The rule of gerunds as a part of speech. Participles as parts of speech

A gerund is a special form of a verb that denotes an additional action during the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions: what by doing? what did you do? How? When? Why? and etc.

The grammatical meaning of the gerund, its morphological features, and syntactic role are determined by the main feature of this part of speech - to combine the meanings and features of the verb and adverb.

Verb signs

• denotes an additional action to the main one;
• is formed from a verb, preserving its characteristics;
• type (perfect and imperfect);
• Mary sat on her bed with her arms crossed. Clinging to the bushes, we began to climb (M. Lermontov) Cross, crossed - verb and gerund soy. V. (what to do? what to do?). To cling, clinging is a verb and gerund. in (what to do? what to do?) - returnability (clinging - return. clinging - non-return);
• The participle is distributed by nouns and adverbs. pronouns (shining (how?) dazzlingly, clinging (to what?) to the bushes, seeing (who?) him)
• A participle with dependent words forms an adverbial phrase
• Thus, the gerund forms the phrases: gerundish + noun; gerundish + places; gerundish + adv

Adverb features

• simultaneously characterizes the main action, showing how? When? Why? etc. it happens;
• does not change;
• the gerund refers to the predicate verb (sat (did what? how?), clutching);
• in a sentence there is only a circumstance:
• When I returned, I found a doctor at my place (circumstance of time).
• If you don’t know the ford, don’t stick your nose into the water (CONDITIONS circumstance)

How to find a participle (adverbial phrase)

• Derived from a verb.
• Has the suffixes -a, -ya, -v, -shi, -louse
• Indicates an additional action.
• Refers to a predicate verb
• Answers questions about what to do? what did you do? and matters of circumstance.
• It has dependent words to which a question can be asked from the adverbial participle (see Participial phrase).

Morphological analysis of gerunds

Analysis plan

1. Part of speech. General grammatical meaning
2. Morphological characteristics: initial form (infinitive form of the verb); appearance, return
3. immutability
4. Syntactic role

Sample parsing

Written analysis

The stream still runs behind the mill, babbling (A.S. Pushkin).

1. Zhurcha - a special form of the verb - gerund (B: gerund), runs (doing what? How?) - murmur - denotes an additional action.
2. N. f. - murmur (B: not specified).

Nesov. view, unchangeable f. (does not change).

III. runs (how?) - murmuring (circumstance of the manner of action).

Oral analysis

Zhurcha is a special form of the verb - a gerund.

Firstly, it denotes an additional action to the main one (runs and murmurs), and is formed from the verb murmur. The initial form is to murmur (B: not specified)

Secondly, it has morphological characteristics: imperfect appearance, does not change.

Thirdly, in a sentence it is a circumstance of the manner of action.

Formation of gerunds

Imperfect view

They denote an unfinished additional action that occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb.

Formed from the base of the present tense of the verb using the suffix -а (-я):

reading - read

flying - flying

being - will be

recognizing - recognizing (from verbs with the suffix -va- the participle is formed from the stem of the infinitive)

Some verbs [beat, tear, protect, flow, etc.] do not form gerunds.

Perfect looking

They denote a completed additional action, which, as a rule, occurs before the beginning of the action expressed by the verb.

Formed from the base of an indefinite form (past tense) using the suffixes -v, -shi, -louse:

• sad - to become sad
• brought - bring
• deceived - to be deceived

To suffix -to reflexive suffix -xia

Some verbs can form double forms (from the infinitive stem and the past tense stem):

• dry out - dry out
• dried out - dried out
• unlock - unlock
• unlocked - unlocked

From some verbs, gerunds are formed using the suffixes -а, (-я) (from the stem of the future tense):

• come - they will come
• after reading - they will read

Not separated by commas (not separated)

Single gerunds that have become adverbs (standing, sitting, joking, silently, lying down, slowly, etc.). Such a gerund does not denote an additional action: It is harmful to read while lying down, you need to read while sitting.

Examples:

They walked slowly (that is, slowly).

He spoke worriedly (that is, excitedly).

