Family problems (Unified State Examination arguments). The role of the family (parents) in the formation of a child’s personality - the problem of education - ready-made arguments and theses The problem of expressing feelings towards parents arguments

In texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, problems related to education are often encountered. We have combined them in this work, selecting literary arguments for each problematic issue. All these examples from books can be downloaded in table format (link at the end of the article).

1. The problem of childhood and its role in the development of a person’s personality is clearly depicted in the novel. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Reading about the childhood of Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, we begin to understand why this hero behaves this way in adult life. In their native Oblomovka, everyone did nothing but eat and lie; everything on their native estate breathed serene laziness. Mother protected little Ilyusha, he grew like a delicate flower. So Ilya Oblomov grew up as an idle person, completely unadapted to life, who could not even dress himself.
2. The importance of childhood in the development of a person’s personality is shown in “Dead Souls” N.V. Gogol. Throughout the entire work, the reader gradually recognizes Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. And a kind of completion of the disclosure of the image is the description of the hero’s childhood and youth. The father teaches the boy to save a penny and please his bosses. Young Pavel listens to his father and puts his orders into practice. Chichikov, deprived of many benefits in childhood, strives by all means to make up for lost time and get everything from life. It is in the character's childhood that we find the roots of his adventurous nature.

The problem of fathers and children

1. A textbook example of revealing the problem of intergenerational relationships can be the novel I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Arkady Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov represent the camp of “children”; in contrast to them are the Kirsanov brothers (Nikolai and Pavel), who represent the camp of “fathers”. Bazarov carries within himself the new moods of youth, nihilism. And old people, especially Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, do not understand the ideas of denial. The main problem is that the heroes do not want to understand each other. And this is the main conflict of generations: the inability and unwillingness to accept and hear each other.
2. The theme of relationships between generations in the drama is tragically revealed A.N. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm". The boar has long subjugated everyone in her house to her will; she doesn’t even realize that her children are suffering. Daughter Varvara long ago learned to lie and be a hypocrite; she adapted to life in Kabanikha’s house. Tikhon wants to escape from the house where his mother is in charge. There is no understanding or respect between mother and children. They are in different opposing camps, only the struggle of the “children” does not come to the surface. Varvara's rebellion in her double life: she says one thing to her mother, thinks and does another. After Katerina’s suicide, Tikhon decides to say his word, and until that moment he will strive to get out of the house that is suffocating him. The conflict between “fathers” and “children” leads to suffering on both sides.

Family problem

1. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in his novel “The Golovlev Gentlemen” clearly showed how the specifics of upbringing within a family are reflected in the future life of already matured children. Arina Petrovna Golovleva is a mother, she divides children into hateful ones and favorites, gives them nicknames that eventually supplant their names. The children live from hand to mouth, although the estate is quite rich. None of Arina Petrovna’s children grew up in such conditions into a decent person: Stepan, the eldest son, squandered his fortune and returned to Golovlevo at the age of forty, daughter Anna ran away with a hussar, who soon disappeared, leaving the girl with two children, Pavel drinks, Porfiry (Judas) grows up to be a cruel, petty person. No one became happy because there was no happiness and love since childhood.
2. French writer Francois Mauriac in the story "The Monkey" shows how cruelly relationships within a family can affect a child’s life and worldview. The heroine hates her husband, she transfers this feeling to the child because of her unfulfilled hopes. Little Guillou, whom his mother calls “Monkey,” grows up in an atmosphere of constant scandals, hysterics, and cruelty. He understands that he is disturbing his mother, he is not needed here. And the child commits suicide. In the family of the aristocratic family of de Sernay, they did not care about the boy, he was an “apple of discord”, the cause of conflicts, and that is why the ending of the story is so tragic.

Correct and incorrect education

1. L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel "War and Peace" draws several families. The Rostov family can be considered one of the exemplary ones. Rostov's mother instills in her children a sense of goodness and justice. They grow up to be decent people, ready for heroism and self-sacrifice. In the Kuragin family, completely different values ​​were invested in raising their offspring, which is why both Helen and Anatole are immoral inhabitants of high society. So, Helene marries Pierre only for his money. Thus, the kind of people they grow up to depend on what values ​​are invested in raising children.
2. In the novel “The Captain's Daughter” A.S. Pushkin the father bequeaths his son Pyotr Grinev to take care of his honor from a young age. These words become a guide for Peter. He checks every step he takes according to this main testament of his father. That is why he gives a hare sheepskin coat to a stranger, does not kneel before Pugachev, remaining true to himself to the end, for which the rebel respects Grinev, leaving him alive. Thus, thanks to proper upbringing, the hero was able to remain a highly moral and decent person during the time of a terrible peasant revolt.

