home-Designers-Moscow City Duma. Rules of conduct in the museum for children and adults Need help studying a topic

Moscow City Duma. Rules of conduct in the museum for children and adults Need help studying a topic

Archaeological- fortifications, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, sites, fortifications, military camps, industries, irrigation structures, paths, gravediggers, places of worship and buildings, megaliths, rock carvings, areas of the historical cultural layer, ancient battlefields, remains of the life of primitive and ancient people ;

Historical - houses, buildings, their complexes(ensembles), individual burials and necropolises, outstanding places associated with important historical events, with the life and activities of famous persons, the culture and way of life of peoples;

Monumental art- works of fine art, both independent (separate) and those associated with architectural, archaeological or other sights or with the complexes (ensembles) formed by them;

Architecture and urban planning- historical centers, streets, neighborhoods, squares, architectural ensembles, remains of ancient planning and development, individual architectural structures, as well as related works of monumental, decorative and fine art;

Landscape art -

Landscape - natural areas that have historical value. See also Natural Monument.

Legacies

World Heritage See UNESCO World Heritage

State (federal) significance

Regional significance

Local significance

CULTURAL REVOLUTION- fundamental changes

in the spiritual life of society, transformation and change in the basic values ​​of the dominant way of life and way of life, accompanying (or preceding) a revolution in the socio-economic and political spheres. In contrast to evolutionary changes that preserve the continuity of cultural development, a cultural revolution involves a radical transformation of the very “core” or “code” of the culture of a given society or civilization, a reorganization of its content, values, forms and functions.

(everywhere about the cult of roar in the USSR! Not that)


12.The essence of socialization and inculturation.

Socialization

represents the process of personality formation, its gradual assimilation of the requirements of society, the acquisition of socially significant characteristics of consciousness and behavior that regulate its relationship with society.

Socialization of the individual begins from the first years of life and ends by the period of civil maturity of a person, although, of course, the powers, rights and responsibilities acquired by him do not indicate that the socialization process is completely completed: in some aspects it continues throughout life. It is in this sense that we talk about the need to improve the pedagogical culture of parents, about the fulfillment of civic responsibilities by a person, and about observing the rules of interpersonal communication. Otherwise, socialization means the process of constant cognition, consolidation and creative development by a person of the rules and norms of behavior dictated to him by society.

A person receives his first elementary information in the family, which lays the foundations of both consciousness and behavior. In sociology, attention is drawn to the fact that the value of the family as a social institution has not been sufficiently taken into account for a long time. The downplaying of the role of the family brought great losses, mainly of a moral nature, which subsequently turned into major costs in working and socio-political life.

The school takes over the baton of individual socialization. As a young person grows older and prepares to fulfill his civic duty, the body of knowledge acquired by a young person becomes more complex. However, not all of them acquire the character of consistency and completeness. Thus, in childhood, a child receives his first ideas about his homeland, and in general terms begins to form his idea of ​​the society in which he lives, about the principles of building his life. But sociologists are still concerned with the question: why is the initial process of personal socialization so different, why does school produce young people who differ not just in their ideas, but also in their set of values, which sometimes directly oppose each other?

The socialization of that part of the youth who comes to work after graduating from educational institutions (secondary, vocational, higher) continues in the specific conditions that have developed in production under the influence not only of social relations, but also of the specific features inherent in a given social institution.

A powerful tool for the socialization of the individual is the media - print, radio, television. They carry out intensive processing of public opinion and its formation. At the same time, the implementation of both creative and destructive tasks is equally possible.

The socialization of the individual organically includes the transfer of the social experience of mankind, therefore continuity, preservation and assimilation of traditions are inseparable from the everyday life of people. Through them, new generations are involved in solving economic, social, political and spiritual problems of society.

And finally, the socialization of the individual is associated with the labor, socio-political and cognitive activities of a person. It is not enough to simply have knowledge; it must be transformed into beliefs, which are represented in the actions of the individual. It is the combination of knowledge, beliefs and practical actions that forms the characteristic features and qualities characteristic of certain personality types.

Thus, the socialization of the individual represents, in essence, a specific form of a person’s appropriation of those civil relations that exist in all spheres of public life.

In modern conditions, the process of socialization makes new demands on the spiritual appearance, beliefs and actions of people. This is due, firstly, to the fact that the implementation of socio-economic, political and spiritual changes can be feasible for highly educated, highly qualified people who consciously participate in their implementation. Only a person deeply convinced of the necessity of the planned transformations can be an active, effective force in the historical process.

Secondly, the extreme complexity of the process of personal socialization requires constant improvement of the means of its implementation. They need updating, daily search, specifying and clarifying the place and responsibility of a person in solving both public and personal problems.

Thirdly, the socialization of the individual is an integral part of solving all social problems. Life convincingly demonstrates that this is such an interconnected process that it can equally intensify (or slow down) the social process many times over if objective changes, as well as changes in the consciousness and behavior of people, are not taken into account.

Fourthly, the socialization of personality involves overcoming negative phenomena in the minds and behavior of people. Until now, the sociology of personality has not been able to answer the following questions: why do some people who have the same starting point become hooligans, drunkards, and thieves? why does the other part turn into bureaucrats, sycophants, people pleasers, careerists, etc.?

And finally, the socialization of the individual occurs in conditions of interaction between world and national cultures. And although universal human motives are recognized as leading in the structure of social consciousness and behavior, the influence of national characteristics often turns out to be the decisive factor that largely determines the appearance of a person. The phenomenon of the national in the process of socialization, although it has raised the question of searching for new reserves of its combination with universal human values ​​for sociology, has led to the need for a deeper understanding of the socio-psychological mechanisms of recognition of the special place in the social life of each people, each nation and nationality and each of their individual representatives.

