Which birds fly south first in the fall? Description and list of migratory birds: those who do not stay for the winter.

Wintering birds are those that remain in their native land all year round. Animals are guided not so much by air temperature as by their personal abilities and the specific food supply of the region.

Warmth in cold weather is only provided by well-fed birds. This means that a wintering bird must be able to find food among the snow. Accordingly, insectivorous species migrate in winter. Those who are content with berries, seeds and predators who hunt mice and hares remain. There are about 70 wintering bird species in Russia.

Pigeon

Their body temperature, like that of other birds, is 41 degrees. This is another proof that birds don’t mind frosts if they have food. not easy wintering birds, but “tied” to a specific place. Flying thousands of kilometers away from their “native nest”, the gray ones always return back. People took advantage of this by starting to send letters with pigeons.

Having taken them to the recipient, the birds returned. Scientists debate how birds find their way home. Some refer to magnetic fields. Others believe that pigeons navigate by the stars. Pigeons are loyal not only to their native lands, but also to their partners. Birds choose a pair once and for life, like swans.

Pigeons are very attached to their habitats and do not leave them if there is food.

Sparrow

Group of wintering birds consists of several types. There are two people in Russia: urban and field. The latter is typical for rural areas. The total number on the planet is close to a billion. Accordingly, one bird for 8 people.

Considering that birds feed on grains, this is a threat to the harvest. The People's Republic of China even carried out an action to destroy sparrows. Having found out that they could not fly for more than 15 minutes, people frightened the birds, preventing them from falling to the ground. Approximately 2 million individuals fell dead. However, in the absence of sparrows, it multiplied - another delicacy for birds. She ate the harvest instead of the birds.

Like pigeons, sparrows tend to choose one partner for life. At the same time, birds have hot blood. Instead of 41 degrees, the sparrow's body heats up to 44 degrees. This is typical for small birds. They lose energy faster. It’s interesting that a sparrow’s neck has twice as many vertebrae as a giraffe’s. It's a matter of the length of the fragments. Sparrows have flat ones.

Crossbill

This bird of the finch family has a bent, crooked beak. Its structure is determined by its function. With its beak, the crossbill picks up grains from cones. At the same time, a characteristic click is heard. Hence name of wintering birds.

Despite the adaptability of the beak, it is not possible to remove all the pine nuts. Cones thrown by birds are cleaned up. Males of the species are red-brown, and females are gray-green-yellow. Birds become like this by the age of 3. As adults, crossbills do not exceed 20 centimeters in length and weigh about 50 grams.

The intelligence of ravens, by the way, is comparable to the development of 5-year-old children. Birds solve the same logical problems. One of the indicators of intelligence is the way it protects nests. Crows throw stones at enemies, lifting them in their tenacious paws.

Birds are unpretentious when it comes to food; they eat grains, vegetables, and bread. Birds often destroy the nests of other birds. But the favorite delicacy of ravens is carrion. There is a lot of it in winter, because not all animals can withstand the cold. Here birds And remain to spend the winter.

In years when food is poor, polar owls migrate to the forest-steppe zone. The bird is large, up to 70 centimeters in length. The bird gains 3 kilograms of mass. Harry Potter held about that much in his hand. The hero of JK Rowling's work often used the services of Boucli. That was the name of the white owl who served as a messenger for the wizard.

Kedrovka

The bird feeds on pine nuts. For them, the bird has a sublingual pouch. It carries about 100 nuts. The Russian taiga is rich in cedar trees, which means that the bird has no reason to fly away in winter. Some of the cones remain on the trees in winter.

We hide the nutcracker nuts that do not fit into the sublingual sac within a radius of 2-4 kilometers from the tree on which they ripened. In winter, supplies are buried in snowdrifts, and in summer in the ground. In Russia there is a monument to the nutcracker. It is located in Tomsk. The Siberian city is surrounded by cedar trees. Residents of the region know and love their inhabitant, admiring her all year round.

Owl

Listed in Red. The feathered species easily endures Russian winters, but cannot adapt to the decline due to the destruction of the taiga of its patrimony. However, eagle owls are capable of living in captivity. In zoos and private owners, birds lived up to 68 years. In nature, the age of an eagle owl is limited to 20 years. Like the snowy owl, it hunts rodents, hares, and martens.

