A fairy tale about musical instruments for children. Poems and stories about musical instruments

A story about musical instruments

harp

Harp- a multi-stringed plucked instrument, one of the oldest in the world. On Egyptian frescoes of the 15th century BC. harps were depicted, reminiscent of a hunter's bow, the stretched bow of which produced a melodic sound when fired. Around 1810, the ancient harp was improved by the French master Erard. It consists of a large triangular wooden frame, inside of which 44 strings (sometimes 46) of different lengths and settings are stretched. The timbre of the harp is gentle, silvery, the sound is not strong, gradually fading. In a symphony orchestra, the appearance of a harp adds elegance and color to the sound.

Alto- only slightly larger than a violin, but the timbre is more dull, matte in tone. Viola is a member of a symphony orchestra and bow quartet. Rarely performs as a solo instrument.

drums

Drum belongs to the group of percussion musical instruments without a specific pitch. Percussion instruments are the most ancient instruments in the world. Primitive man beat out a rhythm on mammoth bones, wood, and clay jugs. In modern symphony and brass orchestras, two types of drum are used - large (a low-sounding instrument, individual beats sound impressive on it) and small (played with two wooden sticks, beating out a roll).

balalaika

French horn

French horn- brass instrument.

The distant predecessor of the horn was the hunting horn, as evidenced by the name itself: translated from German, “horn” means “forest horn.”

The horn is included in symphony and brass orchestras, and in various chamber ensembles as a solo instrument.

Among its closest neighbors, brass instruments, the horn stands out for its especially melodious, velvety and warm timbre, and thoughtfully lyrical sound.

viola

cello

Cello- stringed instrument. It appeared at the end of the 15th – beginning of the 16th centuries. She owes her creation and perfection to outstanding violin makers: the Magini brothers,

G. da Salo, Amati, Stradivarius. The cello, more than any other instrument from the bow family, is suitable for expressing strength and depth of feeling. The cello is larger than the violin. Her sound is courageous, but she also has access to delicate, airy colors, lyricism, concentration, and melodiousness.

Oboe belongs to the group of woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra. He is also a member of the brass band and various chamber ensembles. The orchestra is tuned by the sound of the “A” of the oboe.

The invention of the oboe dates back to the second half of the 17th century and is attributed to the French masters Philidor and Otteter. Oboes were first used in Lully's ballet The Great Cupid in 1657. and after that they began to be widely used in the orchestra.

The musical images created by the oboe are varied. He is best able to express lyrical moods, simple, pure feelings, tender love, submissive complaint, bitter suffering.

A type of oboe is the English horn (sounds slightly lower than the oboe, the timbre is a little nasal, “ducky”). This timbre was chosen by S.S. Prokofiev to depict a duck in the symphonic fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf”

guitar

domra

Domra- a plucked string instrument. The ancestors of the domra were known back in the 4th century. BC. in Ancient Assyria. The instrument was called "tanbur". Domra was one of the favorite instruments of buffoons - traveling actors and musicians. By the end of the 17th century, the domra fell out of use. In 1895, a small stringed instrument with an oval body was discovered in the Vyatka province; it fell into the hands of V.V. Andreev, who at that time was engaged in the restoration of ancient folk musical instruments. He developed and constructed a whole family of three-string domras, creating from them (together with balalaikas and gusli) the first orchestra of Russian folk instruments.

This ancient instrument, the predecessor oboe, and is now widely known in Armenia and Georgia, Azerbaijan and Dagestan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

As a rule, one zurnachi (as the zurn player is called) plays a melody, and the other echoes him with long drawn-out sounds. There is also a third musician in this ensemble: he beats out a complex, whimsical rhythm on a percussion instrument.

Clarinet together with the flute, oboe and bassoon, it is part of the woodwind group of the symphony orchestra. The clarinet is made from hard wood (palm, boxwood), as well as from ebonite and plastic. The clarinet appeared ca. 300 years ago, when the Nuremberg master Denner improved the ancient French pipe Chalumeau. According to G. Berlioz, “the clarinet is a violin among woodwind instruments.” Its sound is clear (hence the name clarinet, from the Latin “clarus” - “clear”), light, very flexible and expressive.

In conveying feelings, it can compete with any string instrument. Therefore, the clarinet is often heard in the music of romantic composers.

harpsichord

lute

Maracas

Maracas - a paired percussion musical instrument with an indefinite pitch of Latin American origin. Modern maracas are balls with a handle, made of thin-walled wood, plastic or metal material, and filled with pebbles, shot, peas or sand. Maracas are held by the handle and shaken when played, thus creating a loud, rustling sound.

Organ- keyboard wind instrument. The facade of an organ with part of the pipes is visible on the stage. Hundreds of them are located behind the facade, arranged in tiers up and down, right and left, going into the depths of the vast room. In modern organs the number of pipes reaches

30,000. The largest are more than 10 m high, the smallest are 10 mm. The sound of the organ makes a huge impression. The giant instrument has many different tones. It's like a whole orchestra. In fact, the range of the organ exceeds the range of all instruments in the orchestra. The organ has been known since ancient times. The manufacture of the first organ is attributed to the mechanic from Alexandria Ctesibius, who lived in the 3rd century. BC. It was a water organ - hydraulos.

