Paustovsky information from the large Russian encyclopedia vol. Biography

PAUSTOVSKY Konstantin Georgievich, Russian Soviet writer. The first story “On the Water” was published. in 1912. Studied at Kiev University (1911-13). After the October Revolution of 1917, he collaborated in newspapers, then in ROSTA - TASS (1924-29). Early production P. (collections of stories and essays "Sea Sketches", 1925, "Minetoza", 1927, "Oncoming Ships", 1928; novel "Shining Clouds", 1929) is distinguished by a sharp, dynamic plot. Their heroes are beautiful-hearted dreamers, burdened by everyday life, hating routine, craving romance. adventures. P.'s fame was brought by the story "Kara-Bugaz" (1932), in which documentary material was organically fused with art. fiction. By the 30s. include stories of various themes and genres: “The Fate of Charles Lonseville” (1933), “Colchis” (1934), “The Black Sea” (1936), “Constellation of Hound Dogs” (1937), “Northern Tale” (1938; the same name . film 1960), as well as biographical. stories about people of art: "Isaac Levitan", "Orest Kiprensky" (both - 1937), "Taras Shevchenko" (1939). In “Summer Days” (1937), “Meshchora Side” (1939), “Tenants of the Old House” (1941), the artistic style of the writer, peering intently into everyday human existence, into the natural world and telling about what he saw with lyricism, becomes complete. with inspiration. His favorite genre is a short story, lyrically colored, in the center of which are creative people. warehouse, great spiritual strength, actively doing good and resisting evil. In 1955 P. published. the story "Golden Rose" about the "beautiful essence of writing." For many years he worked on an autobiography. "The Tale of Life", in which the fate of the author is shown against the background of the processes that took place in Russia at the end. 19-30s 20th centuries The narrative consists of six closely related books ("Distant Years", 1945; "Restless Youth", 1955; "The Beginning of an Unknown Century", 1957; "Time of Great Expectations", 1959; "Throw to the South", 1960; "Book wanderings", 1963) and can rightfully be considered the result of creative work. and morals. the writer's quest. P.'s books have been translated into many languages. foreign languages. Awarded the Order of Lenin, 2 other orders and a medal. Portrait p. 287.

K. G. Paustovsky. "Selected Prose" (Moscow, 1965). Ill. B.P. Sveshnikova.

Works: Collection. soch., vol. 1 -6, M., 1957 - 58; Collection soch., vol. 1-8, M., 1967 - 70; Lost Novels, Kaluga, 1962; Stories, essays and journalism. Articles and speeches on issues of literature and art, M., 1972; Alone with autumn, 2nd ed., M., 1972; Rodina, M., 1972.

Works: Collection. soch., vol. 1-6, M., 1957-58; Collection soch., vol. 1-8, M., 1967-70; Lost Novels, Kaluga, 1962; Stories, essays and journalism. Articles and speeches on issues of literature and art, M., 1972; Alone with autumn, 2nd ed., M., 1972; Rodina, M., 1972.

Lit.: Lvov S., Konstantin Paustovsky. Critical-biographical essay, M., 1956; Levitsky L., Konstantin Paustovsky. Essay on creativity, M., 1963; Aleksanyan E., Konstantin Paustovsky - short story writer, M., 1969; Iln V., Poetry of Wanderings. Literary portrait of K. Paustovsky, M., 1967; Memories of Konstantin Paustovsky, M., 1975.

L. A. Levitsky.

Pasha"ting Victor Vasilievich, Russian scientist, one of the founders of the pathophysiological school in Russia and pathophysiology as an independent scientific discipline. In 1868 he graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg; student I.M. Sechenov. Since 1874, he was a professor at the Department of General Pathology at Kazan University, where he founded the first experimental pathology laboratory in Russia. Since 1879, professor at the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. Since 1890, head of the Military Medical Academy; since 1889 chairman of the medical council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Major works on the problems of metabolic disorders and thermoregulation, oxygen starvation, vitamin deficiency, etc. He created a large scientific school (A. V. Reprev, N. P. Kravkov, etc.).

Works: Selected works, M., 1952.

Lit.: Veselkin P.N., V.V. Pashutin, M., 1950.

