What is oil paint made from? Chemistry and production preparation of watercolor paints

Myshanskaya Veronica

XVI scientific and practical conference “Project activity as a means of creating an information and educational environment”

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municipal budgetary educational institution secondary school No. 60 named after the fifth Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Red Banner Budapest Corps of the Soviet district of the city of Rostov-on-Don

(MBOU Secondary School No. 60)

ABSTRACT

"HOW PAINTS ARE MADE"

Performed:

student of 2nd grade "B"

Myshanskaya Veronica

Teacher:

Khramtsova Elena Anatolyevna

Rostov-on-Don

year 2014

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….page 3

Part 1. History of paints

1.1 First paints……………………………………………………… pp. 4-5

1.2 Paints of great artists. Icon paints…………………. page 5 1.3 The history of modern paints.................................................... p. 5-6

Part 2. Making modern paints

2.1 Technology for the production of artistic paints………………………p.6 2.2 Natural pigments……………………………………..….. … ……p.7

2.3 Food colorings……………………………………………………...... p.7

2.4 Composition of paints………………………………………………………………p. 7-8

2.5……………………………p.8

Conclusion……………………………………………………… p.

Literature………………………………………………………. p. Appendix ……………………………………………………… p.

Introduction

All children love to draw. And I am no exception. Creativity is a reflection of mental work. Feelings, mind, eyes and hands are the instruments of the soul. Faced with the beauty and harmony of the world, having experienced a feeling of delight and admiration, I feel the desire to “stop a beautiful moment”, displaying my attitude to reality on a piece of paper. This activity allows me to relax and unwind after school lessons. I get so carried away that I forget about everything in the world.

I really like to paint with different paints: watercolors, gouache, oil paints. These paints can be purchased at any office supply store. And modern artists do just that.

Before the first of September, my mother and I went shopping. In the store I was amazed by the variety of paints for painting. I thought about it. A long time ago, when there were no shops and paints were not made in factories, where did artists get them? I wondered: how did the colors come about? What was the first paint and who was the first artist? Is it possible to make environmentally friendly paints at home? I decided to find answers to these questions. Determined the topic of my research: “How are paints made?” Has outlined target research: find out how paints came about and get natural dyes at home. I set myself the following tasks:

1. Study the history of the origin of paints;

2. Experimentally determine the most suitable products for producing paint at home;

3. Conduct experiments and formulate conclusions.

Object of studyin this work is paint for drawing.

Hypothesis: Are some methods of producing paints from natural materials still preserved and used at home today?

Practical significance:the work can be used in fine arts lessons, in extracurricular activities, for writing essays and as additional material for the curious.

1. History of paints

Do you like to draw or are you a fan of painting? In any case, everyone had the opportunity to take art classes in school. Some even went to art school and made painting their profession. But where do paints come from? How and from what are they made?

1.1 First paints

Humanity has been drawing for hundreds of years. This is quite convincingly evidenced by the exhibitions of fine art museums and rock paintings that can be seen in some caves.

In general, there are drawings, but where the colors came from, especially from our distant ancestors, who left images of hunting scenes and many other not always clear images, is a question. Moreover, the answer to it, at least the first part of it, is quite simple.

You've probably noticed that some plants (berries or beets) can stain both the skin of your hands and other surfaces. Our ancestors noticed this too. In addition to plant paints, they had in their arsenal soot, various clays and some mineral pigments, in particular ocher. The dyes that cave artists used were chemicals found in the earth (iron oxide in all shades - from light yellow to bright orange) and manganese (a metallic element). These substances were ground into a fine powder and mixed with fat (possibly animal lard). This is how the first colors appeared. The ancient man used them to draw wild animals that he saw around him.

Primitive drawings made with charcoal and sanguine (clay) have survived to this day. Cave dwellers painted on the stones what surrounded them: running animals and hunters with spears.

Colored images of animals dating back to approximately 30,000-10,000 years ago BC have been discovered on cave walls in southern France and Spain. Many of these paintings are surprisingly well preserved because these caves have not been accessible for many centuries.

For rock paintings in the Lascaux cave (France), a natural mixture of minerals was used as paints - ocher (from the Greek ochros - “yellow”), which was often found in nature in the form of clay or lumps crumbling into dust. It was of different colors: yellow, brown, reddish.