The participle does not denote an additional action, but only a sign of an action;

Set expressions, phraseological units, which include gerunds (run headlong, work tirelessly, speak reluctantly, shout without remembering yourself, etc.). Such a phrase is replaced by one word.

He ran headlong (that is, quickly)

Morphological characteristics

As a form of a verb, the gerund has some of its grammatical features. There are gerunds:

• perfect form - answer the question what have you done? (cancelling, getting a haircut, thinking),
• imperfect form - answer the question what are you doing? (tonsuring, holding, admiring);
• transitive - combined with another word without a preposition (reading a book, watching a movie),
• intransitive - combined with another word through a preposition (having reached the border, swimming to the shore);
• reflexive - ending in the suffix –sya (washing, trying),
• irrevocable - without a suffix -sya at the end (drawing, dreaming, omitting).

The participle, as a special form of the verb, is similar to participles and adverbs. Gerunds and participles have the same verbal features - aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, the ability to control the case of nouns. Participles and adverbs can be close, even if they do not have common verbal features. They can be written the same way in sentences and thus cause difficulty in determining the part of speech. The main difference between a gerund and an adverb is that a gerund can be replaced by a verb, but an adverb cannot. Compare the two sentences. 1. Lying on the sofa, he dreamed of a future trip. 2. You can’t get bread by lying down. In the first sentence, lying is a gerund, has a dependent word sofa, you can replace the verbs: I dreamed when I was lying. In the second sentence, lying is an adverb, expresses a circumstance and has no verbal features; it cannot be replaced with a verb.

Syntactic role

In a sentence, the participle is an adverbial adverb.

Entering the hall, I hid in the thicket of men and began my observations. In this sentence participle entering - a circumstance of time.

A wound in the chest, smoking, turned black (M. Yu. Lermontov). Participle smoking - a circumstance of the manner of action.

So I sat down by the fence and began to listen, trying not to miss a single word. Participle trying - circumstance of the goal.

I burst out laughing when I saw this small figure under the huge shaggy hat. Participle seeing - circumstance of reason.

In the structure of the Russian language, along with, there are so-called special forms of the verb, which many linguists argue about. Some of them say that po and gerunds can be included in the nominative parts, while others argue that the dependence of these forms on the verb itself is too great, and therefore there can be no talk of any independence. One way or another, in the school curriculum the gerund is called a special unchangeable form of the verb, which has the meaning of an additional action and grammatical features of an adverb and verb. To determine whether a particular word from the context is this very special form, you should know what questions the gerund answers. In this case, it's "Doing what?" or "Having done what?" It is worth noting that when answering these questions, the word must complement the predicate, namely, indicate how the main action in the sentence is performed.

Verb signs

Since the gerund is formed from a verb and is its special form, it also has morphological characteristics inherent in this part of speech. First, the view: it can be perfect or imperfect, depending on whether the completeness of the action is indicated or not. For example: after looking(SV) and depending(NSV). transitivity: a gerund, like a verb, in a transitive form can be used without a preposition together with nominal parts of speech in the genitive case - when negating - and in the nominative and accusative case when affirming. For example: building relationships. And the intransitive participle, examples of which are often found in oral speech, is always used with prepositions. For example: rushing to the rescue, enjoying the sun.

Adverb features

In order to identify morphological features similar to an adverb, you need to remember what questions the gerund answers. For example: I'm standing at the window, peering(doing what? how?) into the distance. From the example it is clearly clear that the word peering denotes both an action and its attribute, depends on the main verb and acts as a circumstance in a sentence. It does not have other morphological features characteristic of an independent part of speech, such as gender, person, tense and number, since it is unchangeable.

Imperfect participle

When studying this topic, special attention should be paid to what questions are answered by different types of gerunds. So, for example, imperfect gerunds have the meaning of simultaneously performing an additional action with the one that is indicated by the predicate and answers the question “Doing what?” For example: standing on the bench, he took out a cup from the top shelf.

