Sovereign's yard. palace chambers - museums - history - catalog of articles - love without conditions
Boris, Basmanov.
He's defeated, what's the use?
We were crowned with a futile victory.
He reassembled the scattered army
And he threatens us from the walls of Putivl.
What are our heroes doing in the meantime?
Standing near Krom, where there are a bunch of Cossacks
They laugh at them from under the rotten fence.
What glory! no, I'm not happy with them
I will send you to rule over them;
I will put not the race, but the mind as a commander;
Let their arrogance about localism grieve;
It's time for me to despise the murmurs of the noble mob
And destroy the disastrous custom.
Basmanov
Ah, sir, blessed a hundred times
That will be the day when the books are discharged
With strife, with pride of lineage
Will be consumed by fire.
This day is not far off;
Just let the people's confusion first
I need to calm down.
Basmanov
What to look at;
People are always secretly prone to confusion:
So a greyhound gnaws at its reins;
The boy is so indignant at his father’s power;
But what? the rider calmly rules the horse,
And the father commands the boy.
A horse sometimes knocks down its rider,
The father's son is not forever in complete freedom.
Only with strictness can we remain vigilant
Contain the people. That's what John thought
The calmer of storms, the reasonable autocrat,
His ferocious grandson thought so too.
No, the people do not feel mercy:
Do good - he will not say thank you;
Rob and execute - you won't get any worse.
The boyar enters.
They brought foreign guests.
I'm going to take it; Basmanov, wait.
Stay here: with you I still need
Talk.
(Leaves.)
Basmanov
High spirit of sovereignty.
God bless him and the damned Otrepiev
Manage, and a lot, a lot he
He will do more good in Russia.
An important thought was born in his mind.
There is no need to let it cool down. Which
A field will open up for me when
He will break the horn of the family boyars!
I don’t know any rivals in battle;
I will be the first at the royal throne...
And maybe... But what is this wonderful noise?
Anxiety. The boyars and court servants flee in disarray, meet and
whispering.
Get the doctor!
Rather, to the patriarch.
The Tsarevich, the Tsarevich is calling!
Fourth
Confessor!
Basmanov
What happened?
The king fell ill.
The king is dying.
Basmanov
He was sitting on the throne and suddenly fell -
Blood gushed from his mouth and ears.
The king is carried out on a chair; the entire royal family, all the boyars.
Come on everyone - leave one
The prince is with me.
Everyone is deleted.
I'm dying;
Let's hug, goodbye, my son: now
You will begin to reign... oh God, God!
Now I will appear before you - and my soul
I have no time to cleanse myself with repentance.
But I feel - my son, you are dearer to me
Spiritual salvation... so be it!
I am a subject born and die
I should have been my subjects in the darkness;
But I achieved supreme power... by what?
Do not ask. Enough: you are innocent,
You will now reign by right.
I, I alone will answer to God for everything...
O dear son, do not delude yourself falsely,
Don't blind yourself voluntarily -
In stormy days you accept the power:
He is dangerous, this wonderful impostor,
He is armed with a terrible name...
I, who have been experienced in government for a long time,
Could contain confusion and rebellion;
Before me they trembled in fear;
Treason did not dare raise her voice.
But you, young, inexperienced ruler,
How will you manage under a thunderstorm?
To extinguish a rebellion, to entangle treason?
But God is great! He makes youth wise
He gives strength to weakness... listen:
First, choose an advisor
Reliable, cold, mature years,
Beloved by the people - and among the boyars
Honored by breed or glory -
At least Shuisky. The army now needs
Skillful leader: Basmanova let's go
And endure the boyar's murmur with firmness.
From an early age you sat with me in the Duma,
You know the course of the sovereign's rule;
Don't change the flow of things. Habit -
Soul of powers. I had to now
You can restore disgraces, executions
Cancel them; you will be blessed
How your uncle was blessed
When he accepted the throne of Ivan the Terrible.
Over time and little by little again
Tighten the reins of power.
Now relax, without letting go...
Be merciful and accessible to foreigners,
Accept their service trustingly.
Keep the church rules strictly;
Be silent; should not the royal voice
Getting lost in the air is empty;
Like a holy bell, it should only broadcast
Great sorrow or great holiday.
O dear son, you are entering those years
When we care about a woman's face.
Keep, keep holy purity
Innocence and proud modesty:
Who with feelings in vicious pleasures
In my younger days I got used to drowning,
He, having matured, is gloomy and bloodthirsty,
And his mind untimely darkens.