The problem of parents' responsibility for the fate of their children

1. DI. Fonvizin in the comedy "The Minor" showed how parents themselves raise stupid, ignorant, spoiled children on their estates. Mitrofanushka is used to the fact that everything in this life revolves around him: the best caftan, the teachers chosen so as not to tire the child, and the bride whatever you want. Mrs. Prostakova understands the mistake of her upbringing only at the end of the work, when her dear Mitrofanushka tells her: “Let go, mother, how you imposed yourself...”.

Sofya Famusova, who grew up in an atmosphere of lies and deception, carefully hides her feelings from her father, realizing that he will not allow the development of relations with Molchalin. He does everything in defiance of his father. Molchalin, on the contrary, is faithful to his moral (or immoral) credo, builds his life as his father bequeathed: to please all people without exception. Griboyedov gives the reader the opportunity to reflect on the future of both heroes.

2. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

The upbringing of Petrusha Grinev remains beyond the pages of the text, but the main thing that the young nobleman learned from communication with his father (a strict and demanding man) is the need to be true to his word, take care of honor, and observe the laws of morality. He does this in all life situations. Even when his father forbids him to marry his beloved Masha Mironova, he accepts his will as a mandatory requirement.

3. N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

From Chichikov’s childhood memories, the image of a gloomy, unkind, cruel father and his instructions about the need to take care and save a penny, the only idol in Pavel Ivanovich’s life, emerges. Chichikov builds his life according to his father’s behests and succeeds in many ways.

4. A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

The relationship between mother and children in the Kabanov family is based on fear and hypocrisy. Varvara is accustomed to lying and is trying to teach Katerina this. But the brother’s wife had different relationships in the family; she does not accept her mother-in-law’s hypocrisy and fights her with her own means. The ending of such an upbringing is predictable: Varvara runs away from home, Katerina dies voluntarily, Tikhon rebels against his mother.

5. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

The “children” in the novel - Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov - at the beginning of the story act as a united front against the “fathers” in the person of Uncle Arkady - Pavel Petrovich. Nikolai Petrovich does not resist the bold and daring statements of his son and his friend. And he acts wisely and far-sightedly. Gradually, many discrepancies in his friend’s behavior are revealed to Arkady, and he returns to the bosom of his family. And Bazarov, who so easily criticizes the “romanticism” of the Kirsanovs, is absolutely sensitive to such behavior of his father, because he loves his parents and takes care of them.

6. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

The novel presents several families, in each of which relationships are built on certain principles. In the Kuragin family, this is the principle of profit and gain. Both the father and his children agree to any relationship, as long as it is profitable, that’s how marriages are made. The Drubetsky family is guided by the same principle: humiliation and servility are their tools in achieving their goals. The Rostovs live as they breathe: they enjoy friends, holidays, hunting - everything that decorates our lives. Father and mother try to be honest in everything with their children and each other. Benefits are not important to them. Practically ruining her family and herself, Natasha demands that carts be given to the wounded; this is the only thing a true patriot and merciful person can do. And the mother agrees with her daughter. The relationship between father and daughter Bolkonsky is similar. And although it seems that the father is too strict and intolerant towards his daughter, in fact, he understands too well the difficulties of his daughter’s upcoming life. Therefore, Princess Marya herself refuses Anatoly Kuragin, realizing how right her father is.

7. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Rodion Raskolnikov, explaining the reason for the murder of the old pawnbroker, says that he wanted to help his mother. In fact, he is very kind to his mother, trying to break out of the vicious circle of poverty. With trepidation and excitement, he remembers his father, from whom he was left with a watch (pawned to an old woman pawnbroker). The mother does not fully believe in the crime of her beloved Rodya.

8. A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard"

In the play, daughter Anya, a seventeen-year-old girl, goes after her prodigal mother, lost somewhere in Paris, in order to return her to the bosom of the family to solve problems with the estate. Ranevskaya behaves naively and stupidly. Only Varya, the adopted daughter of the same Ranevskaya, is endowed with common sense. When Lyubov Andreevna gives a gold piece to a passing beggar, Varya cannot stand it and says that there is nothing in the house, and the lady is throwing away such money. Having lost everything, Ranevskaya leaves for Paris and takes away her aunt’s money, leaving her daughters to their fate. The girl Anya is going to the capital, and it is not clear how her life will turn out, where she will get money for living. Varya goes to work as a housekeeper. Fathers and sons change places here.

9. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"

In the Melekhov family, everything rests on the power of the father. And when Panteley Prokofievich finds out about Grigory’s relationship with Aksinya, he decides to marry his son to Natalya. Gregory submits to his father's will. But, realizing that he does not love his wife, he gives up everything and goes with Aksinya to work as workers. He agrees to shame in the name of love. But time destroys everything in the world, and the Melekhovs’ house, the foundations of Cossack life, collapses. And soon no one obeys the laws of life, everyone lives as they want. Daria advances on her father-in-law with an obscene proposal, and Dunyashka puts her mother in a hopeless position and literally forces her to give her blessing for marriage to Mishka Koshev.

10. B. Vasiliev “Tomorrow there was war”

The story focuses on two families, Iskra Polyakova and Vika Lyuberetskaya. Iskra's mother is a female commissar, strong-willed, domineering, and strict. But when the mother once again decides to flog her daughter with her soldier’s belt, she responds in the spirit of her mother - just as strictly and irrevocably. And the mother understands that the girl has matured. Vika and her father have a completely different relationship - warm and trusting. When the girl is faced with a choice: abandon her father or be expelled from the Komsomol, Vika decides to take her own life. She cannot abandon her beloved father, no matter what suspicions fall on him.

Family problems. The role of childhood in human life. The role of parents in education. Problems of child poverty and suffering. The role of the family in the formation of personality. Family relationships. Blind parental love. Home as the basis of an emerging personality. The role of the mother in education. Love for roleplayers. Relationships between fathers and children. The continuity of generations

I. A. Goncharov's novel "Oblomov". As a child, little Ilya was overprotected by his mother and nannies, fearing for the child. He was protected from possible and impossible dangers, and was not allowed to explore life on his own and gain his own experience. Having matured, Ilya Ilyich was afraid to live, postponing all matters “until tomorrow.”

Story by V.

A. Astafieva "Lyudochka". Lyudochka, after violence was committed against her in the city, came to her native village to visit her mother in order to restore peace of mind and receive maternal support. But her mother, although she guessed what happened to her daughter, did not help her survive this terrible period, cope with what had befallen her, believing that Lyudochka should do it on her own, that she should get used to this. Lyudochka couldn't. But most likely, simple words of consolation and support from the mother could have prevented such an outcome and saved her daughter from sin.

Blind parental love. A. Aleksin's story "Mad Evdokia". Olya, the only daughter of passionately loving parents, is convinced of her own exclusivity. Father and mother do not notice their daughter’s disdain for her friend and consider teacher Evdokia crazy in her desire to introduce the children to life in a team and the ability to appreciate each other. When Olya leaves the excursion without permission, the parents’ grief cannot be expressed in words. Something irreparable happens because of the thoughtless act of a spoiled girl.

Blind parental love. A. S. Makarenko "Book for parents." His parents love their only son Victor immensely. However, he grows up to be a cold, calculating young man who indifferently brushes off his seriously ill father. The parents realize with horror their mistake in raising their son when Victor refuses to buy medicine for his father because he is late for the theater.

V. Hugo's novel "Les Miserables". Cosette becomes the meaning of life for the main character Jean Valjean. In her he finds a woman-daughter, a woman-mother, a woman-sister - everything that he never knew. When Cosette marries, the Hero dies of grief: he has nothing left to live for.

The story of F. M. Dostoevsky "The Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree." A poor child whose mother dies on Christmas Eve is forced to wander the streets. He looks into the windows of elegant houses, there is a holiday everywhere, treats, fun, only he has nowhere to go and nothing to eat. A child dies of cold, huddled in some dark and cold corner.

Date of publication: 12/25/2016

Ready-made arguments for writing the Unified State Exam, which emphasize:

The problem of the role of the family in the formation of a child’s personality

The problem of the influence of parents on the development of a person’s personality

The problem of continuity of generations

The problem of education

Possible theses:

Most often, children grow up to be the same as their parents.

It is in the family that moral values ​​and life principles are laid in the child’s personality

Children adopt both positive and negative traits from parents who serve as examples for them.