Such participles are formed on the basis of NSV verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -a- or -ya-. The exception is the word be, which is transformed into a special form using the suffix -uchi-. In other cases, -uchi- and -yuchi- are used solely to obtain a stylistically colored gerund. Examples: to be - being, playing - playfully.

It is worth noting that not everyone can become the basis for a gerund. Lexical units with endings in -ch, -nut, as well as with sibilants inside the word and with a base of only consonant letters do not participate in formation. For example: bake, dry, write, drink.

Perfect participles

It is important to know what questions it answers and how it is formed, since these are the rules that will help you correctly form the desired form of the word. The question for SV gerunds sounds like this: “Having done what?” Such words have the meaning of an action that occurred before the predicate indicated. For example: standing on the bench, he took out a cup from the top shelf.

These gerunds are formed from the stem in the past tense by adding the following suffixes:

• -в- if the stem of the verb ends with a vowel ( having done, thrown off, taken off);
• -lice-, if the verb is reflexive and its stem ends in a vowel ( looking, stroking, seeing);
• -shi-, if the stem ends with a consonant ( lost, hidden).

Participles and gerunds: the difference

It is very important not to confuse the questions of participle and gerund and learn to distinguish between these forms of verbs. In fact, there is nothing complicated here. In order to correctly determine in what form a word is used, you should remember which questions the gerund has (What have you done? What have you done?), and which questions have the participle (What is he doing? What has he done?). It should also be noted that these two forms have completely different morphological characteristics and meaning. So, for example, a participle denotes actions with pronounced signs of an adjective, while a gerund has the meaning of an additional action.

Morphological analysis of gerunds

One of the main topics when studying the section of the Russian language on gerunds is this form of the verb. Before starting the analysis, you should highlight the grammatical basis in the given sentence and find the gerund. To do this, questions are posed to words from the grammatical basis. Nothing complicated yet. Knowing that the gerund answers questions (examples are listed above) indicating an additional action of the object or person referred to in the sentence, it is quite simple to determine it. Next, they record it and begin analysis.

Morphological analysis is carried out according to the following scheme:

1. Write down the name of the part of speech, its grammatical meaning and indicate the question that can be posed to it from the main word.
2. Write down the initial form of the gerund and list its morphological features, namely: the type of gerund (perfect or imperfect) and its reflexivity.
3. Next, it should be pointed out that the word being analyzed is an unchangeable form, and therefore does not have unstable morphological features.
4. In conclusion, indicate which part of the sentence is the participle in this case.

The Russian language is rich and diverse. This is largely due to the presence of a large number of parts of speech. One sentence can indicate not only the main, but also an additional action through the use of a gerund.

This category of words allows you to saturate the text with information, give it additional shades, make it deeper and more voluminous. The participle as a part of speech helps the author to paint a rich, figurative picture in fewer words.

The participle is a special form of the verb. It differs from other parts of speech in the following ways:

1. Does not change by numbers, cases, genders.
2. In a sentence, it denotes not the main action (the verb does this), but a secondary one. Answers two questions: doing what? having done what?, performs the function of determination.
3. It has grammatical features of two categories at once - and the verb.

Examples: While telling the story, she smiled pleasantly. The car turned around and raised a lot of dust. While collecting berries, they quietly went out onto the road.

The meaning of participles in speech

The meaning of participles in speech is determined by their function to express an additional action. It is usually attached to a predicate verb.

In rare cases, to a nominal predicate, which can be expressed as a noun or a short adjective. It complements and clarifies the main action that is described in the sentence.

According to the rules of the Russian language, the actions of the predicate verb and the one described by the gerund can only concern the same subject.

Example: After dinner, the warriors went to bed, letting their tangled horses run across the grass.

This part of speech as a special form of the verb denotes an action, but a secondary one. It somehow characterizes, clarifies, emotionally colors it, conveys different qualitative shades in a laconic and bright form.

• runs, jumping;
• said, grinning;
• sang, enjoying;
• decided without thinking.

A part of speech, denoting an action, simultaneously names its sign. This additional action never coincides with the main one, which is indicated by the predicate.