Socialization of personality presupposes that the object of research becomes not one or several, but the entire complex of socially significant qualities of a person in their close unity and interaction. They cover the entire set of traits of consciousness and behavior: knowledge, conviction, hard work, culture, good manners, the desire to live according to the laws of beauty, etc. It is important to overcome stereotypes and atavisms in the minds and behavior of people.

At the same time, no matter what sphere a person acts in, the spiritual moment always accompanies his activity in everything. Moreover, a person does not passively reproduce what society dictates to him. He has the ability to demonstrate his creative power and influence the phenomena around him.

The spiritual component is decisive in the socialization of a person, which allows, in our opinion, to consider this branch of sociological science in close connection with the problems of culture, education, science, literature, art. This in no way underestimates the role and importance of economic, social and political relations. But a person is elevated only by the level of culture, wealth and depth of his spiritual world, the degree of development of humanism, mercy and respect for other people.

Enculturation- the process of an individual mastering the norms of social life and culture.

Enculturation can also be defined as the process of giving an individual general cultural competence in relation to the standards of the society in which he lives. This includes mastering, first of all, the system of value orientations and preferences accepted in society, etiquette norms of behavior in different life situations, more or less generally accepted interpretative approaches to various phenomena and events, familiarity with the basics of the socio-political structure, certain knowledge in the field of national and class traditions, prevailing morality, ethics, worldview, customs, rituals, everyday erudition in social and humanitarian knowledge, etc., familiarity with the prevailing fashion, styles, symbols, regalia, informal status roles of national authorities, modern intellectual and aesthetic trends, political and the cultural history of a given people, the main symbols of national dignity, pride, etc. The means for an individual to acquire all this numerous knowledge are also concentrated mainly in home education and general education, as well as the entire set of social contacts of the individual with his environment. At the same time, one should remember and always take into account that an individual is not able to regularly contact the entire society at once and receive the necessary cultural information from all social classes and specialized groups; he cannot master even a thousandth part of the “cultural texts” accumulated in the national heritage and the variants of interpretation and assessment contained there;

  • life support: professional activities, household work, acquisition and consumption of goods and services;
  • personal development: acquisition of general and professional education, social activity, amateur activities;
  • social communication: formal and informal communication, travel, physical movement;
  • restoration of energy costs: food consumption, personal hygiene, passive rest, sleep.

It should be noted that socialization and enculturation are considered primarily of the middle man, who is not distinguished by any special talents or shortcomings. But in every society there is always a certain percentage of extraordinarily gifted people or, on the contrary, people with limited capabilities in practical and intellectual (and especially communicative) activities, in relation to whom the processes of socialization and enculturation sometimes acquire very specific forms, rates, and methods.

It is important to note that, in contrast to the goals of socialization, the result of enculturation is an intellectual.

Stages of enculturation

Throughout his life, every person goes through certain phases, which are called stages of the life cycle.
The primary stage begins with the birth of the child and continues until the end of adolescence. Enculturation can occur directly when parents teach a child to give thanks for a gift, or indirectly when the same child observes how people behave in similar situations. For this period, in any culture there are special ways to develop in children adequate knowledge and skills for everyday life. Most often this happens in the form of a game. Games are of the following types:

  • physical, training and developing physical activity;
  • strategic, training and developing the ability to predict possible results of any activity and assess the likelihood of these results;
  • stochastic, introducing the child to random processes, luck (failure), uncontrollable circumstances, risk;
  • role-playing, during which the child masters the functions that he will have to perform in the future.

Games develop personal qualities such as intelligence, fantasy, imagination, and the ability to learn. The secondary stage of enculturation concerns adults, since a person’s entry into culture does not end when a person reaches adulthood. A person is considered an adult if he has a number of important qualities, including:

  • achieving the required degree of physical maturity of the organism, as a rule, slightly exceeding the formed ability to reproduce offspring;
  • mastering the skills of one’s own life support in the areas of household and social division of labor;
  • mastering a sufficient amount of cultural knowledge and social experience through practical activities as part of various sociocultural groups and familiarity with various “skills” of culture (science, art, religion, law, morality);
  • belonging to one of the social communities consisting of adult participants in the division of labor system.

Inculturation during this period is fragmentary and concerns only individual elements of culture that have appeared recently. Usually these are some inventions and discoveries that significantly change a person’s life, or new ideas borrowed from other cultures.
Enculturation during the period of maturity opens the way to change and helps to ensure that stability does not develop into stagnation, and that the culture is not only preserved, but also developed.


INTRODUCTION

RF

4 Public organizations for the protection of cultural heritage in Russia

5 Improving the legal support for the preservation of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation

Chapter 2: Intelligence Research

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY


INTRODUCTION


According to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation,” objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation include objects of real estate with associated works of painting, sculpture, decorative and applied art, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture that arose as a result of historical events, representing value from the point of view of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and being evidence of eras and civilizations , authentic sources of information about the origin and development of culture.

This work will examine and develop the problem of protecting and preserving cultural heritage in Russia.

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the condition of the majority of Russian historical and cultural objects under state protection are in unsatisfactory condition.

Objects of nature, history and culture of our country make up a large part of the cultural and natural heritage of the world, making a major contribution to the development of our country and the world as a whole, which predetermines the highest responsibility of the Russian people and state for preserving their heritage and passing it on to subsequent generations.

This problem - the protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation - has been developed by a small circle of specialists, so I received the necessary and important information on the topic from workers in the field of culture, as well as from Federal Law No. 73 of June 25, 2002 "On cultural heritage sites (monuments) history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation").

In addition, the media has recently paid much attention to this problem.

Analysis of a social problem:

The essence of the social problem. Objects of cultural heritage, which are of great value to the population of the whole world, are currently and in the future subject to various types of destruction, including complete destruction. This is due not only to the deterioration of the cultural heritage site due to its age, but also to the economic, natural, climatic and human factors.

