she was about to give birth, she used her tiny pension to buy a second-hand crib with a pillow and blanket, a beat-up stroller, and made diapers from her bed linen. The expectant mother had little interest in all this. My grandmother asked her parishioners for unwanted baby clothes and diapers. There she then baptizes her. “Call it Love,” said grandmother Vera to Ninke. “She and I will have a name day on the same day.” “What a Love she is, with such a face,” she grinned. But she agreed. Simply because she didn't care.

Having realized that “good money” for a child is pennies, the mother seemed to generally hate her daughter. “Why did I just give birth to you, you ugly thing,” she screamed from an angry hangover. “I’m ashamed to show it to people.” She hit her in the face when the baby cried and asked for food. She didn’t understand why? Where is her mommy, who she needs so much? Which one should come and save? And she cried even more. Until they give her a dirty bottle of cheap food.

Lyuba could lie in wet diapers for hours and no one paid attention to it - neither Ninka nor her eternal guests. And in the end, tired of her own screaming, she fell asleep. Over time, she learned not to cry at all. And I just looked at the ceiling and waited. Or rocked herself, shaking her head from side to side. Nobody needed her here. And only Grandma Vera, when she had the strength, went out with her for a walk in the yard. Or she would take her home and sing lullabies.

And when Lyubochka was one year old, she gave her a nice teddy bear. And he will become her faithful friend for a long time, to whom she can tell everything, bury her face in him, as children probably bury themselves in their mother’s chest, and fall asleep. But soon Grandma Vera died. And Lyuba and the bear were left alone. Apart from Ninka, of course.

***
Lyuba grew up, Nina grew old. There were fewer gentlemen, even those who were always drunk. And more and more often she beat her daughter. Scary, cruel - for everything. Taking out his anger on her for his failed life. She beat her for the bottles and bottles scattered around the apartment. Because she wanted to eat. And she fed her and generally did something for her only because she was already receiving care. Nina was not afraid of losing her, no. It’s just that, as a single mother, she was paid pennies for Lyuba. She beat her because Lyuba came home in a dirty, torn dress. And when she tried to explain that a boy pushed her in the yard, she said angrily: “You did the right thing!” You can't even stand up for yourself!

Lyubochka really couldn’t stand up for herself. But the children did not like her and laughed at her. - Look, limping! - they shouted after her. - Scary man! - Daughter of a drunk! Having matured a little, she no longer paid attention to them. She would sit somewhere to the side, under a bush or on a bench with her teddy bear and tell him something. And when I was younger, I wanted to make friends, I came up and smiled welcomingly with my disfigured lips. They pointed their fingers at her and tripped her. Lyuba fell, out of habit covered her head with her hands, as she did when her mother beat her, and babbled through her tears: “Please, don’t!” Then she will also be afraid for her brothers and shield them from other children.

***
Surprisingly, in this hell Lyuba grew up as a very good, kind girl. As if living up to its name. She tried to please Ninka. I put things in order as best I could. She covered her with a blanket when she, drunk, fell asleep on the floor. And these were the happiest moments in her life. She combed her mother’s tangled, dirty hair and said: “You are beautiful,” something that no one had ever told her. Maybe Grandma Vera, but Lyuba didn’t remember this.

Not seeing affection from her mother, when she was lying “lifeless,” she lay down next to her, took her hand and hugged herself with it. And I imagined that my mother was doing this herself and whispering tenderly: “Daughter, honey, I love you!” This is what the neighbor on the fifth floor, Aunt Ira, always says to her little Natasha. Sometimes she fell asleep next to Ninka, clutching the bear to her. And then morning would come, and Lyuba would wake up from a rough push in the side and a hoarse: “Bring some water!”...

Sometimes, however, Ninka was softer with Lyuba. After the first two or three glasses. Then she called her, took her by the shoulders, looked at her with a dull look and said: “Why are you so scary to me!” And she could cry drunken tears. One day Lyuba saw one of the children give their mother a bouquet of wild flowers. And she blossomed, hugged her, and began kissing the top of her blond head. “If I give my mother flowers, she will probably be happy too,” the girl thought, “after all, no one has ever given them to her.”

Lyubochka picked a bouquet of daisies. She really liked them - bright, friendly, sunny. They look like Grandma Vera - chubby, affectionate and always wearing a white headscarf. This is how she occasionally vaguely appeared in her childhood memory. At home, Ninka, angry and hungover, slapped her in the face with these daisies. Lyuba's nose began to bleed. “You better go and hand over the bottles, there’s no money, and throw away this broom,” her mother shouted after her and pushed her out the door. One of the neighbors, seeing a girl with a bloody face, called the police.

And this time Lyuba was taken away. She was six years old. When they took her away, she behaved quietly and did not even cry. And under her jacket, so that no one could see, she clutched her teddy bear to her. Only then, realizing what had happened, Nina began to cry. Maybe because of the pennies they paid her. Or maybe, really, something human had finally stirred in her. After all, besides Lyubochka, no one ever loved her...