The singing voice differs from the ordinary voice in timbre richness and strength. This is a gift of nature, but, like any talent, it needs development and improvement. For singers, this is called voice production. A violinist or pianist spends a long time learning scales to become a virtuoso, and a singer must learn to “play” his natural instrument.

In 1709 The Italian master B. Cristofori from Florence made an instrument in which both loud (forte) and quiet (piano) sounds were produced with the help of hammers. That's why the tool got the name " piano" A whole system of hammers strikes the strings with any speed and force. Among the many predecessors of the piano are the harpsichord and clavichord.

Nowadays there are two main types of pianos: : grand piano, intended for concert performance, and piano, used for home music playing.

Violin- stringed instrument. Its distant ancestor was a folk instrument of Slavic origin: a hollowed-out wooden trough covered with a flat plate, three strings, a bow-shaped bow tied at the ends with a tuft of hair from a horse's tail. Bowed instruments have been known in Rus' for a long time. In the northern tower of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, built in the 11th century, there is a fresco depicting a musician playing a bowed instrument. The modern violin is one of the main instruments of a symphony orchestra.

saxophone

pipe, sniffle And grasshopper

The Russian pipe has not yet been sufficiently studied. Experts have long been trying to correlate existing whistle instruments with ancient Russian names. Chroniclers most often use three names for instruments of this type: pipe, sniffle And grasshopper. According to legend, the son of the Slavic goddess of love Lada, Lel, played the flute. In the spring he made himself a pipe from birch twigs.

Word " pipe"more ancient than" sniffle“, since it is found in the common Slavic language and, therefore, existed in the era before the division of this language into eastern, western and southern branches. However, it is difficult to say whether such a name applied to an instrument of a certain type: in ancient Rus', “svirets”, “sviryanin” were used to call a performer on any wind instrument, except for the horn and trumpet - “trumpeter”.

The ringing calling voice of the trumpet has been known since ancient times to shepherds, hunters, and warriors. Long BC The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans knew the trumpet. In the Middle Ages, the trumpet actively participated in knightly ceremonies, games and tournaments, on campaigns, on vacation, and in battle. For the first time, trumpets were introduced into the opera orchestra by the Italian composer C. Monteverdi, when in 1607. composed a fanfare of 5 independent trumpet parts in the overture to his first opera “Orpheus”. In the group of brass instruments of a symphony orchestra, the trumpet is the highest instrument in range. It is she who gives the orchestra’s sound an amazing solemnity and elation.

tuba

bassoon

zither

Zither- (German Zither) - a stringed musical instrument that became most widespread in Austria and Germany in the 19th century. The strings (up to 40 in some varieties) are stretched above the fingerboard and outside the fingerboard over the soundboard.

celesta

The youngest percussion keyboard instrument - celesta- has the shape of a small piano with metal and sometimes glass plates instead of strings. The keyboard is like a piano. The celesta was designed in 1886 by the French master O. Mustel based on the “tuning fork clavier” (a set of tuning forks). Its timbre is very beautiful. The celesta is the quietest and most gentle instrument of the symphony orchestra. P.I. Tchaikovsky was the first to use it in an orchestra.

BALALAIKA

The balalaika is considered to be the personification of Russian culture.
The name “balalaika”, or, as it was also called, “balabaika”, comes from the consonant Russian words balakat, balabonit, balabolit, balagurit, which means to chat, empty ring. These concepts convey the essence of the balalaika - a playful, light, “strumming” instrument, not very serious.
According to one version, the balalaika was invented by peasants. Gradually it spread among buffoons traveling around the country. Buffoons performed at fairs, entertained people, and earned their living. Such fun, in the opinion of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, interfered with work, and he issued a decree in which he ordered all instruments (domras, balalaikas, horns, harps, etc.) to be collected and burned. But time passed, the king died, the balalaika began to sound again throughout the country. The balalaika is a plucked string instrument. This is a type of lute, one of the main musical instruments of the 16th–17th centuries. The ancient balalaika did not always have a triangular shape. It could be oval or semicircular, and had two and sometimes four strings. The modern balalaika was created in 1880 by masters Paserbsky and Nalimov, commissioned by the founder of the first folk instrument orchestra and a remarkable balalaika player, Andreev. The instruments made by Nalimov remain the best sounding to this day.
The group of balalaikas in the orchestra of musical instruments has five varieties: prima, second, viola, bass and double bass. They differ in size and sound timbre. The leader of the group is the prima, who most often performs solo. They play it by clanking - making single strikes on the strings with the index finger, tremolo - by quickly alternating strikes on the strings down and up, and pizzicato - by plucking the strings. The largest of the balalaikas, the double bass, has a height of 1.7 m.
The balalaika is a common musical instrument that is studied in academic music schools.
PUZZLES
And only three strings
She needs it for music.
The game makes everyone happy!
Oh, it's ringing, it's ringing,
Who is she? Guess it...
This is our... (balalaika).
Three strings, and what a sound!
With shimmer, alive.
I recognize him the moment -
The most Russian instrument.
(Balalaika)