D. I. Fonvizin comedy “The Minor”

A striking example of the influence of parents on the formation of a child’s personality is Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor.” Mrs. Prostakova invested considerable sums in the education of her only son. She loved Mitrofanushka with all her mother’s heart and overly pampered him, pitied him and cherished him without reason, not noticing her son’s shortcomings. The child, realizing his value in the eyes of his mother, took advantage of his position. Prostakova's excessive guardianship led to the fact that the young man grew up as a lazy, selfish and uneducated person, unable to love even his own mother.

Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” can serve as proof that children learn a lot from their parents. Mrs. Prostakova hired teachers for her son, although she herself was illiterate. In front of Mitrofanushka, she beat the servants, insulted her husband, showed complete disrespect for others and behaved boorishly, or, on the contrary, flattered rich guests. It is not surprising that the young man grew up the same way and behaved rudely even towards his own mother. Seeing how his son pushes away his dearest person, Starodum summed up: “These are the fruits worthy of evil!”

B. L. Vasiliev novel “Don’t shoot white swans”

The problem of the family’s influence on the child’s personality is also touched upon in Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans.” Yegor Polushkin, the main character, showed a reverent and caring attitude towards all living things. His son Kolka took over his father’s love of nature. When the boy found out that the flayer Vovka was going to torture the puppy to death, he, without hesitation, gave up his spinning rod to save the animal, although he understood that he would never be given such a thing again.

Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans” shows how similar children are to their parents. Buryanov, being a forester, abused his position. He cut down forests, stripped linden trees, and did not keep order in the territory entrusted to him. Vovka, who for money took tourists to places where hunting and fishing were prohibited, did not go far from his father.

Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans” shows that children adopt both positive and negative traits from their parents. Yegor Polushkin loved all living things, and his son was the same: he wrote poems about caring for nature, and in order to save a puppy, he gave his brand new spinning rod to a flayer. Forester Buryanov took advantage of his position, cut down forests, peeled linden trees, which did not serve as the best example for his son Vovka. The boy grew up as a ruthless and greedy blackmailer.

A. S. Pushkin story “The Captain's Daughter”

The problem of the influence of family on a person’s personality is also touched upon in Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter”. Andrei Grinev paid great attention to raising his son, wanting the boy to become a real man. Seeing Petrusha off to work, his father gave him the order: “Take care of your dress again, and take care of your honor from a young age.” Perhaps it was thanks to this that the young man showed his best side during the rebellion, demonstrating courage, honesty and thirst for justice.

L. N. Tolstoy novel “War and Peace”

Family values ​​are passed on from parents to children, and Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” can serve as an example of this. In the Rostov family, where moral values ​​played an important role, the children: Nikolai, Peter and Natasha, adopted such qualities from their parents as openness, honesty and kindness. In the Kuragin family, where everything was decided by money, Helen and Anatole grew up to be as selfish and selfish as their father.

On this page we have listed the most common family related problems. All of them have a place in the content. Under each heading you will find two arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam in Russian. You can also download a table with all these examples at the end of the article.

1. In the comedy D.I. Fonvizin "Minor" This problem affected one of the main characters Mitrofanushka - the son of the landowners Prostakovs. The young man is already 16 years old, but he still doesn’t know what he wants from life. It cannot be said that the parents did not love the child; on the contrary, they literally smothered him with their care and guardianship. Mitrofanushka’s mother, Mrs. Prostakova, demonstrated especially similar zeal for “education.” Motherly love completely blinded the powerful woman. It seemed that she saw nothing around her except the exaggerated merits of the undergrown Mitrofan. She did everything to tie him to her forever. This is where the young man’s lack of independence, laziness and lack of education came from. The little boy had no need to bother himself, since all his problems were solved for him by his overly attentive mother. Thus, in the play by D.I. Fonvizin’s family played a huge role in Mitrofanushka’s life: blind parental love did not allow the hero to develop.
2. In the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" The problem of the role of the family in the development of personality is one of the most important. The family of the old Cossack Taras Bulba had two sons - Andriy and Ostap. The image of his father became sacred for the latter. Since childhood, Ostap obediently followed everything his parent taught him. He inherited from him such character traits as perseverance and masculinity. Feelings of patriotism, duty to family and comrades were also instilled in the Cossack by his father. It is safe to say that thanks to his family upbringing and respect for the traditions of his ancestors, Ostap stood up for his Motherland with dignity and withstood all the pains of execution. However, excessive pressure and excess energy of Taras negatively affected the upbringing of Andriy, who fled from his home and violated all the unwritten rules of his family. He rebelled against the pressure of the head of the family and wanted to build his life differently. Thus, the same upbringing had different effects on the fate of Bulba’s sons.