***
Lyuba ended up in an orphanage - old and shabby. But compared to her apartment, it seemed almost like a palace to her. Her old dirty clothes were thrown away. Washed and combed. They gave me a clean one. Lyuba stroked the hem of her new dress with surprise and did not believe that it was for her. They wanted to take the bear away from her - maybe there was some kind of infection on it. But Lyuba cried so much that some woman asked: “Don’t, leave it, I’ll wash it.” And she stroked the girl’s head. At first she tried to cover herself with her hands, she was afraid that they would hit her, but the woman said kindly: “Don’t be afraid, no one will hurt you.” What is your name? This is how Lyuba met Marina.

Marina worked here as a teacher. She was very different from the rest of the orphanage staff with some touching sentimentality. She looked at all these children, could barely hold back her tears and wanted to hug everyone. No, the others were not evil. They were also good people, but over time they got used to children's grief. And they just did their job. But Marina couldn’t get used to it.

***
It sounds strange, but Lyuba liked it in the orphanage. She was hardly beaten; there were the same unfortunate children who were unlucky in life. Sometimes they, of course, fought among themselves, sometimes she got it too. And as before, she covered her head with her hands and asked: “Please, don’t!” Compared to home, she was well fed. They worked with her and played with her. She had a clean bed and toys. But most of all she loved her teddy bear. And she often sat alone with him in the corner.

Did she miss her mother? Maybe yes, maybe not. She asked about her at first, and then stopped. Lyuba became very attached to Marina. She often recalled how she stroked her head for the first time. Marina always stroked her when meeting her, talked to her, but that first time was the most amazing. And Marina felt sorry for Lyubochka. Over time, she noticed that she was thinking more and more often about this frightened, lame girl with a harelip.

***
Once over dinner, Marina told her husband Ilya about Lyubochka. - Maybe we can pick it up? – she asked unexpectedly for herself. – Marinochka, I understand, it’s a pity. But you can’t take everyone. And then Marina became pregnant. Twins. It became increasingly difficult for her to work, she spent a lot of time on sick leave, and she and Lyuba saw each other less and less. On the last evening before maternity leave, she went to the girl to say goodbye. - That's it, Lyubochka, I'm leaving. Grow up big, be a good girl...” she fell silent, not knowing what else to say. “I...I love you...” “Please don’t leave,” Lyuba whispered after her. - Mom... And when Marina’s steps died down, she turned to the wall and buried her wet face in her teddy bear. Then she often lay there and cried.

***
And Marina gave birth to boys - right before Peter and Paul. And they were named after the apostles. The parents' happiness knew no bounds. And Marina thought less and less about Lyubochka. But one day, while walking with a stroller, they found themselves at an orphanage. - Mother! – Suddenly a familiar voice rang out. Marina turned around. Lyuba was looking at her from behind the fence. And tears flowed down her cheeks.

Ilya put his hand on Marina’s shoulder. They decided everything. This is how Lyuba started a family. Of course, at first it was not easy, especially for Ilya. After all, a stranger is in the house. Ours are still quite small. And the constant bustle... They just moved to a new apartment. But Lyuba was a rare child, amazing. She truly was LOVE.

She did not believe in her happiness and seemed ready to do anything to prove to her new parents that she was worthy of it. She quickly learned how to handle her brothers and fussed with them for days on end. And they smiled joyfully at her and reached out into her arms. The kids did not see her cleft lip or her short leg. They saw a beautiful older sister who loves them very much.

Lyuba helped Marina clean the apartment and asked to teach her how to cook. And one day she proudly placed in front of her dad (she loved this new word “dad” so much) her first meal prepared for him - chicken soup. Oversalted, really. But Ilya heroically ate it and praised it very much. They walked a lot and somehow came across a clearing with daisies. “I love daisies so much,” said Marina. - Lyubochka, pick me a bouquet. The girl picked an armful of flowers, and Marina hugged her and kissed the top of her head. Just like she once dreamed that Nina would do.

***
They all began to go together to the nearest church, to Father Eugene. There Lyuba confessed and received communion for the first time. What she told the priest about herself is unknown. But then he said to Ilya and Marina: “You have an amazing girl.” Take care of her In the evenings, Marina read books to her. Often about God, about saints. Lyuba really enjoyed hearing about Christ. And one day she asked: “Can I pray for Mama Nina too?” - Of course you can. Putting her to bed, Marina hugged her. Lyuba fell asleep with a smile and through her sleep heard the affectionate: “Daughter! I love you!"

***
Three years passed like this. Lyuba went to school. At first, someone laughed at her, but then everyone got used to it and stopped paying attention. She did not seek to communicate with other children. Although she was always friendly and never offended anyone. She liked it better at home, where everyone loved her. Where no one ever scolded her, hit her and called her a beauty. She basked in this love, which she had seen so little of in her life. And she loved herself - purely, devotedly, gratefully. She also loved the temple and Father Eugene. She helped in the yard, looked after the flowers, and talked about something with the priest. And she stood in front of the icons for a long time - whispering something... And then Lyuba fell ill.

