Proverbs about fairy tales: what can they teach? The most famous proverbs and sayings. What do proverbs and sayings teach? What does a fairy tale teach, old proverbs?

We all know many proverbs from childhood. Some of them can often be inserted into speech, others are rarely used. Thanks to catchphrases, you can expand your vocabulary and give your speech an interesting floridity. What do proverbs and phraseological units teach? Let's figure it out.

What children are taught

Proverbs play an important role in the life of any person. Thanks to them, a person can quickly remember and understand everyday wisdom and simple truths. What do proverbs teach children? First of all, parents read proverbs and sayings about friendship and love to their children. Thanks to catchphrases, it is easier for kids to remember folk wisdom. For example, how can you quickly convey to a young child that lying is bad? You can give an hour-long lecture, which still will not reach the child’s consciousness.

Or you can say: “Whoever lied yesterday will not be believed tomorrow.” A short saying quickly helps convey the message that if a child lies, neither his friends nor his parents will believe him. Or it may happen that close people simply turn away.

Thanks to catchphrases, moral standards can be instilled in the child’s mind. For example, it is worth explaining to children that when communicating with people, you need to be able to choose your words. We need to tell you that sometimes you can seriously offend a person by telling him something wrong. In this case, the proverb “The word is not a sparrow, if it flies out, you won’t catch it,” fits perfectly.” Children remember such short sayings better than long, incomprehensible tirades. And even if the meaning of the statement does not reach your child right away, do not worry, time will do its job.

How to teach a child to read using proverbs

Many parents worry that their child is not interested in books. But it turns out there is a quick way to teach your child to read. If parents work with their child, then by the age of 5, girls and boys will already know many proverbs. And how can this knowledge be applied in practice? You need to find a children's work that has a catchphrase. There is no need to force your child to read the entire page. You need to set a goal to find the right phrase. This task looks more attractive for a child. After all, he has a search to do, not boring reading. But any literate parent understands: to find a piece of text, you will have to work hard and read at least half a page. The child will be happy about the victory, and the parents are happy that they found a non-trivial way to force their child to gnaw on the granite of science.

What do adults learn?

People develop their intelligence throughout their lives. It cannot be said that education ends when a person is given a diploma of higher education. And studying in boring courses and lectures is uninteresting not only for children. It is much easier to instill love for anything through sayings. What do proverbs teach people? Love for your homeland, helping others, respect and humility. Many might say that this is the same thing that is taught to children. But not every child perceives everything that adults tell him. Sometimes you have to make up for lost time already in adulthood. Let's look at it with an example.

What do proverbs teach about the homeland? Love for your fatherland, your home and land. How can a child understand the full depth of the proverb “The native land is a paradise for the heart”? Of course not. You need to live abroad or in another city to understand that there is nothing better than your father’s home.

Proverbs in literature

Russian classics loved to add brightness to their works through figurative language. And proverbs helped them with this. What do these short folk sayings teach? Honor, duty, morality, love and loyalty. It is better to convey any moral in the form of a concise expression. The sayings coped with this task excellently. For example, let's see how A. Pushkin inserted the following expression into his story “The Captain's Daughter”: “Farewell, Peter. Serve faithfully to whom you pledge allegiance... and remember the proverb: “Take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor from a young age.”

Some writers went further and began to create phrases themselves, which later became catchphrases. So, A. Griboyedov on the pages of “Woe from Wit” said: “Happy people don’t watch the clock.” Today this phrase can be heard everywhere, as well as a quote from Onegin: “All ages are submissive to love.”

Why use proverbs

Sayings help people better understand each other's feelings. Sometimes it can be difficult to describe your condition, and the phrase “I have cats scratching my soul” can fully express a person’s anxiety and fear. Also, many people learn from proverbs. Why? Loyalty, devotion, love for the homeland and neighbors. There is no need to say that thanks to popular expressions, our vocabulary becomes richer. After all, Russian is rightfully considered the most literary language in the world.

Is it possible to do without proverbs and sayings?

Previously, people lived without language and somehow managed. You can exist without proverbs, sayings and phraseological units. But how boring the speech will be. Stories told in dry language are not interesting to listen to. People love to exaggerate, understate and speculate. This is all reflected in folk wisdom, which at the same time teaches and makes you laugh. To remove proverbs from a language means to deprive a country of its cultural heritage. People have been putting wisdom into books and films for centuries. And proverbs and sayings are rightfully considered the quintessence of all this knowledge. What do these expressions teach? Well, of course, life.

How to learn proverbs correctly

The best way to remember anything is to create contextual references. If you are thinking about what proverbs to teach with children, then just mentally imagine a situation in which this expression might come in handy. The best way is to tell a smart thought to the child on the spot.

For example, your child made an unfortunate mistake. There is no need to swear, you can simply say: “You learn from mistakes.” Thus, the child will not only draw a conclusion from the current situation, but will also enrich his vocabulary with a useful proverb. This method is also suitable for adults. True, an experienced mentor will not always be with you to help you choose the appropriate phrase. But every modern person has a smartphone with Internet access in his pocket. And you can always ask Google to find something suitable. This way it will be easier to let go of an unpleasant situation and replenish your knowledge.