Sources of social problem:

natural deterioration of a cultural heritage site;

economic, political and natural-climatic factors.

Forms of existence:

In reality, this problem exists in the form of the creation, implementation, as well as supervision of the implementation of laws in the field of protection of cultural objects, including their restoration.

Typological analysis of a social problem

1 The sphere of manifestation, existence in society: the problem of the sphere of protection, preservation, as well as loss of intangible benefits.

2 Subject-carrier of a social problem: this is a social problem of a global level - a social problem of all humanity;

3 In relation to social institutions: this problem concerns many social institutions, including politics, economics, culture, and religion.

4 The significance and weight of a social problem for society: derivative.

5 Degree of novelty of the problem: old (traditional) problem.

6 Scale, scope of the problem: general, large-scale.

Internal foundations of the problem: subject of the problem (victim) - population, traditions, culture. First of all, the main need, need and demand of the population is the state’s maintenance of cultural monuments in proper condition (continuous restoration, protection from vandals, war, the economic situation in the country, environmental factors, etc.)

External foundations of the problem: Through such social institutions as economics, religion, culture, politics, the interests and needs of the population in the field of protection and maintenance of cultural objects are realized, since cultural historical values ​​are what is passed on from generation to generation and is pride ( in some cases, an object of worship) for all humanity, “living” proof of the high cultural development of our ancestors.

Structure of the problem: the leadership of certain social institutions responds to the needs of society by creating and introducing, as well as monitoring the implementation of certain laws on the protection of cultural heritage (Federal Law No. 73 “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation”).

Characteristics of the properties of the problem: this problem is global, affecting the interests of the population of the whole world (In the countries of Asia and Africa, in Russia, in Iraq, as well as in countries where the political regime is currently being changed by military means, this problem is most acute). A solution to this problem is necessary in the near future, since the consequence could be the complete destruction of cultural monuments.

7. To explain the emergence of the problem of protecting cultural heritage monuments, the social theory of deviant behavior can be used. Characteristics of social theory: Deviant behavior (from English.<#"justify">Chapter 1. Objects of culture, nature and history of Russia


Motherland, Fatherland... These concepts include all living conditions: territory, climate, nature, organization of social life, features of language, way of life. The historical, spatial, racial connection of people leads to the formation of their spiritual similarity. We must not forget about our cultural past, about our monuments, literature, language, painting. National differences will remain if we are concerned with the education of souls, and not just with the transfer of knowledge (D.S. Likhachev).


1 Types of cultural heritage objects in the Russian Federation


Objects of cultural heritage in accordance with the Federal Law are divided into the following types:

monuments - individual buildings, buildings and structures with historically established territories (including religious monuments: churches, bell towers, chapels, cathedrals, churches, mosques, Buddhist temples, pagodas, synagogues, houses of worship and other objects specifically intended for worship) ; memorial apartments; mausoleums, separate burials; works of monumental art; objects of science and technology, including military ones; traces of human existence partially or completely hidden in the ground or under water, including all movable objects related to them, the main or one of the main sources of information about which are archaeological excavations or finds (hereinafter referred to as objects of archaeological heritage);

ensembles - groups of isolated or combined monuments, buildings and structures for fortification, palace, residential, public, administrative, commercial, industrial, scientific, educational purposes, clearly localized in historically established territories, as well as monuments and buildings for religious purposes (temple complexes, datsans, monasteries , farmsteads), including fragments of historical layouts and buildings of settlements that can be classified as urban planning ensembles; works of landscape architecture and landscape art (gardens, parks, squares, boulevards), necropolises;

places of interest - creations created by man, or joint creations of man and nature, including places where folk arts and crafts exist; centers of historical settlements or fragments of urban planning and development; memorable places, cultural and natural landscapes associated with the history of the formation of peoples and other ethnic communities on the territory of the Russian Federation, historical (including military) events, the life of outstanding historical figures; cultural layers, remains of buildings of ancient cities, settlements, settlements, sites; places of religious ceremonies.

Objects of cultural heritage are divided into the following categories of historical and cultural significance:

objects of cultural heritage of federal significance - objects of historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, having special significance for the history and culture of the Russian Federation, as well as objects of archaeological heritage;

objects of cultural heritage of regional significance - objects that have historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the subject of the Russian Federation;

objects of cultural heritage of local (municipal) significance - objects of historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the municipality.

Land plots within the boundaries of cultural heritage sites

Land plots within the boundaries of the territories of cultural heritage sites included in the unified state register of cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, as well as within the boundaries of the territories of identified cultural heritage sites, belong to lands of historical and cultural significance, the legal regime of which is regulated by land legislation Russian Federation and this Federal Law.


2 Current state of cultural heritage sites


Over the past decade, the situation in the Russian Federation has sharply worsened objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments). Lack of funding for restoration and conservation activities, lack of systematic monitoring of the condition of em of each object, neglect and the influence of an aggressive environment - these troubles equally affected monuments of federal, regional and local significance. As a result of the complex impact of negative factors, monuments perish, and along with them, the unique experience of living together - the culture of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation - is lost forever.

The material presented below allows us to outline a circle of key methodological points and outline some of the possible ways of scientific study of cultural heritage objects, their restoration (restoration) and methods of their rational use. The lack of a unified methodological basis for identifying, recording, preserving, scientific study and use of cultural heritage objects has only worsened the state of their preservation. It is paradoxical, but in modern Russia a correct law has been adopted, which generally complies with the requirements of international law on the protection of cultural heritage. But, despite the obvious priority of preserving cultural heritage, which is noted not only by federal laws, but also by the Constitution, a significant number of monuments were destroyed, some lost their original appearance and are actually unable to reflect the historical events that gave rise to the classification of objects physical nature to the phenomena of spiritual culture. But it is the material evidence of national history and rich culture allow us to be proud of the unique experience of the peoples of Russia and Tatarstan and build the future of new generations. If this avalanche-like process is not stopped, then in the historically foreseeable future, along with the loss of material carriers of historical and cultural monuments, we will also lose historical memory.