Pashuto" Vladimir Terentyevich (b. April 19, 1918, Leningrad), Soviet historian, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Member of the CPSU since 1947. Graduated from the Faculty of History of Leningrad State University (1941), professor at the Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute. N.K. Krupskaya (since 1970). Since 1948 he has been working at the Institute of History (since 1969 - Institute of History of the USSR) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1969 head (sector of the history of the most ancient states on the territory of the USSR, since 1977 simultaneously head of the department of the history of pre-capitalist formations. Main works on the history of the USSR of the era of feudalism, source studies and historiography. Awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor and medals.

Works: Essays on the history of Galicia-Volyn Rus', [M.], 1950; Formation of the Lithuanian State, M., 1959; The Old Russian state and its international significance, M., 1965 (co-author); Foreign policy of Ancient Rus', M., 1968; Ways of development of feudalism. (Transcaucasia. Central Asia, Rus', Baltic states), M., 1972 (co-author).

Lit.: Likhachev D.S., Narochnitsky A.L., Shchapov Ya.N., To the 60th anniversary of Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences V.T. Pashuto, “History of the USSR”, 1978, No. 2.

V. D. Nazarov.

Pae"gle Leon Martynovich, Latvian writer. Member of the Communist Party of Latvia since 1917. Graduated from the Valmiera Teachers' Seminary (1910), worked as a teacher. In 1914-1917 he studied at the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the A. Shanyavsky People's University. The first book is “Gods and Men” (1914). He published several poems: “Roll Call of Young Falcons” (1921), “Banners” (1922), “Prison will not help” (1923, the collection was confiscated in 1925), which ideologically served the cause of the liberation struggle of the working class of Latvia. In his prose works, P. depicted the life of the Latvian village; his drama was directed against bourgeois reality.

Works: Kopoti raksti, sej. 1-5, Riga, 1956-1958; in Russian lane - Selected, Riga, 1955; Stories, M., 1965; Waiting for the sun, Riga, 1967.

Lit.: History of Latvian literature, vol. 2, Riga, 1971; Latviešu literaturas darbinieki, Riga, 1965.

"Pae"ze se"ra"("Paese Sera" - "Country in the Evening"), Italian daily evening progressive newspaper. Published in Rome. Founded in 1949. Circulation (1973) 180.5 thousand copies.

Blowtorch, a heating device in which heat is released during the flaming combustion of liquid fuel (alcohol, kerosene, gasoline); combustion products in P. l. form an elongated torch. P.l. are used for heating parts and melting solder during the soldering process at temperatures up to 1000-1100 ° C, as well as for heating soldering irons and other bodies. The most widespread are P. l. nozzle type (see. Nozzle). Gasoline P.L. are more convenient to use and have higher heat output than other engines. Tank capacity P. l. 0.1-2 l.

Paya flax, a tool used in soldering to heat the parts being joined, melt and introduce liquid solder into the gap. For better thermal conductivity, the working part of the P. is usually made of copper. The toe of the P. is sharpened at an angle of 30-40°, and the working edge is rounded. The heating temperature of copper solders should not exceed 400 °C, since otherwise the sock will dissolve in the liquid solder. The shape, dimensions and weight of the welding joint are determined by the type of weld being soldered, the configuration and weight of the product. For soldering parts of electronic equipment, P. is used weighing 0.1-0.2 kg, and for soldering large-sized products - up to 5 kg. According to the heating method, heaters are divided into 3 groups: without constant heating, with continuous heating in a flame, and with electrical heating. Household electric solders are classified according to heating modes (continuous, intermittent, forced and pulsed), by type of soldering rod, rated power (from 10 to 250 Tue) and heating time to a temperature of 280 °C. A special type of P. includes ultrasonic P., in which vibrations of a heated rod destroy the oxide film on the surface of the soldered metal under a layer of molten solder. The main advantage of ultrasonic soldering is the possibility of flux-free soldering. They are mainly used for soldering aluminum with low-melting solders.