To give the drawings more vibrant colors, our distant ancestors used both red cinnabar and orange lead. Embers, soot and soot produced black paint.

Medieval artists prepared paints themselves, but such paints could not be stored for more than one day, since they oxidized and hardened upon contact with air.

1.2 Paints of great artists. Icon paints

In Russia, the history of colors is studied through icons. The earliest paints in icon painting and manuscript painting of the 11th - 13th centuries were various ocher and soot - “smoked ink”, blue azure and cinnabar, green jars obtained from copper, white, which was prepared from lead, “created” gold.

At the time of Andrei Rublev, artists had only 30-40 types of paints at their disposal, and many of them were similar in chemical composition and color. If we go back to more ancient times - Rome, then Roman artists used approximately the same amount of paints. Over the past fifteen centuries, nature has given us two or three more colors. Throughout the history of paints, binders have changed. The dyes themselves (pigments) have been used almost the same for centuries.

1. 3 History of modern paints

Millennia passed. Man needed other colors, more durable and brighter. The kind that could be used to paint shields, tanned leather, headdresses and weapons, and then the first fabrics.

Yellow They learned to make paint from the bark of barberry, alder, milkweed and mulberry.

Brown - from a decoction of onion peels, walnut shells, oak bark, henna leaves.

To get red Some berries came in handy about the colors.

In short, each of the colors that both adults and children use today has its own long and amazing history.

Purple. In Ancient Rome, only the emperor could wear crimson, purple clothes. The thing is, purple paint was very expensive. It was extracted with great difficulty from the shells of Mediterranean snails - scarlet snails. Ten thousand shells yielded little more than a gram of paint. And this paint was discovered about 4 thousand years ago.

In our paint sets you can see one more color - indigo . This is the name of one of the shades of dark blue paint. It is even older than purple. Indigo-dyed fabrics have been found in the tombs of pharaohs who ruled Ancient Egypt several thousand years ago. The word “indigo” itself suggests that the birthplace of the paint is India. For a long time no one knew the secret of its manufacture. But the shrub from whose leaves indigo was obtained grew not only in India, but also in many other countries.

Carmine . This paint has its own interesting history. If purple owes its origin to a sea snail, indigo to a bush, then carmine originates from... insects. From tiny tropical insects that

called "cochineal". Imagine how much cochineal, the size of a ladybug, needs to be caught to supply at least one dyehouse! But in those days, countless caravans with precious red silks and the finest wool dyed with carmine left from the East to all corners of the world.

So, if good paints were obtained with great difficulty and were very expensive, then why are there now so many paints and they are so cheap?

Chemistry. Nowadays paints are made from coal tar and other substances. It turned out that in black coal you can find all the color wealth of Mother Nature. Today, only sonorous names and amazing stories have been preserved from ancient paints.

2. Production of modern paints

2.1 Technology for the production of artistic paints

It is simply impossible to describe in detail all the stages of preparing paints within the framework of the article, but we will try to briefly describe the process of creating various paints. Let's start with tempera. These paints were originally made on a water-soluble base, the components of which included egg yolk. Today, casein or PVA (synthetic polyvinyl acetate resin) is used to make tempera paints on an industrial scale.

Watercolor paintskneaded on the basis of natural gum arabic - these are resins of plant origin, and honey, glycerin or sugar are used as plasticizers. That’s why they write “Honey Watercolor” on the packages. Despite the harmlessness of the composition, you should not try watercolors: the composition also contains some antiseptics, in particular phenol. If it enters the body, it can cause serious poisoning. Watercolor paints come from China, just like paper.

Gouache its composition is close to watercolor paints. However, when drying, gouache paints become significantly lighter and their surface becomes velvety. This is due to the fact that white is added to the gouache, which gives this effect.

Oily paints are most often made on the basis of linseed oil; alkyd resins are less often used. These paints were first made in Europe in the 15th century, but who exactly invented them is unknown. When dry, oil paints do not change their color, allowing you to achieve amazingly deep tones and shades.

2.2 Natural pigments

Any palette is, first of all, primary colors. They are obtained thanks to the following pigments:

Red : cinnabar, hematite, red ocher.

