“Russian literature of the 18th century fulfilled its main purpose first of all. Achievements of literature of the 18th century in the works of writers of the 19th-20th centuries Achievements of Russian literature of the 18th century
Answers to school textbooks
4. Who is the author of the texts given?
Two astronomers happened to be together at a feast
And they argued quite among themselves in the heat.<...>
I didn't know how to pretend
Look like a saint
To inflate yourself with an important dignity
And take the form of a philosopher.<...>
“Two astronomers happened together at a feast...” - the fable of the same name by M. V. Lomonosov.
“I didn’t know how to pretend...” - poem “Confession” by G.R. Derzhavina.
5. What direction do we call classicism? When and where did it originate? What are its features in France and Russia?
Classicism is an artistic style and aesthetic movement in European literature and art of the 17th - early 18th centuries. Its most important feature was its appeal to examples of ancient literature and art as an ideal aesthetic standard. The writers were guided by the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Roman poet Horace. The aesthetics of classicism established a strict hierarchy of genres and styles.
High genres - tragedy, epic, ode.
Low genres - comedy, satire, fable.
Classicism as a cultural phenomenon originated in the 17th century in Northern Italy, during the late Renaissance. In France, low genres became predominantly widespread, reaching such a high level that Moliere’s comedies were even called “high comedies.” Classicism fell into decline after the Great French Revolution of 1789-1794.
Russian classicism is characterized by an appeal to national origins, and not to antiquity. It also developed primarily within the framework of “low genres.”
6. Give an example of a work related to classicism, briefly describe this work.
Of the works of classicism, in the seventh grade we studied only a short excerpt from “Ode on the Day of the Accession to the All-Russian Throne of Her Majesty Empress Elisaveta Petrovna, 1747” by M. V. Lomonosov. Based on the passage given in the textbook, it is impossible to characterize the complete work either briefly or in detail.
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8. Formulate an answer to the question, what are the achievements of literature of the 17th and 1st centuries, based on the judgments of V.I. Fedorov and the article in the textbook.
Before the 18th century, there was no fiction in Russia in the modern sense, that is, a set of works intended for secular reading. The main ones were church books, lives, writings of the church fathers; Fiction itself (for example, the works of Simeon of Polotsk) was not widespread.
During the 18th century, Russian writers created a huge layer of secular literature for reading and theatrical performances. To do this, it was necessary, firstly, to master the literary achievements of other peoples, comprehend them and “transplant” them onto Russian soil.
Secondly, for literature to become an organic part of society, it was necessary to capture the most important social trends and express them in works of art. Thus, public life persistently demanded an improvement in morals, and Russian literature actively educated its contemporaries in the spirit of the Enlightenment.
Writers encourage such qualities as the direct manifestation of likes and dislikes, loyalty to the word, sensitivity and mercy, and most importantly, loyalty to one’s national duty if the main character is a boyar or nobleman. Such qualities as duplicity, heartlessness, inability to act based on one’s feelings, and selfish motives for certain actions are condemned.
Thirdly, Russian authors needed to break away from the more developed foreign literature at that time and find their own voice, gain individuality. It was this finding of one’s own voice, the creation of national traditions that prepared the ground for the flourishing of Russian classics of the next century.
Will be out by May. Lesson objectives. You've probably been waiting for my letter, dear brother. They find the novel drawn out, but there is no superfluous word in it” F. M. Dostoevsky. “They don’t understand how you can write in such a style. “Man is a mystery. About halfway through March I was ready and happy. If you give it away, you won’t be happy. I received 500 silver rubles from Muscovites. Thematic features of the “little man” in the image of Makar Devushkin.
“Lyceum life of Pushkin” - Living room. On October 19, 1811, the opening ceremony of the Lyceum took place in the Catherine Palace. Malinovsky Ivan Nickname Cossack. Alexander I himself was present with his family, and there were many guests. Member of the secret society of Decembrists. Summer 1817. Days of graduation from the Lyceum. Project work on literature on the topic: “The Lyceum Years of A.S. Pushkin.” Class. Alexander Pushkin's report card. You are happy, dear friend! Let's hug one last time! And you, rake of rake, born of pranks, daring grip, thug, sincere friend... Teacher: Gilmieva A.M. Creator of the almanac "Northern Flowers."
“Stories of Shukshin” - I also live in the Altai Territory. “We always went to the field on foot, returning in the dark, even if we could see it. From the memories of mother and sister V.M. Shukshina. The main technique is antithesis. Vasya became stubborn. You just need to live smartly...” Research plan: Grandfather Makar works at the forge. Real fear is a consequence of war. We knew how to live. There are no male workers - suffering drives them on; children work. The garden was small. Conclusions:
“Russian literature of the 18th century” - Main literary trends. Literature of the 18th century. Portrait of Catherine II. Literature lesson in 9th grade. I.N. Nikitin. Portrait of Peter I. Classicism Sentimentalism. F.S. Rokotov.