The childhood of each of us is continuously connected with good fairy tales. They formed our picture of the world, from them we first learned about good and evil, about loyalty and deceit, about friendship and betrayal.

Having come to us from time immemorial, fairy tales have been passed down from generation to generation. Most fairy-tale heroes came to us practically unchanged, some have undergone literary adaptation over the years.

Traditionally, fairy tales are divided into:

• Magical.
• Tales about animals.
• Household.

Although there is no clear boundary between them. In magical stories, the main characters are often animals; social and everyday characters contain elements of magic. Each story has its own hidden meaning that needs to be seen, then reading a fairy tale will be an interesting and useful activity.

What do the fairy tales “Warm Bread”, “Cinderella”, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” teach?

Fairy tales teach us love, kindness and mutual assistance; concepts form the moral world of a person. In the fairy tale “Warm Bread,” a boy, having offended a horse, regrets his action and tries to make amends by feeding the wounded animal.

History teaches us to be kinder to others; you cannot just offend others, because at any moment their help can become invaluable.

Many fairy tales teach hard work and diligence. In Cinderella, the main character worked hard and was richly rewarded by fate, which is represented by the fairy godmother.

Some instructive stories teach trust, to trust yourself and your loved ones. In “The Tale of Tsar Saltan,” the tsar believed gossip and slander about his beloved and almost ruined his destiny.

Other tales

A fairy tale is an accessible way to develop a child and form his moral values. It is important to read fairy tales to children, and then discuss with them what the fairy tale taught them, what conclusions they drew for themselves.

When choosing a fairy tale to read, it is important to take into account his age and psycho-emotional characteristics; it will have a positive effect on the child’s emotional state and helps correct his behavior.

Related Posts

A short, magazine version of the book by A.A. Kryachko "Russian fairy tale in the home theater", published in 2004.

Over the course of a number of years, in the Moscow family support center "Rozhdestvo" a program of classes for children and parents was created, based on the educational possibilities of traditional culture. Fairy tales have always been given a special role in folk pedagogy.
The article “Education with a Fairy Tale” is devoted to answers to the questions that most often arise among parents-students of the pedagogical courses “Family Pedagogy”, “Keys to the Russian Fairy Tale”, etc.:

"How to choose a fairy tale for the little ones?"

Kids begin to be interested in fairy tales by two years. In traditional culture, this was preceded by a period of infancy, when the child was addressed first with lullabies, then with pesters, then with jokes. Jokes, in fact, are the bridge over which the little one passes.

Isn’t it true, it’s somewhat similar to a little fairy tale?.. Jokes, like fairy tales, are melodic, rhythmic, figurative, educational...
These signs will help us find stories in collections of fairy tales that are addressed to the youngest listeners.

One of the characteristic techniques with the help of which the action in a fairy tale is often built is cumulation - a chain of repetitions. This technique is well known to us from such fairy tales as “Turnip”, “Teremok”, etc. Such organization of the speech of the “storyteller” helps a small child to become more familiar with the fairy tale narrative.

Psychologists note that for a better understanding, children need to rely not only on a verbal description, but also on an image. The visual image serves as the main support for tracking events.

Such frames can be like well-illustrated children's books or
and an action played out by parents based on a fairy tale with the help of dolls. It is important to remember that in their appearance, drawn or puppet characters, people and animals, should not be caricatures, but similar to their real relatives - of course, with the exception of size.

If it is important for young and middle-aged children principle of visibility For a better perception of a fairy tale, then for older people it is especially important to develop attention to the word, the ability to understand and experience verbal action.

"What fairy tales do preschoolers need?"

When reading and acting out fairy tales with children 3-4 years old Particularly successful are stories that deal with mutual assistance, restoration of justice (as, for example, in the fairy tales “Zaikin’s Hut”, “The Cat and the Cockerel”), the triumph of truth over deception (“The Fox with a Rolling Pin”, “The Goat and the Seven Little Kids” etc.), about the danger of arrogance and the desire for “easy bread” (“The Boasting Hare”, “Easy Bread”, “Twist and Twist”)...

Empathy for the hero's (or heroine's) trials is especially important for older children. What is of fundamental importance here is how this hero is. We are witnesses to how spider-men, robot monsters, and sewer-dwelling (!) ninja turtles triumphantly satisfy children's need for the heroic today.

The heroes of fairy tales are, as a rule, endowed with a number of priceless virtues. By identifying himself with them, the child imperceptibly enters into the system of moral values ​​born of the spiritual tradition of his people.

Unlike the “heroes” of mass culture, revenge, say, is not the impulse that leads to the exploits of the heroes of Russian fairy tales. For example, in order to finally persuade Nikita Kozhemyaka to fight the Serpent, the king has to resort to a special “trick”: he brings two hundred children, whom the Serpent orphaned, under Kozhemyaka’s window. Looking at their tears, Nikita “teared himself.” The fairy tale teaches that it is not the thirst for revenge, but the ability to
compassion can give a person such strength that can make him a real hero and lead to victory in an unequal battle. Well, having defeated the Serpent, “having done a holy deed,” Nikita did not take any reward for it, and went back to crushing the skin.

