Traditions and customs of the peoples of Eastern Siberia. Indigenous peoples of Western Siberia

MARRIAGE CUSTOMS KALYM - price for a bride, one of the types of compensation for a wife. Among the forest Yukaghirs and the Chukchi and other peoples of the extreme Northeast, initially there were no-kalom marriages. The size of the dowry and the procedure for its payment were determined during negotiations during matchmaking. Most often, bride price was paid in the form of deer, copper or iron cauldrons, fabrics, and animal skins. With the development of commodity-money relations, part of the dowry could be paid in money. The size of the bride price depended on the property status of the families of the bride and groom.

MARRIAGE CUSTOMS Levirate is a marriage custom according to which a widow was obliged or had the right to marry the brother of her deceased husband. It was common among most peoples of the North. The right to the wife of the deceased older brother belonged to the younger brother, and not vice versa. Sororate is a marriage custom according to which a widower is obliged to marry the younger sister or niece of his deceased wife.

HOUSINGS The dwellings of peoples are classified based on different criteria: according to the materials of manufacture - wooden (from logs, boards, hewn posts, poles, chopped blocks, branches), bark (birch bark and from the bark of other trees - spruce, fir, larch), felt, from bones of sea animals, earthen, adobe, with wicker walls, and also covered with deer skins; in relation to the ground level - above-ground, underground (semi-dugouts and dugouts) and piles; according to the layout - quadrangular, round and polygonal; in shape - conical, gable, single-pitched, spherical, hemispherical, pyramidal and truncated pyramidal; by design - frame (made of vertical or inclined pillars, covered with skins, bark, felt).

CULT OF FIRE Fire, the main family shrine, was widely used in family rituals. They tried to constantly maintain the home. During migrations, the Evenks transported him in a bowler hat. The rules for handling fire were passed down from generation to generation. The fire of the hearth was protected from desecration, it was forbidden to throw garbage or pine cones into it (“so as not to cover my grandmother’s eyes with tar” - Evenks), to touch the fire with anything sharp, or to pour water into it. The veneration of fire also extended to objects that had long-term contact with it.

FOLK SIGNS OF THE EVENS v You cannot walk on fire. v 2. The fire of the fire cannot be stabbed or cut with sharp objects. If you do not observe and contradict these signs, then the fire will lose the power of its spirit. v 3. You cannot throw away your old clothes and things and leave them on the ground, but you must destroy things by burning them. If you do not follow these rules, then a person will always hear the crying of his things and clothes. v 4. If you take eggs from partridges, geese and ducks from a nest, be sure to leave two or three eggs in the nest. v 5. The remains of the spoils cannot be scattered in the place where you walk and live. v 6. In the family you should not swear and argue often, because the fire of your hearth may be offended and you will be unhappy.

CLOTHING The clothing of the peoples of the North is adapted to local climatic conditions and lifestyle. For its manufacture, local materials were used: skins of deer, seals, wild animals, dogs, birds (loons, swans, ducks), fish skins, and among the Yakuts also skins of cows and horses. Rovduga, a suede made from deer or elk skins, was widely used. They insulated their clothes with the fur of squirrels, foxes, arctic foxes, hares, lynxes, the Yakuts used beavers, and the Shors used sheep fur. The skins of domestic and wild reindeer, hunted in the taiga and tundra, played an extremely important role. In winter they wore double-layer or single-layer clothing made from deer skins, less often dog skins, in the summer they wore worn-out winter fur coats, parkas, malitsas, as well as clothes made from rovduga and fabrics.

ITELMENS Modern science considers the Itelmens to be very ancient inhabitants of Kamchatka, without answering exactly the question of when and where they came from. Since it is known that the Koryaks and Chukchi came here around 1200-1300, apparently fleeing from Genghis Khan, we can assume that the Itelmens appeared here earlier. Analyzing everyday life, the researcher finds analogies with the ancient Chinese. The final conclusion: the Itelmens once lived “outside China, in the steppes of Mongolia, below the Amur.” This is indicated by numerous similarities in the language of the Mongols and Itelmen, as well as physiological similarities. Most likely, the Itelmens once lived in the South Ural steppes, and were a Turkic tribe, perhaps with Mongoloid features, like today's Kalmyks, heavily Iranianized (under Scythian influence). It was the ancestors of the Itelmen who were the pygmies that Greek mythology speaks of. Hence the elements of Greek mythology among the Itelmens, hence several ancient coins found in Kamchatka.

YAKUTS For the first time, Russian industrialists entered Yakutia in the 20s of the 17th century. Following them, service people came here and began to explain to the local population, which caused resistance from the local nobility, who did not want to lose the right to exclusive exploitation of their relatives. In 1632, Beketov placed on the river. Lena prison In 1643, it was moved to a new location 70 versts from the old one and was named Yakutsk. But gradually the fight with the Russians stopped, because the Yakuts were convinced of the benefits of peaceful ties with the Russian population. By the middle of the 17th century, the entry of Yakutsk into the Russian state was basically completed.

BURYATS According to anthropological characteristics, the Buryats belong to the Central Asian type of the Mongoloid race. The ancient religion of the Buryats is shamanism. In the 17th century The Buryats comprised several tribal groups, the largest of which were the Bulagats, Ekhirits, Khorins and Khongodors. The rapprochement of the Buryat tribes with each other was historically due to the proximity of their culture and dialects, as well as the unification of the tribes after their entry into Russia. This process ended at the end of the 17th and 18th centuries. The basis of the Buryat economy was cattle breeding, semi-nomadic among the western tribes and nomadic among the eastern tribes; Hunting and fishing played some role in the economy.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! :) I hope that the presentation did not seem boring and that everyone learned something new. Thanks for watching.

Chernova Tatyana Dmitrievna
Job title: teacher of Russian language and literature
Educational institution: MBOU secondary school No. 19
Locality: Rubtsovsk, Altai Territory
Name of material: research
Subject:"Holidays of the peoples of Siberia"
Publication date: 20.03.2017
Chapter: complete education

Municipal educational institution

Secondary school No. 19

School scientific and practical conference “School. The science. Intelligence"

Folk holidays of the Russian and indigenous peoples of Siberia.

Completed:

Tailakov Kirill, 8th grade

Supervisor:

Chernova T. D.,

Russian language teacher and

literature

Rubtsovsk

Introduction

Main part

Traditional holidays of the Russian and indigenous peoples of Siberia

Folk holidays of the indigenous people of Siberia

3. Conclusion

Practical part

Literature

Introduction

They say that now, over the last 20-25 years, Russia is losing its traditions, its

face, our identity, that we increasingly turn our gaze to

America or Europe. I strongly disagree with this. In my opinion,

people's interest in the history of the country and its cultural heritage has increased. AND

this is no accident.

According to the customs of grandfathers and great-grandfathers, a person’s life from birth to death was

inseparable from church holidays, from oral and poetic folk

creativity. Raising a child, introducing him to moral principles

society, to work was carried out through specific labor activity

and through folklore. They accompanied a person all his life.

It is here that the origins of the folk holidays celebrated in Rus' began.

time immemorial. Where did this or that holiday come from? What's his name

did you celebrate with us in Siberia? What national holidays are celebrated today and

Why? These are the questions I asked myself when starting this work.

Goal of the work: determine how and what holidays were celebrated in Rus', in

Siberia, which of them have survived to this day.

Job objectives:

Find out the reasons for the emergence of national holidays.

Find out how the most popular ones celebrated

We have holidays in Siberia.

Find out which national holidays are celebrated today.

Find out which national holidays are the most popular in our time

popular.

Find out why people nowadays celebrate folk

holidays.

Hypothesis: In recent years, people's interest in cultural

heritage of your country.

Object of study: culture and traditions of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.

Subject of study: folk holidays of Siberia.

Research methods: study of existing literature, analysis

received materials, interviewing, observation, conversations.

When and how did the holidays appear?

Everyone loves holidays: both adults and children. On days like these everyone congratulates each other

friend, they give gifts, something tasty appears on the table. And on the streets -

these are folk festivals, fireworks in the evening sky... We are used to

holiday is a time for relaxation and fun. It's hard to even imagine that once everything

it was different.