Orange: realgar, vanadinite.

Yellow: orpiment, jarosite, wulfenite, goethite, light ochres, light limonite.

Green: glauconite, volkonskoite, chlorites, aegirine, augite, malachite, kerchenite.

Blue: azurite (finely ground).

Blue: lapis lazuli, azurite (coarsely ground), vivianite (indigo mineral), riebeckite.

Violet: lapis lazuli (natural ultramarine, after moderate calcination).

Red-brown: hematite, dark ochres, dark limonite.

Brown-black: manganese oxides (psilomelane, vad).

Black: coal, anthracite, magnetite.

2.3 Food colors

Of all the methods of extracting paints from natural materials since ancient times, some have survived to this day. We all practically use them at least once a year. For example, we paint eggs with onion peels.

I learned from my mother and grandmother that the easiest way to get food coloring is to chop, puree foods (fruits, vegetables) and squeeze out the juice.Red and pinkpaints are obtained from raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, dogwoods, lingonberries, currants, cherries, red syrups, and jam.

Purple The paint is obtained from the juice of red cabbage or beets.

Orange the dye is obtained from a mixture of red and yellow paint, as well as carrot juice.

Yellow The paint is obtained from the pulp and zest of lemons and oranges.

Green The dye can be obtained from kiwi juice or parsley leaves, which are rubbed and squeezed out of the juice.

Brown The paint comes from strong coffee, and the ocher comes from tea leaves.

2.4 Paint composition

In any paint, 4 components can be distinguished: coloring pigment, binders, solvent, filler. Each of these components affects the properties of the paint.

Glues of animal or plant origin, resins, hydrocarbons that can be dissolved in water or oils, hardening oils, and various polymers are used as binding elements.

In paints, these substances play the role of film formers. That is, when the paint dries, it is thanks to the binders that they form a durable film on the surface that retains pigments and fillers.

Solvents are needed to make paints less viscous, making them easier to pick up on a brush and apply to the surface to be painted. The choice of solvent depends on what kind of binder is used in the paint; as a rule, this role is played by water, oils, alcohols, ketones, ethers and other hydrocarbons.

Fillers are added to paints to modify their texture and matte finish. You also cannot do without fillers when making heat-resistant paints, including those used in pottery for painting products.

2. 5 Making paints at home

Currently, almost all paints are made in laboratories and factories from chemical elements. Therefore, some paints are even poisonous, for example, red cinnabar made from mercury.

3 cups water, 1 cup cornstarch, food coloring. We prepare as follows. Boil water in a small saucepan. First dissolve the cornstarch in a separate bowl with water. Remove the boiling water from the heat and stir in the cornstarch mixture. Place back on the heat and stir until the mixture is smooth and thick (about 1 minute). Remove from heat. When the mixture has cooled, divide it into containers and add food coloring (dyes from the Easter set). The paints are ready. You can start drawing.

Conclusion

Drawing is an amazing and fascinating process, especially if you paint with paints made with your own hands from what you can eat...

Thus, in the course of the research I conducted, I studied the history of paint; experimentally determined the most suitable products for producing paints at home; I drew pictures using my paints and made a bookmark.

During the experiments I was able to obtain natural paints of different colors and shades.

The hypothesis that some methods of extracting paints from natural materials have been preserved and are used at home in our time has been confirmed.

I shared my research with my classmates.

Literature

1.Alekseeva V.V. What is art? – M.: Soviet artist, 1973.

2. A. Dietrich “Why” Moscow 1991

3. Orlova N. G. Iconography - M.: White City, 2004.

4.Encyclopedia for children: Art. Part 2.- M.: Avanta+, 2005.

Application

Slide 2

Purpose of the study: to find out how paints appeared and to obtain natural dyes at home. Objectives: 1. Study the history of the origin of paints; 2. Experimentally determine the most suitable products for producing paint at home; 3. Conduct experiments and formulate conclusions. The object of study in this work is painting paint.

First paints Cave paintings in the Lascaux cave in France 14,000 BC.

