A short message about the work of Mozart. Biography of Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, full name Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Theophilus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg, died on December 5, 1791 in Vienna. Austrian composer, bandmaster, virtuoso violinist, harpsichordist, organist. According to contemporaries, he had a phenomenal ear for music, memory and the ability to improvise. Mozart is widely recognized as one of the greatest composers: his uniqueness lies in the fact that he worked in all musical forms of his time and achieved the greatest success in all of them. Along with Haydn and Beethoven, he belongs to the most significant representatives of the Vienna Classical School.
Mozart was born on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg, which was then the capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, now this city is located in Austria.
Mozart's musical abilities manifested themselves at a very early age, when he was about three years old. Wolfgang's father taught him the basics of playing the harpsichord, violin and organ.
In 1762, Mozart's father and his son and daughter Anna, also a remarkable harpsichordist, took an artistic trip to Munich, Paris, London and Vienna, and then to many other cities in Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. In the same year, young Mozart wrote his first composition.
In 1763, Mozart's first sonatas for harpsichord and violin were published in Paris. From 1766 to 1769, living in Salzburg and Vienna, Mozart studied the works of Handel, Stradella, Carissimi, Durante and other great masters.
Mozart spent 1770-1774 in Italy. In 1770, in Bologna, he met the composer Joseph Mysliveček, who was extremely popular in Italy at that time; the influence of “The Divine Bohemian” turned out to be so great that subsequently, due to the similarity of style, some of his works were attributed to Mozart, including the oratorio “Abraham and Isaac”

In 1775-1780, despite worries about financial security, a fruitless trip to Munich, Mannheim and Paris, and the loss of his mother, Mozart wrote, among other things, 6 keyboard sonatas, a concerto for flute and harp, and the great symphony No. 31 in D major, called Paris, several spiritual choirs, 12 ballet numbers.
In 1779, Mozart received a position as court organist in Salzburg (collaborating with Michael Haydn). On January 26, 1781, the opera “Idomeneo” was staged in Munich with great success, marking a certain turn in Mozart’s work.
In 1781, Mozart finally settled in Vienna. In 1783, Mozart married Constance Weber, sister of Aloysia Weber, with whom he had been in love while in Mannheim. In the very first years, Mozart gained wide fame in Vienna; His “academies,” as public author’s concerts were called in Vienna, were popular, in which the works of one composer, often by himself, were performed. However, Mozart’s opera in subsequent years in Vienna did not go well. The operas "L'oca del Cairo" (1783) and "Lo sposo deluso" (1784) remained unfinished. Finally, in 1786, the opera “The Marriage of Figaro” was written and staged, the libretto of which was Lorenzo da Ponte. It had a good reception in Vienna, but after several performances it was withdrawn and was not staged until 1789, when the production was resumed by Antonio Salieri, who considered “The Marriage of Figaro” to be Mozart’s best opera.
In 1787, a new opera, created in collaboration with Da Ponte, was released - “Don Giovanni”.
At the end of 1787, after the death of Christoph Willibald Gluck, Mozart received the position of “imperial and royal chamber musician” with a salary of 800 florins, but his duties were mainly limited to composing dances for masquerades, opera - comic, on a plot from social life - was commissioned from Mozart only once, and it was “Cosi fan tutte” (1790).
In May 1791, Mozart was assigned an unpaid position as assistant conductor of St. Stephen's Cathedral; this position gave him the right to become conductor after the death of the seriously ill Leopold Hofmann; Hofmann, however, outlived Mozart.
Mozart died on December 5, 1791. The cause of Mozart's death is still a matter of debate. Most researchers believe that Mozart actually died, as stated in the medical report, from rheumatic fever, possibly complicated by acute heart or kidney failure. The famous legend about the poisoning of Mozart by the composer Salieri is still supported by several musicologists, but there is no convincing evidence for this version. In May 1997, a court sitting in the Milan Palace of Justice, having considered the case of Antonio Salieri on charges of murdering Mozart, acquitted him.