For many thousands of years, each holiday was dedicated to some

one of the gods who inhabited the world. How could it be otherwise - after all, gods were considered

masters of the world. There were many of them, they were everywhere, and people revered them. Ancient

The faith of the Slavs was called polytheism, or paganism. The most important and

The Sun became the favorite god. Holidays dedicated to it are associated with

seasons: Carols, Ivan Kupala, Christmas of the Sun, Christmastide, holidays

harvest, spring and autumn equinox, etc. on these days people sang

hymns to the Sun, glorifying the sunlight. Our ancestors thanked us from the bottom of their hearts

The sun for giving life to the whole world. Festive tables then

the time was also covered, but they were not as rich as they are now.

The main dish at the feast was kutia - ordinary boiled grain with

herbs and roots, whole, unground. And yet it was real

feast! After all, kutia is not a simple food, but a divine one. Firstly, boiled, firstly

secondly, they ate their fill that day. This is probably where the tradition came from

On the day of the holiday, set the tables and put all the best on them.

There was another holiday, especially revered by our pagan ancestors,

it has survived to this day, although it has undergone changes. This is Maslenitsa.

He coped during the spring equinox. People burned bonfires

rolled down the hills, and baked cakes on the stones - all these are symbols

the growing strength of the spring sun - Yarila. So our ancestors are happy

saw off the winter. The celebration lasted a whole week. At this time there were

feasts, fun games and skiing from the mountains. On the last day of the holiday they organized

burning of Maslenitsa - a large doll in a woman's dress. Her burning

symbolized the victory of the spring god Yarila over the terrible Mora-

Madder. The sun has driven away winter! After that, we welcomed spring, cleansing ourselves,

milk and yard, lit fires and, having broken willow branches, our ancestors, lashed

them to each other, saying: “Health to the house, health to the forest!” People

They believed in the magical power of the willow, which was the first to open buds in the spring. And then

The holiday associated with spring weddings was approaching - Krasnaya Gorka.

But the brightest holiday was considered the day of remembrance of deceased ancestors

- Radunitsa or Rodonitsa, named after one of the most ancient Slavic

gods - the Family that gave life to everything that is on earth. People in Radunitsa

went to the cemetery so that together with their departed relatives

rejoice at the long-awaited summer that is about to begin. Let the ancestors

in the next world it will be as sunny and clear as in this! Let them know that they

we haven't forgotten here.

On Radunitsa they brought food with them to the cemetery, the graves were decorated with branches

willows and birches and invited their ancestors to a treat. They were told about

what is happening in this world. When leaving, they left food on the grave, crumbled

food for the birds. They believed that the birds, having tasted the treats, would intercede in the next world

for the deceased before the gods. This tradition has survived to this day.

And about one more ancient holiday that has passed on to our days, I would like

mention - this is Kupala (later this holiday with the adoption of Christianity was

renamed, receiving the name of the biblical John the Baptist). In this

the short night the sun turns to winter: tomorrow a sunny day will begin

fall, the cuckoo will fall silent, the nightingale will stop singing - autumn is just around the corner. All

the evil spirits come out of their holes to celebrate the coming disaster

and the growing darkness. On bathing night they always walked around the fields,

charming them from damage. So the Slavs guarded the ripening evil spirits

of bread. However, this did not stop our ancestors from having fun from the heart: guys and

girls, wishing for the future, jumped over fires, danced in circles and,

Of course, we swam. Water, like fire, cleansed from evil spirits.

knew the signs. For example, if the night of Kupala is starry, then the year will be

mushroom, the dew that fell in the morning promised a good harvest of cucumbers.

This is how our ancestors lived on earth: they plowed, sowed, met and saw off

seasons, prayed to the gods - year after year, century after century, millennium after

millennium.

The third millennium is now underway, and during this time a great event has occurred,

from which the new time is counted. Jesus Christ was born on earth - a son

God, who was destined to save the whole world from evil, to teach people

love each other and forgive. This event was so important that everything in

the world has since been divided into two parts - before the Nativity of Christ and after.

From that moment on, people had a new true God, and with Him

a new life began. National holidays also received a new life.

Traditional holidays of the Russian and indigenous peoples of Siberia.

Christmas and Epiphany.

As we saw from the previous chapter, all national holidays in one way or another

associated with the religious ideas of the people. With the acceptance of Baptism on

Rus', new holidays appeared, and the old ones underwent changes and

got a new life.

In the 19th century, one of the most popular holidays among the people was New Year

(by the way, it appeared as a holiday only a little over 150 years ago). IN

New Year's Eve in the governor's house or in the building of the noble assembly

balls were held. They could be in costume, as in Tomsk or

It was and remains one of the new and most beloved holidays in Rus'

Christmas. In Soviet times, this and other holidays associated with the name and

the birth of Jesus Christ were not publicly celebrated, except in a narrow

family circle, and even then in believing families. These days were not holidays,

many of the young people born during the Soviet era knew little about

them. But after the New Year, on Christmas, before Epiphany, according to tradition, many

the girls wondered, trying to find out their fate, as they did in the old days.

The following fortune telling was especially popular: using a saucer and

magic circle summoned the spirit of a famous person, who

talked to fortune tellers (my mother told me about this), they also burned

paper and the outlines that appear on the wall after it burns,

guessed the future.

Currently, Christmas is a national holiday during which

services are held in churches, people attend services, tables are set at home,

receive guests. Among those we spoke with, all respondents

celebrate Christmas, everyone in their own way, but no one celebrates this holiday

misses. And in ancient times, at Christmas they cleaned the house and had a feast

mountain, because it was preceded by a forty-day fast, they eagerly awaited

nativity scene maker - the owner of a nativity scene puppet theater. The nativity scene looked like

a doll house with two or three floors, on the top tier of which

there was the sky, angels and a cave, and on the lower floor there was a palace and the throne of the king

Herod. Dolls made of wood or clay were mounted on rods so that they could be

was to move. The story of the birth of the Divine was played out in the den

A baby, and then scenes from life were shown.

We, in Western Siberia, had our own traditional rituals, for example,

On this day, children and teenagers walked around the city and “glorified Christ.” By

message, Sulotsky, who dealt with issues of traditional rituals

indigenous and Russian peoples of Siberia, “children of townspeople, retired soldiers and

poor commoners ran on Christmastide along the windowsill of the wealthy with a nativity scene, with

district committee and, for their humming and breaking, received nickels and hryvnias, and in some

half."

The great feast of Epiphany is celebrated with festive services,

illumination of holy water. This is a new holiday that appeared in Rus' from

acceptance of faith. It was forgotten during Soviet times, but I know that many

believers visited churches on this day, defended the services, but for

It wasn't a holiday for most people. Today even many

Non-believers visit the temple and take holy water from the church. What is it: tribute

traditions or still unconscious faith in God? It probably doesn't matter

the main thing is that after visiting the temple, all people become kinder,

more enlightened.

Maslenitsa and Easter

Spring is about to come, and with it the most important holiday of the year.

Orthodox Rus' - Easter, when Christ rises from the dead. Once upon a time-

The faith of our ancestors changed a long time ago, but Maslenitsa still remained. U

This holiday is the happiest of all folk holidays. Holidays

festivities were held even in Soviet times. On the central square

of any settlement, people gathered, sold pancakes, tea, pastries,

sweets, etc. In the middle of the square there was a pillar, at the very top of which

hung some kind of prize, the pole was slippery, move along it

it was difficult to climb up, but this did not stop the daredevils, and they stubbornly

strived upward for the prize. What was the joy of the winner,

taking a rooster or a chicken out of the bag!

Similar celebrations are still held today. In every district of my city

people gather in large squares to spend the winter and meet

In Siberia in the first half of the 19th century, Maslenitsa celebrations lasted throughout

week before Lent. A festival manager was appointed

who directed its entire course.

Riding down ice mountains and in sleighs is a characteristic feature of the celebration

Maslenitsa both in villages and in all cities of Western Siberia. In the villages

they built ice slides along or across the river, in cities -

usually in city squares. In some cities of Western Siberia

Maslenitsa skating had its own characteristics. In Tomsk and Tyumen, along with

Traditional horse riding also included racing, which

passed on the ice of the river. In Omsk, Maslenitsa skating was different

special feature: at the back of many carriages with young ladies stood

gentleman The “cavaliers” in the city were young officers who strived

thus show off your gallantry and valiant prowess. Both in cities and

mining settlements of Western Siberia until the mid-19th century

Maslenitsa skating was the same. We usually rode in sleighs, and

young people who had the means to do so preferred horse riding.