Birds catch them around the clock. The main activity occurs at night. During the day, eagle owls often sleep. Eagle owls swallow small prey whole. The birds first tear large victims into pieces that can fit down the throat. There have been recorded cases of eagle owls attacking young roe deer and wild boars. This indicates the impressive size of the birds.

Nuthatch

The bird has a bluish back and a white belly. The sides of the bird are red with black stripes. The paws have curved sharp claws. With them, nuthatches dig into tree trunks, quickly and deftly moving along them. The bird is looking for hidden insects and their larvae. The nuthatch’s sharp, long beak allows them to get them in winter. The bird uses it to explore every crevice in the bark.

They prefer to settle in oak forests. Where oak trees do not grow, birds choose parks with deciduous plantings. Nuthatches look for trees with hollows, settling in them. If the entrance to the house is wide, it is coated with clay. Nuthatches do this work in the warm season.

Nuthatches prefer to survive the cold by nesting in tree hollows.

Yellow-headed wren

The only thing smaller than it is the hummingbird. The bird has a yellow crest on its head that resembles a crown. This association prompted the name feathered. It doesn't look like a king, because it's the size of a dragonfly. The weight of the bird is about 7 grams.

Kinglets live in coniferous forests. Unlike hummingbirds, Russian dwarf birds tolerate harsh climates. Even in winter, kinglets manage to find insects and their larvae. A bird eats as much food per day as it weighs.

Chizh

Considered migratory. However, some siskins remain for the winter in Russia. Birds are ready to survive the winter here next to non-freezing reservoirs. Birds make nests in the roots of trees nearby.

Small birds camouflage their homes so skillfully that they became heroes of the legend of the invisible stone. Our ancestors believed that such a crystal was placed under the nest, hiding it from prying eyes.

Wintering species also include hazel grouse and partridges. They warm themselves by burying themselves in snowdrifts. Under the snow, the birds look for food - last year's grains and herbs.

Black grouse even uses snow as a warm place to sleep

In severe frosts, birds try to avoid flying. The body area increasing when the wings are open leads to greater heat loss. The bird risks freezing instead of catching prey or getting to places with better weather.

Wintering birds of Russia

Let's take a closer look at the species of birds that remain to spend the winter in Russia.

Since not all types are listed in the picture above wintering birds of Russia, for the sake of completeness, let’s name them: Sparrow, Crows, Pigeon, Woodpecker, Nutcracker, Crossbill, Yellow-headed Wren, Partridge, Muscovite, Tawny Owl, Nuthatch, Hazel Grouse, Waxwing, Tit, Bullfinch, White Owl, Jay, Magpie, Black Grouse, Eagle Owl, Tap Dancer , Lentil, Siskin, Goldfinch, Schur.

Hello, dear guys! The “Projects” section continues its work for children and parents, helping in finding the information necessary for lessons. Today's topic is migratory and wintering birds. We will talk about why, where and which birds fly away from us, and also why some of them are in no hurry to leave the house.

Lesson plan:

Bird species

All birds are divided into three types:

• sedentary - such birds live in one territory permanently, without changing their place of residence, usually they are representatives of the tropics and subtropics; in the northern regions and central part of Russia these are those urban birds that are accustomed to living close to humans,
• nomadic - they constantly move somewhere, and regardless of the weather and time of year, they fly from one place to another, but within their habitat, they do this in order to find more food,
• migratory - these, when the seasons change, regularly make long flights from north to south and back, these include the majority of those living in the northern and temperate zones.

You won’t see migratory birds in winter; they fly away and return to us when it gets warmer. But the sedentary and nomadic ones - wintering ones, they will be with us throughout the cold season.

Who flies away from their homeland and why?

Migratory birds include swallows, wild geese, starlings, rooks and many others. When cold weather sets in, they fly away to where it is warm, returning back to their native places, which they left in the fall.

Why do birds leave their native lands?

Among the main reasons are cold and lack of food. Winter time is not as scary for them as a lack of food. Birds are warm-blooded creatures, their average body temperature is about 41 degrees. In addition, the down under the plumage helps prevent hypothermia. Therefore, they are able to maintain their vital functions in harsh winters, which cannot be said about their activity without a sufficient amount of food.

What do birds eat in summer?

Mainly insects. All their living prey - bugs and worms - either die with the cold or go to sleep, hiding deep in the ground. Therefore, those who do not have grain or plant roots on their menu are forced to fly to warm countries where there are many insects.