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart(full name - Johann Chrysostomos Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)- one of the greatest composers of all times. Mozart showed virtuosity in playing the harpsichord in early childhood, and by the age of 6 he played like no other adult of that time.

short biography

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born January 27, 1756 in Salzburg (Austria). His father - Leopold Mozart, violinist and composer in the court chapel of the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, Count Sigismund von Strattenbach. His mother - Anna Maria Mozart (Pertl), daughter of the commissioner-trustee of the almshouse in St. Gilgen.

Of the seven children from the Mozart marriage, only two survived: a daughter Maria Anna, whom friends and relatives called Nannerl, and son Wolfgang Amadeus. His birth almost cost his mother her life. Only after some time was she able to get rid of the weakness that made her fear for her life.

Early childhood

Both children's musical abilities were evident at a very early age. At the age of seven, Nannerl began receiving harpsichord lessons from her father. These lessons had a huge impact on little Wolfgang, who was about three years old: he sat down at the instrument and could amuse himself for a long time with the selection of harmonies.

In addition, he memorized certain passages of musical pieces,
which I heard and could play them on the harpsichord.

At the age of 4, my father began learning small pieces and minuets on the harpsichord with Amadeus Mozart. Almost immediately Wolfgang learned to play them well. Soon he developed a desire for independent creativity: Already at the age of five he was composing small plays, which my father wrote down on paper.

Mozart's first successes

Wolfgang's very first compositions were "Andante in C major" And "Allegro in C major" for the clavier, which were composed between the end January and April 1761.

The father was the best teacher and educator for his son: he gave his children an excellent education at home. They had never gone to school in their lives. The boy was always so devoted to what he was forced to study that he forgot about everything, even music. For example, when I learned to count, the chairs, walls and even the floor were covered with numbers written in chalk.

Conquest of Europe

In 1762 Leopold Mozart decided to amaze Europe with his gifted children and went with them on an artistic journey: first to Munich and Vienna, then to other cities in Germany. Little Mozart, who was barely turned 6 years, stood on stage in a shiny doublet, sweating under a powdered wig.

When he sat down at the harpsichord, he was almost invisible. But how he played! The Germans, Austrians, French, Czechs and English, experienced in music, listened. They did not believe that a small child was capable of playing so masterfully, and even composing music.

In January, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote his first four sonatas for harpsichord and violin, which Leopold sent to print. He believed that the sonatas would create a great sensation: on the title page it was indicated that these were the works of a seven-year-old child.

Over the course of four years, while traveling around Europe, Wolfgang Amadeus turned from an ordinary child into ten-year-old composer, which shocked the Mozarts’ friends and neighbors when the latter returned to their native Salzburg.

Life in Italy

Mozart spent 1770-1774 in Italy. In 1770 in Bologna he met an exceptionally popular composer in Italy at that time Josef Myslivecek. The influence of “The Divine Bohemian” turned out to be so great that later, due to the similarity of style, some of his works were attributed to Mozart, including the oratorio "Abraham and Isaac".

In 1771 in Milan, again with the opposition of theater impresarios, Mozart’s opera was nevertheless staged "Mithridates, King of Pontus" which was received by the public with great enthusiasm. His second opera was given the same success. "Lucius Sulla", written in 1772.

Moving to Vienna

Having already returned to his native Salzburg as an adult, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart could not get along with the oppressive archbishop, who saw him only as a servant and tried in every possible way to humiliate him.

In 1781, unable to withstand the oppression, Mozart went to Vienna, where he began giving concerts. He composed a lot during this period, wrote a comic opera "The Abduction from the Seraglio" on a Turkish theme, since in Vienna in the 18th century everything Turkish was in fashion, especially music.

This was the happiest period of Mozart's life: he fell in love with Constance Weber and was going to marry her, and his music was full of feelings of love.

"The Marriage of Figaro"

4 years later he created an opera "The Marriage of Figaro" based on the play by Beaumarchais, which was considered revolutionary and was banned in France for a long time. Emperor Joseph was convinced that all dangerous parts were removed from the production, and that Mozart’s music was very cheerful.

As contemporaries wrote, the theater was packed to capacity during the performance of The Marriage of Figaro. The success was extraordinary, the music captivated everyone. The audience greeted Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The next day, all of Vienna sang his melodies.