Probably, the past life took its toll, and the little organism was strained. She burned out from leukemia in just six months. My parents sold their car and apartment and moved in with their parents, but the doctors couldn’t do anything. Lyuba died in the hospital. Shortly before this, Father Evgeniy gave her Holy Communion. She held the hands of Ilya and Marina, who were miraculously allowed to see her, and smiled faintly.

With this smile she fell asleep forever. Her pure childish soul quietly left her, only at the end having rested and learned what warmth is... And her teddy bear lay next to her... When, a few days after the funeral, Marina finds the strength to sort out Lyubochka’s things, under her pillow she will see a note:

“Please pray for mom Nina. And thank you for your love!”

Put it on view that someone should make a warning note about some omission. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language (1992), N. Yu. Shvedova, “View”)

Put it on view to whom what (official) - to make a reproachful remark for something. (Explanatory Dictionary (1935 - 1940), "View")

From the remark - “you should keep this in mind.”

In Soviet times there was this type of punishment - “put on sight”. Thus, clause 12 of the “Charter of Trade Unions of the USSR”, approved. The Resolution of the XVIII Congress of Trade Unions of the USSR dated January 1, 1987 provided for:

"12. For failure to fulfill statutory duties, penalties may be applied to a trade union member: posing, reprimand, severe reprimand and, as a last resort, expulsion from the trade union.”

Examples

(1564 - 1616)

"Othello", translation (1945) - Iago says about Othello:

“He will be forgiven for his nightly adventure.
Slightly they'll make it look like, that's all.
The Senate can't resign him
Especially now when there's a thunderstorm
Cyprus has embraced and no one is visible,
Who could replace him in trouble?

(1895 - 1958)

"Much Ado About Nothing" (1936):

“He gave one girl a severe reprimand with a warning. And two more - put it on display."

(1883 - 1923)

“The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schweik” (1923, translation by P.G. Bogatyrev (1893 - 1971)), part 1, chapter. 14:

“Lieutenant Lukash was at that time explaining to a certain second lieutenant one of the plans for the trenches and confronted him that he doesn’t know how to draw and doesn’t have the slightest idea about geometry.”

I stopped, out of breath, on the edge of the mountain and, leaning against the corner of the house, began to examine the surroundings, when suddenly I heard a familiar voice behind me:

- Pechorin! how long have you been here?

I turn around: Grushnitsky! We hugged. I met him in the active detachment. He was wounded by a bullet in the leg and went to the waters a week before me. Grushnitsky - cadet. He has only been in the service for a year, and wears, out of a special kind of dandyism, a thick soldier’s overcoat. He has a soldier's cross of St. George. He is well built, dark and black-haired; he looks like he might be twenty-five years old, although he is hardly twenty-one. He throws his head back when he speaks, and constantly twirls his mustache with his left hand, because he leans on a crutch with his right. He speaks quickly and pretentiously: he is one of those people who have ready-made pompous phrases for all occasions, who are not touched by simply beautiful things and who are solemnly draped in extraordinary feelings, sublime passions and exceptional suffering. To produce an effect is their delight; Romantic provincial women like them crazy. In old age they become either peaceful landowners or drunkards - sometimes both. There are often many good qualities in their souls, but not a penny of poetry. Grushnitsky had a passion for declaiming: he bombarded you with words as soon as the conversation left the circle of ordinary concepts; I could never argue with him. He doesn't respond to your objections, he doesn't listen to you. As soon as you stop, he begins a long tirade, apparently having some connection with what you said, but which in fact is only a continuation of his own speech.

He is quite sharp: his epigrams are often funny, but they are never pointed or evil: he will not kill anyone with one word; he does not know people and their weak strings, because his whole life he has been focused on himself. His goal is to become the hero of a novel. He tried so often to convince others that he was a being not created for the world, doomed to some kind of secret suffering, that he himself was almost convinced of it. That’s why he wears his thick soldier’s overcoat so proudly. I understood him, and he doesn’t love me for this, although outwardly we are on the most friendly terms. Grushnitsky is reputed to be an excellent brave man; I saw him in action; he waves his saber, shouts and rushes forward, closing his eyes. This is something not Russian courage!..

I don’t like him either: I feel that someday we will collide with him on a narrow road, and one of us will be in trouble.

His arrival in the Caucasus is also a consequence of his romantic fanaticism: I am sure that on the eve of leaving his father’s village he said with a gloomy look to some pretty neighbor that he was not going just to serve, but that he was looking for death, because... here , he probably covered his eyes with his hand and continued like this: “No, you (or you) shouldn’t know this! Your pure soul will tremble! And why? What am I to you! Will you understand me? - and so on.

He himself told me that the reason that prompted him to join the K. regiment would remain an eternal secret between him and heaven.