Fairy tales and heroic epics (epics) can answer the natural thirst for achievement that arises in the soul of a child. And if, in addition, in your nursery there is a place for “heroic vestments” and puppet characters for epics, then with their help the child will be able to independently come up with plots for his games. Such role-playing games are an excellent and exciting alternative to the onslaught of transforming monsters.

“How to understand what a particular fairy tale teaches?”

Since childhood, we remember well Pushkin’s words that a fairy tale is a lie, but in it there is a hint, a lesson for good fellows. But it’s bad luck - few adults today can boast of a clear understanding of what this or that fairy tale hints at. How not to make a mistake?

The fact that, having read the fairy tale, we perceived its “hints” correctly can be evidenced by the fact that there are similar themes in other genres of Russian folklore. Significant themes do not remain within the world of a fairy tale. We will definitely find their echoes in songs, petes, jokes and, of course, in proverbs and sayings.

Try, after reading a fairy tale and reflecting on it, to express the result of such reflection with a Russian proverb. To do this, let us turn to any collection in which proverbs are selected according to thematic sections. Russian proverbs will help us “highlight” more clearly the hints of folk wisdom hidden in a fairy tale and take a fresh look at it. So, let's try it together:

Now try to continue this list yourself...

Let us remember that an adult’s preliminary reflections on the text of a fairy tale will subsequently help to correctly place semantic accents in the speech of the “storyteller.” Then the word of the fairy tale will truly become beneficial and teach the listener lessons of folk wisdom.

"Are all fairy tales good?"

How amazingly the collections of fairy tales are sometimes compiled! It seems that their compilers were addressing them not to a child, but to an experienced adult traveler through a fairy-tale world, in which not everything is always perfect.

Next to one of the deepest and wisest fairy tales about the power of maternal love - which is long-suffering and merciful, does not seek its own and endures everything, which never ends (the fairy tale "Bezruchka") - there are "Seven Simeons", from where we learn that the most useful a person in the state may end up receiving royal favors in gratitude for the useful “craft”. The bewilderment of a thoughtful reader who is looking for the commandments of the moral law in a fairy tale is understandable.

The presence in a number of Russian fairy tales of motives for admiring trickery and even blasphemy is not surprising. After all, a fairy tale is a cultural phenomenon in which the high and the low, the exemplary and the ugly, the moral and the immoral are intertwined. It is common for an adult to, when faced with certain manifestations, accept them or reject them - in accordance with the values ​​that were laid down in childhood, with their position in life. In relation to a child whose value system is just being formed, parents need a meaningful and selective approach to choosing activities and toys and readings that are offered to the baby.

Reflecting on the mysteries of the Russian fairy tale, one of its researchers, Prince Evgeny Nikolaevich Trubetskoy, identified three levels of life, reflected in the fairy tale - like its three floors: lower, middle and higher.

The heroes of the “bottom floor of the fairy tale” are characterized by vulgar life ideals. E. N. Trubetskoy calls their most elementary manifestation the dream of “light bread” - the desire to eat fat, drink sweetly and sleep softly. Theft and cheating here seem to be one of the simplest ways to achieve the desired ideal in life. Modern, isn't it?..

The heroes of the “middle” and “highest floor” of the fairy tale are characterized by special inspiration and extra-worldly wisdom. The squat ideal of everyday well-being is not for them.

They are attracted by “another kingdom,” a mysterious limit where the ordinary and the miraculous meet, where the Beloved Beauty lives, for which the human soul eternally yearns. Here, on these “floors,” the “true soul of the fairy tale” lives. (E.N. Trubetskoy Three essays about the Russian icon. “Another Kingdom” and its seekers in the Russian fairy tale. - M.: Lepta 2000.)

So, when choosing fairy tales for home reading, we will beware of such plots in which the romanticization of theft, cunning, corruption (for example, in transactions with the devil or a sorcerer) and other methods of obtaining “easy money” are imprinted. bread", as well as those fairy tales in which blasphemous laughter at decency sounds,
The simple soul and holiness.

Laughter of this kind can be found in those fairy tales where dodgers and deceivers triumph (hee hee! The beaten one is lucky!), as well as in a number of stories where devils and little devils act, where we meet clergy and church service.

When choosing a fairy tale to read to children, how can you avoid falling into the trap of an exciting plot and ending up at one with heroes of a similar ilk? To do this, after reflecting on the fairy tale, you need to understand for yourself: On whose side is the “storyteller” - the one from whose words the fairy tale is composed? Who does he sympathize with? Who is he laughing at? Does his life position coincide with ours?

Many folk tales warn about the dangers of striving for easy bread, getting rich in any way, spiritual promiscuity, and unrighteous collusion. So, with the tacit consent of one potter (the fairy tale “The Potter”), the unclean one and his little devils set up production in his workshop. And it turned out to be a profitable business: in just three nights, forty thousand brand new pots were ready. And the potter sold them very profitably - he brought home a bag full of money. It was only after that that his whole life went awry: people stopped buying pots (“We know your pots, you old horseradish! They look fancy, but if you pour water, they’ll fall apart!”), and the potter himself began to “roll around in taverns.”