Always be the head of your family;
Honor your mother, but rule over yourself.
You are a husband and a king; love your sister
You are her only guardian.
Theodore
(on the knees)
No, no - live and reign forever:
The people and we died without you.
It's all over - my eyes are darkening,
I feel the chill of the grave...
The patriarch enters, the saints, followed by all the boyars. The queen is led by the arms, princess
sobbing.
Who's there?
A! schema... yes! holy tonsure...
The hour has struck, the king is becoming a monk -
And my dark coffin will be my cell...
Wait a while, Vladyka Patriarch,
I am still a king: listen, boyars:
Behold the one to whom I command the kingdom;
Kiss the cross to Theodora... Basmanov,
My friends... at the grave I pray to you
Serve him with zeal and truth!
He is still so young and innocent...
Do you swear?
We swear.
I'm happy.
Forgive me my temptations and sins
Both free and secret grievances...
Holy Father, come closer, I'm ready.
The rite of tonsure begins. Women are carried out fainting.
The history of the Russian state is full of events of various kinds. The most significant ones left their mark not only in chronicles, but also in monuments of architecture and art, studying which you can go through all the milestones in the formation of our Motherland. To this day, people’s interest in the everyday life of the emperors and tsars of the Romanov dynasty has been ineradicable. The period of their reign was surrounded by luxury, splendor of palaces with beautiful gardens and magnificent fountains. It began in the 17th century, when the young Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov moved to live in the royal chambers of the Moscow Kremlin. They were not as magnificent as they are today, and were not always the actual residence of crowned heads, but at the present stage they are a monument to the greatness of Russian rulers.
Romanovs
The Time of Troubles brought many shocks and adversities to Russia; without the strong ruling hand of the monarch, the country was torn apart by contradictions. The history of the Romanovs as kings begins in 1613, it was then that the Zemsky Sobor nominated the most suitable candidate for the throne. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, from the point of view of many contemporaries, was the most acceptable candidate. He came from wealthy boyars, was a relative of the last tsar from the Rurik family, who left no direct heirs, and was a person who did not participate in the race for power, i.e., he remained neutral. The age of the future sovereign was also taken into account, which made it quite easy to manipulate him to achieve political goals. In fact, the young tsar was intimidated by the persecution and disgrace of Boris Godunov; at the age of 16 he was a sickly and weak-willed person who obeyed the will of his mother and father unquestioningly. From the moment of his election, Mikhail Fedorovich moved to the royal chambers, which were rebuilt almost anew during his reign. Many buildings erected for Ivan III were actually destroyed at that time. In the 17th century, the Moscow Kremlin was the royal palace, which became the focal point of the entire political and economic life of the state.
Royal Chambers
Everyone understands and imagines the life and way of life of the royal family differently. All Russian people are sure that the person ruling the country should occupy the royal chambers. The meaning of a word and its definition always comes in superlatives. This is not just housing for a group of people - it is the largest, highest, beautifully decorated room where the sovereign works and rests. There is some truth in this: the royal palace should reflect the greatness of the entire state, be its calling card, since it is the place where foreign envoys are received. In the 17th century, the Moscow Kremlin was a city within a city. Hundreds of people live and work there, there are numerous houses of the court nobility, churches, monasteries, and ministries. Such a number of people must be supplied with everything necessary and a huge administrative apparatus must be maintained in working order, therefore, the royal chambers are adjacent to workshops, kitchens, stables, cellars and even gardens and orchards. Of course, the perimeter of the Kremlin was guarded with special care, it was impossible for a simple passer-by to pass through, and petitioners who came from all over the country patiently waited for their turn outside its walls. If we proceed from the literal translation, then residential, high (2-3 floors), stone structures were called nothing more than royal chambers. The meaning of the word in Russian, in relation to the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, covers not one room, but a large territory with expanded functionality, which is divided into separate sectors used for its intended purpose. For example, the Terem Palace served as a bedchamber, a throne room, various walk-through outbuildings and had its own church and temple. Each type of premises had its own name and purpose: Patriarchal, etc.