Icon paints In Russia, the history of paints is studied through icons. The earliest paints in icon painting and manuscript painting of the 11th - 13th centuries were various ocher and soot - “smoked ink”, blue azure and cinnabar, green jars obtained from copper, white, which was prepared from lead, “created” gold.

Purple In ancient Rome, only the emperor could wear crimson, purple clothes. The thing is, purple paint was very expensive. It was extracted with great difficulty from the shells of Mediterranean snails - scarlet snails. Ten thousand shells yielded little more than a gram of paint. And this paint was discovered about 4 thousand years ago.

Indigo Indigo. This is the name of one of the shades of dark blue paint. It is even older than purple. Indigo-dyed fabrics have been found in the tombs of pharaohs who ruled Ancient Egypt several thousand years ago. The word “indigo” itself suggests that the birthplace of the paint is India.

Modern paints

Making paints at home

Making paints at home

Thank you for your attention!

You have decided to introduce your child to beauty - to teach him to draw. Or you can “shake off the old days” yourself and portray something like that. But you don’t know which colors are best to choose. Let's figure it out.

Classification of paints

Paints differ from each other in composition, consistency and smell. The following are suitable for drawing:

• watercolor;
• gouache;
• acrylic;
• oil;
• fingered.

What could be better than watercolors?

This type of paint is familiar to everyone (so to speak, greetings from distant childhood). With watercolors (by the way, they were invented by the Chinese) you can paint any complex landscape - after all, there are about forty colors, and even a huge number of various shades.

What is good about this type of paint? Because it is an environmentally friendly product that is not scary to give even to children to occupy their leisure time. Let them draw! Maybe they will become Repin or Aivazovsky. Drawings made with watercolors are distinguished by a certain airiness, naturalness, lightness and transparency.

What is it made from? This type of paint includes:

• Transparent resin. It is obtained by drying the juice of various types of acacias.
• Granulated sugar (or glycerin).
• Plasticizing substances that improve the quality characteristics of the product.

Important! Despite all the advantages of watercolors, do not forget about one point that should alert you: the composition of the paints must also include antiseptic substances (for example, the universally unloved phenol). Therefore, when using it, you should not forget about it and show miracles of carelessness.

We make our own paints

Of course, some super discerning professional, having taken a look and tried to use homemade paints, will snort and say that it is impossible to create a “masterpiece” work of art. But in defense of paints made at home with our own hands, we present the following arguments:

• they are excellent for everyday activities with children (especially preschool age), as they do not eat into the skin of the hands and can be easily wiped off (and if they get on clothes, they can be easily washed off);
• there is no need to visit retail outlets very often to purchase goods (you always have it in stock at home);
• the colors do not mix with each other and remain clean;
• They have a bright color and glide like butter.

So let's get started. You will need:

• baking soda - four tablespoons;
• table vinegar - two tablespoons;
• any light syrup - 1/2 tablespoon;
• starch (preferably corn) - two tablespoons;
• dyes in liquid form or in powders (exclusively for food);
• any suitable containers (for example, muffin or ice tins).

Algorithm for making solid watercolor paints

How to make watercolor paint:

• Thoroughly mix in a container with a spout (then it will be very convenient to pour the mixture into molds) two components: soda and vinegar.

Important! Take your time: wait until the hissing stops. Only then continue to “create”.

• Add the following two ingredients: starch and syrup. Mix everything thoroughly, leaving no lumps.
• Pour the mixture into molds.
• Unpack the dyes and add them to the molds.

On a note! The molds are small, so we use toothpicks or matches to stir the dye into them. We do everything very quickly: you need to complete it within 1 minute. And one more nuance: if the consistency of the paints turns out to be slightly runny, then just add a little starch.

• Let the paints dry. This will take 1-2 days (if you place a tray with freshly prepared paints on the battery, the drying process will go faster).

Once they're completely dry, just take your brush, dip it in water and start sculpting!

Gouache paints are also a good choice

This type of paint is loved by both professional artists and those who have just embarked on this path. However, the choice is good, since gouache has quite rich and bright colors; thick and oily texture. Gouache paints are divided into poster paints (thicker in consistency and brighter; used for design work) and art paints.