Among the inhabitants of forests and populated areas, half of the birds are migratory. Almost everything that lives in swamps and reservoirs flies to where it is warmer. So, storks and herons get ready for a long journey when ponds and rivers freeze. It is difficult to get frogs and fish out from under the ice, and small rodents have long since hidden in their burrows.

Did you know?! The rook is the last to fly away. But he is among the first to return from wintering to his native land, somewhere between March 4 and March 23. That’s why there is an expression: “Rooks have opened spring.” After them, starlings and larks fly home.

How do birds know when and where to fly?

When autumn approaches, migratory birds gather in flocks, arranging training, so that they can then fly for several hours, covering enormous distances, without losing their course. How do they do it?

Migratory birds can determine the road without a compass. Scientists have proven that they absolutely accurately determine their geographical location, flying long distances every year, perfectly oriented in time and space.

• Ornithologists believe that the sun at noon above the horizon can serve as a guide for them.
• Some experts are confident that for their path, birds use magnetic lines surrounding the Earth, which are located in the direction from the north to the south pole.
• There is also a version that birds know how to use the stars, determining their location by constellations.

Be that as it may, many experiments have already been carried out when birds were taken long distances, and they returned to their native nests over and over again.

Many people prepare for the flight in advance, when it is still warm. The instinct laid down by nature, like a bell, gives them the order to fly south to survive the winter and return back to hatch chicks. Scientists call this the migratory impulse, which serves as the start for the flight. Also, the trigger that calls for flight is the changed length of the day. By the beginning of autumn, daylight hours become shorter.

When flying, some species reach speeds of up to 100 kilometers per hour, rising to a height of 3 thousand meters. Bird travel is associated with difficulties and dangers. The smaller the bird, the shorter its path in one flight. Birds are capable of not stopping for 80 hours or more! They interrupt their flight to gain strength and feed, so long-distance flights can last up to three months.

Did you know?! The migratory bird cuckoo flies to Africa. But unlike other birds, no one has yet observed these birds in flocks. They strangely disappear in the fall, with the older ones earlier than the younger generations. And they usually fly at night and, probably, alone.

To which countries do migratory birds fly?

Many of them love Africa. Birds even fly there from the Arctic and Siberia. Most waterfowl, such as ducks and swans, winter in western Europe. From Russia, blackbirds and starlings move to the French or Spanish south, but cranes are lovers of the banks of the river called the Nile. Among the long-distance marathon runners are windbreakers from Eastern Siberia. They chose the shores of New Zealand for wintering.

However, among migratory birds there are patriots who move within our country closer to the warm domestic south. Among them are the hooded crow and the black rook.

Did you know?! Some species of ducks called “mallards” cross more than one country on their way to their wintering grounds. They fly over Belarus, Ukraine, through Germany and Holland, through Denmark and Great Britain, as well as across northern Italy and, ultimately, stop in western Europe.

Who stays with us?

Many birds do not fly anywhere and stay with us for the winter. These include those that, in addition to insects, can peck seeds, grains, berries and bread crumbs. Among such wintering birds are the well-known sparrows and magpies, pigeons and crows, bullfinches and tits.

In winter, in the forest you can hear a woodpecker persistently knocking on the trunk. He is not afraid of cold weather, and obtains food in the form of larvae and insects harmful to the tree from under the bark. In addition to the fact that he is a forest orderly, he also does a good deed for other birds and small animals, hollowing out hollows - houses in which new residents then settle.

The capercaillie does not leave its land either, because its winter forest is full of food - it feeds on pine needles.

Black grouse and hazel grouse will not go hungry, for which juniper berries and buds, as well as alder catkins, serve as food.

Did you know?! The crossbill not only feels good in winter, feeding on spruce nuts from cones. Even in the cold, he manages to build nests for himself and have offspring.

No matter how wintering birds are adapted to winter, our task is to help them survive in cold weather. You can set up dining rooms for birds using feeders. If you sprinkle grain and bread crumbs there every day, the birds will get used to the feeding place and will delight you with their appearance when they fly in for lunch.

There is even a special day of the year when a bird feeder or birdhouse must be hung. After all, on this day all birds celebrate their holiday. When exactly is it celebrated? Find out about it.

This is how you can briefly and interestingly tell about your feathered friends. And I propose to finish the project with a poem on the topic:

Feed the birds in winter.

Let it come from all over

They will flock to you like home,

Flocks on the porch.