Terem Palace
Russian architects of the 17th century. (Konstantinov, Ogurtsov, Ushakov, Shaturin) created a unique pearl in the ensemble of the entire Moscow Kremlin. The Terem Palace was built using preserved fragments of the previous building, which explains the stepped structure of the building. Subsequently, this style was often used in the history of the development of Russian architecture. The exterior decoration of the palace looks magnificent: white stone trim, multi-colored tiles with elements of heraldic designs, decorative pilasters, and unique decorative carvings attract special attention. The second floor of the Terem Palace is reserved for the royal chambers. Photographs of modern (restored) interiors are not able to convey the richness of the decoration of the rooms. The walls and vaults of each chamber are kept in the same color and painted with decorative patterns. In 1636, construction work in the Terem Palace ended, but subsequently other premises were added to it, which did not spoil the overall appearance of the building. In the year of completion of work, the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands (Verkhospassky Cathedral) was created on the male half of the palace, separated from the Terem Palace by a gilded lattice. The oldest building in the complex is the Church of the Nativity of Our Lady (on Senya), dating back to the 14th century. It was rebuilt several times, but has survived to this day. All the churches - the Resurrection of the Word, Catherine and Raspyatskaya - are harmoniously integrated into the ensemble of the Terem Palace. Unique icons made on silk fabric and unique mural painting give religious buildings a distinctive look.
Golden-Domed Teremok
The highest part of the Terem Palace, from which an amazing view of Moscow opens, was built for the children of Mikhail Fedorovich - they were supposed to study there. The Teremok is located above the Tsar's Throne Chamber. The room is spacious, bright, with benches arranged along the walls. It also served for meetings of the Boyar Duma, and was sometimes used as the royal office. The perimeter of the tower is surrounded by open galleries for walking: with large full platforms, and the long side consists of narrow passages, which are equipped only with low parapets. From here the entire building, as well as the entire ancient city, was clearly visible. The Golden-Domed Tower was built in 1637; it is a unique creation of Russian architects. The room is very richly decorated, but at the same time cozy and warm, large windows let in a lot of light, colored mica stones created a whimsical play of different colors. The roof cornice is decorated with an openwork metal lattice; the window casings are covered with elaborate white stone carvings (as in the “adult” part of the chambers), which are different on each window. Birds, flowers, animals, various fruits and fairy-tale characters decorate the reliefs, symbolizing the diversity and richness of the surrounding world. The western portal, open for viewing, is decorated with a board that contains an inscription about the ownership of these choirs by the sovereign's children - Tsarevich Alexei Mikhailovich and Ivan Mikhailovich. Between the text and along the edges of the relief there is a design that helps to awaken interest in learning and playing in the specified room. The image, from the point of view of a modern person, looks naive and unassuming, but the skill of its creators is difficult to overestimate. You can describe the Golden-Domed Tower endlessly, and the main theses will be: bright, warm, lively, magnificent.
Turret
Probably, when constructing the tower, the architects meant the physical elevation of the sovereign over his lands. The king looked at the city from its highest point (if you do not take into account that is, he was between God and people, which allowed him to assess the situation and make large-scale decisions. For the inquisitive prince, this height seemed completely mastered. Therefore, to the tower from the eastern part "an observation tower" was added. The floor level of this small structure coincided with the roof of the highest point of the Terem Palace. Construction was carried out later, which is why the eastern portal of the tower was not accessible to view, although initially it was decorated as beautifully as the western one. The best view opened from the turret, but, probably, the princes liked to be above their father and all the noble boyars who occupied their room for a short time.There were two ways to get there: through the Golden-Domed Tower, which was connected by a white stone staircase to the vestibule of the turret, forming a passage from the eastern portal, or directly, from the lower chambers. In this case, the visitor found himself in a small vestibule next to the tower and from there, through the open space, reached the vestibule, from which he could ascend to the room we are considering.
Patriarchal Chambers
The housewarming was celebrated in mid-1655, and the entire Romanov family came to it. Patriarch Nikon wanted his premises to be designed in the most saturated colors. The chambers are built in a more classical, “simple” style, but this is significantly compensated by the richness of the building’s decor and the riot of colors of the Temple of the Twelve Apostles adjacent to the east. The third floor with small rooms was completed only at the end of the 17th century. Several white stone porches, allowing access to open galleries, gilded openwork ridges, and magnificent frescoes gave the Patriarchal Chambers a solemn appearance. The pink color Nikon ordered to paint the walls of his apartment especially set off the gilded splendor. The modern appearance of the chambers leaves a feeling of some kind of understatement; perhaps the project was not fully realized.