V. P. Frolov.

Solder fluxes, non-metallic substances used to remove the oxide film from the surface of the solder and the soldered material and to prevent its formation during the soldering process, as well as to reduce the surface tension of the solder. Apply P. f. in powder form, in the form of pastes and in the form of aqueous, alcohol or glycerin solutions. Action of P. f. appears only in a certain temperature range. Some of them can be successfully used for soldering various materials, others have only a highly specialized purpose. The most universal for high-temperature soldering of steels and copper alloys are P. f. based on Na 2 B 4 7 and H 3 BO 3 ; for low-temperature soldering - P. f. based on ZnCl 2. For soldering aluminum alloys, a flux containing 8% ZnCl 2, 10% NaF, 32% LiCI and 50% KCI is widely used.

Lit.: Petrunin I. E., Physico-chemical processes during soldering, M., 1972.

Lit.: Ivanenko O.F., Legal ideology of the American bourgeoisie, [Kazan], 1966, p. 32-50; Tumanov V. A., Bourgeois legal ideology. Towards criticism of the doctrines of law, M., 1971, p. 284-300.

Pa"und(Pound) Ezra Loomis (October 30, 1885, Haley, Idaho - November 1, 1972, Venice), American poet, historian and art theorist. Studied at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1908 he left for Europe, and since 1924 he lived in Italy. He studied and propagated medieval poetry of the Romanesque countries; in his transcriptions, the English-speaking reader first became acquainted with the poetry of China and Japan. During World War II 1939-1945 he performed in Italy in fascist radio broadcasts to Allied troops. In 1945 he was convicted in the United States on charges of treason. P.'s death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in a mental hospital. After his release (1958) he returned to Italy. P. made his debut as a poet in 1909 (the collection “Faded Light”). One of the theorists imagism. In P.’s work (collections “Attacks in response”, 1912, “Masks”, 1912, “Old China”, 1915) already in the 1910s. sentiments of an anarchic nature were reflected, which later pushed him to an alliance with right-wing opposition forces (the poem “Hugh Selwyn Moberly”, 1920). P. expanded the thematic range of English-language poetry, enriched the arsenal of its artistic means, but extreme formal complexity made his main work “Cantos” (“Songs”, 1917-68, unfinished) a characteristic example of modernist poetry, breaking all ties with the reader. The last thirty years of P.'s life were creatively barren.

Works: Selected poems, L., 1964; Literary essays, L., 1960.

Lit.: Zasursky Ya. N., American literature of the 20th century, M., 1966, p. 164-69; Ezra Pound perspectives. Essays in honor of his eightieth birthday, Chi., 1965; Kenner N., The poetry of Ezra Pound, Norfolk (Conn.) - N. Y., 1968; New approaches to Ezra Pound, L., ; Stock N., The life of Ezra Pound, N. Y., ; Ezra Pound. The critical heritage, L.-Boston, ; Gallup D.C., A bibliography of E. Pound, L., 1969.

A. M. Zverev.

Pa"uni, a confederation of four North American Indian tribes speaking the Caddo language (Caddo-Iroquoian family). In the 16th-18th centuries. There were about 10 thousand P. Indians. P. occupied a vast territory from the modern state of Nebraska to Texas (USA). The basis of the economy was bison hunting and farming. After the seizure of their lands by colonialists (which began in 1800), the Indians of Papua New Guinea were settled on a reservation in Oklahoma in 1876. Their current number is less than 1200 people, of which about 2/3 are mestizos.

Pauperism(from Latin pauper - poor, poor), poverty of workers, lack of the most necessary means of subsistence among the broad masses of the population in societies based on private ownership of the means of production, property inequality and exploitation of some classes by others. In a capitalist society, P. is the inevitable result of action the universal law of capitalist accumulation.“Pauperism,” noted K. Marx, “is the invalid home of the active labor army and the dead weight of the industrial reserve army. The production of pauperism is presupposed by the production of relative overpopulation; the necessity of the former lies in the necessity of the latter; together with relative overpopulation, pauperism constitutes the condition for the existence of capitalist production and the development of wealth” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23, pp. 658-59). In the era general crisis of capitalism

When mass unemployment has become chronic, and the so-called creeping inflation has become an integral feature of the capitalist economy, placed on the rails of militarization, the robbery of workers by monopolies is intensifying and thereby giving rise to poverty.