However, in those moments when he casts off his tragic mantle, Grushnitsky is quite sweet and funny. I’m curious to see him with women: that’s where I think he’s trying!

We met as old friends. I began to ask him about the way of life on the waters and about remarkable persons.

“We lead a rather prosaic life,” he said, sighing, “those who drink water in the morning are lethargic, like all the sick, and those who drink wine in the evening are unbearable, like all the healthy people.” There are women's societies; Their only small consolation is that they play whist, dress badly and speak terrible French. This year only Princess Ligovskaya and her daughter are from Moscow; but I'm unfamiliar with them. My soldier's overcoat is like a seal of rejection. The participation it excites is as heavy as alms.

At that moment two ladies walked past us to the well: one was elderly, the other was young and slender. I couldn’t see their faces behind their hats, but they were dressed according to the strict rules of the best taste: nothing superfluous! The second wore a closed gris de perles dress, a light silk scarf curled around her flexible neck. The couleur puce [] boots pulled her lean leg so nicely at the ankle that even someone not initiated into the mysteries of beauty would certainly gasp, albeit in surprise. Her light but noble gait had something virginal in it, eluding definition, but clear to the eye. When she passed us, she smelled that inexplicable aroma that sometimes comes from a note from a sweet woman.

“Here is Princess Ligovskaya,” said Grushnitsky, “and with her is her daughter Mary, as she calls her in the English manner.” They've only been here for three days.

“However, do you already know her name?”

“Yes, I heard by chance,” he answered, blushing, “I admit, I don’t want to get to know them.” This proud nobility looks at us army men as wild. And what do they care if there is a mind under a numbered cap and a heart under a thick overcoat?

- Poor overcoat! - I said, grinning, - who is this gentleman who comes up to them and so helpfully hands them a glass?

- ABOUT! - this is the Moscow dandy Raevich! He is a player: this can be seen immediately by the huge golden chain that snakes along his blue vest. And what a thick cane – it looks like Robinson Crusoe’s! And the beard, by the way, and the hairstyle a la moujik [].

“You are embittered against the entire human race.”

- And there is a reason...

- ABOUT! right?

At this time, the ladies moved away from the well and caught up with us. Grushnitsky managed to assume a dramatic pose with the help of a crutch and answered me loudly in French:

– Mon cher, je hais les hommes pour ne pas les mepriser car autrement la vie serait une farce trop degoutante [].

The pretty princess turned around and gave the speaker a long, curious look. The expression of this gaze was very vague, but not mocking, for which I inwardly congratulated him from the bottom of my heart.

“This Princess Mary is very pretty,” I told him. - She has such velvet eyes - just velvet: I advise you to assign this expression when talking about her eyes; the lower and upper eyelashes are so long that the rays of the sun are not reflected in her pupils. I love those eyes without shine: they are so soft, they seem to caress you... However, it seems that there is only good in her face... And what, are her teeth white? It is very important! It’s a pity that she didn’t smile at your pompous phrase.

“You talk about a pretty woman like an English horse,” Grushnitsky said indignantly.

“Mon cher,” I answered him, trying to imitate his tone, “je meprise les femmes pour ne pas les aimer car autrement la vie serait un melodrame trop ridicule [].

I turned and walked away from him. For half an hour I walked along the grape alleys, along the limestone rocks and bushes hanging between them. It was getting hot, and I hurried home. Passing by a sour-sulfur spring, I stopped at a covered gallery to breathe under its shade; this gave me the opportunity to witness a rather curious scene. The characters were in this position. The princess and the Moscow dandy were sitting on a bench in the covered gallery, and both were apparently engaged in a serious conversation. The princess, having probably finished her last glass, walked thoughtfully by the well. Grushnitsky stood right next to the well; there was no one else on the site.

I came closer and hid behind the corner of the gallery. At that moment Grushnitsky dropped his glass on the sand and tried to bend down to pick it up: his bad leg was preventing him. Beggar! how he managed to lean on a crutch, and all in vain. His expressive face actually depicted suffering.

Princess Mary saw all this better than me.

Lighter than a bird, she jumped up to him, bent down, picked up the glass and handed it to him with a body movement filled with inexpressible charm; then she blushed terribly, looked back at the gallery and, making sure that her mother had not seen anything, seemed to immediately calm down. When Grushnitsky opened his mouth to thank her, she was already far away. A minute later she left the gallery with her mother and the dandy, but, passing by Grushnitsky, she assumed such a decorous and important appearance - she didn’t even turn around, didn’t even notice his passionate gaze, with which he followed her for a long time, until, having descended from the mountain, she disappeared behind the sticky boulevards... But then her hat flashed across the street; she ran into the gates of one of the best houses in Pyatigorsk, the princess followed her and bowed to Raevich at the gate.