DRUM

What's the easiest way to get sound without using your voice? That's right - hit something with something at hand.
The history of percussion instruments goes back centuries. Primitive man beat out rhythm using stones, animal bones, wooden blocks and clay jugs. In Ancient Egypt, they knocked (played with one hand) on special wooden boards at festivals in honor of the goddess of music, Hathor. Funeral rites and prayers against disasters were accompanied by blows on the sistrum, a rattle-type instrument in the form of a frame with metal rods. In Ancient Greece, the crotalon or rattle was common and was used to accompany dances at various festivals dedicated to the god of wine.
In Africa, there are “talking” drums that serve to transmit information over long distances using the language of rhythm and imitation of traditional tone speech. There, as well as in Latin America, rattles are currently common to accompany folk dances. Bells and cymbals are also percussion instruments. A modern drum has a cylindrical wooden body (less often metal), covered on both sides with leather. You can play the drum with your hands, sticks or mallets covered with felt or cork. Drums come in different sizes (the largest reach 90 cm in diameter) and are used by musicians depending on what sound they want to “knock out” - low or higher.
The bass drum in the orchestra is necessary to emphasize important places in the work - the strong beats of the measure. This is a low sounding instrument. They can imitate thunder, imitate cannon shots. It is played using a foot pedal.
The snare drum comes from military military and signal drums. Inside, under the skin of the snare drum, metal strings are stretched (4–10 in a concert drum, up to 18 in a jazz drum). When playing, the strings vibrate and a specific crackling sound occurs. It is played with wooden sticks or a metal whisk. It is used in orchestras for rhythm purposes. The snare drum is an invariable participant in marches and parades.
PUZZLES
It's easy to go hiking with me,
It's fun with me on the way,
And I'm a screamer, and I'm a brawler,
I am sonorous, round... (drum).
Inside is empty
And the voice is thick.
He himself is silent,
And they beat him and he grumbles...
(Drum)

GUITAR

One of the most popular and widespread instruments in the world is the guitar. Ancient people pulled two or three strings onto a bow and used them to produce different sounds. Then they began to attach a hollow resonator to the bow. It was made from different materials: dried pumpkin, turtle shell, and hollowed out from a piece of wood. This is how the class of plucked string instruments appeared.
The name "guitar" comes from the merger of two words: the Sanskrit "sangita", which means music, and the ancient Persian "tar" - string.
The guitar is one of the few instruments on which sound is produced directly with the fingers. Sometimes they play not with their fingers, but with a plate - a mediator. This makes the sound clearer and more sonorous. The main way to control the pitch of the sound when playing the guitar is to change the length of the vibrating part of the string. The guitarist presses the string against the fingerboard, causing the working part of the string to shorten and increasing the tone produced by the string.
The guitar did not acquire its appearance immediately. Masters experimented with the size and shape of the body, neck fastening, and so on. In the 19th century Spanish guitar maker Antonio Torres gave the guitar a modern shape and size. Guitars designed by Torres are today called classical. The body resembles a voluminous figure eight, in which there is a hole decorated with ornaments. There are six strings attached to the headstock.
A variety of guitar with seven strings is called Russian (sometimes gypsy). Nowadays it is used mainly in the performance of romances. On the professional stage, the seven-string guitar is used very rarely.
Another type of guitar is a twelve-string guitar with six double strings. It is distinguished by richness and volume of sound.
In the 30s of the 20th century, when sound reinforcement technology began to develop, electric guitars appeared.
The basis of the guitar playing technique was laid by brilliant performers: the Spaniards - Fernando Sor and Dionisio Aguado; Italians - Matteo Carcassi and Mauro Giuliani.
The guitar is an accessible musical instrument. People often take it with them on hikes and sing songs to it around the fire. The reason for this is the simple technique of playing the guitar: you just need to know a few chords and you can play different melodies. However, to perform classically beautiful works you need to study for a long time.
MYSTERY
This string instrument
It will ring at any moment -
And on stage in the best hall,
And on a camping trip.
(Guitar)

E. L. Emelyanova

Title: Buy the book "Tell children about musical instruments": feed_id: 5296 pattern_id: 2266 book_author: Emelyanova E. book_name: Tell children about musical instruments Buy the book “Tell children about musical instruments” Emelyanova E.

The name “balalaika”, or, as it was also called, “balabaika”, comes from the consonant Russian words balakat, balabonit, balabolit, balagurit, which means to chat, empty ring. These concepts convey the essence of the balalaika - a playful, light, “strumming” instrument, not very serious.

According to one version, the balalaika was invented by peasants. Gradually it spread among buffoons traveling around the country. Buffoons performed at fairs, entertained people, and earned their living. Such fun, in the opinion of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, interfered with work, and he issued a decree in which he ordered all instruments (domras, balalaikas, horns, harps, etc.) to be collected and burned. But time passed, the king died, and the balalaika began to sound again throughout the country.