“Should I explain a fairy tale to children?”

... A natural question arises: is it necessary to explain the fairy tale, its “lessons” to the child, and analyze the content? Let's try to figure it out.

From contact with a fairy tale, a child is born with his own impression. The younger the child, the more different it is from the adult’s vision. The child does not yet know how to think logically, and the fairy tale does not teach him directly. Fairy-tale images, style, and language gradually convey vital information to the baby. The best way to destroy its assimilation is to launch into endless adult explanations and clarifications.

Marina Tsvetaeva, recalling her early childhood impressions of the poems she read, writes: “When my mother didn’t ask, I understood perfectly, that is, I didn’t even think about understanding, I just saw. But, fortunately, my mother didn’t always ask, and some poems remained understood "

Danish psychologist and psychiatrist B. Betelheim notes a paradoxical thing: realistic stories inform the child, but do not enrich him as much as a fairy tale; The more cause-and-effect explanations they contain, the more incomprehensible and psychologically implausible they are for the baby.

Of course, a child’s “understanding” is very different from an adult’s. But his impressions are brighter and more imaginative than the vision of adults. Only over time does a meaningful comprehension of the depth of the fairy-tale narrative occur. Attempts to analyze it jointly with the child are a matter of school age. Before that, experienced grandmothers could recall fairy-tale collisions that are called “by the way”: where did you go, like a bun? be careful that no fox comes after you... etc.

You need to answer the questions that the child himself will ask you during the “telling” of the fairy tale.

A good mind is not acquired all at once...

“Does a fairy tale need a saying?”

A fairy tale, as you know, is preceded by a tale. The tale builds a bridge from our world to the fairy-tale world. It prepares the listener's consciousness for a journey into the unreal, in which, nevertheless, much turns out to be familiar to us from our own experience. We are miraculously transported to the unknown thirtieth kingdom, which is fabulously far and fabulously close - here where we live.

Here is how the Russian philosopher Ivan Ilyin wrote about the tale: “The task of the saying is to prepare the soul of the listener, to evoke in it the correct fairy-tale attitude. The saying should confuse the everyday meaning, blow out the candle of a sober, prosaic consciousness and open the spiritual ear for the fairy tale, for its artistically - hidden, symbolic-mythical meaning. It calls the listener out of his everyday thinking, knocks him out of his pantalyk and throws him into nonsense or confusion, into confusion and bewilderment; and from there only the light and meaning of a real fairy tale will begin to dawn on him."

Here is a story for the youngest listeners:

For those who are older, others may sound:

Try to compose a saying for your child’s favorite fairy tale - or invite him to dream up together. And then, perhaps, try inviting guests to a tea party and a fairy tale played out with dolls...

So, the time has finally come to notice that to the other advantages of the tale, which were discussed in previous articles, is added the fact that it reveals to the listener the poetics of native speech.

Modern parents, accustomed to the expressions of everyday and newspaper language, sometimes find it difficult to maintain the euphony of Russian speech when “telling” a fairy tale to a child. A little preliminary work with the text of the fairy tale will help to avoid this.

Let's arm ourselves with a pencil and highlight at least some features of fairy-tale speech directly in the text so that, having paid attention to them, we will not lose them during the retelling.

So, we discover in the fairy tale and emphasize:

Let's see what marks our pencil could leave in the text of a fairy tale using small passages as an example:

Let us remember that a fairy tale is a genre of oral folk art. It was not read from a book; its true life was found precisely in the word, in the speech of an experienced storyteller. Today, due to the well-known circumstances of modern life, no one can satisfy the eternal desire of a child’s soul for the mystical depth and spiritual sublimity of a fairy-tale narrative better than parents.

A parent's word is not thrown into the wind...

"How to make dolls for fairy tales?"

Dolls - sewn, rag dolls are especially good because, after showing the fairy tale to children, they can take a place among their toys. Fairy-tale collisions, heroes and anti-heroes will continue to live in role-playing games independently invented by the child.

For a puppet show based on a fairy tale, of course, both ordinary and traditional wooden, clay, and even toys made of plasticine can be suitable. However, unlike
with sewn kukol, in a nursery such toys will only serve a decorative function.

A rag doll is one of the most common and favorite toys among children. The technological feature of a doll for displaying a fairy tale is its stability on the table surface. The height of the doll is slightly more than the length of the palm. The simplest version of such a doll can be made as follows:

A fairy tale with rag dolls can become both a decoration for a family holiday and a daily story before bed. It is clear that a fairy tale for a holiday is a little more labor-intensive than a daily one: it will require new dolls and more expressive interior details. An evening fairy tale can be told for at least a week in a row - the kids ask to repeat their favorite story again and again; it may not even require “scenery” - just a couple of dolls and the most necessary details for the action. In a fairy tale told or shown before bed, scary characters like Baba Yaga or Kashchei are undesirable; the narrative should be melodious and understandable to the child.