Preface

Proper natural nutrition for a cat is mostly a monotonous, species-specific diet that does not require heat treatment, mainly consisting of medium-fat fermented milk products, raw meat or raw offal (heart, tripe, kidneys, etc.) and plant foods ( vegetables and some unsweetened fruits) in raw form, as well as in the form of bran from cereals as an additive to the main diet.

Actually, cereals (porridge and other flour products) should not be present in the cat’s diet. Porridges and products made from or with the addition of flour contain easily digestible carbohydrates, which can cause disruption of the intestinal microflora, as well as a decrease in resistance, in all dogs and cats, which are known to be carnivores. The state of the animal’s health directly depends on the state of the intestine, which is a key organ not only in digestion, but also in providing the defense system (resistance and immunity of the body). Thus, the presence of dysbiosis in the intestines, which is facilitated by disturbances in the diet, can lead to the development of a host of pathological processes, including an increased tendency to allergies, disruption of the functioning of internal organs, the occurrence of a number of chronic inflammatory diseases and obesity, often associated with each other.

The health and resistance of animals depends very much on nutrition; the state of the gastrointestinal tract and healthy intestinal microflora play a very important role in this. If your cat's diet includes cereal or commercial dry food that contains from 40 to 55% grains, corn or sweet potatoes, then you cannot expect normal, healthy intestinal microflora. However, even with a natural diet, digestive disorders are possible, indicating a painful condition of the cat. When switching to a natural diet, stool passage becomes a little less frequent, and the consistency of the stool changes to darker and denser. This is typical, normal and does not indicate a problem. But if there is a significant decrease in stool passage (less than once every 2 days), it is recommended to consult a doctor and decide on the possibility of switching back to a dry diet or correcting natural ingredients. Most often, the problem of constipation occurs with an exclusively meat diet, without the addition of fermented milk foods and a source of fiber.

Meat in a cat's diet

The main meat in a cat’s diet is lean beef, maybe not the first grade. It is not necessary or even advisable to feed your cats tenderloin and other high-quality meats. It is allowed to feed lamb, horse meat, and rabbit meat to cats of all ages, given the high calorie content of lamb and rabbit meat, which is more affordable. It is not recommended to give pork.

Chicken, turkey and their offal can also be given, but individually, paying attention to the reaction from the digestive system and skin. It is not advisable to feed chicken skin to cats.

Meat, both beef and chicken, is always given raw, pre-frozen; there is no need to pour boiling water over it and heat treat the meat. Meat should not be ground into mince.

It should be noted right away that feeding a cat up to a year only one meat guarantees development, since the kitten will not be satisfied with the amount of calcium. To prevent this from happening, carefully read the recommendations for mineral supplements at the link below.

Meat by-products

Meat feeding for a cat can include not only meat, but also by-products (kidneys, heart, by-products of chickens, turkeys, etc.), which can completely replace meat. By-products must also be raw. It should be taken into account that offal is a less nutritious component of the meat diet compared to meat, but at the same time, for example, the udder is significantly higher in calories than meat due to fat.

It is not recommended to give liver and lung to cats often, since not everyone tolerates raw liver equally well, and there is no point in treating it thermally. However, many people successfully use these components in the diet of dogs and cats. However, not all cats tolerate a particular meat component equally well, so if an ingredient is intolerant, which is manifested by diarrhea or vomiting, it should be removed from the diet, as well as if other components of the cat’s natural diet are not tolerated. And in order to be able to determine which component the reaction occurs to, they need to be introduced into the cat’s diet separately.

Of course, one can become infected with one or another disease from one or another product, but rare cases of infection from raw, untested and not frozen meat do not allow one to be afraid of feeding a cat a raw product. It is unlikely that any veterinarian will be able to recall a case of infection from anything from meat. In addition, the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the stomach of carnivores is higher than in humans and is sufficient to perform its disinfecting functions in relation to raw meat and fish. We also do not recommend purchasing meat “from hand” or at the “Poultry Market”, where you can buy products obtained from a known sick animal, and even freezing it will not help, and heat treatment of meat reduces the nutritional value of the product for the cat.

Fish in a cat's diet

Cats can be given raw fillets of sea and ocean frozen fish, not bony, low-fat varieties, replacing meat with seafood in meat feeding 2-3 times a week. However, it is not recommended to constantly feed fish. Small fish can be fed whole raw, in which case the bone along with the soft tissues is completely chewed and does not pose a threat (even recommended), but when feeding boiled fish, which should not be done, the bone easily separates and can be swallowed whole, which is dangerous .

There are several questions that are often asked regarding feeding fish to cats:

The problem with thiaminase is relevant for animal farms, where there is mainly a mono-diet and if you feed only raw fish, there will be hypovitaminosis B1, and therefore this is not relevant for a home mixed diet.

Feeding fish does not have any effect on the development of urolithiasis. This assumption has long existed among veterinarians, based on the fact that fish contains a lot of phosphorus, which, when released, creates conditions for the development of sand in the bladder (struvite). But studies conducted with experience on adding additional amounts of phosphorus to the diet of cats did not lead to the development of this pathology.