Balalaika is a plucked string instrument. This is a type of lute, one of the main musical instruments of the 16th–17th centuries. The ancient balalaika did not always have a triangular shape. It could be oval or semicircular, and had two and sometimes four strings. The modern balalaika was created in 1880 by masters Paserbsky and Nalimov, commissioned by the founder of the first folk instrument orchestra and a remarkable balalaika player, Andreev. The instruments made by Nalimov remain the best sounding to this day.

The group of balalaikas in the orchestra of musical instruments has five varieties: prima, second, viola, bass and double bass. They differ in size and sound timbre. The leader of the group is the prima, who most often performs solo. They play it by clanking - making single strikes on the strings with the index finger, tremolo - by quickly alternating strikes on the strings down and up, and pizzicato - by plucking the strings. The largest of the balalaikas, the double bass, has a height of 1.7 m.

The balalaika is a common musical instrument that is studied in academic music schools.

PUZZLES

And only three strings

She needs it for music.

The game makes everyone happy!

Oh, it's ringing, it's ringing,

Who is she? Guess it...

This is our... (balalaika).

Three strings, and what a sound!

With shimmer, alive.

I recognize him the moment -

The most Russian instrument.

(Balalaika)

What's the easiest way to get sound without using your voice? That's right - hit something with something at hand.

The history of percussion instruments goes back centuries. Primitive man beat out rhythm using stones, animal bones, wooden blocks and clay jugs. In Ancient Egypt, they knocked (played with one hand) on special wooden boards at festivals in honor of the goddess of music, Hathor. Funeral rites and prayers against disasters were accompanied by blows on the sistrum, a rattle-type instrument in the form of a frame with metal rods. In Ancient Greece, the crotalon or rattle was common and was used to accompany dances at various festivals dedicated to the god of wine.

In Africa, there are “talking” drums that serve to transmit information over long distances using the language of rhythm and imitation of traditional tone speech. There, as well as in Latin America, rattles are currently common to accompany folk dances. Bells and cymbals are also percussion instruments.

A modern drum has a cylindrical wooden body (less commonly, metal), covered with leather on both sides. You can play the drum with your hands, sticks or mallets covered with felt or cork. Drums come in different sizes (the largest reach 90 cm in diameter) and are used by musicians depending on what sound they want to “knock out” - low or higher.

The bass drum in the orchestra is necessary to emphasize important places in the work - the strong beats of the measure. This is a low sounding instrument. They can imitate thunder, imitate cannon shots. It is played using a foot pedal.

The snare drum comes from military military and signal drums. Inside, under the skin of the snare drum, metal strings are stretched (4–10 in a concert drum, up to 18 in a jazz drum). When playing, the strings vibrate and a specific crackling sound occurs. It is played with wooden sticks or a metal whisk. It is used in orchestras for rhythm purposes. The snare drum is an invariable participant in marches and parades.

PUZZLES

It's easy to go hiking with me,

It's fun with me on the way,

And I'm a screamer, and I'm a brawler,

I am ringing, round... (drum).

He himself is silent,

And they beat him and he grumbles...

(Drum)

The name "guitar" comes from the merger of two words: the Sanskrit "sangita", which means music, and the ancient Persian "tar" - string.

The guitar is one of the few instruments on which sound is produced directly with the fingers. Sometimes they play not with their fingers, but with a plate - a mediator. This makes the sound clearer and more sonorous. The main way to control the pitch of the sound when playing the guitar is to change the length of the vibrating part of the string. The guitarist presses the string against the fingerboard, causing the working part of the string to shorten and increasing the tone produced by the string.

The guitar did not acquire its appearance immediately. Masters experimented with the size and shape of the body, neck fastening, and so on. In the 19th century Spanish guitar maker Antonio Torres gave the guitar a modern shape and size. Guitars designed by Torres are today called classical. The body resembles a voluminous figure eight, in which there is a hole decorated with ornaments. There are six strings attached to the headstock.

A variety of guitar with seven strings is called Russian (sometimes gypsy). Nowadays it is used mainly in the performance of romances. On the professional stage, the seven-string guitar is used very rarely.

Another type of guitar is a twelve-string guitar with six double strings. It is distinguished by richness and volume of sound.

In the 30s of the 20th century, when sound reinforcement technology began to develop, electric guitars appeared.

The basis of the guitar playing technique was laid by brilliant performers: the Spaniards - Fernando Sor and Dionisio Aguado; Italians - Matteo Carcassi and Mauro Giuliani.

The guitar is an accessible musical instrument. People often take it with them on hikes and sing songs to it around the fire. The reason for this is the simple technique of playing the guitar: you just need to know a few chords and you can play different melodies. However, to perform classically beautiful works you need to study for a long time.

MYSTERY

This string instrument

It will ring at any moment -

And on stage in the best hall,

And on a camping trip.

(Guitar)

CELLO

The cello sings the melody of love -

Under a tremulous bow, stretched strings...

The cello, like no other bowed instrument, is suitable for expressing the sublimity, depth and power of sound.