Amusing Palace
The Romanov chambers, for all their splendor and spaciousness, could not accommodate the whole family. Therefore, in 1651 - by order of the new Alexei Mikhailovich - the construction of a new building began on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, which was intended to house the wife's father (father-in-law) I. D. Miloslavsky. It is worth noting an amazing feature of the structure - it became the first Moscow “skyscraper”, as it consisted of four floors. Already in the middle of the 17th century, there was a shortage of building space. Inside the first floor there was a through passage 30 meters long. Above the living rooms, for the convenience of the owner, the Church of the Praise of the Virgin Mary with belfries was built, the altar of which was carried outside the palace with the help of brackets. It hung over the Kremlin street, thus all church canons were observed. Miloslavsky lived in this house for 16 years, after which the palace passed into the state treasury. It received the name “Amusing” later, in 1672, under Fyodor Alexandrovich Romanov, when the sovereign’s sisters moved into it. The premises were used for the amusement of the royal court (fun): the first theatrical performances were staged here, hence its name. For the convenience of the royal family, Teremnaya was connected by closed passages.
Zaryadye in Moscow
One of the most ancient districts of Moscow, which runs between Varvarskaya Street and the river, is a historical monument just by its location. On this site there are unique buildings of Russian architecture - churches, temples and cathedrals built in the XIV-XVIII centuries. But Zaryadye in Moscow gained the greatest tourist popularity as the birthplace of the Romanov family, the Russian tsars. The name of the territory comes from the word “row”, meaning the shopping arcades that stretched to Red Square. Unfortunately, the monument has not survived to this day in its original form; only the chambers remain. The remaining elements of the house and yard can be judged from the surviving descriptions of the life of the boyar family. According to legend, the first Russian Tsar from the House of Romanov was born in the house on Varvarka, which his grandfather once built. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the chambers were destroyed by archers on the orders of the tsar, and subsequently suffered many times from fires and all kinds of redevelopment into monasteries and churches. The museum was organized on this site only on the instructions of Alexander II, in the middle of the 19th century. The history of the Romanovs began here. In terms of the structure of the premises, the chambers had a fairly standard appearance of houses of that time. The underground part was occupied by basements and storerooms, and there was also a cookhouse or kitchen. The living quarters were located higher: a library, an office, and a study room for older children were intended for men. The women's half of the house was more spacious, with bright rooms for needlework, and the boyars' daughters were engaged in spinning and sewing together with the maids. The decorations, dishes, furniture, sewing, and household items that have survived to this day amaze with their simplicity and sophistication of decoration. The Romanov chambers in Zaryadye are called the "old sovereign's courtyard."
Royal Chamber of Gatchina
Later buildings, erected by order of the royal family, continue to amaze with their size and splendor. Only since the 18th-19th centuries have they been called palaces rather than royal chambers. For example, Gatchina. This palace was built on the orders of Catherine II for her favorite Grigory Orlov. This place and the design of the future complex were chosen by them jointly; construction was officially completed in 1781, although the disgraced count moved into it earlier. In 1883, after Orlov’s death, Catherine bought the palace from his heirs for Paul I. Each of the Romanov family improved this ensemble for their own needs and rebuilt it taking into account new technical achievements of mankind. Currently, this architectural and historical monument is in a state of restoration. The palace suffered greatly at the hands of the Nazis during the Great Patriotic War; some of the exhibits were taken to Germany.
Tsarskoye Selo
Starting from Peter I, all Russian emperors left their mark on the history of the formation of the modern appearance of the city of Pushkin, or rather, its unique architectural and park objects. Before the Bolsheviks came to power, this place was known as Tsarskoye Selo. The Alexander Palace, as well as the Catherine Palace, together with the adjacent territories and complexes of buildings, are real works of art! On the territory of the modern museum, all directions of artistic styles are found - from the luxury of Russian Baroque to classicism and more modern trends of the 20th century. The Catherine Palace allows you to feel the spirit of several eras of the reign of the Romanov dynasty. Catherine the Great, Elizabeth, Alexander I - all left their mark on the development of the external appearance and internal contents of the palace. Of no less importance for the integrity of perception is the park area adjacent to the ensemble, which was created individually for each structure. The era of the reign of Alexander I, Nicholas II (the last Russian emperor) is associated with the Alexander (New Tsarskoye Selo) Palace. From a historical and architectural point of view, these objects are no less important than the Kremlin Palace. Photographs, video materials, and constant excursions to all places where the Romanov house was located are in constant demand both within our country and among many foreigners.