Dairy products

Cats can be given fermented milk products with a fat content of up to 9%, but not everyone tolerates such fat content well. But low-fat dairy products should not be given either. In some cases, full-fat dairy products loosen stools. Also, loose stool may be associated with the brand of kefir, which must be selected individually for sensitive cats. Fermented baked milk, cream, sour cream should not be given to cats, as well as yoghurt with fruit or sugar, but milk is not forbidden, if tolerated normally.

The most optimal fermented milk products are cottage cheese with a fat content of up to 5-9%, kefir with a fat content of 3.5%, and yogurt, with a short shelf life of up to 7 days.

Using Evitalia and Narine starter cultures based on pasteurized milk, you can make a healthy fermented milk product that is useful not only for cats, but also for humans, and feed it either separately or together with cottage cheese.

Dividing cat nutrition into fermented milk and meat

The main components of the diet are fermented milk products at one feeding and raw vegetables and raw meat with a small amount of butter at another. As mentioned above, vegetables can, if possible, be fed to the cat separately.

This means that fermented milk feeding can include either kefir alone, cottage cheese alone, or kefir with cottage cheese, curdled milk, yogurt, etc. It is advisable to give fermented milk products with a short shelf life, up to 7 days. Only bran and part of a raw egg can be added to dairy products no more than 2-3 times a week.

Meat feeding may include raw meat, offal or fish. You cannot mix the components of meat and fermented milk feeding with each other.

Vegetables and fiber in a cat's diet

Cats can be fed most vegetables: carrots, white cabbage, bell peppers, pumpkin, zucchini, beets, cucumbers. It is useful to give greens: parsley, dill, lettuce. The choice is up to the cat. Some cats happily eat grass sprouted at home, this option is also suitable.

Vegetables may be present in the diet as a single option, or there may be several types of vegetables, but one type of vegetable is quite sufficient.

Greens and vegetables should always be given raw, finely chopped or grated on a fine grater.

Vegetables and greens should always be given only with meat feeding or separately. There is no need to mix raw plant foods with components of a fermented milk diet, with the exception of bran, which goes well with meat and dairy foods.

Bran (about bran, see below) in a cat’s diet can complement or even replace raw vegetables, especially in cases where the addition of vegetables leads to various types of indigestion (flatulence, vomiting, diarrhea) or if the cat refuses all types of vegetables completely , which happens more often.

Consistency of cat food

Cats should not be given food in the form of mince. The meat should be cut into pieces, hard vegetables grated on a fine grater, greens and lettuce finely chopped. Bran can be added to wet foods, both dairy and meat. Cats and dogs do not chew food, but swallow it if the piece corresponds to the size of the animal or bites off a piece accessible for swallowing - this is physiological for them and does not cause harm. In addition, ready-made ground meat contains too much fat. Even if the cat has few or no teeth, food can be given in chunks.

Eggs in a cat's diet

Eggs can be given raw, both chicken and quail, by adding 14 whole eggs to milk feeding 2-3 times a week. Both kittens and adult cats can and should be given both the yolk and the white, without separating.

Bran

Bran in a cat's diet, like vegetables, is a source of fiber and therefore it is recommended to add them to the cat's diet along with vegetables or, replacing them, as already mentioned, when refusing vegetables. Bran, unlike vegetables, easily sticks to meat and mixes with dairy foods, which deprives the animal of the opportunity to choose what it wants from a bowl.

The main advantage of bran is its high content of dietary fiber (fiber), which enhances peristalsis, regulates and improves the condition of intestinal microflora.

Bran can be purchased in bulk at health stores, pharmacies or grocery stores and added in this form to both fermented milk and meat feeding.

But fermented milk is preferable, since bran shows its maximum effect when it absorbs liquid and swells. Then, once in the stomach, the bran does not undergo any changes and, retaining water, enters the intestines, accelerating intestinal motility, which is especially recommended for cats with a tendency to constipation.

Oil in a cat's diet

Cats can add different types of oils to their vegetable diet: olive, unrefined sunflower, pumpkin, flaxseed, etc., but exotic ones should be avoided. The main oils are unrefined sunflower and olive. Vegetable oils are added to the bowl where there are plant components of food (vegetables), regardless of the presence of meat, in a dose of 2-5 drops.

Bones in a cat's diet

Since in the diet of cats, which are classified as small felines, bones are present exclusively in the form of small rodents and birds, at home it is possible to feed cats whole small fish, chicken neck, but always in raw form and together with soft tissues, in which case the animal bites off the bone and meat in sections, but if you chop the bone, the cat can swallow them whole. If in doubt, you can not give the bone at all. It is not recommended to give boiled bones to cats; they are poorly digested and can cause intestinal obstruction.

Prebiotic and probiotic environment in the intestines. Carbohydrates in a cat's diet

Probiotics are preparations based on living “good” microorganisms: lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which remain viable when passing through the gastrointestinal tract, multiply in it and suppress the development of pathogenic bacteria.

