Unified State Examination Russian language. Bank of arguments

Category: Arguments for the Unified State Exam essay

A.T. Tvardovsky - poem “There are names and there are such dates...”. Lyrical hero A.T. Tvardovsky acutely feels his and his generation’s guilt before the fallen heroes. Objectively, such guilt does not exist, but the hero judges himself by the highest court - the spiritual court. This is a man of great conscience, honesty, whose soul is sick for everything that happens. He feels guilty because he simply lives, he can enjoy the beauty of nature, enjoy holidays, and work on weekdays. And the dead cannot be resurrected. They gave their lives for the happiness of future generations. And the memory of them is eternal, immortal. There is no need for loud phrases and laudatory speeches. But every minute we must remember those to whom we owe our lives. The dead heroes did not leave without a trace, they will live in our descendants, in the future. The theme of historical memory also appears in Tvardovsky’s poems “I was killed near Rzhev”, “They lie there, deaf and dumb”, “I know: it’s not my fault...”.
E. Nosov - story “Living Flame”. The plot of the story is simple: the narrator rents a house from an elderly woman, Aunt Olya, who lost her only son in the war. One day he plants poppies in her flowerbeds. But the heroine clearly does not like these flowers: poppies have a bright but short life. They probably remind her of the fate of her son, who died at a young age. But in the finale, Aunt Olya’s attitude towards flowers changed: now a whole carpet of poppies was blazing in her flowerbed. “Some crumbled, dropping petals to the ground like sparks, others only opened their fiery tongues. And from below, from the moist earth, full of vitality, more and more tightly rolled buds rose to prevent the living fire from going out.” The image of the poppy in this story is symbolic. This is a symbol of everything sublime and heroic. And this heroic continues to live in our consciousness, in our soul. Memory nourishes the roots of the “moral spirit of the people.” Memory inspires us to new exploits. The memory of the fallen heroes always remains with us. This, I think, is one of the main ideas of the work.
B. Vasiliev - story “Exhibit No...”. In this work, the author poses the problem of historical memory and childhood cruelty. While collecting relics for the school museum, the pioneers steal two letters from the blind pensioner Anna Fedotovna, which she received from the front. One letter was from my son, the second from his friend. These letters were very dear to the heroine. Faced with unconscious childhood cruelty, she lost not only the memory of her son, but also the meaning of life. The author bitterly describes the heroine’s feelings: “But it was deaf and empty. No, taking advantage of her blindness, the letters were not taken out of the box - they were taken out of her soul, and now not only she, but also her soul has become blind and deaf.” The letters ended up in the storeroom of the school museum. “The pioneers were thanked for their active search, but there was never a place to find them, and the letters from Igor and Sergeant Perepletchikov were put aside in reserve, that is, they were simply put in a long box. They are still there, these two letters with a neat note: “EXHIBIT No...”. They lie in a desk drawer in a red folder with the inscription: “SECONDARY MATERIALS ON THE HISTORY OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR.”

Good day, dear friends. In this article we offer an essay on the topic "".

The following arguments will be used:
– B. L. Vasiliev, “Exhibit No.”
– V.S. Vysotsky, “Buried in our memory for centuries...”

Our life consists of present moments, plans for the future and memories of the past, of what we have already experienced. We are accustomed to preserving pictures of the past, to feel those emotions and feelings, this is how our consciousness works. Usually we remember the brightest memories, those that caused us a storm of positive experiences, in addition, we remember the information we need. But there are also unpleasant moments when memory fails us, or in the most vivid images we remember something that we would like to forget. One way or another, memory is our value; plunging into the past years, we relive events dear to us, and also think about the mistakes we have made in order to prevent similar things in the future.

In B. L. Vasiliev’s story “Exhibit No.,” the thread connecting Anna Fedorovna with her son is the memory of him. The woman’s only relative goes to war, promising to return, which is not destined to come true. Having received a single letter from Igor’s son, the next thing the woman reads is the news of his death. For three days the inconsolable mother cannot calm down and stop crying. The young guy is also mourned by the entire communal apartment in which he lived with his mother, everyone who saw him off on his last journey. A week later, the funeral came, after which Anna Feodorovna “stopped screaming and crying forever.”

Having changed jobs, a single woman shares food cards and money with five families in an apartment orphaned by a terrible war. Every evening Anna Fedorovna follows her established ritual: she rereads the letters she has received. Over time, the paper wears out, and the woman makes copies, and carefully stores the originals in a box with her son’s things. For the anniversary of the Victory, they show a military chronicle; Anna Fedorovna has never watched it, but that evening her gaze still falls on the screen. Having decided that the boy’s back that flashed on the screen belongs to her Igor, she has not looked away from the TV since then. The hope of seeing her son takes away the sight of an aged woman. She begins to go blind and reading her cherished letters becomes impossible.