WARD, s, and.[latin. palatium]. 1. only plural Palace, magnificent building, original, ancient, stone (obsolete). Everyone on that island is rich, there are no pictures, there are chambers everywhere. Pushkin. Boyar chambers. Magnificently constructed chambers where they indulge in feasts and extravagance... Griboyedov. From the labors of the righteous one cannot make stone chambers. Proverb. 2. A large room, luxuriously decorated or intended for some purpose. special purposes (obsolete). Armory p. Granovitaya p. Tsar Saltan sits in the chamber on the throne and wearing a crown. Pushkin. 3. The room where patients lie in medical institutions. 4. The name of the highest legislative institutions, of which the Supreme Soviet of the USSR consists (new). The Supreme Soviet of the USSR consists of two chambers: the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities. Constitution of the USSR. Both chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities have equal rights. Constitution of the USSR. 5. The name of representative institutions in a number of bourgeois countries (political). Lower p.(assembly of representatives, which is the first legislative authority in these countries; parliament). Upper p.(estate-representative assembly, the highest legislative authority in relation to the lower house). The lower and upper houses in bourgeois countries are not equal. P. deputies(lower house of France). P. commons(lower house of England). P. Lords(upper house of England). 6. The name of certain government institutions (official and historical). P. weights and measures. Knizhnaya p.(an institution maintaining a bibliography of printed materials). Torgovaya village Kazhennaya village(see official). Judicial paragraph(an institution that was the highest court for district courts; pre-revolutionary). ◊
Uma ward who(colloquial) - very smart.
From time immemorial, the palaces of Russian autocrats were distinguished by their luxury and splendor of decoration, and the abundance of gold in the decoration of the museum. The Great Kremlin Palace of the architect Konstantin Andreevich Ton, built in 1849 as the Moscow residence of Emperor Nicholas I, worthily continued this tradition. The ancient palace chambers included in its composition - Faceted from the 15th century, Golden Tsaritsyna from the 16th century, Terema from the 17th century - with their figurative structure seemed to predetermine the appeal to gold in the architectural and decorative solutions of the new palace.
The Faceted Chamber (1487-1491) was formerly called the Great Golden Chamber, since the wall paintings covering the walls and vaults were made on a golden background. Sunny yellow gold leaf glows on the carved white stone portals of the chamber and the Holy Entrance, adjacent to it. The Faceted Chamber - the throne room of Russian sovereigns - was intended for official and ceremonial ceremonies. The ceremonial reception hall of the Russian queens also shone with gold. It is no coincidence that from the end of the 16th century. the name of the Golden Queen's Chamber was established behind it.
The decoration of the “very wonderful chambers” - the Terem Palace, built for Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov is luxurious. The craftsmen used almost all known materials, graphic motifs and, of course, gold. The golden lattice on the Verkhospasskaya platform, the Golden porch on the front stone courtyard, the golden “grass” patterns and heraldic coat of arms on the walls of the royal office in the towers, the gold of carved wooden iconostases in the tower churches and the radiant shine of 11 golden domes with beautiful openwork crosses.
Ancient royal palaces always represented a complex of various multifaceted buildings. Following tradition, K. Thon created a new architectural ensemble as well as a group of buildings - compact and convenient. The key link in connecting the surviving old chambers with the new palace was the Vladimir Hall, erected on the site of the open Boyarsky platform.
The Grand Kremlin Palace fully lives up to its name. It has about 700 different rooms. The length of the main, southern facade, facing the Moscow River, is 125 m, the height of the building is 40 m. On the second floor of the palace there are the main ceremonial halls, dedicated to the most important order awards of Russia and given their names in their honor - Andreevsky, Alexandrovsky, Georgievsky, Vladimirsky, Ekaterininsky. The decor of each room uses images of the order’s sign, its star with its motto, and takes into account the colors of the order’s ribbons.
St. Andrew's Hall is the main throne room of the palace. Before the eyes of those entering, it appeared dazzlingly luxurious, replete with sophisticated stucco molding and gold, in the shimmer of polished white artificial marble, in the azure backgrounds (blue is the color of the order ribbon), in the solemn elegance of the decor of coats of arms and order emblems. The fate of the hall is dramatic. In 1932-1934. it, together with the neighboring Alexander Hall, dedicated to the Order of Alexander Nevsky, was completely rebuilt and transformed into a single meeting room of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. As a result, the halls lost their architectural and decorative decoration.
In 1999, the St. Andrew's and Alexander Halls were recreated according to drawings, measurements, sketches and watercolors of the 19th century. and regained their original appearance. Now you can fully follow the description of these magnificent halls from the book by Sergei Petrovich Bartenev “The Grand Kremlin Palace. Index to its review” 1911: “The Alexander Hall with pink marble walls, all sparkling with gold, was built in honor of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky ... In the golden bas-reliefs of the dome and arches there are signs of the order; in the corners of the dome and above the doors there are state eagles with the imperial crown. Between the twisted gilded columns there are the coats of arms of the provinces and regions of Russia. On the sides of the doors and between the windows there are gilded fittings consisting of ancient weapons of the Slavs... the shimmer of gilding in the ornaments and everywhere create “an almost barbaric abundance of brilliance.”