Pauropods

Pauropo"dy(Pauropoda), a class of small terrestrial arthropods; formerly considered a subclass of the class centipedes. Body elongated or oval, length up to 1.5 mm. Covers without inclusions of calcium carbonate. There are a pair of antennae on the head, bibranched at the top (unlike other centipedes). 2 pairs of jaws - mandibles And maxillae Torso of 11 segments; walking legs are usually 9, less often 7 or 11 pairs. Skin breathing. Over 200 species. P. live in moist soil and rotting wood, mainly in areas with a mild climate. Predators, they feed mainly on small ticks.

Pausto"vsky Konstantin Georgievich, Russian Soviet writer. The first story “On the Water” was published in 1912. He studied at Kiev University (1911-13). After the October Revolution of 1917, he collaborated in newspapers, then in ROSTA - TASS (1924-29). P.'s early works (collections of stories and essays "Sea Sketches", 1925, "Minetoza", 1927, "Oncoming Ships", 1928; the novel "Shining Clouds", 1929) are distinguished by a sharp, dynamic plot. Their heroes are beautiful-hearted dreamers, burdened by everyday life, hating routine, thirsting for romantic adventures. P.'s fame came from the story “Kara-Bugaz” (1932), in which documentary material is organically fused with fiction. By the 30s. include stories of various themes and genres: “The Fate of Charles Lonseville” (1933), “Colchis” (1934), “Black Sea” (1936), “Constellation of Hounds” (1937), “Northern Tale” (1938; eponymous film 1960), as well as biographical stories about people of art: “Isaac Levitan”, “Orest Kiprensky” (both 1937), “Taras Shevchenko” (1939). In “Summer Days” (1937), “Meshcherskaya Side” (1939), “Tenants of the Old House” (1941), the artistic style of the writer, peering intently into everyday human existence, into the natural world and telling about what he saw with lyrical inspiration, becomes complete. His favorite genre is a short story, lyrically colored, in the center of which are people of a creative nature, great spiritual strength, actively doing good and opposing evil. In 1955, P. published the story “Golden Rose” about “the beautiful essence of writing.” For many years he worked on the autobiographical “Tale of Life,” in which the author’s fate is shown against the backdrop of the processes that took place in Russia in the late 19-30s. 20th centuries The narrative consists of six closely related books (“Distant Years”, 1945; “Restless Youth”, 1955; “The Beginning of an Unknown Century”, 1957; “Time of Great Expectations”, 1959; “Throw to the South”, 1960; “Book wanderings,” 1963) and can rightfully be considered the result of the writer’s creative and moral quest. P.'s books have been translated into many foreign languages. Awarded the Order of Lenin, 2 other orders and a medal.

Works: Collection. soch., vol. 1-6, M., 1957-58; Collection soch., vol. 1-8, M., 1967-70; Lost Novels, Kaluga, 1962; Stories, essays and journalism. Articles and speeches on issues of literature and art, M., 1972; Alone with autumn, 2nd ed., M., 1972; Rodina, M., 1972.

Lit.: Lvov S., Konstantin Paustovsky. Critical-biographical essay, M., 1956; Levitsky L., Konstantin Paustovsky. Essay on creativity, M., 1963; Aleksanyan E., Konstantin Paustovsky - short story writer, M., 1969; Iln V., Poetry of Wanderings. Literary portrait of K. Paustovsky, M., 1967; Memories of Konstantin Paustovsky, M., 1975.

Paustovsky

PAUSTOVSKY Konstantin Georgievich (1893-) - Soviet writer. Son of a railway engineer. He studied at Kiev, then at Moscow universities. He was a worker at metallurgical plants in Yuzovka, Yekaterinoslav, Taganrog, and a tram conductor in Moscow; During the imperialist war he was a nurse, a sailor, a reporter and a newspaper editor. Participated in the civil war (in the battles against Petliura). P. published his first work in 1912, and became a professional writer in 1927.