Gouache? The question is very simple. This type of paint is a “direct relative” of watercolor. The composition includes the same pigmented particles and the same water-soluble glue-based component. The only difference is that natural white is added to the gouache, which gives it greater density, delicate velvety and whiteness. Paintings made using watercolor or gouache are distinguished by their trepidation, tenderness and liveliness. They cannot be confused with other equipment.

Why not use oil paints?

It’s all very simple: since the paint is oil-based, that means it contains what? That's right - oil. History is silent about who invented it. This type of paint is hardly suitable for children who paint at home. But for children (future, perhaps, brilliant artists) who attend specialized artistic institutions, they are quite suitable (after all, they, children, know how to use them without harm to their health).

What are oil paints made from? They are mixed mainly with linseed oil, which has undergone a unique technological treatment. In addition to this main component, the product contains resin (alkyd) and substances that allow the paint to dry quickly. And this is an important detail.

What are the benefits of oil paints? The fact that over a long period their colors remain as bright and deep.

Try using acrylic paints

Today acrylic is a very popular coating, which a few decades ago was generally unknown to anyone. Progress does not stand still. Acrylic paints dry very quickly, have a fairly rich palette of colors, and can be easily applied not only to paper or cardboard, but also to plastic or ceramics.

What are acrylic paints made from? First of all, it should be noted that this is, of course, a synthetic product, which is created on the basis of polymers such as ethyl, butyl and methyl. In addition to them, water and pigments are present.

How to “reanimate” acrylic paints

What to do - acrylic paints have dried out? How can I dilute them? Water. Just remember some conditions:

• There should be no impurities in the liquid. Therefore, you need to use distilled water (you can buy it at a hardware store or pharmacy). If you can’t purchase it, then simply boil regular tap water and leave it to sit for a while.
• The water temperature should be about +20 degrees.

Important! Proportions play an important role. If you dilute it in a ratio of 1:2 (that is, one part of the color mixture and two of water), then the solution will have a fairly liquid consistency and will only be suitable for use as a base layer. If the ratio is 1:1, then it is perfect as a base coat.

Paints for the little ones

There are paints that are intended for very young children who cannot hold a pencil or a brush. They are called finger ones. The paints adhere well to the surface and do not run off the fingers in any way. They are very easy to work with: just dip your finger into a jar of paint, then touch the paper (cardboard or glass). All is ready! You can exhibit in the gallery!

What are the components of such paints? They are made on a water basis and contain only food coloring. True, it is unlikely that the baby will like this product, since the colors have a bitter or salty aftertaste. This was done on purpose so that the child would not be tempted to eat them before lunch.

How to use gel paint

Fashionistas can best answer this question. They know exactly what makes nails attractive. Moreover, using this coating, you can make a manicure on nails of any shape and any size (both natural and extended). The main advantage of such paints is that they mix well, which allows you to get a huge number of additional shades.

In custody

Now you know what paints are made from. And with full consciousness of the matter, you can plunge into this fascinating process.

Surely everyone remembers their first watercolor paints - with round flowers and a shaggy brush. Honey. Some tried to eat the watercolors, and almost all of them had the habit of licking the brush. Meanwhile, watercolor is not nearly as edible, although it does indeed contain honey.

The basis of all paints is a pigment and a binder. It depends on what the paints are mixed with that it turns out to be watercolor or gouache. And all paints have the same pigment. Paints have been around for so long that it is impossible to say when and by whom they were invented. Since ancient times, people have ground soot, burnt clay, mixed it with animal glue and created for their own pleasure. The caves were painted with ocher, clay-based paints, and soot - the first witnesses to the work of painters who have survived to this day.

Over time, people began to transform minerals, stones, clays and chemical mixtures (oxides, oxides, etc.) into paints. If you want to see today how artists worked thousands of years ago, you will have to look into the tempera painting workshop, to the icon painters. Just like many centuries ago, masters of icon making rub paints by hand. Crushed in a lead mortar and ground to dust, malachite will give a transparent green color, burnt grape seeds will give a black color, the mercury mineral cinnabar will give the same red color, and lapis lazuli will give a blue color. The color palette grew and multiplied with the development of painting.

Today, for the industrial production of paints, mineral and organic pigments extracted from the depths of Mother Earth or pigments obtained artificially are used. For example, instead of the same ultramarine, synthetic “ultramarine” is obtained from the expensive mineral lapis lazuli.