“Lermontov 9th grade” - Philosophical poems. Theme of love. “Motherland” “Borodino” “Farewell, unwashed Russia” “Two Giants” “Complaints of a Turk.” The main themes of Lermontov's creativity. “Clouds” “I love the chains of blue mountains.” And gloomily You hid your thoughts, And came out to us with a grin on your lips. Arsenyeva E. “Why am I so hurt and so sad...”. About nature. Lermontov’s “Prophet” was a polemical response to Pushkin’s poem of the same name. “Prophet” by Pushkin and “Prophet” by Lermontov. "Journalist, reader and writer." Nicholas I. About the fate of a generation. (Lermontov: personality, fate, era).
“Talking names in Ostrovsky’s plays” - Year. Savva receives a good education, but cannot fully realize his abilities. Pelageya Egorovna is the wife of Gordey Tortsov. Gordey Karpych Tortsov. Heroes of A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “Poverty is not a vice.” Speaking names in the works of A. N. Ostrovsky. Lyubov Gordeevna. Goal: We love Tortsov. Thus, through the surname, the author emphasizes the similarity of the brothers. Pelageya Egorovna Tortsova. Mitya.
Starting from the first decades of the 18th century, everything that happened in Russian literature was connected with the general national-historical development of the country, which was rapidly becoming involved in pan-European life, winning its special place in it and at the same time becoming part of the world historical process.
An important stage in the development of Russian literature of the 18th century was the establishment of classicism as a literary movement, when the historical task of transforming versification was solved and the formation of the Russian literary language began. Classicism created new literary forms corresponding to new content, new social and civic ideals. Since the late 1730s, the emergence of “new” Russian literature was associated with the activities of M.V. Lomonosov, who made a huge contribution to the formation of the national Russian language and the transformation of Russian versification.
Reflecting the main stages of the formation of the Russian nation and statehood, Russian literature directly intervened in the solution of pressing political and social issues and became a powerful tool for the further growth of national culture and self-awareness of the Russian people, the most important factor in the moral influence on society. Already in the first decades, the foundations of ideological trends, themes, and literary genres were laid, which received further development in literature. It was at this time that the foundations of European culture were laid, liberated from the power of the Church. Literature of the 18th century became an important stage in the history of Russian culture. Its role in preparing the brilliant achievements of our literature in the next, golden age is great.
Russian literature of the 18th century, at the beginning of a new development, prepared the conditions for the emergence of Pushkin, the first national artistic genius and the founder of the greatest new Russian literature, the highest invaluable contribution to world culture. Having creatively mastered the achievements of the past, relying on the traditions of his predecessors, primarily G.R. Derzhavina, V.A. Zhukovsky and K.N. Batyushkov, Pushkin developed the norms of the Russian literary language, created the greatest examples of national Russian art of speech. He had a huge influence on the work of contemporary writers and for many years determined the main direction of our literature.
Literature of the 18th century fulfilled, first of all, its main task - to socially and morally educate its contemporaries. At the same time, it largely prepared the brilliant flowering of the 19th century classics.
In the last third of the 18th century, along with the emergence of the romantic movement, the growth of realistic trends sharply intensified. Russian literature began to look for approaches to social analysis. These trends did not form into a specific ideological and aesthetic system. This will happen later, in the 30s of the 19th century. Before realism became the dominant trend, it was necessary to achieve a deep analysis of the psychology of character, to reveal the human soul more fully. The formation of both romanticism and realism began in the 18th century.
The work of a number of writers at the end of the century (Fonvizin, Radishchev, Derzhavin, Karamzin) organically merged with the development of the living literary process of the beginning of the next century.
The continuity of literary development was reflected in the appeal of literature of the early 19th century to the themes, images, and civic pathos of the literature of the previous century. This is reflected in poetry, drama, and prose. The Derzhavin line in the development of Russian poetry was reflected in the poetry of Zhukovsky, and in the lyrics of Batyushkov, and in the works of the young Pushkin, the Decembrists. In the field of drama in the 19th century, the traditions of civil tragedy (Kuchelbecker's "Argives") and Fonvizin's satirical comedy (in the plays of Griboedov, Gogol, Ostrovsky) were inherited. The development of democratic prose in the middle of the century (Chulkov, Emmin, Levshin, etc.), with its appeal to everyday life and attention to folklore, which contributed to overcoming the abstractness of classicism, predetermined the further development of prose in the works of Izmailov, Narezhny, and Gogol.
So, the process of development of Russian literature and Russian social thought of the 18th century prepared the further rapid and brilliant flowering of literature of the subsequent century. The defining trend in the development of literature was the strengthening of its connection with life, the maturation of realistic tendencies in the poetry of Derzhavin, in the works of Fonvizin, Novikov, Krylov, Radishchev, whose heirs were Pushkin, Griboyedov, Gogol, Ostrovsky. Karamzin's creative achievements largely anticipated the literary activities of Batyushkov, Zhukovsky and other poets and writers of the beginning of the century. Threads stretch from Radishchev to the Decembrists, Herzen, and revolutionary democrats of the 60s, who were deeply aware of the continuity of revolutionary traditions. Despite the difference in worldview and aesthetic principles, progressive writers of the 18th century proclaimed and established in their work the ideal of a free, independent writer - an exponent of public opinion.
From the middle of the 18th century, many works of Russian literature were translated into foreign languages and became known to foreign readers. Thus, already in the 18th century, Russian literature began to enter the mainstream of pan-European literature.
