The problem of human responsibility for decision making arguments. Literary arguments
Essay based on the text: “Sergei Nikolaevich Pletenkin returned home as usual, at half past eight...” S. S. Kachalkov
The problem of a person’s moral responsibility for his actions is raised by the modern prose writer S. S. Kachalkov.
The text tells “about an amazing incident.” Returning home, service workshop worker Sergei Pletenkin, as usual, took a fellow traveler to “justify the fuel.” Ironically, it turned out to be a former student from a parallel class, Natasha Abrosimova, with whom Sergei acted dishonestly many years ago. The author shows how the hero’s conscience awakens along with memories: the joy of successful earnings is replaced by anxious thoughts and mental turmoil. He “gloomily washes his hands” and is in no hurry to “eat the cooling soup.” Natasha’s question haunts my head: “Did you deceive me?”
The answer is clear to the reader. S. Kachalkov is convinced that by causing pain to another, a person first of all “deceives” himself, and sooner or later the offense returns to him as remorse.
The writer's position is close to me. Of course, conscience is a sense of moral responsibility that is inherent in absolutely all people from the very beginning.
I remember the fifth procurator of Judea, Horseman of the Golden Spear, Pontius Pilate, one of the main characters in M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”. For 12 thousand moons, he lost sleep and peace, condemning an innocent man to death.
I think each of us has more than once found ourselves in ugly situations when our inner judge made an impartial verdict. And the punishment was mental torment, those very pangs of conscience that receded only after sincere repentance and readiness to take the path of correction.
Thus, it is necessary to observe moral laws - at least out of a sense of self-preservation.
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THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS
1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.
2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.
THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS
1. An example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of Charlotte Brontë's novel of the same name. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.
2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.
THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev the most important life principle was honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of the impostor.
2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is an honest and brave person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest first of all with yourself.
THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.
2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A.’s novel. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.
THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long path to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” the main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.
THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD
1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life was to accumulate wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.
2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life and devotes herself entirely to her family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.
THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH
1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.
2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.
THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness in adulthood.
2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM
1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.
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THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR
1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.
2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers developed differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.
THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE
1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.
2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goals.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL
1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.
2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.
THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE
1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not distinguished by a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.
2. In Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unattractive, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR
1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.
2. In V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve “great Germany.” His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experienced during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY
1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul and helps to reveal creative potential.
2. Love for his native land is the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. He painted a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. The life of ordinary people and the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left its mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life path of Ilya Ilyich.
2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played an important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE
1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.
2.
From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.
THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY
1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky's "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.
2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give up their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.
THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART
1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.
2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.
THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS
1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.
2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries and saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. Thus, life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON
1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has experienced. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance and find the meaning of her future life.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that it has been a long time since Oblomov felt “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”
THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE
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In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for work for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna’s love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE
1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to perform a feat.
THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience
1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and resorts to the most dishonorable acts in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.
2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.
THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE
1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Station Warden" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.
2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment of her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.
THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY
1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.
2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.
THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON
1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.
2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.
THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR
1. A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.
2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.
THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD
1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova “Oblomov” Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life; it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.
THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.
2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.
THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE
1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.
2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her and knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.
2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, their love for the Don and the steppes.
THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION
1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.
2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because TV distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.
THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE
1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.
2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY
1. A.S. Pushkin in his poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls the “stupid rabble” that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the poet’s main goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.
2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be given up for the sake of a common great goal.
THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS
1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.
2. In Antoine de Saint-Exupery's fairy tale “The Little Prince,” the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS
1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life’s difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.
2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and took the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.
THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII
1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, just like men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.
2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.
THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.
2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION
1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right path in life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.
2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.
The problem of a person's personal responsibility for his actions. He didn’t even know that the problem of a person’s personal responsibility for his actions, a new life is not given to him for nothing, that he still has to buy it dearly, pay for it with a great, future feat... It is no coincidence that Dostoevsky’s novel is called “Crime and Punishment” although most of it is devoted to Raskolnikov’s crime and the events associated with it. The author points out the inevitability of punishment not only from the state, but also from the point of view of one’s own conscience.
Dostoevsky convinces us that any action leads to other, sometimes unexpected, actions. Raskolnikov’s theory carries such a burden of unexpected consequences. In his article, written six months before the crime, he spoke about the division of humanity into two categories: ordinary, capable of being only material for history, and extraordinary, who can step over the moral laws of society in the name of a great goal. And not just overstep, but not tormented by pangs of conscience and not bear any responsibility. To determine which category he himself belongs to, Raskolnikov conceives and commits a murder and robbery. He believes that the evil old woman Alena Ivanovna will become the first step in his ascent to power over the world. Raskolnikov wants to save all the humiliated and disadvantaged - the Marmeladovs, the girl on the boulevard, his loved ones. But already the first step on this noble path is associated with blood and sin - after all, he killed not only the old woman, but also her sister Lizaveta.