Prebiotics are completely indigestible food ingredients that act as a substrate, a nutrient medium for the growth and life of beneficial microorganisms in the intestine, and also stimulate its functioning.

In the absence of a prebiotic environment (indigestible fiber), the number of beneficial bacteria sharply decreases, since they lack the prebiotic environment they need for nutrition and their share in the intestinal microenvironment will be occupied by pathogenic strains of E. coli, yeast, etc., which, in essence, is a dysbacteriosis.

Cereals, bread, pasta are easily digestible carbohydrates (starch); cats need complex carbohydrates of another type, which are found in raw vegetables or bran and which cats cannot digest. Carnivores cannot extract energy from complex carbohydrates and raw fiber; ruminants and herbivores “specialize” in this. It is raw vegetables and bran, or rather the indigestible fiber they contain, that create a prebiotic environment in the cat’s intestines, which is the basis and substrate for creating a probiotic environment and the formation of healthy intestinal microflora.

Moreover, if the cat has proper natural nutrition, then the cat, even without the use of probiotics, will eventually develop the correct intestinal microflora, but only if the animal is healthy and free from congenital and acquired diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that require treatment and are not dependent on correct diet. It is for this reason that introducing probiotics (lactobifadol, Vetom 1.1) into the diet of a cat that receives porridge or dry food does not bring the desired long-term result.

The role of the prebiotic environment in a cat’s diet is played by raw vegetables, which are best (but not necessarily) given to animals as a separate feeding, and also, when adding bran to a dairy or meat diet, these components are compatible.

It is better to give cats veterinary probiotics, only if they are not available, then try using human ones. It is possible to take probiotics prophylactically every 3-4 months. But prebiotics (vegetables and bran) must be constantly supplied to the digestive system, especially since this is not a medicine, but a regular component of the diet.

At the same time, you need to understand that if the cat has proper nutrition and the cat is healthy, then without the use of probiotics in the intestines, over time, a healthy intestinal microflora will form on its own.

Is it possible to mix dry food and wet natural or canned food?

Mixing different types of feeding does not have any advantages over the strict principles of feeding a cat, in fact, dry food is designed to be fed exclusively. If you add other components throughout the day, then an imbalance is guaranteed. In addition, combining diets does not make any sense: either convenience or a natural diet.

Vitamins and mineral supplements

An adult cat that receives proper natural nutrition with a certain, even small, dose of raw bone does not necessarily need to be supplemented with any vitamin-mineral supplements at all times. In spring and early summer, you can add dry yeast to your food, which is a natural complex of vitamins. However, if under some circumstances there are doubts about the possibility of using raw bone in the diet of adult cats due to various circumstances, you can use and even recommend the same mineral and vitamin supplement regimens as listed in the link below.

At the same time, kittens and adult cats absolutely need vitamins and minerals during pregnancy and lactation. You can read more details in further publications on the site.

The problem of obesity in cats

Obesity occurs when an animal consumes more energy than it expends. This leads to positive energy balance and obesity. However, the factors that cause positive energy balance are very complex and include physiological and genetic predisposition and environmental influences. In other words, obesity is not simply the result of overeating. If this were so, then all individuals consuming high-calorie foods would develop obesity. The main factors causing obesity are:

1. Overeating;
2. Social environment (food competition);
3. Dietary factors;
4. Sterilization;
5. Reduced energy consumption.

The feeling of hunger is reduced by stimuli such as stomach distension, the presence of nutrients in the blood and liver, and the sight, taste and smell of food. All this creates negative feedback to the hypothalamus, which controls energy consumption. To stop eating, one factor is not enough; all are needed at the same time.

Social environment, i.e. competition between animals can increase the amount of food eaten. Additional snacks and begging are other important external factors. Some owners encourage their pets to do this, and the “snack” can be high in calories and often doubles overall energy intake.

Neutered individuals are more susceptible to obesity than their normal counterparts. This is partly due to lower energy expenditure due to their condition, as well as impaired estrogen and testosterone production, which influence the satiety effect of food.

60-70% of energy is spent on maintaining body functions (homeostasis), 10% on heat production (specific dynamic effect), and the remaining 20-30% on physical activity. As physical activity increases, appetite increases. If physical activity decreases, then appetite worsens. Thus, in the latter situation, the animal can easily develop a positive energy balance.

The total volume of food from all feedings per day is calculated using the formula: up to 9 months. 10% and older than 9 months. 5% of body weight (body weight is calculated without taking into account body fat, of course, approximately).

The resulting daily volume of food is divided in half between 50% fermented milk products, 50% raw meat and everything related to meat (beef by-products, poultry, fish), raw plant foods are given ad libitum, but approximately 5-10% on the volume of meat portion. For example, for an average cat weighing 4 kg, you can give 1-2 teaspoons of grated carrots or other vegetables and 12 teaspoons of bran per day. Please note that vegetables and bran are supplements to the protein diet and are not included in the calculated percentages (10% and 5%).