“What could a home puppet show based on a fairy tale be like?”

Now that the dolls for the chosen fairy tale have been selected or specially sewn, it is time to decide what our "home theater". Let us share with our readers the simplest types of showing fairy tales...

Show on "fairy tale table" using sewn, wooden or clay dolls, made independently or specially selected.

Let's take a small coffee or regular table. Let's install it so that 1-2 people can fit behind it, controlling the dolls, and on the contrary there is room for spectators. Let's cover the table with a cloth, the color of which corresponds to the expected calendar time of the fairy tale (white cloth or padding polyester for winter, green for summer, etc.)

We will build on the table the interior necessary for the fairy tale - a kind of simple decoration in which the puppet fairy tale is played out. Such “scenery” can easily be made by combining available means:

The manufacture of these interior items does not require special skill. All details are reproduced with a large degree of convention.
For example: houses and palaces are unpainted cardboard boxes without one side, in which there are cut windows with curtains, a fabric thrown on top serves as a conventional roof (white - for a “winter” interior), a small “rug” is laid inside; ordinary children's wooden cubes or round saw cuts of different diameters and heights inside such a “house” represent a table and chairs, a bed or a bench can be wooden blocks covered with a chintz flap or a cardboard box of refined sugar, 1-2 small clay or plasticine pots “serve” dishes, etc. and so on.

Let’s not forget about the expressiveness that the skillful use of light sources adds to the action: a candle on a stand can be a “bonfire”, a fire in a stove, a lamp, or a special sign that precedes, for example, the appearance of especially significant, wonderful characters - with the same For this purpose, you can use the beam of an overhead projector...

The interior of the “fairy tale table” is prepared in advance; before the start of the “performance” it is covered with a light cloth that will hide what has been prepared from the premature curiosity of children.

The “storyteller” remains to take a place at the “fairy tale table” and move the puppet characters in the built interior depending on the events taking place.

This type of fairy tale display is one of the simplest in terms of technical solution and convenient for display and perception by preschoolers.

Show behind a “screen” with “glove” puppets.

The screen for the puppet show is a chintz fabric with a colorful pattern stretched in the doorway. For small listeners, the height of the screen is important: it is better if it does not completely hide the storytellers, but gives them the opportunity to communicate with the viewer (“waist screen”). “Glove dolls” are controlled by 2-3 people from behind a screen.

The simplest "glove" dolls can be made on the basis of ordinary
gloves, in which the upper part of the index finger is tightly stuffed - the head of the doll, and the thumb and the middle, index and little fingers connected together form the doll's handles. For this purpose, it would be better to use large-sized men's gloves.

Fairy tales played out in this way are usually funny and satirical in nature.

Display in the "window of a fairytale house"

Here again we need a screen. However, this time you will have to work a little harder on the fabric for it.

It is better to choose a plain and dense fabric - linen or canvas is best. In a pinch, a regular sheet will do - you just need to starch it. But in terms of size we will focus on a one-and-a-half-length sheet.

We will select two slats according to the width of the canvas. Let's slightly bend and sew the edges of the fabric (also along the width). We insert the slats inward from opposite edges. On one side we will attach two loops made of strong braid. Now the screen can be hung from these loops - for example, by threading an ordinary mop stick through them and securing it between the cabinets.

Now all that remains is to “cut” a window to the audience in the canvas. Let's cut a rectangle approximately at the level of an adult's chest. The width of the window should allow two puppeteers to show the fairy tale behind the screen, and the height should be sufficient for them to appear to the viewer.

Along the perimeter of the “window” on the side of the intended viewer we will sew “platbands” made of lace or sewing tape. That’s it, now in such a “fairytale house” you can show any story.

The advantage of showing a fairy tale in the window of such a house is that it is convenient to control almost any characters in it: both three-typical and ordinary ones. with dolls (holding them in hands), and gloves, and marionettes, and even
drawn and cut out of cardboard (holding them on a long stick).

In order for the fairy tale to sparkle today in all its beauty in home reading and theater, and to serve as a fertile source of plots for children’s role-playing games more than Disney and other cartoons, it is obviously necessary to seek “access” to the folk tale. After all
Understanding the meaning of a fairy tale underlies the ability to correctly convey its meaning to listeners during a story or show with dolls .

We invite parents who are interested in the pedagogy of Russian fairy tales and the possibilities of home theater to the seminar "Keys to the Russian Fairy Tale" to the Family Support Center "Rozhdestvo", and also refer to the book by the author and presenter of this seminar A. Kryachko "Russian fairy tale in the home theater"- in it the reader will find the texts of selected Russian fairy tales in the author’s adaptation for reading with children and showing in the home theater, and detailed recommendations for preliminary work with the text of the fairy tale, its “semantic reading,” and a description of various types of showing fairy tales with dolls.

Anastasia Alekseevna Kryachko
- head of the pedagogical direction of the family support center "Rozhdestvo", methodologist, course author

Possibilities of using proverbs and sayings as a means of developing students’ lexical skills at the senior level of teaching English.