The antechamber of the Grand Kremlin Palace, to which the main staircase leads, precedes the entrance to the largest hall, “Georgievsky.” It is dedicated to the highest military award of pre-revolutionary Russia, the Order of St. George, established by Catherine II in 1769. The architectural appearance and decorative design of the hall reflect the idea of glorifying military heroism and feat. The enormous dimensions (17.5x61x20.5 m), the noble whiteness of the walls and vault, and the gold of the lamps create an atmosphere of solemn grandeur. The memorial character of the hall is emphasized by the repeated repetition of images of the St. George Cross and a star with the motto “For Service and Bravery”, the names of distinguished military units and the names of St. George cavaliers carved in gold.
The unique originality of the front hall is given by marble sculptures placed above the twisted columns along the long walls. These statues allegorically depict the lands and kingdoms that became part of Russia from the 15th to the 19th centuries. They were created by the famous Russian sculptor Ivan Petrovich Vitali.
The abundance of molded, carved and sculptural decorations, the wealth of gilded bronze in amazing chandeliers and large mantel clocks, the multicolored precious inlaid parquet flooring, made according to the design of academician Fyodor Grigorievich Solntsev from more than 20 rare types of wood, enhance the impression of solemnity and grandeur.
Next to Georgievsky there is a relatively small Vladimirsky Hall. Square (16x16 m), with cut corners, it is covered with a 16-sided dome, densely decorated with gilded ornamental stucco, floral patterns, and order insignia (a cross and a star with the motto “Benefit. Honor. Glory”). The dome of the Vladimir Hall is also interesting as an example of a successful design solution. To lighten the weight and improve acoustic properties, it is made of hollow ceramic pots. This technique was known to Russian architects back in the 12th century.
The Catherine Hall of the palace is named after the Order of St. Catherine, established by Peter I in 1714. The only women's order in the statute of Russian awards was in the form of a cross with an oval gold medallion and an enamel image of St. Catherine. The walls of the hall are covered with light silver moire and decorated with large decorative medallions of the order. The rich carved ornament of the richly gilded doors also includes order insignia. The Catherine Hall was the throne room of the empresses. Behind it are the rooms of the Front half of the palace.
The formal living room is a luxuriously furnished room with a high vaulted ceiling painted with floral designs. The walls are covered with green and gold patterned brocade. Upholstered gilded furniture is covered with the same brocade. A porcelain flower bed floor lamp (for 66 arms) with vases for fresh flowers and two candelabra in Japanese and Chinese styles play an important role in the decoration of the living room. They were made at the famous Imperial Porcelain Factory in St. Petersburg. The undoubted attraction of the Main Living Room are the tall mirrored doors made of rosewood, skillfully inlaid with bronze, tortoiseshell, and mother-of-pearl.
The front half is closed by the front bedroom. It is designed as a classic palace bedroom with the obligatory alcove, highlighted by two monolithic columns of gray-green marble with gilded Corinthian capitals. The walls of the room are divided by pilasters, trimmed with the same marble. The simple-shaped fireplace is lined with jasper of a deep dark green color with a rare smoky blue tint. Like all palace fireplaces, it is decorated with elegant gilded bronze candelabra and a clock.
The personal apartments of the imperial family - the Own Half - are no less rich than the ceremonial premises. Living rooms are located on the ground floor. They are stretched along the main facade and form a strict palace suite with windows facing the south. There are seven rooms: Dining Room, Reception (Living Room) of the Empress, Study of the Empress, Boudoir, Bedroom, Study and Reception of the Emperor. The large, high-ceilinged rooms are furnished with custom-made furniture and decorated with magnificent gilded bronze, crystal and porcelain.
The interiors of the Own Half clearly reflect a characteristic feature of the architecture of the Grand Kremlin Palace - its stylistic diversity. The cool stylization of the Dining Room with polished light marble walls, marble crater vases, sculpture and floor lamps in imitation of ancient Roman ones contrasts with the coziness inherent in the Living Room. Soft combinations of white, pink and blue with gold, complicated wavy contours of gilded furniture, elegance and liveliness of stucco and painted floral patterns on the vaults and ceiling, fragile grace of the porcelain filling the room - flower vases, floor lamps, candelabra - are characteristic elements of the Rococo style. An incredibly beautiful chandelier with numerous porcelain flowers, sculpted by hand: with their shape and color, they seem to challenge nature itself.