P. began his literary activity with a series of short stories depicting the life of sailors and the life of coastal southern cities. These early works of P. retain a number of features of the petty-bourgeois intelligentsia's perception of reality. The writer is keenly interested here in the problem of the discrepancy between dreams and reality. He pays special attention to the image of a “small” person; this is for example the image of an engraver in the short story “Labels for Colonial Goods” (“Oncoming Ships”, 1928), who lived with a dream “of the ocean, of silver springs, of the yellow shine of foreign and deserted shores” and who inevitably saw the cruel reality of Tsarist Russia returned to the kingdom of poverty and tyranny. Later, this engraver “missed the revolution.” In P.'s early stories, a passive and contemplative approach to reality is revealed; in these short stories the writer admires the sea, the strength and wit of the sailors; he does not go further than the depiction of a spontaneous, individualistic rebellion against capitalist exploitation (“The Dutch Queen”, “Conversation in a Rainstorm” , "Judicial Conspiracy"). For the most part, Paustovsky’s realistic short stories are imbued with lyricism and are sometimes characterized by excessive sophistication. In terms of their composition, these are usually first-person stories, notes, letters, diaries, etc.

If in P.'s early short stories a contemplative approach is expressed to the dreamer-intellectual, who is actually excluded from social practice, then in his subsequent works P. moves on to depicting intellectuals involved in the practice of social struggle. The writer's horizon expands, his works become sharper. In the novel “Brilliant Clouds”, intellectuals like Captain Kravchenko, writer Berg, journalist Baturin, in the fight against the enemies of the Soviet Union, cease to be people “cut off from their century” and find, albeit belatedly, a place for themselves in a new life. The plot point of the novel is the search for the drawings of an invention valuable for the Soviet Union, stolen by the enemy Pirrison. Fighting the enemy, the intellectual heroes return to life and rebuild. They feel included in the practice of revolutionary reality. The final chapter of the novel shows these people reborn. The writer Berg, summing up the successful operation, says: “If not for these searches, you would have become moldy in your skepticism.” “I began to live very widely and young.” Baturin felt like a fighter. He will call “to the fruitful land, to noisy holidays, to the joyful pupils of people, to the wisdom of every, most insignificant thing.” True, Baturin does not yet have a proletarian understanding of the tasks of the revolution. The meaning of the novel is an affirmation of the need to include the intellectual in revolutionary work as the only way to overcome the narrow-mindedness of a petty person. Despite the fact that this novel overemphasizes adventurous motives, despite the fact that the writer was unable to give a realistic interpretation of the episodes of the class struggle, to Paustovsky’s merit it is necessary to deliver a psychologically convincing interpretation of the changes that the majority and best part of the intelligentsia undergoes in the conditions of the victorious struggle of the proletariat .

P. wrote “Kara-Bugaz,” which was originally intended for youth and brought P. to the forefront of Soviet literature with much greater ideological and artistic maturity. In "Kara-Bugaz" P.'s characteristic ability to combine romantic pathos with a realistic depiction of the phenomena of reality comes out with full force. Kara-Bugaz is a bay of the Caspian Sea containing hundreds of millions of tons of mirabilite (Glauber's salt), millions of tons of bromine, barite, sulfur, limestone, and phosphorites. These colossal riches, which the old autocratic Russia was powerless to master, are beginning to be widely developed by the proletarian state. A powerful plant is being built in Kara-Bugaz, nomadic Turkmens are involved in the construction, the terrible waterless desert is turning into a blooming garden. P. creates a number of exciting, artistically expressive episodes; this is for example scene of the first socialist competition of the Turkmen during the digging of a tunnel. “Kara-Bugaz” includes historical information in abundance. documents (reports of Captain Zherebtsov), excerpts from speeches, digital certificates, scientific explanations, etc.; At the same time, P. is far from a factual approach to reality. “Kara-Bugaz” organically combines elements of an artistic essay, travel literature, a dramatically rich short story about the civil war, and a psychological sketch. The narrative is casually interspersed with compressed and at the same time convex character portraits. Conveying the unique flavor of the landscape of Turkmenistan and the peculiarities of the cultural and everyday features of its population, Paustovsky is free from cheap aesthetic exoticism. In Bekmet's wonderful tale about Lenin, Paustovsky provides an example of artistic recreation of the creativity of the masses. A distinctive feature of the book is that it seems to be directed to the future, inspired by a romantic sense of purpose.