In Tobolsk on Maslenitsa we also went ice skating. Maslenitsa skating

have always been massive. For the “noble public” skiing from the mountains was at least

and pleasant fun, but far from the only means of festive

social pastime. In Omsk in the mid-19th century

“noble” rode from 12 o’clock, and were considered to stay after 2 o’clock in the afternoon

indecent. The common people did not know such restrictions and, on the contrary,

spent Maslenitsa skiing from the mountains on the last day of the holiday “almost until

midnight."

On Maslenitsa and on some other holidays in a number of Western cities

Fist fights took place in Siberia - Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tomsk. One of

residents of Tyumen noted that in the city “there is wrestling and fistfights

first pleasure." Fist fights were very popular.

The youngsters started the fist fight, then the adults entered, and finally -

even old people. Particularly valued was the participation of strong famous fighters,

who were invited from the area, having previously agreed on the conditions

speeches.

The fights took place with strict adherence to the established rules: fight

fists, avoid blows to the face, “do not hit someone who is lying down or fallen, and in general

fatal blows should be avoided and not allowed.” Injuries still occurred, and

many, as local residents recalled, “don’t go out for a week or two after

outside".

In the mid-19th century, representatives of various

strata of the urban population: townspeople, guild workers, merchants, as well as high school students

senior classes.

Another type of entertainment during Maslenitsa is wrestling. Usually in it

the entire male population of the village was drawn in, and sometimes several at once

villages “Usually wrestlers from the top end wrestle alternately with

fighters from the bottom end. But on major annual holidays usually

both ends unite to jointly fight against those who came from others

villages by fighters. Only two are fighting, the rest are

the curious surround the place of struggle with a thick living ring. fight

The little fighters always start. Each wrestler, entering the circle, must

be tied over the shoulder and around oneself with a girdle. The goal of the fight is

is to knock the opponent to the ground three times."

Maslenitsa was celebrated for a whole week, and every day was scheduled and

dedicated to a specific event, action, had its own meaning, name.

Maslenitsa always starts on Monday. And this day is called

Meeting(Monday)

For this day - the first day of Maslenitsa - common mountains, swings,

tables with sweet dishes. The children made a doll out of straw in the morning -

Maslenitsa - and they dressed it up.

On this day in the morning, children in the villages gathered together and walked from house to house

with songs. The housewives treated the children to pancakes. This continued until lunchtime, and

After lunch, everyone went to ride down the snowy mountains and sing songs:

Maslenitsa, Maslenitsa!

We boast about you

We ride in the mountains,

We'll overeat on pancakes!

The first day of skiing from the mountains was for children, adults joined

skiing only in the middle of the week. Skiing from the mountains was associated with a sign:

Flirting(Tuesday)

The second day, as a rule, was considered a day for newlyweds. A week or two

back in the villages weddings took place. Now these young families were invited

ride down the mountain. All married couples who recently had the whole village on

wedding, had to slide down the mountain. On that same day there was no

only skiing from the snowy mountains, but also continued serving pancakes during

all houses: these days young people were looking for brides, and girls

They looked furtively at their betrothed.

Gourmand(Wednesday)

On Wednesday, mothers-in-law invited their sons-in-law for pancakes. There is even an expression in

in Russian “to your mother-in-law for pancakes.” Young people on this day dressed as

it was at a wedding. On the same day, young unmarried guys and unmarried

girls rode down the mountains.

It's interesting that the guys who were unlucky this year and didn't

managed to get married, the whole village was making fun of them, coming up with all sorts of

“punishments”, from which young guys paid off with treats - pancakes and

sweets. But the most important event of this day was still the visit of my son-in-law -

“To my mother-in-law for pancakes.”

Take a walk ( Thursday)

This day was often called broad Thursday, revelry, turning point. On this day

The whole community gathered for the holiday. Famous fist fights were held

battles, capture of snowy towns. There are stories associated with this Maslenitsa day

paintings, for example, by Surikov and Kustodiev “The Capture of the Snow Town” and

"Maslenitsa". On this day, villagers often dressed up in different ways.

wanted. The Maslenitsa effigy itself was raised from straw up the mountain.

Mother-in-law's party(Friday)

On this day, it was the mother-in-law's turn to visit their son-in-law: pancakes were baked for the mother-in-law.

The son-in-law had to personally invite his mother-in-law in the evening. Mother-in-law,

invited by her son-in-law, she sent her son-in-law everything that pancakes were made from and with:

a tub for dough, a frying pan, and the father-in-law - a bag of flour and butter. This meeting

symbolized honoring the wife's family.

Sister-in-law's get-togethers\farewell(Saturday)

On this day, the young daughter-in-law invited her relatives to her place. As a rule, this

the same day, the dressed Maslenitsa - a stuffed animal made of straw - was carried on a stretcher until

end of the village, and there, with songs, they “buried”: a big fire was made and

Maslenitsa was burned in it. They had fun around the fire: they sang songs and danced.

This is how we said goodbye to Maslenitsa, both seriously and jokingly, because this cheerful

I had to wait a week for a whole year.

Forgiveness Sunday

On Sunday everyone remembered that Great Lent begins on Monday,

therefore, trying to cleanse themselves of everything sinful, people asked each other

friend's forgiveness and said to each other: “Please forgive me,

what am I guilty of before you?” On this day, all insults and insults are forgiven.

On Forgiveness Sunday, people went to the cemetery and left them on the graves

After Forgiveness Sunday, Lent began and ended

a great and joyful holiday - Easter, because on this day Christ came to life.

But before I tell you how people celebrate this holiday, I want

mention about Palm Sunday, about the holiday in honor of the resurrection of Lazarus

and the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem. It is interesting that this holiday was also remembered in

Soviet times: people bought willow branches, and it didn’t matter to them

whether they are illuminated or not (my teachers told me about this when I

asked them about the national holidays celebrated during their childhood and

youth). Now this tradition has been preserved, only willow branches are always

illuminated in the temple and placed in the house. By the way, everyone I talked to about this

holiday, they noted that willow branches last a very long time,

probably because they are lit in the church. After Palm Sunday

everyone has been waiting and today is waiting for Easter - the most joyful holiday for everyone

Christians, because on this day Jesus Christ rose from the dead. "Holiday

holidays” is called by the Orthodox. And I would say a holiday forgotten in

Soviet times and has found new life in the last 10-15 years. No neither

one person who would have missed Easter did not at least somehow celebrate it.

Usually they paint eggs, bake Easter cakes, and all this is illuminated in the church.

When meeting, people greet each other, saying: “Christ is risen!” and in

the answer they hear is: “Truly he is risen!” Many on the evening before Easter

go to the temple, where all night, like our ancestors many years ago,

defend a service called the all-night vigil. "Vigil" - from

verb “to watch”: to be attentive, not to sleep. Previously with my parents

children were also vigilant, now parents rarely take their children with them to church for

all-night vigil. In our city, not all churches perform the cross.

move on Easter, although in the old days it was mandatory. Ahead is a priest with

cross, and behind it children and adults with lit candles went out into the street

and with prayers and singing psalms they walked around the temple area, because the Son of God

born of light and brought light to people. This is how people confirmed their loyalty

To Christ the Light: thousands of lights were lit throughout Rus' during Easter spring

at night. Not all of us follow this tradition today. We do not comply either

another rule: after church, after the all-night vigil, sit down to

a festive table, a rich table, and then go to folk festivities.

Not all of us light Easter candles on Easter cakes, although every home has

this is a treat. The Easter cakes were used to judge what the future would be like: success for the hostess

Easter cake - everything will be fine, if the crust is cracked - a misfortune will happen. We

We don’t believe in this sign, but believers really believe in it, and they also have traditions.

observe everything and do everything as it should be, as our ancestors did in

antiquity. With Easter begins the Easter week, which passed as one

a great joyful day, because renewal begins with Great Easter,

the salvation of the world and man, the triumph of life over death. Today, like

Previously, Easter, along with Christmas, is one of the most favorite holidays

us in the country.