Tempera paints contain a water-soluble emulsion. In traditional icon painting - a mixture of yolk. In industrial production - casein or PVA (synthetic polyvinyl acetate resin). Tempera paints dry very quickly and change color and tone greatly, but there is nothing stronger than tempera paints. This is a painting for the ages.

Most Popular - watercolor paints- kneaded on the basis of natural gum arabic (plant resins), with the addition of plasticizers: honey, glycerin or sugar. This is what allows them to be so light and transparent. In addition, the watercolor will definitely include an antiseptic, like phenol, so it’s still not worth eating. Watercolor and paper were invented in China, but this technique came to Europe only in the 12th century.

Gouache its composition is very close to watercolor paints; it also contains pigment on a water-soluble adhesive base. But white is added to the colors, which gives the paints density, strong lightening when drying and a velvety surface.

Oil paints mixed with drying oils (most often using specially treated linseed oil), alkyd resins and drier (a solvent that allows the paint to dry faster). Oil paints appeared in Europe in the 15th century, but it is still unclear who owns the laurels of the inventor, since traces of paintings with paint based on poppy and nut oils were found in ancient Buddhist caves, and drying oil - boiled oil - was used in Ancient Rome. Oil paints do not change color when dry and allow you to achieve stunning depth of color.

By pressing linseed oil with pigment, you get oil crayons, wax based – wax crayons. Pastel They are also made by pressing, but without the use of oil. Modern technologies have significantly expanded both the range of paints and the color palette. But, as before, mineral and organic pigments form the basis of the highest quality paints.

Hello! I would like to start the article with a question - do you like to draw?) It doesn’t matter how, at least with what, at least where! The main thing is the process itself. I love drawing with my daughter, although so far she can only do squiggles, but she loves the process itself). If we paint with paints, then first we cover the entire floor with a huge sheet with a waterproof “bottom” and go create. Such a sheet was “fitted” for us by friends who work in the printing industry. This is the backing for large films. If you manage to get one, then this is a godsend)) - nothing threatens your floor!

This paint can be used for painting both outdoors (on asphalt, for example), and at home on paper (preferably thick), cardboard, wood, etc. You can paint with brushes or your fingers!

How to make paints for painting at home

So we will need

• 0.5 cups of starch (or flour) (depends on the amount of paint we want to get. For example, you can take a tea cup)
• 0.5 glasses of water
• Food coloring (can be taken from the egg coloring kit or purchased separately at the store)

Products are also suitable as a dye: juices of beets, carrots, berries (raspberries, strawberries, cherries), spice turmeric (ochre).

You can also add salt (1 tsp) and vegetable oil (1.5 tbsp). But we did great without them!

Preparation of paint:

Combine water and starch. Mix! Divide the mixture into jars (for example, baby food), add your own color (dye) to each. Stir!

Advantages of homemade paints:

1. Not expensive!
2. Natural, simple ingredients!
3. Any quantity can be made.
4. Safely!
5. Funny!))

Now you know how to make your own paints! Fast and easy! You can start drawing!

How to make finger paints for painting

Another option for paints that you can easily make with your own hands at home, using simple ingredients that any housewife can find. Finger paints in the store are relatively expensive (500 - 700 rubles), but they don’t last long. It happens that in one go a child can use up all the cans of paint in a creative impulse. 🙂 And under no circumstances should the creative process be interrupted.

What you will need:

The ingredients are the same as for the first option, but in a different proportion

• Wheat flour - 1 cup
• Salt - 1 tablespoon
• Vegetable oil - 1 teaspoon
• Water - 100 ml. (0.5 cup)
• Food coloring (a set for coloring Easter eggs, or juices from vegetables (beets, carrots) or berries.

How to do:

Mix flour, salt and butter with a whisk, gradually adding water. The consistency will be thick sour cream. Next, pour the mixture into prepared separate jars (you can take it from other empty paints or use baby food jars). Add your own dye to each and mix thoroughly. Ready. Let's start drawing!

See how easy it is to sew an apron with your own hands for a child so that they don’t get their clothes dirty while doing needlework -