An example of calculating the volume of food for a cat weighing 4 kg, age 9 months. and older:

4kg x 0.05 * =0.2 kg. or 200 gr. Of these, 100 gr. this is cottage cheese and kefir, which will make up fermented milk feeding and meat feeding will consist of 100 grams. raw meat, to which about 10 grams are added. raw grated vegetables and 2-5 drops. unrefined vegetable oil.

An example of calculating the amount of food for a cat weighing 2.2 kg, less than 9 months old:

2.2kg x 0.10 * =0.22 kg. or 220 gr. Of these, 110 gr. This is cottage cheese and kefir, which will make up fermented milk feeding and meat feeding will consist of 110 grams. raw meat, to which about 10-15 grams are added. raw grated vegetables and 2-5 drops. unrefined vegetable oil.

* — Coefficient obtained by dividing 5 and 10% by 100

This formula is not absolute and mandatory, the cat’s feeding regimen, and the amount of food can also vary depending on the physiological state (pregnancy, breed tendency to be overweight, the presence of hormonal disorders, sterilization, etc.); age: for old and aging animals, the amount of food is reduced, as well as for other individual characteristics. Fasting days without meat at all, but also without increasing the dose of dairy foods, are also welcome. Cats in apartment conditions most often lead a sedentary lifestyle, so if they have food whims, pickiness, or loss of appetite, the diet can be reduced even without fear.

For example, the calculations of the amount of food given above are valid for active cats, which allow themselves active games, etc., even in an apartment. But for a cat leading a sedentary lifestyle, which prefers to sleep most of the day, the calculated amount will be exceeded, and the diet of such an animal requires a reduction in the amount of food eaten by 20-30% (see section The problem of obesity).

Are there breed specific features of a cat's diet?

There are no fundamental features for a healthy cat of any breed. A sick animal may need correction, but this requires individual work with the pet.

The cat is accustomed to dry food and refuses natural food.

Solving this problem with cats is much more difficult than with dogs. Cats are more picky, capricious and capricious. Prolonged feeding of dry or wet food to a cat, or other food ingredients not typical for cats, leads to a change in the food instinct, that is, it disorients the animal in choosing the possible food provided by nature. In such cases, fasting for 1-2 days, which would solve all the problems with the dog, may not help. It is recommended to feed the same food, but reduce it significantly so that the cat does not gorge on it for a long time (2-4 weeks or even more). During this period, the cat will lose some weight, its appetite will increase, and its feeding instincts will begin to return. And it is then that you can offer one or another component of natural food, gradually stopping the previous diet. However, the transfer may not be possible, and you will have to feed more familiar food.

Afterword

As you can see, among the indicated food components there are no dry and wet commercial foods, cereals in the form of porridges, breads and other carbohydrate foods; they are not recommended for cats, just as feeding sweet sugary fruits and everything else is not recommended. It is necessary to take into account that in relation to feeding dogs and cats, the concepts of “likes to eat this” or “does not like to eat that”, a strict diet, regardless of whether it is dry food or natural food, do not apply.

The main mistake that owners make in feeding cats is overfeeding. Even if the recommended components are kept, but their volume is greater than the norm, then this is as harmful as feeding the cat unacceptable products.

You should adhere to a simple rule that works in most cases - if, after eating food, the cat left any amount of it in the bowl, this means that the animal is already overfed. The bowl should not be constantly filled, as is often the case. Only an animal with a moderate feeding instinct will not overeat in conditions of unlimited access to food. By the time of feeding, the cat should show a keen interest in food and eat the entire calculated amount, otherwise if some of the food remains in the bowl, then perhaps the animal is overeating, someone other than you is feeding the pet, or there is a disease leading to decreased appetite. This situation requires a reduction in food volume.

An animal that experiences health problems (diarrhea, regular vomiting) while eating natural food is sick and requires treatment. Switching to dry food will only adapt the animal to the disease, and will not relieve it. This is like a diet that makes life easier, which has the right to be used in the practice of a veterinarian, especially in cases where the animal’s health condition is irreparable or the doctor is not able to cope with the pathology with a natural diet. Owners need to understand this.

Therefore, the answer to the question: “What to feed a cat?” can be answered - natural food, which contains everything necessary for the body of a carnivorous animal. It is also necessary to know that the recommendations of breeders or felinologists, as well as the popular literature written by them on keeping and feeding cats, have nothing to do with objectively correct methods of feeding, because the reason for such recommendations is partly due to ignorance and lack of understanding of the biological nature of the cat, and, partly, to reduce the cost or simplify the maintenance of an animal.

If you follow all the above feeding rules, your pet will live a long and healthy life.

Many of the questions that you still have after reading this article have already been asked in. However, if something remains unclear, ask there.

Also, questions and answers on most issues related to feeding dogs and cats can be read in.