Radunitsa and Trinity

We have already talked about the ancient holiday Rodonitsa or Radunitsa, remembering

pagan holidays. This is the day of remembrance of the dead. In the new history this

The day is better known as Parents' Day. On the eve of it, people go to

the graves of relatives and loved ones, introduce them, put things in order after the winter,

and on Parents’ Day itself they come to remember the dead and bring food

(usually these are cookies, pastries, sweets, scattered millet for birds; many

they don’t even know why they need to scatter millet or grain, but that’s the tradition),

Flowers, both real and artificial, decorate graves with them. Exists

the tradition of leaving the gates of the fence open on graves. To me

they said that this is a symbol of the fact that one can visit the dead

anyone, thereby remembering the deceased. Work on this day at the cemetery

you can’t: this day is holy - a day of remembrance. I haven't found it anywhere in the literature

information that this holiday appeared in modern times, but

talking with people, I learned that this day is revered by everyone, is

holy to all people. This is how the pagan holiday was preserved and entered into life

modern people. I think it is very significant to remember our

ancestors is very important and necessary so as not to forget your roots, your

ancestors Parents' Day is celebrated on the eve of another bright day

holiday - Trinity.

On Trinity Day everything is green, and greenery is renewal, so everything

went to church with flowers, herbs and branches. The illuminated plants were carried

into the house and laid out in different places. The branches were believed to protect the house

from fires, people believed: Trinity greens can cure a person.

After the service they hurried to the birches. It was believed that on Trinity in the branches of a birch

the souls of deceased relatives settled in. Birch is a friend, godfather, and under her

You can make a wish with branches on Trinity Day. All year round throughout Russia

it was forbidden to break this sacred tree, except for Trinity Day, when the birch

cut down, decorated with ribbons, beads, dressed in peasant dress and

They walked around the huts and fields with her so that she would transfer her strength to them. They were guessing

girls on birch wreaths, all songs on Trinity are about birch. Modern

The holiday of Trinity is another day of remembrance of the dead. As well as in

Parents' Day people visit the graves of relatives, until this day

they clean them up, decorate them with flowers, and plant fresh flowers. We see that

this holiday today has lost its original content, but remains as

bright day of remembrance.

Three Spas.

There were three Spas in Rus' - three holidays dedicated to the Savior Jesus

Christ, and they walked one after another: the first Spas is Honey, the second is

Apple, third – Nut. On the first Savior they picked raspberries,

bird cherry, rye, rye, like honey. This Spas was also called “wet” weather

began to deteriorate, the horses were bathed for the last time at this time, because... water

became cold. Autumn was starting to take over. To the third Savior

The nuts were ripe. This one was also a grain saver: the harvest was already over, the housewives

They baked pies, bread, and buns from freshly ground flour for the holiday.

The most popular, of course, is Apple Spas. We were looking forward to it

especially children, because until this day you cannot pick apples and eat them. IN

Apple Spas collected the most beautiful apples. And also peas, potatoes,

turnips, rye and carried them to the church for lighting. Blessed Products

were stored separately from the rest, and the rye was left for seeds. Apple Spas

- “autumn”, the first meeting of autumn: as is the Apple Savior, so is January.

The holiday ended with “seeing off the sunset.” In the evening everyone went out into the field and

we saw off the sun with songs.

Nowadays, Apple Savior, of course, is not a great holiday, but

can be collected, and in September-October they celebrate “autumn”. Usually

"Autumn" is a holiday in children's educational institutions, and in the countryside

- a harvest festival that is widely celebrated by grain growers.

Folk holidays of the indigenous people of Siberia

Remembering the folk holidays of Siberia, we cannot pass by

holidays of the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia - the Shors, Altaians. Their cultural

the heritage is very rich and interesting and is closely connected, like ours, Russian, with

history of religion. For a long time, the cultural traditions of the Shors and Altaians

were in oblivion, few people knew about them, and certainly no one

celebrated. Recently, the situation has changed dramatically: Shor

and Altai communities, centers of folk culture, which are engaged in

propaganda of the cultural heritage of these wonderful, but, unfortunately,

now small peoples. The task of people living in Siberia is to revive

The most popular Shor holiday is Shachig. It's ritualistic -

ritual actions performed actions performed in spring and autumn

at the sacred places of the Shor people. Sacrifices are performed;

thus: people thank the spirits they worship.

A national stew is being prepared, which is served to all those present.

People say goodbye to spirits in the fall, festivities take place, songs are sung,

a theatrical show is staged with the participation of a shaman (so the organizers

reproduce what was obligatory during pagan times). In the spring,

on the contrary, they meet spirits, ask them for help in the upcoming work,

rich harvest, etc. Bonfires are lit, colorful

ribbons, among them there is a black one, it must be burned in a fire, everything goes with it

bad (black forces).

Another famous Shor holiday is Payram: copes after

completion of spring field work in June, during

Various types of competitions are held: kuresh - wrestling, horse racing,

archery, etc. Today it takes place in the form of a theatrical

actions, here are performances of Shor amateur groups,

fairs and exhibitions.

The territory of the Altai Republic is rich in historical and cultural monuments,

has a unique heritage of material and spiritual culture,

expressed in the ancient customs and rituals of the local population.

There are tens of thousands of archaeological and ethnographic

monuments. The peoples inhabiting the republic have a rich

folklore heritage.

The holidays of the peoples of the Republic are a fascinating spectacle

Altai, such as interregional national holiday El-Oyyn, which

has been carried out in different regions of the republic since 1988, Chaga Bayram,

Dilgayak and many others.

Traditional holidays of the Altai people are subject to the annual economic

cycle. The unit of time consists of two large cycles:

cold and warm.

In calendar holidays, ritual ones were considered the most significant

holidays that marked the beginning and end of the season. So, at the beginning of summer, during

new moon, the obligatory ritual was “diazhyl byur” - “green foliage”, and

also - “blessing to Altai.” In the autumn period, the ritual of “sirs” was performed

bur" - "yellow foliage". It, as at the beginning of summer, was carried out with the goal

gaining favor with the spirit of Altai, on which the well-being and

good luck during the winter period.

The New Year is celebrated according to the lunar calendar - “Chaga Bayram”. Here also

The ritual “blessing of Altai” is performed. People rejoice at the arrival of the ambulance

spring, a new cycle of the calendar year. It is believed that it is especially important

the arrival of the year for those who turn 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 years old.

At folk festivals held in the Altai Republic, each district

presents his talents, advantages, characteristics.

The traditional national holiday of the Oirot-Altaians with the participation of all

peoples and folklore groups living in Altai is a holiday "El-

Oyyn", that is, a “national holiday.”

Thousands of people rush to the mountains in the summer to plunge into the elements together

folk fun. Not only Altai residents gather for the holiday,

delegations come from Mongolia, Tuva, Khakassia, and Kazakhstan. Each

The delegation sets up its own yurt or tent camp. "El-Oyyn" -

These are performances by multilingual folklore groups of all dialects of the people.

Wonderful theatrical performances that tell the story of the past

Altaians (about the heroes of legends, myths, epics), the color of national

costumes and ensembles of yurts and villages lined up in rows produce

indelible impression.

"El-Oyyn" is not only a folklore, but also a sports festival.

Athletes compete in 9 sports. This is kuresh - national

wrestling, tent - Altai checkers, kamchi - beating out wooden ones with a whip

babok, kodurge kesh - lifting a stone, as well as juggling with legs

a piece of lead wrapped in goatskin (tebek), inspection of horse harness and

saddlery products (malchi mergen). But the most beautiful sight on these

holidays are, of course, equestrian sports. National Rodeo

"Emdik Uredish" is not only a sport, but also a risk.

The final performance of equestrian athletes on the most enduring and

fleet-footed horses - argymak can be called the culmination

sports festival, where the winner will receive a valuable prize - a car.

In addition, costume competitions are organized at the festival.

processions, exhibition-fair of handicrafts, national competition

suit. One of the main requirements of the festival organizers is

mandatory presence of the national costume of one’s people.

Tyuryuk-Bairam - El-Oyin's younger brother

Tyuryuk-Bairam - “festival of cedar”. One of the most revered trees in

Altai - Kedr. Tyuryuk Bayram is a typical holiday of the taiga people,

who revere nature, it takes its origins from the times when the ancestors

paid tribute and praised the cedar-breadwinner, at the level of intuition and

practices perceiving natural patterns. Cedars produce a lot of nuts

– if the year was fruitful, which means the squirrel, sable, capercaillie will breed,

hazel grouse, rodents will put on fat and give birth to offspring - and therefore the fox will be a wolf,

the bears will be well-fed and numerous. So, the hunter has somewhere

take a walk.