Behind the Cabinet is the Boudoir. There was no attempt to follow any historical style in its design. The room was furnished and decorated in the spirit of its time. The upholstery of the walls and cozy “quilted” comfortable furniture is dominated by a subtle color combination of pink with light gray-green and silver-ash. The main decoration of the Boudoir is the fireplace, lined with bright Ural malachite. Small plates of malachite are so skillfully selected in color and pattern that the fireplace seems to be carved from a monolith. Famous Russian stone-cutters created a special style of mosaic work with malachite, successfully overcoming the difficulties of finishing any rounded surfaces and bent profiles.
Its own half of the Grand Kremlin Palace is a wonderful museum of Russian palace residential interior, which has preserved its appearance almost unchanged since the 40s. XIX century The originality of this interior lies in the combination of traditional and new, in the desire to balance the beautiful and the useful. Although it is obvious that the high concept of beauty is sometimes replaced by a more earthly concept of luxury and wealth.
Notes
“The chamber was covered with pure gold, decorated with many sculptures of birds and animals made of precious metals. The chamber was illuminated by a chandelier in the form of a lion holding in its mouth... a snake with gold lamps suspended from it.”
Arseny Elassonsky about the Tsarina's Chamber
"...I was received by the king and kissed his hand. He sat on a dais on a beautiful throne, having a richly decorated crown on his head and a golden staff in his hand; he was dressed in golden clothes, decorated with precious stones... Then they sat around the king his nobles, richly dressed in gold and precious stones."
Anthony Jenkinson, representative of the Moscow Company society,
about the reception with Tsar Ivan the Terrible (1557)
Russian orders were almost always made of gold. The first Russian order - St. Andrew the First-Called - was established in 1698 by Peter I. Until 1917, it remained the highest award and was restored in 1998 by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. In terms of seniority, it was followed by the Order of St. Prince Vladimir, 1st degree (established by Catherine II in 1782) and the Order of St. Prince Alexander Nevsky (legitimized by Catherine I in 1725). The orders were made by masters of the Moscow Armory Chamber, and later by jewelers of St. Petersburg.
The most revered Russian award was the military order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George, 4 degrees. It was given only to officers for special merits in wartime, and even the lowest, 4th degree, granted the recipient the rights of hereditary nobility and elevated him to a privileged class. Only Field Marshals M.B. Barclay de Tolly, M.I. Kutuzov, I.F. Paskevich and I.I. Dibich were full holders of the order. To reward lower ranks, the manifesto of February 13, 1807 introduced the Insignia of the Military Order and the Medal “For Bravery,” which from 1913 began to be called the St. George Cross and the St. George Medal. They were minted from silver and only for a short time - crosses of the 1st and 2nd degrees and medals - from gold.
The reason for the establishment of the Order of St. Catherine was the unsuccessful Prut campaign of Peter I against the Turks. The tsar was saved from imminent captivity by diplomatic negotiations and the jewelry of his wife Catherine I, which was used to bribe the Turkish commander-in-chief.
All textiles for the palace were made at the Moscow factory of G. Sapozhnikov. These fabrics were considered the best not only in Russia, but were also valued abroad. Porcelain was supplied by the Imperial Porcelain Factory in St. Petersburg, and furniture was supplied mainly by St. Petersburg firms Gumbs and Tours.
Y; and. [from lat. palatium]
1. pl.: chambers, -lat. Outdated A large, rich building with many rooms. White stone chambers.
2. Unwind A large, luxuriously decorated room or hall. Tsarskaya village. Oruzheynaya village (storage of weapons, utensils of the Moscow kings). // usually plural: chambers, -lat. Joking. About a large living space. Well, you built your own chambers!
3. A separate room in a hospital where inpatients are treated. Bolshaya village. Hospital village. Postoperative village.
4. The name of representative bodies or their individual components in a number of countries. Lower paragraph (the first legislative instance of the state). Upper paragraph (the highest legislative authority of the state).
5. The name of some government agencies in charge of smth. Knizhnaya p. Commercial and industrial p. P. weights and measures. State, judicial, civil paragraph (in Russia until 1917: names of government agencies of intermediate authority).
◊ Uma chamber (who has). About a very smart person. House of Commons. In England and Canada: the name of the lower house of parliament. House of Lords. In England: the name of the upper house of parliament.
◁ Ward, -aya, -oe (3 digits). P. doctor. Nanny.