The term “bowed” means that to play the instrument it is necessary to move along its strings with a special object - a bow, a small stick with stretched hairs. The bow is usually made from wood and real horsehair. To make the instrument sound, you need to rub the bow with rosin. Sometimes musicians do without a bow, and the game consists of plucking (pulling) the strings with their fingers. This playing technique is called pizzicato. The sound from pizzicato is not loud - muffled.

The cello is larger than the violin. It appeared at the end of the 15th – beginning of the 16th centuries. Its prototype was the viola da gamba, popular during the Renaissance.

The cello has four strings of different thicknesses, each tuned to a different note. While playing, the performer places the cello between his knees, the metal spike should rest against the floor. Traveling musicians, who had to play standing or even while walking, hung their cello on a special hook in their clothes for convenience. Well, the musicians performing in the room supported her with their feet or put her on a chair.

Many works have been written for cello. In orchestral works, the cello is often given expressive solos. “You need enormous talent, you need a complex set of virtuoso qualities to victoriously attract the attention of the public on the stage with a cello in your hands,” wrote the Russian composer P. I. Tchaikovsky.

The flourishing of the Russian school of cello art is associated with the name of the famous performer K. Yu. Davydov, whom P. I. Tchaikovsky called “the king of the cello.”

In our country, Mstislav Rostropovich, who played this instrument masterfully, made a great contribution to the popularization of the cello.

In the destiny of every instrument there is a person who managed to rediscover it, to reveal features that no one had previously suspected. Such a person was Paganini for the violin, Rachmaninov for the piano, and Casals, who became famous in the 20th century, for the cello. His game was called "a real miracle." Thanks to Casals, the most complex virtuoso technique became available to musicians.

And the instrument, so similar to a violin, -

Only bigger, plus a spire and a bow.

Everything is called one word.

Of course, you guessed which one?

(Cello)

HARMONIC

The term “harmonica” comes from the Greek “harmonikos” - harmonious, consonant. It combines musical instruments in which sound is extracted from reed plates that vibrate from the air blown through them. When blown in, the records sound one sound, and when blown out, they sound different. You get two chords. There are different harmonicas - mouth, hand and mechanical. The lips are very comfortable, small, and can be carried with you. They appeared in Europe in 1777.

The first hand-held accordion was made by the German master F. Buschmann in 1822. In it, air was pumped onto the plates using an air reservoir bag called a bellows. It was made of cardboard and covered with fabric. The reeds had different lengths and thicknesses, so when air was blown through them, different sounds were produced.

Thanks to its melodiousness, amplitude of volume, compactness and ease of learning to play, the accordion has become popular in Europe and Russia.

The size of the accordion is small, it weighs about 5–6 kg. They play it with both hands, holding it in front of them on their chest and moving the instrument apart, causing it to either expand or “deflate.”

Over time, the design of the accordion changed, and the instrument became more interesting in sound.

The bayan is a musical instrument related to the accordion. It was made by the Russian master P. Sterligov. Its tonal range is wider than that of the harmonium: up to six and a half octaves. But the weight is also greater - about 8–9 kg. There are button accordions weighing 13–15 kg. Playing such an instrument while standing is no longer easy; it requires strength and endurance. More often the performer plays while sitting. The button accordion is especially popular among folklore performers.

An accordion is also a type of harmonica, but on the right keyboard there are not buttons, but piano-type keys. The name “accordion” itself comes from the German word akkord, which means harmony. It was first introduced by the Viennese master of Armenian origin K. Damian in 1829. The instrument he created, when pressing one button on the left keyboard, produced a whole chord, that is, several sounds at once. Accordions with a right-hand piano-type keyboard appeared in Russia earlier than in Europe.

MYSTERY

Her whole soul is wide open,

And even though there are buttons, it’s not a shirt,

Not a turkey, but pouting,

And it’s not a bird, but it’s flooding.

(Harmonic)

Gusli-gusli-samoguda

They sing the song everywhere.

Once you are ready, friends,

It's time for us all to dance.

The gusli is a flat box, hollow inside, with strings stretched across it. This multi-stringed plucked instrument was popular among the peoples of the Baltic and Volga regions; it was called differently - kannel, kantele, kusle. The gusli is depicted on a fresco of the 11th century. in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv.

There is a mention of the ringed, spring-shaped gusli in the folk epic, epic tales about the guslier Sadko, the heroes Dobrynya Nikitich, Stavr Godinovich and Solove Budimirovich.

“String humming” was considered prophetic by many peoples, capable of working miracles. With the sounds of the cithara, Orpheus charmed the god of the underworld, Hades. The hero, prophetic rune singer, sower and sage Väinämöinen controlled the natural elements by singing and playing the kantele. Sadko, playing the harp, won the favor of the Tsar of the Sea.

Gusli can express any mood to us:

Dobrynya began to play sadly,

In a sad, touching way...

Dobrynya began to play cheerfully.

In ancient times, three main types of gusel playing developed: the performance of lyrical melodies, mainly song and dance tunes, and musical and poetic recitative.