Tyuryuk Bayram was timed to coincide with the beginning of the pine nut harvest and was held

at the end of August - beginning of September. Collecting pine cones is a big deal, which means

big celebration. Before going to the harsh taiga, they arranged a rich

a feast where on the tables there was meat, and kurut - milk cheese, and chegen, and ayran, and

airaka - Altai vodka. A mandatory element of the “program” was

Cedar climbing - who will get to the top faster? If anyone thinks that

it's simple - come to Altai and try it! They also arranged

competitions in knocking down cones and marksmanship. In the evening we lit

a big bonfire in honor of the cedar, they sang and danced before the big work. Long

Since 2000, the festival of veneration of cedar has not been held on the initiative of

five communities of indigenous peoples - Tubalars,

Kumandins, Chelkans, Telengits and Teleuts, it is celebrated again. Now

Turyuk Bayram is held every two years, but not in the fall, but in early summer -

to attract more guests and participants.

Chaga Bayram

"Chaga Bayram" translated means "White Holiday". It's long forgotten

holiday. For the first time it was held in the remote high-mountain Chui steppe,

since it was the Chuis who preserved the Lamaist ritual of welcoming the New Year.

This holiday is celebrated together with the Mongols, Tuvans, Buryats,

Kalmyks, peoples of Tibet and India.

The holiday begins with the beginning of the new moon in late February - early March.

From early morning, the ritual of worshiping the Sun and Altai is performed. On

treats made from dairy products are presented at a special tagyl altar,

kira ribbons are tied, a fire is lit and all this is accompanied by

good wishes. Usually the ritual is performed by men who adhere to

New Year's fast with reading sutras, etc.

After the ritual is performed, the celebration itself begins -

people gather, all kinds of cultural and sports events are organized

Events. They ride down the mountain on sleds and on cattle skins, etc.

Dilgayak

The pagan holiday Dyylgayak is the same as Russian Maslenitsa

people. Although many peoples adopted Christianity, this holiday

symbolizing paganism still remains and is celebrated. On this day

people gather on the street. Straw and other effigies are burned -

symbolism of the passing year. Entertainment events are organized in

clownish robes. There is a comprehensive fair and fun

attractions with chants.

Diazhil Bur

Traditionally, the Diazhyl Bur holiday takes place at a sacred place,

located in the Kosh-Agach district between the villages of Ortolyk and Kosh-Agach.

According to customs, the number 12 has a sacred meaning. National

The festival includes both a cultural part and sports competitions -

horse racing, national wrestling Altai-Kuresh. According to custom, it is a holiday

will begin with the first rays of the sun, with the sacred rite of worship of Altai

and the heavenly body. Refreshments will be presented at a special altar

from milk, after which the holiday program will begin.

Kurultai of storytellers

Storytelling through throat singing (kai) is an ancient genre

oral folk art not only of the Turkic peoples of Central

Asia, but it is also present in the cultural heritage of many Indian

European, Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as indigenous peoples

Central America. This unique type of creativity brought to our

days of myth-making traditions, methods of transmission from generation to generation

national spiritual and moral values ​​of the peoples of the world.

The unique texts of legends contain genetic, social,

moral, spiritual traditions of the development of nations. Conservation and development

this original, unique type of creativity is the most important task

modern cultural community, setting itself the goal -

preservation of intangible cultural values ​​of humanity.

People with the gift take part in the kurultai of storytellers

throat singing. They are otherwise called kaichi. They perform

heroic tales about the glorious deeds of heroes of the past in a unique way

throat sound - kai to the accompaniment of topshur - two-string

musical instrument. This type of singing represents a low throat

recitative requiring great vocal skill.

Since ancient times, storytellers have enjoyed great love and respect from the people and

were rightfully considered the guardians of folk wisdom.

From time immemorial, their tales glorified the beauty and generosity of their native land,

dreams and aspirations of a common man, kindness, love of life rose,

justice. The common man fought and defeated his enemy with strength,

intelligence and ingenuity. Nature itself helped the hero overcome obstacles:

mountains, forests, rivers. Together with the narrator we worried, cried and rejoiced

listeners.

It is said that even shamans who possessed skill through singing and

performing various rhythms on tambourines has an emotional impact on

superstitious masses, preferred not to conduct their religious mysteries in

those valleys and villages where the storytellers were located. Shamans were afraid to join

in dispute with the great power of their art.

Conclusion

In the course of my work, I found out that many modern holidays appeared

long before the adoption of the Nativity of Christ, many received their lives

only after this significant event. Almost all folk

holidays are associated with the name of Christ, with faith in the Almighty. I found out that in

During Soviet times, these holidays were not state holidays, for example:

Christmas, Easter, Epiphany, Trinity, although many people celebrated them,

True, you had to hide the fact that you believe in God. I think that

it was precisely the fact that people did not abandon faith, from God, that made it possible to preserve

folk culture, folk traditions. It is thanks to this that we

Today we not only know the holidays of our ancestors, but we also know what

preserved the heritage of our ancestors, today we were able to return again to faith in

God, and we can celebrate those holidays that our grandfathers and great-grandfathers honored.

I also found out why people celebrate holidays that came to us from

of the past. For many this is a spiritual need, reverence

memory of the past, cultural heritage. But without a past you can never

will be real.

A big discovery for me was getting to know the cultural heritage

indigenous inhabitants of Siberia - Shors, Altaians. I took a new look at

representatives of these nationalities, learned what a rich culture these

people, realized that they can be proud of their past. For me this is very

important, because I also live in Siberia. Respect and know the indigenous past

population is very important. I am pleased to note that together with the Shors and

Altai people celebrate their national holidays and Russians living in

neighbors who respect the traditions of these peoples of Siberia and help

revive their culture.

Thus, I can say with confidence that the hypothesis put forward

me at the beginning of the work that the people’s interest in cultural heritage

the past is growing, it turned out to be true. This is evidenced by the results

survey conducted during the work.

Practical part

Studying the history of folk holidays in Siberia, we conducted a survey with the aim of

find out which ones are the most popular today. Also we

wanted to find out why and how people cope with them. Respondents were asked

next questions:

What national holidays do you know?

What national holidays are celebrated in your family?

Why do you celebrate national holidays:

tribute to tradition;

spiritual need;

another opportunity for everyone to get together and have fun.

How do you celebrate national holidays?

Do you need to know folk traditions?

During the survey, we found out that many folk holidays are known

people are celebrated by them in compliance with ancient traditions. For many it is

has become a spiritual need, because believe that cultural heritage is

an integral part of modern life, it helps to educate

the younger generation makes people better, cleaner, more spiritual.

At our school, students in grades 5-6 traditionally go to the Children's Room in November

library for the Autumn holiday. This is how we say goodbye to autumn and welcome

winter. In the fall, the “Harvest” festival is held in primary schools. My

classmates either underwent the baptism ceremony or observed it.

And before Easter, participants in the fine arts circle with their

the leader paints Easter eggs, although they are wooden, but

they paint them in different styles: in the style of Gzhel, Khokhloma, Palekh, etc.,

They also make a Russian toy - matryoshka. This is how we study and preserve

folk crafts, traditions. I think this is very important, because this is how we

getting to know the culture of our people.

Survey results

Question No. 1: what national holidays do you know?

Maslenitsa

New Year

Ivan Kupalo

Christmas

Question No. 2: what national holidays are celebrated in your family?

New Year

Ivan Kupalo

Maslenitsa

Christmas

Question No. 3: why do you celebrate national holidays:

tribute to tradition;

spiritual need;

another opportunity to get everyone together and

have some fun?

Column1

Tribute to Tra-

Spiritual

need

Opportunity

have fun

Question No. 4: how do you celebrate national holidays?

Gerashchenko N.V., deputy BP Director: We set the table for Easter,

We definitely bake Easter cakes, paint eggs. At Epiphany we illuminate the water in

church, we guess, all the relatives are gathering. I never work for Trinity

on the earth and with the earth. I remember the dead.

Kochkina V.P., school worker: on Palm Sunday we buy willows

and we illuminate them in the temple. During Apple Spas we distribute apples from

own garden to acquaintances, friends, neighbors.

Chernova T. D. class teacher of the 10th grade: to Radonitsa - parent

Saturday - I distribute cookies and candies to children, we remember the dead, I go to

cemetery.