It is sometimes argued that the main problem of preserving national culture lies in too many cultural values ​​stored in museums, or an excessive number of monuments included in the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation. And yet, there is much more reason to believe that the problem of preservation is not in the wealth of historical evidence of the role of the peoples of Russia in the history of the world community, and not in the excessive enthusiasm of our citizens to preserve material evidence of significant events despite the circumstances. The lack of clear regulations that would actually make it possible to preserve and enhance the phenomena of cultural heritage, providing free access to specialists and the population to study cultural values ​​and monuments of history and culture, creates great, although surmountable, difficulties in this matter.

The federal law gives priority in identifying the historical and cultural value of cultural heritage objects to the state historical and cultural examination, which is carried out either by an expert or a group of experts organized in a commission. Based on the interpretation of the Government Resolution, it can be argued that the examination accompanies the entire cycle of existence of a cultural heritage object. International law does not note any essential differences between cultural value and an object of cultural heritage, which together constitute the concept of cultural heritage. Cultural value is a certain objective object, which, being in the possession of a private person, group of persons or state, appears to be of universal (outstanding universal) value. In the definitions of international law, universal value is a material object (object) in which the content of spiritual value is revealed, significant for a wide range of subjects, both individuals and various social groups (classes, corporations, religious denominations of classes, peoples, nations or all of humanity ), and outstanding universal value is cultural value that is significant to the world community. International and Russian law allows us to extend this definition to cultural heritage sites.


3 State activities in the field of cultural heritage protection


In accordance with the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation,” the main task in the field of cultural heritage is to ensure the safety of cultural heritage objects of all types and categories, including the implementation of their state protection, preservation, use and popularization in accordance with the law.

The main necessary condition for ensuring the safety of cultural heritage objects at present is the improvement of state policy based on a comprehensive account of the composition and condition of cultural heritage objects, modern socio-economic conditions for the development of society, the real capabilities of authorities, local governments, public and religious organizations, and other persons, features of the national and cultural traditions of the peoples of the Russian Federation and many other factors.

State policy to ensure the safety of cultural heritage sites should be based on the recognition of the priority of preserving historical and cultural potential as one of the main socio-economic resources for the existence and development of the peoples of the Russian Federation and implement an integrated approach to solving issues of state protection, direct conservation, disposal and use of cultural objects heritage of all types and categories.

The existing system of state protection of cultural heritage sites was formed on the basis of the principles defined in the 60s - 70s of the last century, and ensured a relatively acceptable condition of the most important monuments in the conditions of a socialist planned economy. The colossal economic and social changes in Russia that have occurred over the past 20 years have required a radical modernization of this system. An important step on this path was the adoption in 2002 of the long-awaited law “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation.” The new law introduced a number of important new concepts and norms that predetermine the regulation of the protection, conservation and use of cultural heritage sites. However, its full practical use required the development and approval of several by-laws, in particular the Regulations on the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects, on the State Historical and Cultural Expertise of Cultural Heritage Objects, etc. Unfortunately, all these acts are still under development.

Throughout the 1990s, in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR dated January 26, 1990 No. 33 “On the reorganization of the management structure for the protection of historical and cultural monuments,” the system of state protection of monuments consisted mainly of regional organizations and institutions for the protection and use of monuments created by cultural management bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Despite the fact that subsequently this order of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR came into conflict with the legislation and was canceled, in 60 constituent entities of the Russian Federation the powers of state bodies for the protection of monuments continue to be exercised by local specialized organizations; in 18 constituent entities of the Russian Federation there are no structures performing these functions at all and only In 4 regions, authorized executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation were established, provided for by Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73 FZ.

It should be noted that during the reorganization of the structure of federal executive bodies carried out in accordance with the principles of administrative reform, the federal executive body specifically authorized in the field of state protection of cultural heritage objects, provided for by Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73 FZ, was not created, although separate powers of the Russian Federation in this area were assigned to the Ministry of Culture, Rosokhrankultura and Roskultury.

Meanwhile, the creation of such a body does not contradict the idea of ​​a strict distinction between the law enforcement functions of executive authorities (including functions for the direct implementation of state security) and the corresponding supervisory functions.

In the field of cultural heritage, as a particularly socially significant one, it is advisable to supplement strict state supervision over the implementation of legislation with institutions of broad public control, in particular, the practice of public examinations and discussions.

Thus, the new law reflected the most pressing problems of preserving cultural heritage in new economic and socio-political conditions. At the same time, in order to implement the law, by-laws are needed that would elaborate in more detail the issues of preserving historical city centers (the system of protection zones, the extent of permissible “intrusions” into the historical environment of the city center), and more clearly regulate the relations between new owners of monuments and state protection institutions. The adoption of the new law is an indisputable victory for the scientific community, since it is on the initiative of scientists - historians, architects, restorers - that intensive work is being carried out to prepare, revise and supplement the existing package of legislative acts for the protection of cultural heritage.


4 All-Russian public organizations for the protection of cultural heritage


The All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments was founded in 1966<#"justify">1.5 Improving the legal framework for the preservation of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation


In accordance with the norms of international law and Russian legislation, each cultural heritage site represents a unique value for the entire multinational people of the Russian Federation and is an integral part of the world cultural heritage.

An object of cultural heritage has features that serve as the basis for classifying it as an object of cultural heritage and subject to mandatory preservation and is a special type of real estate in respect of which the specifics of the implementation of rights of ownership, use and disposal are established.