"Don Juan"

This success contributed to the composer being invited to Prague. There he presented his new opera - "Don Juan", which premiered in 1787. She was also highly appreciated and later admired Charles Gounod, Ludwig van Beethoven, Richard Wagner.

Return to Vienna

After his triumph in Prague, Mozart returned to Vienna. But there they treated him without the same interest. “The Abduction from the Seraglio” was filmed a long time ago, and no other operas were staged. And by this time the composer wrote 15 more symphony concerts, composed three symphonies which are considered the greatest today. His financial situation became more difficult day by day, and he had to give music lessons.

The lack of serious orders depressed Wolfgang Amadeus; he felt that his strength was at its limit. In recent years, he created another opera - an unusual fairy tale "Magical flute" which had religious overtones. It was later identified as Masonic. The opera was very well received by the public.

Last period of life

As soon as The Magic Flute was performed, Mozart enthusiastically began working on Requiem, which was ordered by a mysterious stranger in all black. This work occupied him so much that he even intended not to accept any more students until the Requiem was completed.

However December 6, 1791 At the age of 35, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died of illness. An accurate and reliable diagnosis is currently unknown. The controversy surrounding the circumstances of Mozart's death continues to this day, despite the fact that almost 225 years have passed since the composer's death.

Work on the unfinished "Requiem", stunning with its mournful lyricism and tragic expressiveness, was completed by his student Franz Xaver Süssmayer, who previously took some part in composing the opera "The Mercy of Titus".

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) – great Austrian composer and conductor. Representative of the Vienna Classical School of Music, author of more than 600 musical works.

early years
Mozart (Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Theophilus (Gottlieb) Mozart) was born on January 27, 1756 in the city of Salzburg into a musical family.

In Mozart's biography, musical talent was discovered in early childhood. His father taught him to play the organ, violin, and harpsichord. In 1762, the family travels to Vienna and Munich. Concerts by Mozart and his sister Maria Anna are given there. Then, while traveling through the cities of Germany, Switzerland, and Holland, Mozart’s music amazes listeners with its amazing beauty. For the first time, the composer's works are published in Paris.

For the next few years (1770-1774), Amadeus Mozart lived in Italy. His operas (“Mithridates – King of Pontus”, “Lucius Sulla”, “The Dream of Scipio”) were staged there for the first time, and received great public success.

Note that by the age of 17, the composer’s wide repertoire included more than 40 major works.

Creativity flourishes
From 1775 to 1780, the seminal work of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart added a number of outstanding compositions to his cohort of works. After taking up the post of court organist in 1779, Mozart's symphonies and operas contained more and more new techniques.

In a short biography of Wolfgang Mozart, it is worth noting that his marriage to Constance Weber also affected his work. The opera “The Abduction from the Seraglio” is imbued with the romance of those times.

Some of Mozart's operas remained unfinished, since the difficult financial situation of the family forced the composer to devote a lot of time to various part-time jobs. Mozart's piano concerts were held in aristocratic circles; the musician himself was forced to write plays, waltzes to order, and teach.

Peak of Glory
Mozart's work in the following years amazes with its fruitfulness along with its skill. The famous operas “The Marriage of Figaro” and “Don Giovanni” (both operas written together with the poet Lorenzo da Ponte) by composer Mozart are staged in several cities.

In 1789, he received a very lucrative offer to head the court chapel in Berlin. However, the composer's refusal further aggravated the material shortage.

For Mozart, the works of that time were extremely successful. “The Magic Flute”, “La Clemenza di Tito” - these operas were written quickly, but very high quality, expressively, with the most beautiful shades. The famous mass "Requiem" was never completed by Mozart. The work was completed by the composer's student, Süssmayer.

Death
Since November 1791, Mozart was sick a lot and did not get out of bed at all. The famous composer died on December 5, 1791 from an acute fever. Mozart was buried in St. Mark's Cemetery in Vienna.