On her eightieth birthday, Anna Fedorovna is happy, surrounded by people who remembered Igor. Soon the next anniversary of the Victory will pass and pioneers come to the old woman, they ask to show her dear letters. One of the girls demands that they be given to the school museum, which causes hostility from the orphaned mother. But after she drove away the assertive pioneers, the letters were not found on the spot: taking advantage of the old woman’s venerable age and blindness, the children stole them. They took her from the box and from her soul. Tears continuously flowed down the cheeks of the desperate mother - this time her Igor died forever, she could no longer hear his voice. Anna Feodorovna could not survive this blow, tears still slowly flowed down her wrinkled cheeks, although her body became lifeless. And the place for the letters was a desk drawer in the storeroom of the school museum.

In Vladimir Vysotsky’s poem “Buried in our memory for centuries...” the poet compares a person’s memory to a fragile clay vessel and calls for a careful relationship with the past. Events, dates, and faces that are so important to us are buried in our memory for centuries, and attempts to remember are not always crowned with success.

Vladimir Semenovich cites as an example memories of the war, the fact that a sapper can only make a mistake once. After such a disastrous mistake, some people are reluctant to remember the person, while others don’t even want to remember at all. The same thing happens in our lives in general: some people constantly delve into the past, while others prefer not to return to it. The past years become an old warehouse of our experiences, thoughts, emotions and scraps of past life that we do not want to dig up. It is very easy to get lost in all this, and even easier to make a mistake. Our past time is like a labyrinth: to understand it, we need pointers, because the “flow of years” mixes up our memories and erases them.

Just like in war, there are “mines” in our memories – the most unpleasant memories and misdeeds, everything that we want to put in the “shadow” and forget. The solution to this is to prevent errors so that they cannot cause “harm” over time.

To summarize, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of memory in our lives, its enormous importance. We must cherish what is preserved in our memories: our experiences, happy moments and moments of despair, everything we have experienced. We should not consign the past to oblivion, because by losing it, a person loses a part of himself.

Today we talked about the topic “ The problem of memory: arguments from literature“. You can use this option to prepare for the Unified State Exam.

Essay on the Unified State Exam according to the text:" Brest Fortress. It is very close to Moscow: the train runs for less than 24 hours. Everyone who visits those parts definitely comes to the fortress... " (according to B.L. Vasiliev).

Full text

(1) Brest Fortress. (2) It is very close to Moscow: the train runs for less than 24 hours. (3) Everyone who visits those parts must come to the fortress. (4) They don’t speak loudly here: the days of the forty-first year were too deafening and these stones remember too much. (b) Discreet guides accompany groups to the battlefields, and you can go down into the basements of the 333rd regiment, touch bricks melted by flamethrowers, go to the Terespol and Kholm gates, or stand silently under the arches of the former church. (6) Take your time. (7) Remember. (8) And bow down. (9) In the museum they will show you weapons that once fired, and soldier’s shoes that someone hastily laced in the early morning of June 22. (10) They will show you the personal belongings of the defenders and tell you how they went crazy with thirst, giving water to children... (11) And you will certainly stop near the banner - the only banner that has been found in the fortress so far. (12) But they are looking for banners. (13) They are looking because the fortress did not surrender, and the Germans did not capture a single battle banner here. (14) The fortress did not fall. (15) The fortress bled to death. (16) Historians do not like legends, but they will certainly tell you about an unknown defender whom the Germans managed to capture only in the tenth month of the war. (17) On the tenth, in April 1942. (18) This man fought for almost a year. (19) A year of fighting in the unknown, without neighbors to the left and right, without orders and rear support, without shifts and letters from home. (20) Time has not revealed his name or rank, but we know that he was a Soviet soldier. (21) Every year on June 22, the Brest Fortress solemnly and sadly marks the beginning of the war. (22) The surviving defenders arrive, wreaths are laid, and the guard of honor freezes. (23) Every year on June 22, an old woman arrives in Brest on the earliest train. (24) She is in no hurry to leave the noisy station and has never been to the fortress. (25) It goes out onto the square, where a marble slab hangs at the entrance to the station: FROM JUNE 22 TO JULY 2, 1941, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF LIEUTENANT NIKOLAY (last name unknown) AND Sergeant-Major PAVL BASNEV, MILITARY SERVANTS AND RAILWAY WORKERS HEROICALLY DEFENDED THE FOC HALL (26) The old woman reads this inscription all day. (27) Standing next to her, as if on a guard of honor. (28) Leaves. (29) Brings flowers. (30) And again he stands and reads again. (31) Reads one name. (32) Seven letters: "NICHOLAY". (33) The noisy station lives its usual life. (34) Trains come and go, announcers announce that people should not forget their tickets, music thunders, people laugh loudly. (35) And an old woman stands quietly near the marble plaque. (36) There is no need to explain anything to her: it is not so important where our sons lie. (37) The only thing that matters is what they fought for.