Nowadays there are three types of gusli: ringed, plucked and keyboard. Voiced - have the shape of a trapezoid. They are played by holding them on their knees, plucking (plucking) the strings. Sometimes they use a plectrum - a thin plate that hooks strings. This makes the sound especially ringing. The number of strings in modern gusli has been increased to 13. They are played by rattling, like on a balalaika.

Plucked psalteries are improved rectangular gusli. This is a metal frame on legs with tensioned strings, which are located on two levels, each configured according to its own principle. You can play chords and perform polyphonic melodies on them.

The keyboard harp was designed by master Fomin at the end of the 19th century. Outwardly, they are similar to plucked strings, but the strings are located in the same plane, and above them there are dampers - mufflers. This system is controlled using 12 keys.

Gusel playing has been preserved; this ancient form of folk musical culture can now be heard in live performance. Keyboard harps are used in orchestras, and in professional groups you can sometimes find plucked ones.

...

What musical instrument did Sadko own? (Gusli)

XYLOPHONE

Ding-ding, tone-tone,

Xylo-xylo-xylo-phone.

The xylophone climbed onto the closet,

He was scared of the flamingo.

- You, flamingo, wait!

Don't knock too hard with your beak,

Better take a stick.

And you will hear a gentle ringing.

Just a miracle - the xylophone.

"Xylophone" translated from Greek means singing tree. The first xylophone may have appeared when a primitive man hit a dry tree with a stick and heard an unusual sound. Currently, similar simple xylophones are found in Africa, Asia and South America. It was brought to Europe by traveling musicians.

A xylophone consists of a large number of wooden blocks that produce sounds of different pitches when struck. The bars are made from maple, alder, walnut, and sometimes rosewood. They are placed on a braided rope made of straw, matting or rubber. The structure is usually installed on a table; sometimes resonators—hollow metal cylinders—are fixed under the blocks. The xylophone sound is abrupt, dry and clicking. It is removed using “goat legs” - wooden sticks with thickenings at the ends, similar to spoons.

Sometimes metal blocks are used instead of wooden blocks. This is a metallophone or vibraphone. All the records are located on the same level, while on the xylophone the bars corresponding to the black keys of the piano are slightly raised. The vibraphone is a complex design. It is placed on a special three-frame table-stand, moved on four wheels. Appeared in the USA at the beginning of the 20th century. Due to its characteristic timbre and great virtuoso capabilities, the vibraphone is widely used in music.

But if you attach a keyboard mechanism like a piano to a metallophone, you get a celesta instrument. It was made by master Auguste Muster in 1886. It is more convenient to play the celesta than with sticks on a metallophone. And the sound is just as gentle and sonorous. During his visit to Paris, P. I. Tchaikovsky heard the celesta and was so fascinated by its magical sound that he introduced the part of this instrument into his works: the ballad “The Voevoda” and the ballet “The Nutcracker.”

The xylophone was first used in an orchestra by Ferdinand Kauer in the mid-19th century. in the work "Seven Variations". One of the most famous works in which the xylophone is used is Saint-Saëns’ symphonic poem “Dance of Death”. The Russian composer Rimsky-Korsakov in “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” assigned the xylophone the song “In the garden, in the vegetable garden” to depict a squirrel gnawing golden nuts.

The organ is the largest musical instrument, a unique human creation. There are no two identical organs in the world.

The giant organ has many different timbres. This is achieved by using hundreds of metal pipes of varying sizes, through which air is blown, causing the pipes to hum, or “sing.” Moreover, the organ allows you to continue the sound for as long as you like at a constant volume.

The pipes are located horizontally and vertically, some are suspended on hooks. In modern organs their number reaches 30 thousand! The largest pipes are over 10 m high, and the smallest are 1 cm.

The organ management system is called the department. This is a complex mechanism controlled by an organist. The organ has several (from 2 to 7) manual keyboards (manuals), consisting of keys, like on a piano. Previously, the organ was played not with fingers, but with fists. There is also a foot keyboard or just a pedal with up to 32 keys.

Usually the performer is assisted by one or two assistants. They switch registers, the combination of which gives rise to a new timbre, not similar to the original one. The organ can replace an entire orchestra because its range exceeds the range of all the instruments in the orchestra.

The organ has been known since ancient times. The creator of the organ is considered to be the Greek mechanic Ctesibius, who lived in Alexandria in 296–228. BC e. He invented a water organ - the hydraulos.

Nowadays, the organ is most often used in religious services. Some churches and cathedrals hold concerts or organ services. In addition, there are organs installed in concert halls. The largest organ in the world is located in the American city of Philadelphia, in the McCays department store. Its weight is 287 tons.

Many composers wrote music for the organ, but it was the genius composer Johann Sebastian Bach who revealed its capabilities as a virtuoso performer and created works of unsurpassed depth in its depth.

In Russia, Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka paid significant attention to organ art.

It is almost impossible to master playing the organ on your own. This requires a lot of musical experience. Learning to play the organ begins in schools, if you have the skills to play the piano. But it is possible to master playing this instrument well by continuing your studies at the conservatory.

MYSTERY

The tool has been around for a long time

Decorated the cathedral.