To develop students' lexical skills at the senior level of English language education, for better memorization of words, you can use English rhymes, songs containing new foreign words. You should also mobilize special techniques for memorizing words: pronunciation at different volumes, rhythmic pronunciation to a familiar tune. Such techniques include the successful use of proverbs (the name given to the entire complex of proverbs and sayings of the language) in teaching English.

The use of proverbs and sayings in English lessons today is an effective method of maintaining interest in learning, increasing the activity and performance of students in the classroom, because they help introduce an element of play and competition into the language acquisition process.

The variety of proverbs and sayings allows them to be successfully used at all levels of education (junior, middle, senior) with different levels of children’s language skills.

Historians, tracing the development of the paremic fund, record the most important changes in traditions and customs, in the material and spiritual culture of the people. Ethnographers and folklorists are trying to establish a connection between the content of proverbs and national character.

Psychologists find certain features of human thinking in the process of creating a proverb.

Linguists study proverbs and sayings, paying special attention to the language structure and principles of construction. Literary scholars consider in them the unique nature of metaphors and symbols, and determine the functions of the quintessence of folk wisdom in the context of literary eras.

“Proverbs reflect the passage of time, and whoever wants to can see himself in them, as in a mirror,” testifies the compiler of one of the oldest (1707) collections of English proverbs, John Mapletoft. Already in the earliest attempts to study English proverbs, the historicism of their evolution and their connection with real life were noted. Evidence in favor of these observations by Mapletoft can be found in the folklore ideas themselves: “ The saying truth ” (“The proverb speaks the truth”), “ The proverb is experience’s child ” (“A proverb is a child of experience”).

Cervantes called proverbs “a short expression born of long experience.” Some of the oldest English idioms, indeed, trace their origins to those enduring similes and figurative moral advice that come from the ancient times of the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and the High Speech.

A bright palette of folk proverbs is presented in the works of the founder of English national literature, Geoffrey Chaucer.

The English Renaissance considers the proverb to be the beauty of style. Poets and playwrights from Christopher Marlowe to Shakespeare, with the help of folklore aphorisms, embody both philosophical thoughts and the wittiest jokes.

The process of folklore creativity is continuous. In the fast pace of the twentieth century, the mechanism of this cultural phenomenon has not fundamentally changed. A proverb should be meaningful, concise, contextually flexible, and it should summarize the situation while giving moral advice. A remark from an attendant at a station or metro, a remark from a policeman regulating traffic at a busy intersection “ Watch your steps !” (literally “Watch where you're going!”) - usually taken literally. However, today this expression is increasingly used in a figurative sense - as a moral warning. Perhaps we are witnessing the birth of a new proverb, typical of our days.

Moral ideals reflected in folklore aphorisms are of great importance in the formation of characteristic socio-historical types both in real life and in the cultural thinking of the people. In this sense, English proverbs and sayings are a kind of key to the correct perception of the characteristic features of the English language. And therefore, when studying the English language and the English character and way of life, we must certainly turn to proverbs and sayings as the most valuable examples of language.

On the other hand, in proverbs and sayings of different peoples there are many international themes and motifs. This is quite justified, since the people of different countries, as a rule, have similar moral ideals and aspirations. Therefore, by studying English proverbs and sayings, comparing them with Russian or Kazakh ones, we get the opportunity to significantly expand our knowledge of the English language, get acquainted with some customs and facts of the history of England, as well as enrich our native language, teach children to understand folk wisdom, and introduce them to universal moral values .

Proverbs should be distinguished from sayings. The main feature of the proverb is its completeness and didactic content. The proverb is distinguished by the incompleteness of the conclusion and the lack of an instructive character.

Proverbs and sayings are a widespread genre of oral folk art. They have accompanied people since ancient times. Such expressive means as precise rhyme, simple form, and brevity made proverbs and sayings persistent, memorable and necessary in speech.

Proverbs and sayings arose in ancient times and go back centuries. Many of them appeared even when there was no writing. Therefore, the question of primary sources is still open. We can distinguish the following main sources of the origin of English proverbs and sayings: folk, literary and biblical origin.

Proverbs are diverse; they seem to be outside of temporary space. Indeed, no matter what time we live in, proverbs and sayings will always remain relevant, always relevant. Proverbs and sayings reflect the rich historical experience of the people, ideas related to work, life and culture of people. The correct and appropriate use of proverbs and sayings adds unique originality and expressiveness.

Proverbs and set expressions are different linguistic phenomena. When we use a set expression, we can include it in any sentence or statement, combine it with neutral vocabulary. When using proverbs and sayings, we are limited to a greater extent.

Each proverb has its own task. Proverbs:

Warn:

If you sing before breakfast, you will cry before night. - You kept singing - that's the point, so go and dance;

People's experience is summed up:

Hell is paved with good intentions.- The road to hell is paved with good intentions;

3.Mocked:

Everyone calls his own geese swans. - Every sandpiper praises its swamp.

4. Comment on the appearance:

You look like a cat after it has eaten a canary. - You glow with contentment.