Participle as part of speech

For example, in the sentence “The man spoke while grinning,” it is clear that the subject is speaking (the main action) and grinning (the secondary action). How did the person speak? - Grinning. The sign, the emotional characteristic of the main action, is conveyed.

Interesting fact! Until the 18th century, adverbial forms were not used in written speech, but they were an integral feature of folk art.

Varieties

From the verbs of gerunds they borrowed the form - perfect or imperfect. This sign indicates the passage of an action over time.

If a secondary action has already been completed, completed, preceded the main action or was performed immediately after it, then this is a perfect form. Such words raise the question: what did you do?

• be happy when you see a classmate;
• finally waking up, sneezing loudly;
• leave by slamming the door.

The imperfect form indicates that a secondary action occurs at the same time as the main one. This kind of question – what to do?

• look out the window, smiling widely;
• walking down the street talking to a friend;
• write work while listening to music.

Participles are transitive and intransitive. This is also a sign inherited from the verb.

Interesting facts about participles

It is transitive if a noun in the accusative case can be attached to it without a preposition. The action seems to shift to the object. It would be possible to ask the question what? (writing poetry, reading a magazine, going around the cracks).

It will not be possible to find such nouns for intransitive gerunds, or they will be with prepositions (walking in the garden, washing in the morning, walking to the railway).

Participles have another grammatical feature from the verb - reflexivity. Reflexive participles have only one difference - they have a postfix -s, for example, rejoicing, caring, hugging.

From the adverb, this part of speech took on its invariability in gender, number, case, as well as the ability to attach to the personal forms of verbs, in some cases to the indefinite form. For example: speaks while turning; think while rubbing your chin.

Order of education

This part of speech is formed from the stem of the verb by adding certain suffixes.

To obtain the imperfect form, you need to take the verb stem of the present tense and the suffixes -a; -I.

Examples: thinking, shouting, receiving, copying.

Words can be formed from indefinite verbs by adding the suffix -va-.

• water + t – watering;
• conscious + t – conscious;
• lagging behind + t – lagging behind.

Imperfect participles are not formed in the following cases:

• from a verb stem in which there are many consonants, for example, pour, crumple, squeeze. The exception is to rush - rushing;
• from a verb stem that ends in r; j. For example, they run, flow;
• from the verb stem of the present tense, which ends in sibilant, or an indefinite form ending in z; With; Art. Examples: plow - plow; they will say - say; whip - whip.

In literary speech, gerunds formed with the help of the suffixes -uchi are no longer used; -yuchi.(They looked at him sternly, condemningly.) Such options are used in special cases to imitate common speech.

Perfective forms are obtained by adding other suffixes. -in is added to the indefinite form; - lice; -shi.

Examples: understand - having understood, write - having written.

The suffix -shi is added to the indefinite form ending the stem with a consonant: expire - expired. The suffix -lice is used to convert reflexive verbs into gerunds (to fall in love - having fallen in love).

If the stem of the verb has the suffix -nu, then there are two possible variants of the gerund, both of which will be correct. Get wet - get wet, get wet. Also, a double option is possible when using the suffixes -a; -I together with -v; - lice.

Examples: become infected - infected, infected; incline - inclining, inclining.

Important! Participial phrases are considered part of written speech. In live communication, such constructions look inappropriate, artificial, and therefore are not used.

Spelling Rules

The part of speech from the verb took not only many grammatical features, but also writing rules:

1. The particle NOT is written separately with these words, except in cases where it is impossible to use it without NOT. Without hearing, without breaking, without receiving. Hating (exception).
2. They keep the same letter before the suffix that was in the verb in an indefinite form or some tense. For example, recovered - recovered, akimbo - akimbo, hesitated - hesitated.
3. The stress in the word should be in the same place where it was originally in the verb, for example, raise - raising, prolong - prolong.
4. Separated from other words by commas. Huge flakes of snow, whirling, flew from a tall pine tree. Having looked around, the travelers moved further along the narrow path.

Perfect participles

• Green willows stand like ghosts, reflected in the mirror of water.
• A thick fog poured out of the gorges and filled everything around.