An article by Russian writer Boris Vasiliev makes us think whether we remember those soldiers who defended our country, us, from the black plague of fascism. The problem of memory of the Great Patriotic War is raised by the author of the article. There are many museums in our country dedicated to heroic soldiers. One of them is the museum of the defenders of the Brest Fortress.

The author’s position is clearly expressed in the words: “Don’t rush. Remember. And bow down." The author calls on modern youth to remember those who gave us a free life, preserved our state, our people. And the most important thing is what they fought for, and they fought for our future.

I completely agree with the author of the article. We have no right to forget those who died in this bloody massacre; we must know and honor their graves, their monuments. You cannot live without touching this, because this is our history. This must be remembered and knowledge passed on to future generations.

Many Russian writers raised the topic of war in their works. Great works have been written about the heroic exploits of Soviet soldiers. This is “The Fate of Man” by M. Sholokhov, and “Soldiers Are Not Born” by K. Simonov, and “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” by B. Vasiliev, and many, many others. After reading Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of Man,” for a long time I could not move away from the state into which he introduced me. Andrei Sokolov has experienced a lot. The fate that came during the war is the most difficult. But, despite all the difficulties, having gone through all the horror of captivity and concentration camps, Sokolov was able to retain within himself human feelings of kindness and compassion.

Also, B. Vasiliev in his story “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet” talks about ordinary Soviet girls who were not afraid of an enemy many times superior to them and fulfilled their military duty: they did not allow the Germans to get to the railway tracks in order to blow them up. The girls paid for their brave deed with their lives.

We cannot forget what freedom cost our country. We must remember those who laid down their lives for the future of their descendants. Honor the memory and teach this to your children, passing on the memory of the war from generation to generation.

In this material, we focused the reader’s attention on the main problems raised in the texts on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. Arguments illustrating these problems are found under the appropriate headings. You can also download a table with all these examples at the end of the article.

IN stories by V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera" The author touches on a very important problem for the whole society of preserving natural heritage. The writer notes that without knowledge of the past it is impossible to build a worthy future. Nature is also memory, our history. Thus, the death of the island of Matera and the small village of the same name caused the loss of memory of the wonderful days of life in this area, its former inhabitants... Unfortunately, only the older generation, for example, the main character Daria Pinigina, understood that Matera is not just an island, it is a connection with the past, the memory of ancestors. When Matera disappeared under the waters of the raging Angara, and the last inhabitant left this place, the memory died.
History of heroes science fiction story American writer Ray Bradbury "A Sound of Thunder" is also a confirmation that nature is part of our common history. Nature, time and memory - all these concepts are intertwined together, and this is emphasized by the science fiction writer. The death of a small creature, a butterfly, caused the death of the future of the whole world. Interference with the wildlife of the prehistoric past was very costly for the inhabitants of planet Earth. Thus, the issue of preserving natural heritage in Ray Bradbury's story "A Sound of Thunder" is raised to make people think about the value of the environment because it is inextricably linked with the history of mankind.

Preservation of cultural heritage

In the book of a Soviet and Russian philologist and culturologist D.S. Likhachev “Letters about the good and the beautiful” the problem of preserving cultural heritage is revealed. The author makes his readers think about what cultural monuments mean to people. The Doctor of Philological Sciences reminds us that, unlike natural objects, architectural structures are not capable of self-healing. He encourages everyone to take an active part in preserving the memory frozen in clay and plaster. In his opinion, no one should reject the culture of the past, since it is the foundation of our future. This statement should convince every caring person to try to solve the problem of preserving cultural heritage posed by D.S. Likhachev.
IN novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" one of the main characters, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, is confident that culture is irreplaceable in people's lives. The author is trying to convey through this hero the idea of the importance of cultural heritage not only to the nihilist Evgeniy Bazarov, but also to all readers. Without the healing influence of art, Evgeny, for example, could not understand himself and realize in time that he was a romantic and also needed warmth and affection. It is the spiritual sphere that helps us to know ourselves, so we cannot deny it. Music, fine arts, literature make a person noble and morally beautiful, therefore it is necessary to take care of the preservation of cultural monuments.