The problem of fathers and children

1. Main character novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov could not find a common language with his parents. Being an adherent of new habits and morals, a man of science, not faith, Evgeny Bazarov considers the behavior of his parents inappropriate and outdated. He loves his old people, but does not want to live in the past. Also, the hero’s liberal views give rise to a conflict between him and his friend’s uncle, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Evgeniy is horrified by the fact that Kirsanov is ready to spend money on white collars and an imported suit in the village, where no one sees his efforts anyway. According to the young physician, the art dearly loved by Pavel Petrovich could not be compared with science and natural human labor. The elderly man also does not understand the guest, considering him an ill-mannered snob. Only in the finale do they come to terms with each other’s existence, recognizing the fact that the confrontation between generations is a normal phenomenon.
2. The reason for the broken destinies of heroes plays by A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" again there is a mutual misunderstanding that arose due to the difference in age, different views on the world of fathers and children. Thus, the main character of the work, Katerina, became an unloved daughter-in-law because she does not correspond to the merchant Kabanikha’s ideas about a decent person: she does not obey her mother-in-law, allows herself to speak out about anything, and is devoid of meekness and respect for elders. The confrontation between generations leads to complete chaos in the Kabanovs' house, and ultimately to Katerina's suicide. Another representative of the “elite” of the city of Kalinov and co-ruler of Kabanikha in the “dark kingdom,” the merchant Dikoy hates his nephews and the entire family as a whole. It is difficult for him to accept that the younger generation has the same rights as himself, that Boris deserves respect. And boys and girls also rebel against outdated orders: Varvara deceives her mother, and in the finale she runs away from home, Tikhon blames Kabanova for the death of his wife, etc. Unfortunately, all the characters lacked kindness and understanding, otherwise they could have avoided all these negative consequences.

The problem of education

1. Father of Peter Grinev - one of the main characters stories by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"- asked his son to learn a simple truth: “take care of your honor from a young age.” Thanks to his father’s instructions and exemplary upbringing, Pyotr Grinev was able to emerge victorious from a complex game called “Pugachevism.” Honor and respect not only from friends, but also from opponents led Grinev, despite his misdeeds, to find happiness and success in business. Of course, the contribution of Savelich’s father and “nanny” is a very significant contribution to this victory. Peter did the right thing when he did not reject the advice of his elders, drawing conclusions from them; the hero tried to act according to his conscience in everything and with everyone.
2. It’s one thing when parents’ advice benefits us, and quite another when a harmless lesson from a father suddenly turns into the cause of a son’s catastrophes. So, in poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" it talks about the fate of a once poor young man who became a prosperous and active person. As we know, Chichikov decided to organize an adventure and cash in on the mortgaged peasants, who in fact do not exist. For the sake of enrichment, he was ready for any deception, so he traveled to estates and tried with all his might to persuade the owners to sell him dead souls. The reason for such a frenzied craving for money was his upbringing: even as a child, Pavel received an order from his father to never forget the value of money and to put material wealth above all else. Such words served as a catalyst for moral decline, and later, oddly enough, for the hero’s disastrous financial situation, because he left with nothing after Korobochka’s exposure.

Neglect of children towards parents

1. Of course, all children love their fathers and mothers, no matter what the circumstances, but the awareness of this fact does not always come immediately, that is, at an early age, when we are still able to correct the situation while our parents are alive. In the story by K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram” the young heroine Nastya did not think at all about how dear her own mother was to her. Nastya did not understand that the bright colors of big Leningrad would not replace her mother's love and affection. Unfortunately, the girl realized this too late - only when her mother was dying. The death of her closest person gave Nastya a feeling of endless guilt, because the old woman left this world alone, without ever saying goodbye to her daughter.
2. As for the main thing hero of the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Evgeniy Bazarov, he also admitted his mistakes late, already on his deathbed. He appreciated the care of his father and mother, but considered its manifestation optional for himself. Due to his character, the educated hero commits rash actions - he pushes away his parents, who are not sacred enough to have learned conversations with him. Although, as it turned out, the young nihilist’s feelings are much closer than he himself thought. But he, rejected by the woman he loves, admits this much later, needing help and affection. He realizes how painful it is for his mother to see his indifference, how ashamed she is that she is not smart enough to be liked by her son. Alas, this realization was late, and the hero dies with a feeling of guilt.