Sonya Marmeladova, with her ideal of Christ, is trying to convince Raskolnikov of the need to appear before the court and repent. But even going to hard labor, Rodion did not lose faith in his own idea. For a long time he was worried only because he was not a superman, because his conscience tormented him. In fact, there was no evidence, and Rodion could have escaped punishment. But the final impetus for recognition was Svidrigailov’s suicide.
Svidrigailov is essentially a criminal; he has several ruined lives to his credit. He believes that everything is allowed to him, that he is superior to others, and in this his position coincides with Raskolnikov’s theory. Svidrigailov is capable of lying, blackmailing, even killing not for the sake of a great goal, but simply out of boredom, from the emptiness of life. Awareness of the dead end and hopelessness of such a life leads Svidrigailov to suicide. This is not only retribution for many sins, but also moral collapse. Having learned about the death of Svidrigailov,
Raskolnikov confesses to his own crime. He gradually understands that every idea of a superman turns into spiritual emptiness, an abyss. And this is the worst price to pay for his idea.
Once in hard labor, Raskolnikov was faced with the alienation of other criminals, who saw in him just an incompetent killer, a master. And this was another revelation of his theory - inhumane, cruel, and not aimed at good. For Raskolnikov, the true payment for his crime was not prison, not hard labor, not parting with his usual life, but pangs of conscience and a spiritual crisis associated with the collapse of the idea of a superman. Only after being ill and suffering did Raskolnikov repent completely, truly, and acquire new, Christian ideals. And following them presupposes eternal feat, eternal retribution and eternal responsibility not only for one’s actions, but also for the actions of others.
Arguments in the essay of part C of the Unified State Exam in Russian on the topic “The problem of responsibility for one’s actions”
Text from the Unified State Examination
(1) Sergei Nikolaevich Pletenkin returned home, as usual, at half past eight. (2) He worked in a service workshop in the very center of the city. (3) To justify the fuel, on the way home he made a stop near the central market and, if he was lucky, of course, picked up a fellow traveler. (4) Today he was incredibly lucky, his soul sang with joy, and he, barely taking off his shoes, without even washing his hands, immediately rushed to the kitchen to tell about the amazing incident. (5) The wife stood near the sink and washed the dishes.
(6) The daughter finished her tea with a dissatisfied look and, capriciously sticking out her lower lip, asked:
(7) – Mom, why not?
(8) “Because...” the mother answered irritably. (9) – Ask your father for time off!
(10) Pletenkin impatiently waved his hand, asking for silence, and, squealing with joy, which always irritated his wife, he began to tell. (11) “Can you imagine, I’m driving past the central market today, some woman slows me down... (12) She asks, so that I can give her a lift to the plant management. (13) I look: a leather coat, stylish boots, well, and her face looks so well-groomed... (14) I immediately said to her: three hundred!.. (15) She even opened her mouth. (16) Well, it’s okay, she sat down, and I took her to the department. (17) She comes out and gives me five hundred rubles... (18) I’m like: “Okay, but I don’t have change!” (19) She looked at me, shrugged her shoulders and said: “Okay, keep the change!” (20) Imagine how lucky you are! (21) – Yes! (22) If only all passengers were like this! – the wife drawled. (23) – You go wash your hands and let’s sit down to dinner... (24) Pletenkin locked himself in the bathroom and began to soap his hands, replaying the details of everything that happened again and again. (25) Thick black hair, thin fingers with a wedding ring, a slightly detached look... (26) This look happens to people who have lost something, and now look at where the missing thing should lie, knowing full well that it is not there they will find it. (27) And suddenly he remembered her! (28) It was Natasha Abrosimova, she studied in a parallel class. (29) Of course, she has changed: she was an invisible ugly girl, and now she has become a real lady, but the melancholy disappointment in her eyes remains. (30) Once in the eleventh grade, he volunteered to accompany her, leading her through quiet streets so that they would not be seen together. (31) Her eyes shone with happiness, and when he asked her to write an essay for him for the competition “You and Your City,” she immediately agreed. (32) Pletenkin took first place, received a free trip to St. Petersburg, and after that he no longer paid attention to the bespectacled plain girl. (33) And only at the prom, after drinking champagne, in a fit of tearful sentimentality, he tried to explain something to her, and she looked at him with the same tired melancholy with which she looked today. (34) - Well, it turns out that I deceived you! (35) – Me? – she smiled. (36) -Did you deceive me? (37) -And who! – he said and grinned stupidly. (38) She left silently. (39) ... Pletenkin gloomily soaped his hands. (40) He thought that he would definitely meet her and return her two hundred, no, not two hundred, but all five hundred rubles... (41) But with... he realized that he would never do this. (42) - Why are you stuck there? (43) Everything is getting cold on the table! - the wife, losing patience, shouted from the kitchen. (44) “Did you deceive me?” – he remembered again, and he trudged off to eat the cooling soup.