Memory problem in family relationships

In the story by K.N. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya forgot about her mother for many years, did not come, did not visit. She justified herself by being busy every day, but no matter could compare in importance to her own mother. The story of the main character is given by the author as an edification to the reader: the care and love of parents should not be forgotten by children, because one day it will be too late to repay them in kind. This happened with Nastya. Only after the death of her mother did the girl realize that she had devoted very little time to the one who protected her sleep at the crib.
The words of parents and their instructions are sometimes remembered by children for many years and even for life. Yes, the main character stories by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", Pyotr Grinev, very clearly understood for himself the simple truth of his father, “take care of your honor from a young age.” Thanks to his parents and their instructions, the hero never gave up, did not blame anyone for his problems, and accepted defeats with honor and dignity if life demanded it. The memory of his parents was something sacred for Pyotr Grinev. He respected their opinion, tried to justify their trust in himself, which later helped him become happy and free.

The problem of historical memory

In the novel by B. L. Vasiliev “Not on the lists” The main character had not yet registered at the combat post when the bloody Second World War began. He invested all his young strength in the defense of the Brest Fortress, during which everyone died. Even when left alone, he never ceased to terrify the invaders with his nightly forays. When Pluzhnikov was caught, the enemies saluted him, as the Soviet soldier amazed them with his courage. But the title of the novel tells us that many such nameless heroes were lost in the hustle and bustle of the days when they simply did not have time to be added to the next list. But how much have they, unrecognized and forgotten, done for us? In order for us to at least preserve this in our memory, the author dedicated an entire work to the feat of Nikolai Pluzhnikov, which thereby became a monument to military glory on a mass grave.
In Aldous Huxley's dystopia "Brave New World" describes a society that denies its history. As we see, their ideal life, unclouded by memories, has become only a cloying and meaningless semblance of real life. They have no feelings and emotions, family and marriage, friendship and other values that define personality. All new people are dummies, existing according to the laws of reflexes and instincts, primitive creatures. Against their background, the Savage stands out favorably, whose upbringing was built on connections with the achievements and defeats of past eras. That is why his individuality is undeniable. Only historical memory, expressed in the continuity of generations, allows us to develop harmoniously.

When they say “The Great Patriotic War,” a picture of battles and fierce battles appears before me; pain – physical from wounds, and mental, which torments people who lost their loved ones at that time. But what does war mean for modern society? How do today's people feel about veterans, about the memory of great battles and about universal heroes? This is exactly what L. Matros makes the reader think about with his text.
Speaking about this problem, the author regretfully admits that the war years are fading into the distance from the memory of modern times and “in the external attributes of everyday life, everything that reminds of it is gradually disappearing.” And he is right, because a new generation is growing up, which, alas, is not interested in “problems of the past”; they are much more interested in thinking about today. Increasingly, we are faced with a situation where for the modern generation the Great Patriotic War is becoming just an echo from the past, which is mentioned in history textbooks. It is not for nothing that Sailor considers the theme of victory to be especially relevant today, because the Great Victory showed “how powerful and invincible the people of the Earth are when they are guided by the wisdom of finding ways to unite the forces of good and humanism against evil and misanthropy.”
I completely share the author’s view, his pain is close to me. I also believe that the topic of folk memory is very relevant at the present time, when in the world we are faced with a lot of troubles every day. Based on this, I believe that it is impossible to raise a full-fledged person without teaching him to respect his ancestors and the history of the country
The Great Patriotic War created an entire poetic anthology of the era. The importance of people's memory has been emphasized more than once in the works of talented writers. In this way they showed us that these events are sacred for the entire people. We must remember those who died and treat veterans with respect.
Let us recall, at least, “Obelisk” by Vasil Bykov, where the feat of the teacher, shot by the Nazis, was not forgotten.
Also, for example, one can recall Kondratiev’s story “Sashka”.
Speaking about this work, one cannot ignore such concepts as courage, honor, courage and courage. It was these qualities that the main character of the story possessed. Sashka. Although this hero is still very young, he takes his profession very seriously.
The events of those years leave no one indifferent. And it is very valuable that over time we do not turn into mankurt slaves from the famous legend, who do not remember our past.
The main thing is to remember the truly great words of A.S. Pushkin: “Respect for the past is the trait that distinguishes education from savagery.”