Useful video

Let's sum it up

Linguists argue where to classify the gerund - to an independent part of speech or to a special form of the verb. In any case, experts agree that this phenomenon enriches written speech, making it more complete and varied. Similar forms exist in Latin and French and are found in other language groups.

In contact with

Some linguists consider gerunds to be a special form of the verb, while others consider them to be an independent part of speech.

A gerund is a special unchangeable form of a verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes an additional action, combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb within itself and indicates how, why, when the action called the predicate verb is performed: The waves are rushing rattling And sparkling . Participles rattling And sparkling indicate additional actions associated with the action rushing(predicate).

The participle answers questions doing what? what did you do? Questions are also likely How? Why? how? When? and etc.: leaving, waiting, seeing.

A gerund with words dependent on it is called participial phrase: Standing on a stool , he took out books from the top shelf.

The main signs of the participle

A) General grammatical meaning

A gerund denotes an additional action that indicates how the action of the predicate verb is performed: standing at the window, he intently read the note handed to him.

B) Morphological characteristics

1. Participles are formed from verbs and retain subsequent ones signs of verbs:

Wed: think about mom (imperfect form, intransitive, irrevocable verb) - thinking(imperfect form, intransitive, irrevocable gerund); think (perfective, intransitive, reflexive verb) - lost in thought(perfect form, intransitive, reflexive gerund).

2. Participles have subsequent signs of adverbs:

B) Syntactic features (role in a sentence)

In a sentence, the gerund and participial phrase in most cases play a role incidents, however, with all this, they can be adjacent to various members of the sentence.

Note. A gerund, adjacent to a predicate, can also denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate: The clouds are swirling mleya in red glitter . In this case, the gerund is the secondary predicate. The gerund in the first meaning (adverbial) does not allow substitution by the conjugated form of the verb: They went slowly and submissively, like geese; in the 2nd meaning (of the secondary predicate) such an alternative is probable: The trees tremble joyfully, swimming in the blue sky (cf.: The trees tremble joyfully, bathe in the blue sky).

Note. In all of the above sentences, the actions indicated by the gerund and the predicate verb belong to the same person (or thing) - the subject of the action. Only if this condition is met, the use of gerunds is permissible in modern literary language. In this case, the gerund and predicate denote the actions of different persons; the use of the gerund especially does not correspond to modern standards. See carefully: What are the syntactic norms for the use of gerunds and participial phrases?

Morphological analysis of gerunds:

1. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.

2. Original form.

3.

4.

5. Syntactic role (which part of the sentence is the gerund in this sentence).

Standard for parsing gerunds

He hurt himself falling from his horse.

Having fallen

1. Participle because it denotes an additional action; answers questions when? what did you do?

2. N. f. — having fallen.

3. Invariable morphological characteristics:

4. Inconstant morphological features (unchangeable word).

5. Forms an adverbial phrase with a noun form from a horse; in a sentence, the participial phrase is an event of time.

Additionally:

Source of material Internet site

Chapter “Communication as a form of verbal-adverbial formation” in the manual by N.S. Valgina, D.E. Rosenthal, M.I. Fomina. "Modern Russian language"

Additionally on the site:

What does a gerund mean as a part of speech?

Some linguists consider gerunds to be a special form of the verb, while others consider them to be an independent part of speech. A gerund is a special unchangeable form of a verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes an additional action, combines within itself the signs of a verb and an adverb and indicates how, why, when an action called a predicate verb is performed: The waves rush, thundering and sparkling . The participles rattling and sparkling mean...

In the Russian language there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verbal forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

In contact with

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail, what are participles and gerunds. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “involvement” in a noun or verb.

Participle

Declined, that is, it changes according to gender, number, case, and has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having the form:

• checking notebooks (imperfect form) – the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checker (perfect form) – the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , time matters. This is a permanent feature of data having the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized Xia).

It is characterized by the presence of two voices - passive and active. Passive participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action (parcel received - parcel received). Real ones reflect the attribute of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).