During Christmas time we tell fortunes. On Easter I go to church for the solemn liturgy.

Obraztsova M., 10th grade student: We set the festive table for Christmas

and invite guests and treat them to sweets. For Easter we paint eggs and bake sweets.

Myakishev D., 11th grade student: on the night before Christmas we tell fortunes. For Easter

the whole family paints eggs, prepares a festive table, bakes for Maslenitsa

pancakes, be sure to put sour cream, honey, and jam on the table.

Baeva A., 11th grade student: We celebrate Maslenitsa at my grandmother’s place, she cooks

festive table, baking pancakes. On Easter morning we gather as a family at

festive table, “beat” eggs, eat a festive pie.

Nikiforenko D., 10th grade student: at Epiphany in the temple we consecrate the water,

then we wash ourselves with it, washing away all our sins.

Question No. 5: is it necessary to know folk traditions?

Column1

Necessarily

Didn't think about it

Everyone's business

Literature

Rusakova L.M., Minenko N.A. Traditional rituals and art

Russian and indigenous peoples of Siberia. Novosibirsk, "Science", Sibirskoe

department, 1987

Mezhieva M. Holidays of Rus'. Moscow, “White City”, 2008.

Bardina P.E. Life of Russian Siberians of the Tomsk Territory. Tomsk, publishing house

Tomsk University, 1995

Minenko N.Ya. Folklore in the life of a West Siberian village in the 18th-19th centuries.

"Soviet ethnography", 1983.

Bardina P.E. Once upon a time. Folklore and rituals of Siberians. Publishing house

Tomsk University, 1997

Thus, the colonization of Siberia in the 17th – early 18th centuries. is predominantly agricultural. Moreover, its successes are inextricably linked with the development of agriculture. The Russian people, possessing vast agricultural experience, were able to adapt it to Siberia and create a new agriculture, higher in its level.

During the 17th century, two trends emerged in Siberia: the first, in the western and central Siberian regions, tended towards the establishment of a three-field system, the second, in the eastern region, towards a two-field system. The introduction of fallow and fallow systems into agriculture with the beginnings of a three-field system meant a qualitative leap in the development of the productive forces of Siberian arable farming. With the arrival of the Russians, agricultural crops typical of the central and northern parts of the Russian state were established in Siberia. These are, first of all, rye and oats. These crops were the only ones cultivated on the sovereign's tithe arable land. On sobean plows, the composition of crops was wider. Here, along with rye and oats, there is wheat, barley, spelt, egg, peas, millet and buckwheat. But even on soybean arable lands, rye, oats and barley remained the dominant crops.

In the 17th century sowing of industrial crops begins to be introduced. In 1668, by order of P.I. Godunov, sowing of hemp for the sovereign was introduced in Siberia. In addition to plowing the sow, peasants were given space for vegetable gardens.

The allotment of vegetable gardens was carried out simultaneously with the entire land management of the peasant, for example, in 1701, on April 16, “he was given at the Tushamskaya povost for a yard and a vegetable garden from empty parts of the land against his brothers the workers.” There are three equivalent names for a vegetable garden - “vegetable gardens”, “vegetable gardens”, “vegetable” gardens. All vegetable gardens had a consumer purpose. There is absolutely no information about the procurement and sale of vegetables, and their prices. The state did not tax the peasants on any vegetable supplies. Mainly cabbage was cultivated in the gardens. Other vegetables were less common. This can be determined based on the herb claims. “There are a lot of garden vegetables, both in the city of Ilimsk and in the district: cabbage, carrots, beets, carrots, turnips, onions, garlic, cucumbers, pumpkin, beans, peas. And there are no more vegetables.”

For the entire period from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th centuries. Cultivated fields appeared in 17 out of 20 Siberian districts. By the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. centers of agriculture existed almost all the way from Verkhoturye to Yakutsk. The size and importance of these areas decreased as they moved away from the European part of the country - the further the area was, the less agricultural population it had and, accordingly, cultivable land. However, over time, there was an increase in the peasant population and cultivated lands with a gradual movement to the south to more favorable soil and climatic conditions. The first in importance was the Verkhoturye-Tobolsk region, the second was the Yenisei region. The areas with poor development of arable farming were the Tomsk, Kuznetsk and Lensky districts.

Thus, the development of Siberian agriculture in the 17th – early 18th centuries. characterized by obvious territorial unevenness. Some counties did not know agriculture, others took the first steps towards its development. Verkhoturye-Tobolsk and Yenisei regions in the 17th century. became the breadbaskets of Siberia and supplied other regions with surplus grain.

The uneven development of agriculture led to the formation of areas with marketable grain and areas without it. This, in turn, led to the formation of areas in need of grain subsidies and, accordingly, high grain prices and areas more or less self-sufficient in bread. The significant distance between the regions made intra-Siberian deliveries of grain difficult. Therefore, in Siberia, the purchase of grain by resellers with further resale to low-grain and grain-free regions developed.

By the 18th century Grain production in the grain-producing regions reached such a level that the population of the entire Siberia, developed by the Russian population, was satisfactorily supplied with bread, and supplies from European Russia were practically not required.

2. Clothing and material culture

In Western Siberia, the rational basis of Russian folk costume has been preserved. The clothes of peasants included 74 (66.0%) elements traditional for rural residents of Russia. The sundress complex with corresponding women's headdresses, the composition and method of wearing which was similar to those established in the European part of the country, played a leading role in the wardrobe of Western Siberian peasant women. The men's suit, its main elements - shirt and ports, outer fabric (zipun, armyak, shabur) and fur clothing (fur coat, sheepskin coat, sheepskin coat) were the same as throughout the entire territory inhabited by Russians. The Old Believers used the most ancient types of clothing in origin - epanechka, kuntysh, odnoryadka, ponitok, high men's hat, ubrus, pistons, which fell out of use in other regions of the country.

In the material culture of the Russian population of Western Siberia of the feudal period, some specific traditions of the places where settlers left were preserved. At the end of the 17th century. In the areas of initial development of the region, the inventories of peasants' property recorded the most ancient in origin, known in the Russian North, boxes, boxes for storing things. The names and structure demonstrate the genetic connection of “fixed” furniture (benches, beds, stands) in the dwellings of the population of Western Siberia and the Russian North. The diversity in the designation of objects with the same functions (towel - northern, towel - Tver, rukotert - Novgorod, Ryazan dialects) in the counties of the forest-steppe zone also speaks of the preservation of the traditions of the places where settlers left. In the old-timer villages in Altai, the “hut huts” that belonged to former residents of Southern Russia stood out, the walls of which were covered with clay and whitewashed on the outside and inside. Altai Old Believers painted and painted walls, ceilings and furniture in bright colors out of habit.

The wardrobe of West Siberian peasant women included 12 costume elements that had local existence in European Russia. The northern Russian complex includes dubas, navershnik, verkhnik, shamshura, cap; to Western Russian - andarak skirt, basting, sublingon; to the South Russian - cufflinks, half-shells. The bib was a characteristic detail of the outfit of the Ryazan settlers. The types of men's outerwear that spread in Western Siberia: azyam, chekmen, chapan - existed, respectively, in the northeast, eastern and southeastern provinces of Russia. The identified local forms of clothing confirm the preservation of the traditions of the places where settlers left in new conditions. This was due both to the functional correspondence of the previously used clothing, and to the desire to record the memory of the homeland in some iconic elements of women's costume. In general, the maintenance of Russian traditions in the material culture of peasants living in Western Siberia was facilitated by the creation of agricultural farming on this, as well as on the original, territory, the influx of immigrants from Russia, the development of trade relations and crafts, and the peculiarities of popular consciousness.

A significant factor determining the development of the material culture of the West Siberian peasantry was urban influence. Its origins are connected with the processes of initial settlement and development of the region. In the 17th century Agriculture was a primary and necessary element of the socio-economic structure of the Siberian city. Townspeople-farmers (servicemen, townspeople, peasants) became the founders and residents of the surrounding villages.