5. They give advice:

Don’t trouble till trouble troubles you. - Don't stir things up while it's quiet.

6.Teach wisdom:

Who chatters to you, will chatter of you . - Whoever gossips with you will gossip and gossip about you.

7. Philosophize:

Liars should have good memories - Liars need a good memory.

“A good expression is always to the point ” (“A good phrase is always welcome”), says an old English proverb. This idea is shared by everyone who, when studying the language and culture of the people, turns to folklore genres, among which proverbs and sayings occupy an important place.

By studying a foreign language, students master not only types of speech activity, but also get acquainted with the culture of the countries of the language they are studying, which undoubtedly enriches their way of thinking and helps them better understand the uniqueness of the culture of their people.

The great Czech teacher Jan Amos Komensky believed that the study of a foreign language should follow a path from gradual comprehension of the meaning of a foreign language utterance to the perception of the beauty of words, expressions, the richness of all linguistic possibilities and, finally, to the ability to penetrate into the aesthetic essence of the language, to mastery of the linguistic treasury. That is, comprehension of a foreign language should be not only pragmatic, but also spiritual. K.D. Ushinsky, developing the ideas of Comenius, wrote that it is necessary to teach not speaking, but the richness of the culture of the country of the language being studied, for which it is necessary to introduce students to literature.
Proverbs and sayings were used in the process of teaching foreign languages, such as Latin, back in medieval Europe. And today not a single foreign language course is complete without their help. And this is no coincidence. Particular attention is paid to those expressive means with the help of which the persistence and memorability of proverbs and sayings is achieved. One of them is exact, or assonant, rhyme:

Littlestrokesfellgreatoaks.
A stitch in time saves nine.
Birds of a feather flock together.

The simple balanced form is the most common technique:

More haste, less speed.
Easy come easy go.
Like father, like son.

Brevity is an essential aspect of the memorability of statements. Only a few proverbs and sayings are verbose, most of them contain no more than five words:
Boys will be boys.
Betterlatethannever.
Deadmantellsnotales.

The lexical and grammatical richness of proverbs and sayings allows them to be used not only in explaining and activating many grammatical phenomena, but also to enrich the vocabulary of students. Proverbs and sayings can be used in speech development exercises in which they are used as a stimulus. The same proverb or saying can be interpreted in different ways. Therefore, on the basis of this proverb or saying, students learn to express their own thoughts, feelings, experiences, i.e. demonstrate different ways of placing them in speech. Therefore, the use of proverbs and sayings in foreign language lessons develops the creative initiative of students through prepared and unprepared speech.

Knowledge of English proverbs and sayings enriches students' vocabulary, helps them master the figurative structure of the language, develops memory, and introduces them to folk wisdom. In some figurative sentences containing a complete thought, new words are usually easier to remember.

For example, you can make it easier to memorize numbers, which usually causes difficulty for the student, by calling for help with proverbs and sayings that include numbers:

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

Two is company, three is none.

If two man ride on a horse, one must ride behind.

Rain before seven, fine before eleven.

A cat has nine lives.

Custom is a second nature.

Two heads are better than one.

When studying individual lexical topics, they serve as illustrative material, so you can select a whole series of proverbs and sayingsfor the formation of productive lexical skillson many topics included in the school curriculum, for example, in the 7th grade on the topic "Areyouhappyatschool?":

Live and learn. (Centurylive— centurystudy.)

It is never too late to learn.(It's never too late to learn.)

Thatknoweverythingistoknownothing. (To know everything means to know nothing.)

Knowledgeispower. (Knowledge is power, or Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness.)

Repetition is the mother of learning.(Repetition— mother of learning.)

In this case, you can ask the children themselves to remember (select) equivalents in their native language or to correlate proverbs in English with proverbs in Russian.

Proverbs and sayings can be used in exercises for the development of speech, both oral and written, where they are used as a stimulus. Let's give examples of tasks.

1.Make a micro-dialogue with a proverb (work in pairs).
"Two heads are better than one"
PI: Tom, I can't do my English today. Can you help me?
P2: No problem. Two heads are better than one.
"Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today"
PI: Mum, I want to play football with Pete.
P2: Did you tidy up your room?
PI: Not yet. I"ll do it tomorrow.
P2: Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

2. Collective writing of a story on the topic of a proverb or saying (work is carried out by the whole group).

"A friend in need is a friend indeed"
PI: Yesterday I went to school.
P2: We had a test in Russian.
P3: But I forgot my pencil-box at home.
P4: My friend Nick had two pens.
P5: He gave me one pen.
P6: A friend in need is a friend indeed.

3. Compose a fairy tale, the title and moral of which is a proverb (written assignment for home).

"An apple a day keeps a doctor away"
Once upon a time there was a little girl. Her name was Mary. She was very ill and her mother called a doctor. The doctor looked at the girl and said: "You must eat an apple every day." Every day Mary ate one apple and soon she was fine. Her mother didn't call the doctor any more. An apple a day keeps a doctor away.
"The right thing in the right place"
Mother bought tickets to the cinema. She gave them to me. I put the tickets on my table. When the time came to go to the cinema I didn't remember where they were. I looked for the tickets. I looked and looked and looked and found them under the table.
Keep the right thing in the right place.