From all of the above, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes an attribute of an object by action, manifested in time.

Participle

The term originated in the 18th century and means " attitude to action”, as indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, action). In modern grammar, this name has a part of speech that means additive action in relation to the main thing expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal characteristics:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• repayment(pretending sya).

Perhaps this is where the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration is limited, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of participles are their distinguishing feature.

The questions they answer will help you distinguish between these verb forms:

1. Full Communion(which (-th; -oe, -ies) ?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. Participle(what by doing? what by doing? how? in what way?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of an adverbial circumstance (Bending, winding, the river into the distance.). Short Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). The complete one could be:

• definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, inaccessible rocks.);
• part of a compound nominal predicate (The bread was moldy).

Suffixes

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding type. Table 1.

It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate that words belong to one or another part of speech.

Important! When forming perfective forms, the suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: after looking, correct use: after looking.

Participles are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:

• ending in -ch (to take care of, burn the stove and others);
• having the suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
• run, stab, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.

The condition for correctly choosing a vowel in the suffixes of present participles is knowledge of the conjugation of verbs. Table 2.

note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms for the verbs: protect, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.

Table 3

Table 4

The choice of vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:

Spelling with NOT

Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.

In other cases, the gerund s is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix nedo-, which means “less than it should be”, “poorly”, for example - having neglected to look after a child. Compare: without finishing watching the film, that is, without finishing watching the film.

The particle "not" should be written separately with the short form of the participles (not embroidered), as well as with the full form in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all, and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .

Use of one and two letters "n"

Double letter -nn- in the suffixes of full participles it is written, if available:

• prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
• dependent words: steamed in the oven;
• suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, delighted;
• the word is formed from a perfect verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.

At the end of short forms there is always one -n-: founded, unpacked.

Isolation of syntactic constructions

This is common punctuation error- incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, determine the boundaries of these structures, and find the word to which they refer.

Let's find out under what conditions they stand out adverbial and participial phrase. Let us present the rules existing in the language with examples.

Participial

Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, is isolated if:

• personal: Lulled by his mother's tender words, he slept soundly. I, who knew every path in the surrounding area, was appointed senior reconnaissance group.
• stands after the noun being defined: The soldier, stunned by a shell, fell on the battlefield.
• has a circumstantial meaning of reason or concession: Tired after a long journey, the tourists continued their journey. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult situation.

The children are in a difficult situation (why?) because they are left to their own devices.

Participial turnover

It denotes the additional action of the predicate verb, is a circumstance, and is always isolated: Rising waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.

Important! The exception is phrases that have become stable expressions, such as: holding your breath, headlong, sticking out your tongue, carelessly.

Compare two sentences:

1. Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (The dog stuck out his tongue).
2. The boy ran with his tongue hanging out (he ran quickly).

In the first case, the sentence contains an adverbial phrase. In the second, the expression “sticking out your tongue” has a figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb “quickly”, therefore, is, which is not isolated.

Common grammatical errors

The most common mistake is incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man, completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.

The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle “submitted” explains another word - “man.” The correct option is:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man (what?), completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.

Passive and active participles are often confused:

There was a winning one among the lottery tickets.

From what is written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word won.

When using gerunds, it is important to take into account that both actions, main and additional, must refer to the same person. If this is not done, we will get phrases like this: Comprehending the depth of spiritual values, the hero’s worldview changed.

The additional action expressed by the gerund refers not to the hero who performs the action, but to the word “worldview.”

Correct option: Understanding the depth of the spiritual values ​​of the people, the hero changed his worldview.

For the same reason, you cannot use this part of speech in impersonal sentences that convey a state rather than an action: Having deceived the mother, the children felt bad.

Communion and gerund: what's the difference? Participial and participial phrases - a simple explanation

Participial

Conclusion

It is impossible to imagine the speech of an educated person without verb forms. The first help to comprehensively characterize the subject. The latter make it possible to simplify speech, to replace a number of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand participles, you will be able to make your speech beautiful, bright, and understandable, which is important for achieving success in life.