As the experience of foreign countries shows, ensuring the safety of objects of the cultural population is a complex task that requires a preliminary comprehensive assessment of cultural heritage objects, taking into account the presence of objects of protection, territory, restrictions and encumbrances on their use and other features of monuments as a special type of real estate.

Currently, despite the fact that the basic Federal Law “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” was adopted in 2002, the regulatory legal support for the preservation of the historical and cultural heritage of the Russian peoples is in the stage of formation.

One of the main tasks in the field of state registration of cultural heritage objects is the creation of a unified register of cultural heritage objects (heritage of historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation. In this regard, it is advisable to approve the regulations on the unified state register of cultural heritage objects and take measures to include cultural heritage objects in the register as soon as possible.

It is also necessary to continue work to clarify the object composition, territory and items of protection in relation to each cultural heritage object, conduct an inventory of the presence of these objects, and assess their technical condition.

It would be advisable for the Government of the Russian Federation to develop a number of regulatory legal acts:

on the procedure for conducting state historical and cultural examinations concerning objects of cultural heritage of federal significance;

on the procedure for installing information inscriptions and designations on cultural heritage sites of federal significance;

on issuing permits for the right to carry out work of a certain type at an archaeological heritage site;

on coordination with the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects of urban planning documentation developed for historical settlements, and urban planning regulations established within the territories of cultural heritage objects and their protection zones, included in the rules for the development of municipalities;

on the procedure for the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage sites to submit to the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO a proposal to include cultural heritage sites of federal significance on the World Heritage List.

In addition, it is necessary to approve the form of a passport for a cultural heritage object. On January 1, 2008, amendments to the legislation came into force, opening up the possibility of privatization of cultural heritage objects. The amendments imply a division of powers in relation to these objects between the federal center and the regions, including the transfer of a number of monuments of federal significance to the ownership of the subjects of the Federation and municipalities. Thus, these changes actually cancel the moratorium on the privatization of monuments of federal significance, imposed in 2002.

UNIDROIT - International Institute for the Unification of Private Law in Rome; intergovernmental organization created in 1926. Members include the Russian Federation.


2. Intelligence research


State system for the protection of cultural heritage

Research problem: the contradiction between formal and actual state protection of cultural property.

As object of studyprotects cultural objects.

Subjectstudy is a system of cultural heritage protection.

As goalsThis study is a study of state policy in the field of protection of cultural objects, as well as opportunities for its improvement.

Research objectives:

Study of measures to protect the cultural heritage of Russia;

Identification of a set of measures to improve the effectiveness of state policy in the field of protection of cultural property.

Interpretation and operationalization of concepts:

Cultural heritage is a part of material and spiritual culture created by past generations, which has stood the test of time and is passed on to generations as something valuable and revered.

Object of cultural heritage - an object of real estate with associated works of painting, sculpture, decorative and applied art, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture, arising as a result of historical events, representing value from the point of view of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning , art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and is evidence of eras and civilizations, authentic sources of information about the origin and development of culture.

State protection of cultural heritage objects is a system of legal, organizational, financial, logistical, informational and other measures adopted by government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, within the limits of their competence, aimed at identifying, recording, studying cultural heritage objects, prevention of their destruction or harm, control over the preservation and use of cultural heritage objects.

Measures to preserve cultural heritage - conservation (measures that protect cultural heritage objects from subsequent destruction and ensure the preservation of their authenticity with minimal interference in their existing appearance), rehabilitation (measures to restore the cultural and functional properties of cultural heritage objects, bringing them to condition suitable for use), restoration (measures to strengthen (preserve) the physical condition, reveal the most characteristic features, restore lost or damaged elements of cultural heritage objects, ensuring the preservation of their authenticity), museumification (measures to bring cultural heritage objects to the condition suitable for excursion visits).

Hypothesis: If not only government officials are involved in the system of state protection of cultural heritage, but also directly interested specialists, outstanding art scientists who are directly confronted with the problem and know the problem of preserving cultural heritage from the inside, then work in the field of cultural heritage protection will increase its effectiveness .

As methodFor the study, an expert survey was chosen.

Sample: I interviewed 3 people aged from 40 to 60 years with an average work experience of 20 years, with a higher education in philology, holding the position of excursion specialist (tour guide).

Tools:

I have compiled a questionnaire that each respondent must fill out independently. The questionnaire consists of 6 open questions. The survey questions were designed to identify the opinions of experts in the field and the possibility of improving efficiency in the field of cultural heritage protection. The survey questions are directly related to the research topic.

Questionnaire:

1. How do you assess the existing state policy in the field of protection of cultural objects?

respondent A. (Vladyko Petr Frantsevich, 45 years old, 20 years of work experience): satisfactory, but the policy requires changes;

respondent B. (Viktor Ivanovich Petrov, 60 years old, 22 years of work experience): unsatisfactory, cultural monuments are being destroyed, illegally demolished;

respondent V. (Pavel Andreevich Krasilnikov, 40 years old, 19 years of work experience): in general, not bad, cultural heritage sites are constantly being restored.

2. What would you change in the existing government policy in the field of protection of cultural objects?

respondent A: personnel composition of officials;

respondent B: personnel, officials are engaged more in bureaucratic functions than in the cultural protection of our city;

Respondent B: increasing funding for the protection of cultural heritage sites, there is no need to spare money for this, St. Petersburg is our cultural capital.

3. Do you think that senior employees in the field of protection of cultural objects should have higher education in the field of culture?

respondent A: senior employees must have education in the field of culture and experience in management;

respondent B: superior employees lack experience, they often occupy related positions, and are often “out of place”;

Respondent B: senior employees should be primarily interested in the preservation of cultural heritage sites.