In the story “The Fate of Charles Lonseville” P. moves from depicting the practice of social. construction towards such a display of the past, which not only does not lead away from modernity, but even more clearly highlights its significance. The action of the story unfolds in the era of Nicholas I. It is no coincidence that P. chooses as his hero the revolutionary republican Charles Lonseville, who was captured in Russia after the retreat of Napoleonic army: it was such a person who was able to especially acutely feel the barracks reality of Nicholas Russia. The position of such a person in Russia is tragic, and only death saves Lonseville from life imprisonment in the Shlisselburg fortress. The slavish Russian reality is contrasted with forbidden memories of the formidable uprisings of serf workers. The story “The Fate of Charles Lonseville” is characterized by a laconic, strictly outlined plot, incorporating historical facts, persons, events, sharply drawn lines of class struggle, vivid characteristics, excited and courageous language.

The author of a large number of essays and short stories, Paustovsky has earned high praise for his work given by the most prominent figures and writers of our era - N. K. Krupskaya, M. Gorky, R. Rolland and others. “Kara-Bugaz” and “The Fate of Charles Lonseville” have been translated into German, French and English.
Bibliography:

I. Minetosa, Sea Sketches, ed. “Ogonyok Library”, M., 1927; Sea Sketches, Stories, ed. Central Committee of the Union of Water Workers, M., 1927; Oncoming ships, Novels and stories, ed. "Young Guard", (M.), 1928; Glittering Clouds, ed. “Proletary”, Kharkov, (1929); Notes of Vasily Sedykh, Giza, M. - L., 1930; Valuable cargo, ed. "Young Guard", M., 1931; Kara-Ada, ed. the same, M., 1932; Kara-Bugaz, ed. the same, M., 1932; The best fishing brigade of the USSR, (Essay), ed. 2nd, Kogiz, M., 1932; The Fate of Charles Lonseville, ed. “Young Guard”, Moscow, 1932. P. published over a hundred stories and essays in periodicals: “Pravda”, “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, “Evening Moscow”, “Krasnaya Nov”, “Siberian Lights”, “30 Days”, “Smena”, almanac “The Sixteenth Year”, “La litterature internationale” (Moscow), “Regards” (Paris), etc.

II. Zh. E., “Young Guard”, 1927, VI (review of “Minetoza”); Rozhkov P., “Book and Revolution”, 1929, X (review of “Shining Clouds”); Krupskaya N.K., gas. “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 1932, No. 5; Pavlenko P., Excellent book, “Literary Newspaper”, 1932, No. 56, December 11; Him, “Red Nov”, 1932, XII; Yudin S., A book calling for victory, “Book for Youth”, 1932, VIII-IX; Tretyakov S., gas. "Pravda", 1933, No. 6, January 6; Kolesnikova G., On the verge between an essay and a story, “October”, 1933, VI; Duchinskaya S., What do the guys say about “Kara-Bugaz”, “Book for Youth”, 1933, VIII-IX; Trifonova T., “Cutter”, 1933, II; Friedman B., “Young Guard”, 1933, II; Yagling B., “Our achievements”, 1933, I; Toom L., A book that infects with creativity, “Siberian Lights”, 1933, III-IV; Slavin L., A book for everyone (Notes from a writer), “Evening Moscow”, 1933, February 13; and others (reviews about “Kara-Bugaz”); Ledovskaya M., “Children’s Literature”, 1932, XIII (review of “Kara-Ada”); Kravtsov, “Children’s Literature”, 1932, II-III (review of “Valuable Cargo”); Friedman B., New book by K. Paustovsky, “Young Guard”, 1933, VIII; Reznik O., A Tale of Many Facets and Problems, “Children’s and Youth Literature”, 1933, VI; Shklovsky V., Historical novel from general ideas, Literary Newspaper, 1933, No. 53, November 17; Paustovsky K., I return the reproach, Response to Shklovsky’s article, ibid., 1933, No. 53, November 17; Shklovsky V., Molière's wigs, ibid., 1933, No. 55, November 29 (review of “The Fate of Charles Lonseville”).