View value Ward in other dictionaries
Ward- chambers, w. (Latin palatium). 1. plural only Palace, magnificent building, early, ancient, stone (obsolete). Everyone on that island is rich, there are no pictures, there are chambers everywhere. Pushkin. Boyar Chambers.........
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Ward- and the plata. or more chambers, palace, magnificent residential building of the sovereign, nobles, esp. stone. | Tver. Vyat. stone house, and wooden mansions. | , the building was moved from us........
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Ward— 1) The name of many representative legislative institutions. Most parliaments consist of two parliaments: upper and lower. 2) The name of certain state or........
Political dictionary
Chamber of Deputies— - the name of the unicameral parliament of Greece and the lower houses of the parliaments of Brazil, Italy, the Czech Republic and a number of other states.
Political dictionary
House of Lords— - the upper house of the British Parliament, formed in 1343 with the division of parliament into two houses. From the end of the 14th century. membership in P.L. became hereditary.
Political dictionary
House of Commons— - lower house of parliaments of Great Britain and Canada.
Political dictionary
House of Representatives— - the name of the unicameral parliament in New Zealand, Paraguay, Malta and the lower houses of the parliaments of Australia, Belgium, the USA and some other countries.
Political dictionary
Automated Clearing House — -1)
system of special interbank organizations that carry out
non-cash payments on checks and other payment documents by
offset of mutual claims;........
Economic dictionary
Automated Clearing House— AUTOMATED CLEARING HOUSE - ACHSee. PAYMENT MECHANISM
Economic dictionary
American Marine Insurance Clearing House— Founded: 1938. Headquarters: New York, New York, USA. Members: Marine and Ocean Shipping Insurance Underwriting Groups. Goals: implementation of office work........
Economic dictionary
British Chamber of Shipping- Association of British Marine Owners and Administrators. Engaged in protecting the interests of shipping companies that are its members.
Economic dictionary
High Chamber of Justice- - in France (until 1993) and in most former French colonies - a special parliamentary judicial body, not connected either with the general judicial system or with the administrative......
Economic dictionary
State Assay Chamber— GOVERNMENT ASSAY OFFICESee. ASSAY CHAMBER
Economic dictionary
Clearing House— The institution that carries out
exchange settlements
transactions and control over them
execution. When performing calculations
the clearing house uses
principle........
Economic dictionary
Clearing House- an organization jointly created by banks, brokerage firms and other financial intermediaries that keeps records of transactions carried out by members of the chamber during the trading period........
Economic dictionary
Clearing House— (clearing hou e)
chamber, allowing banks - members of the chamber to carry out
mutual settlements with each other. Currently, computerized........ are used for this.
Economic dictionary
Clearing House— Organization carrying out
exchange settlements
transactions and control over them
execution. When performing calculations it uses
principle
taking into account mutual requirements.
Economic dictionary
Loan Clearing House— CREDIT CLEARINGHOUSE Refers to credit bureaus for the mutual exchange of data, the purpose of which is the exchange of credit information among its members, each of which thus. benefits........
Economic dictionary
Commission Chamber — -
brokerage firm that carries out
transactions for
cash goods or urgent transactions on behalf of clients and receiving
income for
bill charged to customers.........
Economic dictionary
Chamber of Control and Accounts— - a permanent body of state financial control in the city of Moscow, formed by the Moscow City Duma and accountable to it. Within the framework of the tasks defined........
Economic dictionary
London Clearing House— (London Clearing Hou e, LCH)
clearing house established in London in 1888 (until 1991 called the International Commodity Clearing House). Independent
company owned.........
Economic dictionary
International Clearing House— INTERNATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE In practice, there is no such chamber as a special institution where bills of exchange, etc.
mottos would be used for international payments.........
Economic dictionary
International Chamber of Commerce- non-governmental international
organization uniting chambers of commerce and industry, federations of entrepreneurs, business
circles and companies in more than 100 countries........
Economic dictionary
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)- English international Chamber of Commerce (ICC) international non-governmental
an organization created in 1919 and uniting chambers of commerce and industry and business........
Economic dictionary
International Chamber of Commerce, M— (International Chamber of Commerce) non-governmental international
an organization that unites national federations interested in the development of economic and financial ties........
Economic dictionary
Chamber of the People— - name of the lower house
Parliament of India.
Economic dictionary
Notary Chamber- - in accordance with Art. 24 Fundamentals of notarial legislation of the Russian Federation -
non-profit organization representing a professional
association founded......