4. How do you assess the state of cultural heritage sites in St. Petersburg?

Respondent A: Popular tourist cultural heritage sites are being restored, while less popular ones are being destroyed;

respondent B: the main tourist centers are being restored, a lot of work is being done to preserve them, and restoration of less iconic places, unfortunately, will not happen soon;

respondent B: in St. Petersburg, all objects are being restored according to approved plans and schedules.

5. In your opinion, do officials regularly monitor the implementation of laws in the field of cultural heritage protection?

respondent A: the laws are observed correctly;

respondent B: laws change depending on the interests of the authorities and the state;

Respondent B: yes, they monitor it properly, however, there are shortcomings in this area, we should work to correct the situation.

6. Indicate the measures that, in your opinion, are necessary to improve the condition of cultural heritage sites at the moment:

respondent A: it is necessary to change the personnel composition of officials and add funding so that the laws are not “adjusted” to the current economic situation;

respondent B: it is necessary to appoint to positions those persons who are directly interested in the protection of cultural heritage sites;

Respondent B: attract new personnel, new faces, ideas, it seems to me that we need to work in this direction, it is a priority.

Analysis of answers:

All respondents believe that government management in the field of cultural heritage protection is not effective enough, but the situation can significantly improve if:

personnel composition will change;

funding will increase;

the state will pay more attention to compliance with laws and other legislative and regulatory acts in the field of protection and preservation of cultural heritage.


Conclusion:

Thus, if the state is interested in the issue of preserving cultural heritage sites and listens to the opinions of authoritative experts and the population of the Russian Federation, then the effectiveness of the program for the preservation of cultural heritage sites can significantly increase.


CONCLUSION


The history of the protection of Russian cultural heritage goes back more than three centuries - during this period, protective legislation was formed, a state protection system was created, basic methodological principles for the protection of monuments were developed, and a domestic restoration school was formed.

Recent decades, with its new economic and socio-political realities, have exacerbated a number of problems in the field of protection of ancient objects, the solution of which is impossible without taking into account the experience of past years. One of these problems is the privatization of monuments and the formation of various forms of ownership of them. In this regard, the regulation of the rights of owners by the state and the development of optimal relations between the parties is one of the most important issues in today's monument conservation policy.

Modern Russian cities are changing their appearance - new houses are being built, squares are being designed, monuments are being erected, and once-lost monuments are being recreated. At the same time, the peculiarities of the architectural and historical environment are often ignored: houses of a new architecture are built that are in no way connected with Russian traditions, truly unique objects are distorted and destroyed, and countless new buildings are erected.

The cultural and natural heritage of Russia is actively involved in the world cultural space. Our country is a full member of such authoritative international organizations as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Council of Museums (ICOM), and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). Many unique monuments in Russia are under the patronage of these organizations.

Modern domestic research is developing new methodological approaches to the protection of cultural and natural heritage that correspond to the international level. In the future, the Russian practice of heritage protection includes the preservation of unique territories with comprehensive regeneration of historical and cultural monuments, traditional forms of management and environmental management.

Russian cultural heritage will only become a full-fledged part of the world heritage when Russian society realizes the need to preserve its national heritage and effective protective legislation is created in the country.


BIBLIOGRAPHY


1. Dementieva V. A. Protection of monuments of St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, 2008

Protection and use of cultural monuments: Collection of normative acts and regulations - M., 2004.

Polyakova M.A. Protection of the cultural heritage of Russia - M.: “Drofa”, 2005.

Federal Law No. 73 of June 25, 2002 “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation”

Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation

Magazine “Real Estate and Investments. Legal regulation"

Government of the Russian Federation

Cultural heritage // Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia: website


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A supplement to the magazine “Parish” has been published on a CD “Arrangement, preservation and construction of the temple. Architectural, construction and engineering solutions."

The CD includes articles and illustrative materials devoted to the arrangement, preservation, restoration and construction of new churches. The materials are intended for rectors and parish members whose responsibilities include these issues.

The author of most of the articles and the compiler of this publication is the architect M.Yu. Kesler, under whose leadership the Architectural and Artistic Design and Restoration Center of the Moscow Patriarchate ACC “Archtemple” developed the Code of Rules “Buildings, structures and complexes of Orthodox churches” (SP 31-103-99).

Many materials were published by the author on the pages of the magazine “Parish” and have now become difficult to access. The disk also includes other articles taken from other open sources and more fully revealing the range of issues discussed, including the spiritual foundations and traditions of Orthodox church building. For those wishing to obtain detailed information on the issues under consideration, a list of recommended literature and Internet resources is provided.

Rich illustrative material will help users of the disk find examples of architectural solutions, elements of arrangement and decoration of churches and chapels. To select a finished project, catalog sheets are attached indicating the authors who can be contacted to use the project.

Full information about the disc is available on the website of the magazine “Parish” www.vestnik.prihod.ru.

Legislation in the field of conservation, use and state protection of cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments)

Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” in Art. 3 talks about objects of cultural heritage, which are real estate of a special kind and with a special legal regime.

According to this article, to objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, incl. religious purposes, include real estate objects with associated works of painting, sculpture, decorative and applied art and other objects of material culture that arose as a result of historical events, representing value from the point of view of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, aesthetics, social culture and are sources of information about the development of culture.

Objects of cultural heritage for religious purposes, in accordance with this law, are divided into the following types:

  • monuments - individual buildings, buildings and structures with historically established territories (churches, bell towers, chapels and other objects specifically intended for worship); mausoleums, separate burials; works of monumental art; objects, the main or one of the main sources of information about which are archaeological excavations or finds (hereinafter referred to as objects of archaeological heritage);
  • ensembles - groups of isolated or united monuments and buildings clearly localized in historically established territories: temple complexes, monasteries, farmsteads, necropolises;
  • places of interest - creations created by man, or joint creations of man and nature, including fragments of urban planning and development; places of religious ceremonies.