Decorates and plays

The entire orchestra replaces

(Organ)

It is generally accepted that the first stringed instrument was invented by the Indian (according to another version, Ceylonese) king Ravana, who lived about five thousand years ago. This is probably why the distant ancestor of the violin was called the ravanastron. It consisted of an empty cylinder made of mulberry wood, one side of which was covered with the skin of a broad-scaled water boa constrictor. The strings were made from gazelle intestines, and the bow, curved in an arc, was made from bamboo wood. Ravanastron has been preserved to this day among wandering Buddhist monks.

The violin appeared on the professional stage at the end of the 15th century, and its “inventor” was an Italian from Bologna, Gaspar Duifopruggar. The oldest violin, made by him in 1510 for King Franz I, is kept in the Netherland collection in Aachen (Holland). The violin owes its current appearance and, of course, sound to the Italian violin makers Amati, Stradivari and Guarneri. Violins made by Magini are also highly prized. Their violins, made from well-dried and varnished maple and spruce plates, sang more beautifully than the most beautiful voices. The instruments made by these masters are still played by the best violinists in the world. Stradivarius designed a violin that is still unsurpassed, with a rich timbre and exceptional “range” - the ability to fill huge halls with sound. It had kinks and irregularities inside the body, due to which the sound was enriched due to the appearance of a large number of high overtones.

The violin is the highest timbre instrument of the bow family. It consists of two main parts - the body and the neck, between which four steel strings are stretched. The main advantage of the violin is the melodiousness of the timbre. It can be used to perform both lyrical melodies and dazzling fast passages. The violin is the most common solo instrument in the orchestra.

The Italian virtuoso and composer Niccolo Paganini greatly expanded the capabilities of the violin. Subsequently, many other violinists appeared, but no one could surpass him. Wonderful works for the violin were created by Vivaldi, Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky and others.

Oistrakh, or, as he was called, “King David,” is considered an outstanding Russian violinist.

There is an instrument that looks very similar to a violin, but is slightly larger. This is an alt.

MYSTERY

Carved in the forest, smoothly hewn,

Singing and singing, what is it called?

(Violin)

The trumpet belongs to the group of brass instruments. Its prototype was instruments made in ancient times from animal horns. An example is the shofar, made from a ram's horn, which was played in Jewish temples. The Old Testament tells of the siege of the city of Jericho. On the seventh day, the priests began to walk around the walls of the city, blowing trumpets. At their sound the walls suddenly collapsed. Since then, the expression “trumpet of Jericho” has meant a very loud sound, “the voice of a trumpet.”

In Scandinavia, an instrument was made from mammoth tusk - lur. Later, when they learned to smelt iron, the horns were replaced with metal pipes. The ancestor of all brass instruments is the horn (from the German word “horn” - horn). Progress was invariably reflected in the quality and shape of manufactured pipes. The thickness of the metal sheet from which the instrument was made changed, and the metal (copper, bronze, silver) also changed.

The trumpet was primarily a signaling instrument in the army; in the Middle Ages they were used in knightly ceremonies and taken with them on campaigns.

The trumpet has the highest range among other brass instruments. In the orchestra she is a participant in acute, dramatic moments; not a single battle episode can happen without her. It is the trumpet that gives the orchestra solemnity. It can be loud, but it is also capable of quiet, soft sound. In the brass band she is given a solo role and performs the melody. The trumpet is also widely used in jazz ensembles. American trumpeters Miles Davis and Louis Armstrong had a significant influence on the development of jazz music in the 20th century. The Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi was the first to introduce the trumpet into an opera orchestra. In the opera Orpheus he used five independent parts for trumpets. Many composers dedicated concert virtuoso works to the trumpet. This is Haydn, Goedicke, Hummel. The trumpet is often heard in solo parts by Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Rimsky-Korsakov, Tchaikovsky and many others.

Ay, doo-doo, doo-doo, doo-doo!

A raven sits on an oak tree,

He plays the trumpet

In silver

Turned pipe,

Gold plated,

The song is okay

The tale is complex.

(Folk song) MYSTERY

The first marches are played by the military,

Guys blow only big ones in them.

But the second ones are standing on the roofs,

Everyone smokes a lot in winter...

(Pipes)

The magic flute sounds and enchants,

He draws our dreams with colorful patterns.

The music of this karmic code,

As if to yourself

Calls us all.

V. Antosh

The word for "blow" is "flatus" in Latin. From him the flute, a woodwind instrument, got its name. There is a legend about how the ancient Greek god of forests and pastures Pan fell in love with the nymph Syrinx. One day he wanted to catch a nymph, and Syrinx asked the river god to save her. He turned Syrinx into a reed. Pan made a pipe from a reed and named it after the nymph. Now the Pan flute is a folk instrument consisting of tubes of different lengths, which allows it to produce sounds of different tones. Tubes are made from reeds, bamboo, reeds, metal, wood or even plastic.

The longitudinal flute is called a recorder. It is a pipe with seven holes on top and one on the bottom. The holes are located along the instrument at regular intervals. The pitch of the sound changes depending on which hole is open. Recorders are made from boxwood, pear, plum, and maple. Professional instruments are usually made from mahogany wood.