3. Construction

3.1 Home

The following observations testify to the commonality of cultural development in the territories inhabited by Russians at different times. In the 17th century in Siberia, methods of wooden architecture characteristic of most of the state were used: constructing the foundations of houses “on chairs,” stilts, racks, and stones; technique of fastening logs into quadrangular log houses in “corners”, “in the oblo”; gable, male and rafter roof structures3. All types and options for horizontal and vertical housing layouts, known in the European part of the country at the time of the resettlement of peasants beyond the Urals, depending on natural and climatic conditions and migration processes, were embodied in the West Siberian region.

In the early years, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, where there was a shortage of building materials, new peasants built only huts. Over time, the share of buildings of the two-part type reached 48%. Houses with a three-part layout in the steppe and forest-steppe regions accounted for 19–65%.

The assigned peasants preferred the “hut – canopy – cage” option. The local administration contributed to its preservation. There were very few multi-chamber buildings, including several living quarters and a canopy, in all regions of Western Siberia - up to 3%. They were owned by families with a complex generational structure, trading peasants, rural priests and townspeople.

The planning structures corresponded to the property qualifications of the peasantry: the poor had single-chamber and two-part dwellings, the rich had multi-part dwellings and depended on the population of the rural yard: families of 10 people. and more had houses of a three-part type with the option “two huts, a canopy.”

SIBERIA. This is a historical and geographical area within the Asian part of Russia, which was inhabited in the Stone Age. It was first mentioned in the “Secret History of the Mongols”, which talks about “forest peoples”, incl. Shibir people. From the 16th century Russian explorers are flocking to Siberia, rapidly exploring the harsh unexplored regions. The systematic scientific study of Siberia began in 1696 by a decree of Peter I, who ordered the son of Tobolsk boyar Semyon Remezov to compile a geographical atlas of Siberia.

In terms of nature, Western Siberia and Eastern Siberia stand out. Eastern Siberia occupies the territory from the Yenisei to the ridges of the Pacific watershed. The climate is mostly harsh, sharply continental. Temperatures in January can drop to -30°, -40°C.

SIBERIANS. Historically, the ethnic population of Siberia is mixed. The indigenous people call themselves Siberians. Life among the harsh nature left its mark on them. “What frightens others in Siberia is not only familiar to us (native Siberians), but also necessary; It’s easier for us to breathe if it’s frosty in winter, not dripping; we feel peace, not fear, in the untouched, wild taiga; immeasurable expanses and mighty rivers have shaped our free, restive soul” (V. Rasputin). A distinctive feature of Siberians is their peacefulness, honesty, goodwill and hospitality. According to the law of the taiga, they are always ready to help. Most Siberians, especially hunters and fishermen, have greater stamina and disease resistance than their European compatriots. Siberians also distinguished themselves in the historical battle of Moscow in the Great Patriotic War, showing examples of courage and heroism on the battlefields. Paul Carell in “The History of the German Defeat in the East” considers one of the reasons for the defeat of the Germans near Moscow to be the entry of Siberian divisions into the battle.

SIBERIAN CUSTOMS. The customs and traditions of the local population are rooted in the cultural heritage of ancient peoples who in the past inhabited the territory of modern Baikal region. Some of the customs are, in fact, echoes of ancient shamanic and Buddhist rituals, the religious content and purpose of which were lost over time, but certain ritual actions are observed and still exist among the local population. Many beliefs and prohibitions have common roots of Central Asian origin, and therefore are the same among the Mongols and Buryats. These include the developed cult of obo, the cult of mountains, and the worship of the Eternal Blue Sky (Huhe Munhe Tengri). Heaven, according to the Mongols, sees all the actions and thoughts of a person who can never hide from heavenly justice: that is why the Mongols, feeling right, exclaimed: “Heaven, you be the judge.” You must stop near the obo and respectfully present gifts to the spirits. If you don’t stop at the obo and don’t make a sacrifice, there will be no luck. According to Buryat belief, every mountain and valley has its own spirit. A person without spirits is nothing. It is necessary to appease the spirits that are everywhere so that they do not harm and provide assistance. The Buryats have a custom of “sprinkling” the spirits of the area. As a rule, before drinking alcohol, drop a little drop of alcohol onto the table from a glass or with one finger, usually the ring finger, lightly touch the alcohol and splash upwards. Accept that you will have to stop and “splash” alcohol in the most unexpected places during your trip.

Among the main traditions is the sacred veneration of nature. You can't harm nature. Catching or killing young birds. Cut down young trees near springs. No need to pick plants and flowers. You cannot throw garbage or spit into the sacred waters of Lake Baikal. Leave behind traces of your presence, such as overturned turf, debris, or an unextinguished fire. You cannot wash dirty clothes near the Arshan water source. You cannot break, dig up, touch the serge - hitching post, or light a fire nearby. One should not desecrate a sacred place with bad actions, thoughts or words. You can't shout loudly or get too drunk.

Particular respect must be shown to elders. You can't offend old people. Offending elders is the same sin as depriving a living creature of life.

The respectful attitude towards the fire of one's hearth has been preserved from ancient customs. Fire is credited with a magical cleansing effect. Purification by fire was considered a necessary ritual so that guests would not cause or cause any harm. There is a known case from history when the Mongols mercilessly executed Russian ambassadors only for refusing to pass between two fires in front of the khan’s headquarters. Purification by fire is still widely used today in Siberian shamanic practices. You must not thrust a knife into the fire, or touch the fire in any way with a knife or sharp object, or remove meat from the cauldron with a knife. It is considered a great sin to splash milk on the hearth fire. Do not throw garbage or rags into the fire. It is forbidden to give fire from the hearth to another house or yurt.

There are certain rules when visiting Buryat yurts. When entering, you cannot step on the threshold of the yurt - this is considered impolite. In the old days, a guest who deliberately stepped on the threshold was considered an enemy, announcing his evil intentions to the owner. Weapons and luggage, as a sign of your good intentions, must be left outside. You cannot enter the yurt with any burden. It is believed that the person who did this has the bad inclinations of a thief, a robber. The northern half of the yurt is more honorable; guests are received here. You cannot sit down without permission, without an invitation, on the northern, honorary side. The eastern half of the yurt (usually to the right of the door, the entrance of the yurt is always facing south) is for women, the western half (usually to the left of the door) is for men. This division continues to this day.

The local population is hospitable and always treats its guests. When coming into a house or visiting, it is customary to take off your shoes at the threshold. Usually a table is set for guests with hot dishes, a variety of pickles and snacks. Vodka will definitely be present on the table. During the feast, guests do not have the right to change their places. You can’t leave without trying the hosts’ treats. When bringing tea to a guest, the hostess hands the bowl with both hands as a sign of respect. The guest must also accept it with both hands - by doing this he shows respect for the house. In Mongolia and Buryatia there is a custom of the right hand. During the greeting ceremony, the bowl is passed only with the right hand. And naturally, you need to accept any offering with your right hand or both hands.

To emphasize special respect, as a sign of greeting, the guest is presented with two hands folded with palms, as in a Buddhist bow; shaking hands in this case is also done with both hands simultaneously.

When visiting Buddhist datsans, you need to move clockwise inside the temple and before visiting, walk around the temple area in the direction of the sun, rotating all the prayer wheels. You cannot go into the center of the temple during services and take photographs without permission. Inside the temple, you should avoid moving and fussy actions, and talk loudly. You cannot enter the temple in shorts.

At tailagans, or shamanic rituals, one should not try to touch shamanic clothing, a tambourine, and especially not to put on any of the shamanic attributes on oneself in order to take a photo. Even a shaman will rarely put on something belonging to someone else’s shaman, and if he does so, it is only after an appropriate cleansing ritual. There is a belief that certain objects, especially those associated with magic, carry a certain amount of power. It is strictly forbidden for an ordinary person to say shamanic prayers (durdalga) out loud for entertainment.

SIBERIAN BATH. From the “Tale of Bygone Years” (XII century): “I saw an amazing thing in the Slavic land on my way here. I saw wooden bathhouses, and they would burn them red hot, and they would undress, and they would be naked, and they would douse themselves with leather kvass, and they would lift young rods on themselves, and they would beat themselves, and they would finish themselves off so badly that they would barely come out alive and douse themselves with cold water, and this is the only way they will come to life. And they do this every day, not tormented by anyone, but torment themselves, and then they perform ablution for themselves, and not torment.”