Objects of cultural heritage are divided into the following categories of historical and cultural significance:

  • objects of cultural heritage of federal significance - objects of historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, having special significance for the history and culture of the Russian Federation, as well as objects of archaeological heritage;
  • objects of cultural heritage of regional significance - objects that have historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the subject of the Russian Federation;
  • objects of cultural heritage of local (municipal) significance - objects that have historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, and are of particular importance for the history and culture of the municipality.

Thus, historical and cultural monuments are understood only as real estate objects.

However, many of the buildings and structures are in ruins and can hardly be called historical and cultural monuments. The question arises whether the destroyed buildings are classified as cultural monuments and what percentage of destruction is necessary in order to state their complete physical destruction. It seems that this issue should be resolved more clearly in legislation.

Objects recognized as historical and cultural monuments are subject to a special legal regime and are under special legal protection. In order for a particular object to receive special legal protection, it is necessary that it be recognized as such in the manner prescribed by law. It should be borne in mind that there are no objective signs for recognizing them as such. Each time this issue is resolved individually based on the opinion of specialists.

Historical and cultural monuments can be owned by any subject of civil rights, but most historical and cultural monuments are in federal state ownership. The inability of the state to provide adequate protection to cultural monuments is evidenced by the fact that over the past ten years, Russia, according to the Ministry of Culture, has lost 346 monuments of federal significance.

In this regard, the question of the need to transfer cultural monuments from federal ownership to the ownership of other subjects of civil law has long been raised.

A special regime was established for cultural heritage sites for religious purposes. So, according to paragraph 2 of Art. 50 of the Law on Objects of Cultural Heritage, objects of cultural heritage for religious purposes can be transferred into the ownership only of religious organizations in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

On December 3, 2010, the Law “On the transfer of state or municipal property for religious purposes to religious organizations” came into force. How religious organizations will properly preserve church values ​​transferred by the state is a question that concerns not only museum workers, but also church organizations themselves.

Concern for the preservation of cultural heritage must be recognized as a task for the entire Church.

State system for the protection of cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments)

The state protection of cultural heritage objects in Federal Law No. 73-FZ “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” is understood as a system of legal, organizational, financial, material, technical, information and other adopted by government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, within their competence, take measures aimed at identifying, recording, studying cultural heritage objects, preventing their destruction or causing harm to them, monitoring the preservation and use of cultural heritage objects in accordance with the Federal Law.

In accordance with Art. 8 of this law, religious associations have the right to assist the federal executive body, specially authorized in the field of state protection of cultural heritage objects, in the preservation, use, popularization and state protection of cultural heritage objects in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Control over the safety of cultural heritage objects is carried out by the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and the Protection of Cultural Heritage, formed in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 17, 2004 No. 301, which is a federal executive body. It is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. According to clause 5.1.3 of the said resolution, it exercises state control over the preservation, use, popularization and state protection of objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation (historical and cultural monuments), including jointly with government authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Sources of financing for conservation, popularization and state protection of cultural heritage sites are:

  • federal budget;
  • budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
  • off-budget receipts.

At a meeting of the working group under the President of the Russian Federation on the restoration of cultural heritage sites for religious purposes, held on June 17, 2011 in the Kremlin, Patriarch Kirill spoke about the problem of financing the restoration of destroyed shrines in Russia. Within the framework of the federal target program “Russian Culture (2006-2011),” 1.2-1.4 billion rubles are allocated. per year for more than a thousand religious sites alone that need to be restored. In reality, about 100 billion rubles are needed to restore churches and monasteries. Patriarch Kirill emphasized that no one is asking to allocate such money in the near future, “financing needs to be correlated with real needs,” however, if the level of investment remains the same, then while some monuments will be restored, many others will be completely lost. Temples in ruins simply cannot wait their turn - examples can be found in the Yaroslavl and even Moscow regions.

“As for the preservation of our cultural heritage, this, of course, is primarily the concern of the state, although responsibility should not be removed from both the Church and the relevant institutions of civil society,” the Primate emphasized at a meeting in the Kremlin.

To make the “Culture of Russia” program more effective, the Patriarch proposed reducing the list of applications and concentrating on those objects that have already begun to be restored. “It’s better for us to finish what we started than to take on new facilities and thus put the entire program at risk,” he emphasized.

The Patriarch also did not rule out the possibility of highlighting other priorities when choosing churches that require restoration. For example, more attention can be paid to the restoration of churches, the history of which is tied to historical names, dates, and events, the Patriarch suggested. It is also wise to restore monuments that have become centers of pilgrimage and tourism.

The Russian Federation maintains a unified state register of cultural heritage objects (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the register), containing information about cultural heritage objects.

The register is a state information system that includes a data bank, the unity and comparability of which is ensured through the general principles of formation, methods and forms of maintaining the register.

The information contained in the register is the main source of information about cultural heritage objects and their territories, as well as about protection zones of cultural heritage objects during the formation and maintenance of the state land cadastre, state urban planning cadastre, other information systems or data banks that use (take into account) this information.

In accordance with the law, the register is formed by including in it objects of cultural heritage in respect of which a decision was made to include them in the register, as well as by excluding from the register of objects of cultural heritage in respect of which a decision was made to exclude them from the register, in the manner established by Federal Law.

In accordance with the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation,” a Code of Restoration Rules (PSR, 2007) was developed, including recommendations for all types of research, survey, design and production work aimed at researching and preserving cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, with associated works of painting, sculpture, and decorative and applied art.

The set of restoration rules meets the requirements of the Orders of the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Field of the Protection of Cultural Heritage (Rosokhrankultura).