Interesting Facts
Of the seven children in the Mozart family, only two survived: Wolfgang and his sister Maria Anna.
The composer showed his talents in music while still a child. At the age of 4 he wrote a harpsichord concerto, at the age of 7 he wrote his first symphony, and at the age of 12 he wrote his first opera.
Mozart joined Freemasonry in 1784 and wrote music for their rituals. And later his father, Leopold, joined the same lodge.
On the advice of Mozart's friend, Baron van Swieten, the composer was not given an expensive funeral. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was buried according to the third category, as a poor man: his coffin was buried in a common grave.
Mozart created light, harmonious and beautiful works that have become classics for children and adults. It has been scientifically proven that his sonatas and concertos have a positive effect on a person’s mental activity, helping to become collected and think logically.
source all-biography.ru

To better understand what influenced the personality of Wolfgang Amadeus, you need to find out how his childhood went. After all, it is a tender age that determines what a person will become, and this, in turn, is reflected in creativity.

Leopold - evil genius or guardian angel

It is difficult to exaggerate the role that the personality of his father, Leopold Mozart, had on the formation of the little genius.

Time forces scientists to reconsider their views on historical figures. Thus, Leopold was initially viewed almost as a saint, having completely abandoned his own life in favor of his son. Then he began to be seen in a purely negative light: Take, for example, the image in the film by Milos Forman. This is an overhanging black shadow, raising its wing over a young life...

But most likely, Leopold Mozart was not the embodiment of any of these extremes. Of course, he had his shortcomings - for example, a hot temper. But he also had advantages. Leopold had a very wide sphere of interests, from philosophy to politics. This made it possible to raise my son as an individual, and not as a simple artisan. His efficiency and organization also passed on to his son.

Leopold himself was a pretty good composer and an outstanding teacher. Thus, he wrote a guide to learning to play the violin - “The Experience of a Solid Violin School” (1756), from which today’s specialists will learn about how children were taught music in the past.

Giving a lot of effort to his children, he also “gave his best” in everything he did. His conscience obliged him to do this.

It was the father who inspired and showed by his own example that work is the only path to success and even a duty that comes with talent . It is a big mistake to assume that the innate genius witnessed by many respected contemporaries did not require any effort from Mozart.

Childhood

What allowed Wolfgang to freely grow in his gift? This is, first of all, a morally healthy environment in the family, created by the efforts of both parents. Leopold and Anna had true respect for each other. The mother, knowing her husband’s shortcomings, covered them with her love.

Wolfgang adored his father, placing him second only to God. The little son promised to keep his father in his box when he grew old.

He also loved his sister, spending hours watching her practice at the clavier. His poem, written for Marianne on her birthday, has survived.
Of the seven children of the Mozart couple, only two survived, so the family was small. Perhaps this is what allowed Leopold, overloaded with official duties, to fully engage in developing the talents of his offspring.

Elder sister

Nannerl, whose real name was Maria Anna, although she often fades into the background next to her brother, was also an extraordinary person. She was not inferior to the best performers of her time, while still a girl. It was her many hours of music lessons under the guidance of her father that aroused little Wolfgang's interest in music.

At first it was believed that children were equally gifted. But time passed, Marianne did not write a single essay, and Wolfgang had already begun to be published. Then the father decided that a musical career was not for his daughter and married her off. After marriage, her path diverged from Wolfgang.

Mozart loved and respected his sister very much, promising her a career as a music teacher and good earnings. After the death of her husband, she did this, returning to Salzburg. In general, Nannerl’s life turned out well, although it was not cloudless. It was thanks to her letters that researchers received numerous materials about the life of the great brother.

Trips

Mozart the Younger became known as a genius thanks to concerts that took place in noble houses, even at the courts of various royal dynasties. But we should not forget what travel meant at that time. Shaking for days in a cold carriage to earn bread is a difficult ordeal. Modern man, pampered by civilization, would hardly be able to withstand even a month of such a life, but little Wolfgang lived like this for almost a whole decade. This lifestyle often provoked illness in children, but the travel continued.

Such an attitude today may even seem cruel, but the father of the family pursued a good goal: the son must find a rich patron who will provide him with work for the rest of his life. After all, back then musicians were not free creators; they wrote what they were ordered to do, and each work had to correspond to the strict framework of musical forms.

Hard way

Even very gifted people must try to maintain and develop the abilities given to them. This also applied to Wolfgang Mozart. It was his family, especially his father, who instilled in him a reverent attitude towards his work. And the fact that the listener does not notice the work put in by the composer makes his legacy even more valuable.