The Baikal bathhouse on the shore of the lake is a must-have exotic attribute for visitors to Lake Baikal. Many are tempted by the opportunity to plunge into the clear, icy water of the lake, running straight out of the steam room. Where else in the world do baths have such a huge natural pool! Particularly strong impressions remain from swimming after a steam room in an ice hole in winter. Most of the existing bathhouses on the coast are heated in white, but in the old days many of them were heated in black, i.e. the smoke remained inside the bathhouse, saturating the air with heat and smell.

If you go to a bathhouse with Siberians, get ready for intense heat, a steam room with a birch broom and mandatory periodic swimming in ice water or snow.

SIBERIAN CUISINE. For a long time, the local population fed on the gifts of the taiga and the lake. The prepared dishes did not differ in variety, but were nutritious and practical. Hunters and fishermen know many exotic recipes for cooking over a fire, using hot stones and coals. The obtained meat and fish were smoked, dried and salted for future use. They made supplies for the winter from berries and mushrooms. The combination of fish, game and taiga seasonings distinguish the Siberian table from European cuisine. These differences are more pronounced when eating on the shores of Lake Baikal, but some dishes can also be tried in a restaurant.

The local highlight is lightly salted Baikal omul, the fame of its delicate taste is known far beyond the borders of Siberia. There are different ways of salting it, gutted and ungutted, depending on the cooking recipe and the time that has passed since the day of salting, the taste of the fish changes greatly. Freshly salted omul is so tender that even those who usually avoid fish eat several tails of it at a time. Among gourmets it is valued as an ideal snack for chilled vodka.

Many tourists try to take Baikal omul as gifts for their family and friends. For transportation, it is recommended to buy cold-smoked omul and pack it in paper, not in plastic bags, so as not to suffocate.

Siberian dumplings and Siberian-style meat are also widely known. In the old days, hunters, going to the taiga in winter, took with them frozen dumplings in canvas bags, which they just had to throw into boiling water, and after they surfaced, a dish with large and fragrant dumplings was ready. In most restaurants you can order dumplings prepared according to a more complex recipe: in bone broth with liver, in pots covered with freshly baked flatbread. Fried dumplings are also very tasty.

A special feature of cooking meat in the Siberian and taiga style are taiga seasonings made from fern and wild garlic, which are rolled into the meat. The meat is served with oven-baked potatoes and frozen berries, usually lingonberries or cranberries. Hunters, according to one of the recipes, cut wild meat into thin long pieces, sprinkle it with salt, mix it in a pot and string it on wooden splinters or branches. Sticks of meat are stuck around the coals of the fire and dried in the smoke. Meat prepared in this way can be stored for a long time in the summer. While moving, it is good to gnaw on slices of meat to maintain strength and restore the lack of salts in the body.

The home cooking of Siberians is very different from restaurant menus. As a rule, a lot of pickles are prepared at home for the winter. If you visit Siberians, the table will definitely have tomatoes in their own juice, cucumbers, cabbage, salted milk mushrooms and saffron milk caps, pickled boletus, homemade zucchini caviar, and taiga berry jam. Sauerkraut is sometimes prepared together with lingonberries or cranberries. Less commonly you can find a salad made from fern and wild garlic.

And, of course, a table is unthinkable without homemade pies. They can be of the most intricate shapes and with various fillings: with lingonberries, fish, wild garlic, rice, mushrooms and eggs.

Traditionally, lingonberry drink or fruit drink is placed on the table. Add frozen sea buckthorn or lingonberries to tea.

Buryat food, as a rule, is easy to prepare and nutritious; meat and dairy dishes predominate. Buryat poses are popular in Siberia, especially widespread in the Republic of Buryatia. To prepare them, minced minced meat is made from pork, lamb, and beef. The minced meat is rolled into the dough so that there is a hole at the top for steam. The poses are quickly prepared by steaming boiling fat in a covered pan. The poses retain hot melted fat inside them, so be careful when trying them for the first time. Rarely, you can still find in villages tarasun - an alcoholic tonic drink made from milk, which has a specific smell, and salamat - a dairy product prepared from high-quality sour cream over a fire with the addition of salt, flour and cold water when boiling.

Authentic Baikal fish soup with smoke, grilled fish, and fresh wild garlic salad can only be truly appreciated by a taiga fire during a trip to Lake Baikal. An exotic Baikal-style dinner includes a weak firelight, several old newspapers on which a simple table is set, a blackened pot with boiled potatoes, a bunch of wild garlic and lots and lots of lightly salted omul.

And such exotic things as stroganina (raw frozen roe deer meat) or raskolka (raw frozen Baikal fish), which are eaten raw with spices, can only be tasted in winter during hunting or fishing. You should avoid trying bear meat, even heat-treated, unless it has been veterinary examined.

The local population values ​​salted omul most of all. In the summer, they prefer omul on rods.

BACK FERN. The salty shoots of this perennial fern-like plant have long been eaten in Korea, Japan and China. In Siberia, the fashion for cold snacks and hot dishes made from fern, which have a unique mushroom taste, came in the early 1990s, after the start of mass procurement of this plant for Japan.

The usual time for mass fern collection is June. The fern is harvested when it has not yet blossomed, when the leaves still have a twisted shape in the form of buds. The best time to collect is the first half of the day, when the plant is damp from dew. The collected ferns are processed on site. Young shoots of fern are cut at a height of approximately 10 cm from the ground. The technology for proper salting is quite complex and includes three salting stages. The harvested fern is tied into bundles with food rubber bands and placed in layers, generously sprinkled with salt, in wooden barrels with holes with a stopper in the lower part. Bunches of fern placed in barrels on top are pressed down with stones for oppression. After a week, the resulting brine is drained through the bottom hole, and the two bottom rows of ferns are thrown away. The top layers are shifted down, a 10% salt solution is made and the fern is poured with it. After another week, the brine is drained and replaced with a new one.

To quickly prepare fern, it is thoroughly washed and boiled for 5 minutes in a 10% salt solution, after which it is washed again with cold water, finely chopped and fried in vegetable oil along with potatoes.

The history of Siberian peoples goes back thousands of years. Since ancient times, great people lived here, preserving the traditions of their ancestors, respecting nature and its gifts. And just as the vast lands of Siberia are vast, so are the diverse peoples of the indigenous Siberians.

Altaians

According to the results of the population census in 2010, the Altaians number about 70,000 people, which makes them the largest ethnic group in Siberia. They live mainly in the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic.

The nationality is divided into 2 ethnic groups - Southern and Northern Altaians, differing both in their way of life and the characteristics of their language.

Religion: Buddhism, shamanism, Burkhanism.

Teleuts

Most often, Teleuts are considered an ethnic group related to the Altaians. But some distinguish them as a separate nationality.

They live in the Kemerovo region. The number is about 2 thousand people. Language, culture, faith, traditions are inherent to the Altaians.

Sayots

Sayots live on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia. The population numbers about 4,000 people.

Being descendants of the inhabitants of the Eastern Sayans - the Sayan Samoyeds. The Sayots have preserved their culture and traditions since ancient times and to this day remain reindeer herders and hunters.

Dolgans

The main settlements of Dolganov are located on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Dolgano-Nenets municipal district. The number is about 8,000 people.

Religion – Orthodoxy. The Dolgans are the northernmost Turkic-speaking people in the world.

Shors

Adherents of shamanism, the Shors, live mainly in the Kemerovo region. The people are distinguished by their distinctive ancient culture. The first mentions of the Shors go back to the 6th century AD.

The nationality is usually divided into mountain taiga and southern Shors. The total number is about 14,000 people.

Evenks

The Evenks speak the Tungusic language and have been hunting since time immemorial.

The nationality numbers about 40,000 people settled in the Republic of Sakha-Yakutia, China and Mongolia.

Nenets

A small nationality of Siberia, they live near the Kola Peninsula. The Nents are a nomadic people engaged in reindeer herding.

Their number is about 45,000 people.

Khanty

More than 30,000 Khanty live on the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They engage in hunting, reindeer herding, and fishing.

Many of the modern Khanty consider themselves Orthodox, but some families still profess shamanism.

Muncie

One of the oldest indigenous Siberian peoples is Mansi.

Ivan the Terrible also sent entire armies to battle with Mansi during the development of Siberia.

Today their number numbers about 12,000 people. They live mainly on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

Nanai people

Historians call the Nanais the oldest people of Siberia. The number is about 12,000 people.

They mainly live in the Far East and along the banks of the Amur River in China. Nanai is translated as - people of the earth.