However, the presence of such a document does not guarantee a professional approach to the restoration of cultural heritage. Protect Russian monuments from... restorers. This call was made at a press conference held in Moscow by leading specialists in the domestic restoration industry. And this is not a paradox. While the state entrusts the restoration of masterpieces of architecture and art to non-professionals, the country’s cultural heritage is under threat. The reason is the imperfection of legislation. According to Federal Law No. 94-FZ “On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs,” adopted in 2005, a competition must be held among restoration firms. Anyone who has a license can win it, which is not so difficult to obtain. As a result, the same object is being restored by completely different organizations. There are companies that specialize in winning competitions and then sell subcontracts to performers. If earlier the problem was that there was no money for restoration, and the monuments were destroyed over time, now there is money, but every year it goes to different companies. Masterpieces of ancient Russian architecture are perishing from too frequent changes of “guardians”, who, for the sake of a tasty morsel, reduce the time of work and lower prices.

The law was created in order to avoid corruption in the distribution of government contracts. But in practice it has led to the emergence of fly-by-night companies that are not interested in preserving monuments, but only in using budgets.

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This is stated in the decree of the Chief Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, Anna Popova. Isolation will be carried out at home; if this is not possible, citizens will be placed in an observatory.

Sanitation of the passenger infrastructure of stations and transport hubs of the Moscow Central Circle has been intensified in order to prevent coronavirus, as well as seasonal influenza and ARVI, the press service of the Moscow Railway reported.

Due to the spread of coronavirus, many capital institutions have been closed to visitors, but the cultural life of the city continues. Museums, libraries and cultural centers offer projects that you can explore online. A complete list of projects is on the mos.ru website.

“The concrete foundations have already been prepared. The block consists of 12 buildings, including laboratory, utility and sanitation buildings. In the near future, we will begin to build an intensive care unit - this is another 16 buildings, including a single complex of 10 intensive care buildings with 250 beds,” said Deputy Mayor of Moscow for Urban Development Policy and Construction Andrei Bochkarev.

“Large markets, food stores and supermarkets continue to operate. The information about their closure does not correspond to reality,” said Alexey Nemeryuk, head of the Moscow Department of Trade and Services.

The Moscow government is launching pilot projects to support capital exporters in the current epidemiological situation in the world. Thus, meetings of Moscow companies with foreign partners are being transferred online. This was reported by the Department of Investment and Industrial Policy of the city of Moscow.

From the first day of the threat of the spread of coronavirus infection, the Moscow ambulance service has been operating on high alert. A specialized call center has been created on the basis of the ambulance service. Its main goal is to use lists generated by Rospotrebnadzor to clarify the location of people who are likely to be infected with coronavirus, for example, after returning from countries with a high increase in incidence. And, if necessary, organize the collection of biomaterial for analysis for COVID-19.

“Dozens of enterprises and organizations voluntarily transferred their employees to work remotely. In the current circumstances, I ask all employers in Moscow to follow their example and, if possible, transfer some of your employees to work from home. This is especially true for women whose children will not be going to school in the coming weeks. By doing so, you will make a huge contribution to the fight against coronavirus infection,” Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin said in his blog.

Any museum is a cultural institution that has its own rules of etiquette. How to behave correctly during an excursion so as not to seem ignorant? We bring to your attention universal rules of conduct in a museum, which are appropriate to observe in any temple of art.

We're going to the museum!

Any museum is a place where unique and rare exhibits are collected. This means that the excursion simply cannot be boring. Find out the opening hours of the selected institution and check whether you need to buy tickets in advance. Most modern museums allow visiting exhibitions without prior registration using single tickets. If you wish, you can come alone or with family/friends to the museum you are interested in. And immediately, having paid for the ticket, begin viewing the exhibits.

For a hike, choose comfortable and fairly modest clothing. There is no strict dress code in most cultural organizations; it is only forbidden to come dirty. However, this is not a reason to choose evening dresses or sportswear for the excursion.

Rules of conduct for children

It is most difficult for children to follow the rules of behavior in a museum. If you decide to introduce your child to art, take the time to discuss the upcoming excursion in advance. The main requirement of the museum administration for each visitor is not to cause damage to the museum property and not to interfere with other guests in viewing the exhibits. Explain to your child that during the excursion you should not make noise, you should move at a calm pace.

At what age should children be taken to the museum? Everything is individual, the benefits of cultural institutions are enormous, but most children under the age of 6 are not able to understand historical or artistic exhibitions.

It makes sense to discuss the rules of conduct in the museum for schoolchildren going on a group excursion during class time. Students should be reminded that while in a cultural institution it is prohibited to use any modern gadgets other than cameras (if photography is permitted by the administration). Ask your children to turn off their phones in advance. Excursions for children are usually short and prepared specifically for a specific age category. Immediately before viewing the exhibition, young museum visitors should be reminded that touching exhibits, display cases and fences with their hands is prohibited.

Museum etiquette cheat sheet for adults

Upon entering the museum, you must hand over your outerwear to the cloakroom. If you have large bags, hats and other items with you that will interfere with viewing the exhibition, leave them too. When purchasing a single ticket, you can join another group to listen to the guide. Remember: you cannot interrupt the guide, even if you are sure that you understand a particular issue better than him.

The rules of conduct in the museum include careful attitude towards the exhibits and property of the cultural organization. Be sure to check before viewing the exhibition whether photography and video are allowed. The thing is that even the flash of your camera can harm some exhibits.

When visiting a large museum, it is better to carefully study part of the exhibition rather than try to quickly run around all the halls. If this is your first time visiting a large temple of art, do not be lazy to purchase a paper guide with a map. Be sure to read the signs near the exhibits.

Remember that the rules of behavior in the museum are always set by the administration. If any questions arise, it is best to contact the organization’s employees to resolve them.



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