(according to S. S. Kachalov)
Introduction
Each of us is responsible for what we do, say or even think. Sooner or later we will have to answer to others or to ourselves for what we have done against our conscience or against generally accepted moral standards.
Problem
Sergei Nikolaevich Pletenkin, the main character of the text by S. S. Kachalov, faced a similar situation. Using the example of the biography of his hero, the story of one amazing incident from his everyday life, the author raises the problem of responsibility for one’s actions.
A comment
The text describes Pletenkin’s simple and leisurely life in a few words. He has a wife and daughter, his life is settled, his work brings a stable income. Sometimes, on especially successful days, he also manages to make good money by driving people for money.
The text presents just one of these successful days. Returning home, where a hot dinner was already waiting for him, Pletenkin told his wife how he managed to successfully lure money out of a woman he met along the way. He asked for 300 rubles for the ride, clearly inflating the price, seeing that in front of him was a wealthy woman. She gave him 500, for which Sergei Nikolaevich could not find change. The girl asked him to keep the change. Such luck.
After some time, the hero realized that he knew this woman, that, as a high school student, he deceived her and took advantage of her trust. Not the first beauty, Natasha Abrosimova (that was the name of a random fellow traveler) did not receive much attention from guys in her youth. Pletenkin began to look after her, accompany her home, and for this he asked the girl to write an essay for him for a citywide competition. She happily agreed.
When the young man won the competition and received a trip to St. Petersburg, he even stopped greeting Natasha. And only at graduation I found the strength to apologize. But the girl just said: “Did you deceive me?” And she left, leaving only her sad, deep look in the hero’s memory. She still looked at him with that look today.
Frowning at his memories, Pletenkin decided that when they met, he would give her all the money. But then I realized that I would never do this.
Author's position
The author is convinced that a dishonest act has no statute of limitations. Sooner or later he will remind you of himself and force you to pay the bills. Having deceived the girl twice, the hero of the story, first of all, deceived himself. And this feeling of guilt before her will not leave him until the end of his days.
Your position
It is impossible to disagree with the author. When deciding on some action or deed, you need to think carefully about how it will be for you to live with it, and whether you will regret it later. Because it will not always be possible to correct what you have done.
Argument No. 1
In literature, almost every work reveals the theme of responsibility for one’s own actions. For example, in “Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky's many heroes bear the brunt of responsibility for their actions. Rodion Raskolnikov, killing the old pawnbroker, and with her her feeble-minded sister in the process of giving birth, suffered such pangs of conscience that he literally fainted.
Realizing that all his actions were unjustifiable, during hard labor he sought forgiveness from God in prayers, rereading the Gospel and remembering the brightest person in his life - Sonya Marmeladova.
Argument No. 2
In the story by N.M. Karamzin's "Poor Liza" the main character Erast, who deceived Liza, sold his love for marriage to a rich lady, will suffer for the rest of his life from the fact that he caused the death of a young and naive girl. His thoughtless, selfish actions led to the fact that Lisa, who sincerely loved him, threw herself into the river, unable to bear the betrayal and lies of her loved one.
Conclusion
Whatever we do in life, whatever we strive for, there is always something that limits us - our conscience. Go
You can’t go against her, because later she will remind you of herself more than once. We are responsible for our own destiny, for our own lives and for our actions, good and bad. You need to live in such a way that you will not subsequently be ashamed of yourself and your actions.
Our focus is on the text of Daniil Aleksandrovich Granin, a Russian writer and screenwriter, which describes the problem of responsibility for one’s words and actions.
Pondering this problem, the author sends his readers to the distant past, when Russia was ruled by Peter I. The monarch established shipbuilding in the country, but at the same time did not forget about the riches of our forest. The shipyards required a lot of wood, and in order not to destroy the green wealth, Peter I issued a decree in which it was forbidden to cut down trees near water bodies. The ruler cared about the country and said that wealth should be protected.
Thus, in M.A. Bulgakov’s work “Heart of a Dog,” the author talks about a professor who conducted a dangerous and serious experiment, which soon became dangerous for humanity. But the scientist realized that his creation could harm people and stopped the experiment.
And in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” Tatyana Larina was responsible for her every word.
Despite her love for Onegin and the desire to return to him, the girl refuses him.
Thus, a person must be responsible for all his words and actions.
Updated: 2017-01-01
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