In modern orchestras they play transverse flutes. It was created by Theobald Boehm, a Bavarian inventor, musician, and composer. The player holds the flute horizontally, which is why it is called transverse. The holes on the instrument are opened and closed by keys - valves. The flute tube has 16 or more holes. The holes on the old flute were very small. Bem expanded them so much that the performer's finger does not completely cover them. This resulted in an extremely ingenious valve system, located under the fingers so conveniently that the performer can easily cope with the most difficult technical techniques. The transverse flute is superior to the recorder in depth and expressiveness of sound, range width and technical capabilities.

Western European and Russian composers - Bach and Gluck, Ravel and Debussy, Glinka and Prokofiev - created wonderful works for the flute. “The Magic Flute” is how Mozart called one of the most performed operas today.

MYSTERY

Sings very cheerfully

If you blow into it.

You all play it

And you will guess right away.

Doo-doo, doo-doo-doo.

Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah!

This is how she always sings.

Not a stick, not a tube,

What is this?

(Pipe)

PIANO

Piano is a generalized name for the class of keyboard-string musical instruments - grand pianos and upright pianos. In 1709, the Italian master Cristofori from Florence made an instrument in which sounds were produced by striking the strings with hammers. The volume of the sound depended on the force of the blow. It became possible to produce both loud and quiet sounds. In Italian, loud and quiet are “forte” and “piano”, respectively. From these words the name of the instrument comes.

The predecessors of the piano are the harpsichord (another name is the harpsichord) and the clavichord. On a harpsichord, the sound is produced by plucking a stylus that engages a string when a key is pressed. The result is a metallic sound that cannot be confused with anything else. Now this instrument is an indispensable member of ensembles playing Renaissance and Baroque music.

Another ancestor, the clavichord, had a different sound principle. The sound on it was produced by thin metal plates - tangents. The method of sound production - a careful touch on the key - determined the warmth and expressiveness of the sound.

Modern varieties of instruments are the grand piano and upright piano. The piano is usually used for concert performance. The strings in it are arranged horizontally, so it takes up a lot of space.

The piano's frame with strings is positioned vertically, making the instrument more compact and suitable for playing music at home. Electronic pianos are now common. They are smaller and lighter, but their sound is not “live”. They are usually used by musical groups performing pop music.

The largest number of musical works has been written for the piano. The first was composed by Giustini in 1732. Liszt and Chopin were virtuosos of playing this instrument. The Russian school was glorified by Rachmaninov.

On the piano you can play musical works of any form and genre and written for any performing group. The piano can be used as a solo instrument or with an orchestra. A musician of any specialty must be sufficiently proficient in playing the piano.

MYSTERY

I stand on three legs

Feet in black boots.

White teeth, pedal.

What is my name?.. (Royal)

Loved music very much

Two sisters, Natasha and Nina,

And that's why we bought it

They are big... (piano).

In the bowels of Little Stories, work is in full swing: we are busy drawing a small story with . If you are already familiar with the previous books in the series, then this one will be a little different - we experimented and made not just an interactive baby book, but an interactive and musical one!

Okay, let's finish with the little news for now. Today we have carefully prepared another adventure for you - into the world of fairy tales, where notes and music rule! A timeless classic for all ages.

Eccentric musician

Brothers Grimm

A folk tale adapted by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. The story is about a resourceful violinist who deceived the forest animals - with the help of music and his own wits...

Nightingale

G.H. Andersen

A tale about a Chinese emperor who traded the songs of a living nightingale for the sounds of a mechanical bird - and was punished.

The Bremen Town Musicians

Brothers Grimm

Of course, we couldn’t do without the most famous story about musicians. The story of the original fairy tale is noticeably different from what we are used to seeing in the domestic cartoon by Inessa Kovalevskaya.

Two violinists from Startspi

Scottish folk tale

An unusual plot for Russian readers (but familiar to English): a story about musician friends who find themselves in the world of elves. Time flies faster in a fairyland than in the kingdom of people - the greater the surprise of the heroes when they return home.

Pied Piper of Hamelin

German folk tale

Another classic story, this time about a treacherous piper who rid the city of rats, and when the greedy mayors did not consider it necessary to pay, he took revenge on the townspeople. The story is closely intertwined with European legends, so even adults will find it interesting to re-read it.

A music shop

Lucina Legut

An unusual fairy tale by the Polish writer Lucina Legut about the music shop of the cricket brothers: Mr. Teofas and Mr. Bolo, and one very annoying fly.

Song of the Mill Wheel

Gustav Sandgren

A tale about a young man who dreamed of learning to play the flute, but did not receive the approval of his teacher. Then the future musician himself goes to the wheel of the water mill - under which, according to rumors, lives a spirit who plays the flute better than anyone else on earth.

Pipes and jug

Valentin Kataev

Everyone knows the fairy tale from childhood about the girl Zhenya, who really didn’t want to pick strawberries. She meets the Old Boletus Man in the forest, who invites her to exchange her jug for a magic pipe, from the sounds of which the strawberries themselves peek out from under the leaves.