Mozart – Film 2008

The unsurpassed talent and fame of the creator of incredible musical works from Austria, whose life spanned from 1756 to 1791, is supported by a quote from P. I. Tchaikovsky, who admitted in his memoirs that “no one except Mozart prompted him to simultaneously admire and shed tears.” tears, feeling my own individuality.”

His compositions made the composer realize the meaning of music.

Childhood

The great master of creating musical masterpieces did not inherit this gift from his mother Maria Anna. Leopold Mozart, a recognized violinist, organist and teacher, influenced his son’s future talent. Wolfgang lost 5 brothers and sisters in childhood, which contributed to his special attachment to his remaining older sister. At first, while playing music on the piano with his daughter, the father did not attach much importance to the boy nearby, picking out the melodies.

Having paid attention to his gift, he begins to work intensively with it, as a result of which, at the age of 5, the child easily creates plays of insignificant size. At the age of 6, he is capable of performing serious works. Having nothing against music, Leopold still wants a more successful, prosperous, comfortable existence for his son compared to his own life and decides to undertake a musical tour.

Concert activities

Having successfully performed in Munich, Vienna, accompanied by triumphant programs in London and other European cities, a year later they were invited to Holland. The audience was amazed by the boy’s virtuosity on the organ, harpsichord and violin during concerts that lasted from 4 to 5 hours, often tiring the young guest performers.

In 1766, the illustrious family returned to Salzburg for a short respite. On the part of 12-year-old peers, there is envy of Wolfgang's talent as a serious rival. The father decides to go to Italy with the hope that the audience will accept his genius.

Time in Italy

Wolfgang is already 14 years old. His concerts captivate the audience. In Milan, with incredible success, he was commissioned to perform the opera “Mithridates, King of Pontus,” which he performed superbly. For the first time in its long history, the Academy of Bologna includes such a young master of music among its members. His special empathy for Italian melodies is manifested in his creation of symphonies and operas here. The father cherishes the dream of the current final structure of his destiny, but local elite circles do not fully accept his unique talent.

Back in Salzburg

The hometown greets travelers with caution due to the passing of the old count, whose son turns out to be a cruel and power-obsessed person. Mozart is humiliated and oppressed everywhere. Without the consent of the ruler, he is prohibited from taking part in concerts. A great composer is forced to compose for church and unimportant entertainment events. At the age of 22, despite incredible difficulties, he achieves release from work for some time.

Playing music in Paris, being here with his mother, his attempts to restore his former glory are in vain. Due to financial insecurity, he loses his mother. The next 2 painful years pass in Salzburg. In Munich, the success of the opera “Idomeneo, King of Crete” was observed, which strengthened the musician’s position not to return to his former dependence.

Without the archbishop's consent to dismiss, he voluntarily moves to Vienna, where he spends the remainder of his stay on earth.

Vienna period

Soon, in August 1782, the marriage to Constance Weber took place when she left her parental home, without their official consent. Married life is fraught with difficulties at first. The obvious triumph of “The Abduction from the Seraglio,” which once again gave him access to privileged salons and palaces, helps him out. He makes friends with many celebrities and makes useful contacts. Operas should be written:

• "The Marriage of Figaro".
• "Don Juan".
• “That’s what everyone does.”
• "The Mercy of Titus"
• "Magical flute".
• "Lucius Sulla".
• "Requiem".

All this was done at the individual request of a certain count. He fails to fully realize the idea of ​​his last essay, which his student Süssmayer does for him using the available drafts.

Last years

The real reasons for the composer's departure from this world in December 1791 remain unsolved. People tend to agree with the fiction that his colleague Salieri was poisoned. The public has no documentary evidence to support this assumption. An orphaned family has difficulty finding funds for a decent funeral procession.

The exact place of his burial in a common grave is still unknown.

Appreciation

Despite the difficulties and adversities that befell the famous musician, he remains a recognized and world-famous personality in the world.

In a short period of his life, according to the catalog of an admirer of his talent, L. von Köchel, his legacy totals 626 works, including 55 concertos, 32 quartets for string instruments and 22 sonatas for piano.