Memorizing proverbs and sayings not only develops the student’s memory, but also allows them to learn how to adequately select lexical units and develop the emotional expressiveness of speech. The need for search tools for equivalent translation of expressions into the native language develops translation skills and abilities. In addition, working with proverbs and sayings stimulates students' interest in working with the dictionary.

Proverbs express wisdom concisely and figuratively, so they carry a certain educational potential - they pass on moral values ​​through many generations, teach them to measure their words and actions. Distinguished by their laconic form and precise expression of thought, they are a good illustration of how you can briefly and clearly express your opinions, including in a foreign language.

In conclusion, it should be noted that working with proverbs and sayings in English lessons not only helps to diversify the learning process and make it more vibrant and interesting. It helps to solve a number of very important educational tasks of an educational, educational and developmental nature.

The study of proverbs, their analysis and comparison with analogues in their native language helps to form in children a cognitive interest in the subject being studied and the culture of English-speaking countries, broaden their horizons, develop imaginative thinking, creative inclinations, linguistic conjecture, as well as attention, memory and logic. In addition, it creates the opportunity to implement broad interdisciplinary connections and generates interest in research work within student scientific projects.

In this article, we found that the use of English proverbs and sayings is an effective method of working in English lessons, in particular for developing the lexical skills of students at the senior level of education. Since the use of English proverbs and sayings is creative work, students complete these types of tasks with great interest. And also, since proverbs and sayings are a multifunctional methodological tool in teaching English, students will be able to develop all language skills in English lessons using proverbs and sayings.

Russian folk tales teach goodness, good always defeats evil, but the path to victory can be too long. Fairy tales give the child the first idea of ​​such concepts as good and evil, wisdom and deceit, forgiveness, compassion. If you believe in yourself and don’t deviate from your principles, everything will work out. In the images of fairy-tale heroes, in their interaction with the outside world, the realities of life are adapted for children's perception. Children perceive everything, and even if they don’t realize the morality that the text contains, they at least try to be like the kind, sympathetic and resourceful heroes.

Russian folk tales introduce the child to the vast universe in which he will have to live, with its physical laws, wildlife, history and culture.

Heroes of Russian fairy tales

The main character of a fairy tale is always courageous and fearless. He overcomes all obstacles on the path to his happiness. In the course of the adventures, the hero undergoes a transformation: Ivan the Fool, simple-minded and lazy, at the end of the fairy tale necessarily turns into a handsome young man and marries the princess.

Other characters help the hero overcome trials: wonderful animals, wise advisors. But help is not given so easily: even Baba Yaga helps the hero if he shows himself to be hardworking, well-mannered and purposeful. This expresses popular ideas about human morality and morality. Wonderful helpers have magical means (flying carpet, walking boots) that personify people's dreams.

Women in Russian folk tales are always unusually beautiful and smart. Intelligence, beauty, hard work, resourcefulness, a mandatory attribute - a braid to the waist (hair was previously associated with vitality) - all these are traits that, in the popular imagination, should be present in any girl.

The protagonists of the main characters are dark, evil forces (Kashchei the Immortal, Zmey Gorynych). They are treacherous, cruel, greedy - this is how the concept of violence and evil is expressed in the minds of the people. The more terrible the monster, the more significant the feat of the main character seems. But the fight against dark forces is carried out not only with the help of strength and intelligence: the popular consciousness sometimes endows villains with comic stupidity, because of which they fall into traps set by the main character.

Animal world

Animals in Russian folk tales personify qualities of human character. There were “cliches” of images that were the same for all fairy tales.

For example, the Fox is a cheat and a deceiver. She personifies cunning, deceit, and a penchant for tricks. She will pretend to be weak and use eloquence to get her way. But the Fox is often punished for her tricks (receives a well-deserved punishment for deception), especially if her tricks cause serious harm to one of the heroes.

The wolf personifies greed and anger. But, at the same time, he is stupid and easily deceived by the more cunning characters in the fairy tale. The confrontation between the Wolf and the Fox is especially common, and the Wolf falls for the fox’s tricks again and again, no matter how much he refuses to trust the Fox. But the Wolf is also the personification of death (since he often eats someone). But kind and smart characters always defeat the wolf.

The bear in fairy tales represents brute strength, slowness, and slow-wittedness. He can be either fierce or kind and naive. The bear, as the owner of the forest, has power over other animals. In the image of the Bear one can trace a parallel with the images of rich landowners-serfs. As a result, such a bear is always defeated. But sometimes the Bear also personifies the good forces of nature, giving gifts and helping the hero for hard work and honesty.

And small animals in fairy tales (hares, mice) are cowardly, but kind. They are ready to help, they are good friends. And in difficult moments, real courage can awaken in them. True, they often win victories by accident, since they cannot compare with other characters either in intelligence or strength.

So Russian folk tales are not as simple as they might seem at first glance. They teach us a lot, so even adults should read fairy tales.