Train your birds in the cold

To your window

So that you don’t have to go without songs

Let's welcome spring.

With this I say goodbye to wishes for new discoveries.

Good luck in your studies!

Evgenia Klimkovich.

A children's song about autumn says:

Birds fly south
Geese, rooks, cranes.
This is the last flock
Flapping its wings in the distance.

Ducks, swans, swallows, starlings, larks, nightingales, cuckoos, wagtails and various other species also fly away, most of which are familiar to city residents only from pictures. But there are many who remain.

Why are frosts not terrible?

And what birds stay for the winter? Who is not afraid of harsh Russian frosts and deep snow? What birds can you see all year round in the city and in the forest?

Not only for warmth, but also for food. If there is something to feed in the cold, they do not fly away. Warm plumage, the ability to form flocks, the ability to hide in various buildings and human help allow the birds to survive the winter. Although prolonged severe frosts can sharply reduce their numbers. Many fairy tales of northern peoples say: “It was so cold that the birds froze in flight.”

City dwellers

The question of which birds remain to spend the winter in the city is easy to answer. Pigeons wait in their usual places to feed. Every morning and evening they fly in flocks from their roosting sites in large trees in courtyards and parks outside the city and back. Magpie, common crow, and jay can be seen near houses.
The sound of a woodpecker knocking on an old tree in the park can be heard far in the frosty air. In winter, it is even easier to find it by the sound and crushed bark lying on the snow and to see it among the bare trees.

Increasingly, in large cities in the middle zone, you can see ducks and even swans on non-freezing reservoirs, fed by people. Although until recently, these wintering birds, photos of which are widely presented in the specialized literature, were very rare. Reducing harmful emissions from enterprises helps to increase the number of bird species in the city, which is an indicator of the well-being of its ecology.

Old acquaintances

Wintering birds whose names are familiar from childhood are whistling merrily at the windows and balconies, where they have already been fed: sparrows, siskins, goldfinches, different types of tits - great and tufted, chickadee and tit, long-tailed, as well as nuthatch.

It is difficult to see tits in the city in summer, but by winter they migrate closer to human habitation and can fly to a familiar window for several years in a row.

Flocks of bright bullfinches and waxwings noisily fly from one rowan tree or small-fruited apple tree to another, leaving a lot of pecked berries on the snow. During a thaw, overripe berries can ferment, and then the birds, having eaten them, act like they are drunk. They become disorientated, hit walls and fall.

These are wintering birds, the names and photos of which are a symbol and decoration of the harsh season. The appearance of bullfinches and waxwings always attracts attention and pleases.

The Science of Kindness

Wintering birds become an object of study and care for children. Together with parents and teachers, they make and fill feeders, and see who flies to them. They observe how wintering birds behave if they have to share food. The kindergarten and playground with feeders attract sparrows, tits, and pigeons from all over the area. Grain, seeds, table scraps, pieces of lard are in great demand in these poultry canteens.

A heavy pigeon can overturn a hanging feeder, so we have to invent different designs for small birds.

It's always interesting to watch cheeky sparrows snatch crumbs and seeds from under the noses of important pigeons. Magpies chirp and jump, respectable crows walk. Such lessons in communicating with living nature are very memorable for children. Knowing which birds remain to spend the winter in the city, preparing for their appearance, and feeding them in harsh times is very important. This is the science of kindness for a child.

What birds stay in the forest for the winter?

The north is buried in snow even in winter, rivers and lakes freeze. They are waterfowl and fly south. But observant skiers, hunters and outdoor enthusiasts know what birds winter in our forests.

In cold weather, you can hear and see tits, woodpeckers, crossbills, and nutcrackers in the forest. Some species of blackbirds fly away, but fieldfare and blackbird can remain for the winter at the latitude of the Leningrad region, especially when there is an abundant harvest of rowan. Most often, old males remain.

Large birds such as wood grouse, black grouse, partridges and hazel grouse easily find food and can hide in the snow from predators.

Predatory hawks, owls, owls, eagle owls, and owls winter in their nesting areas, although some species migrate from more northern regions. They can be found not only in the forest, but also in parks, gardens, cemeteries, and in holiday villages, where they hunt small birds and rodents.

Taiga game

If someone has seen and heard a flock of large birds take off noisily from under their feet, they are unlikely to ever forget the fear and surprise of such a meeting.

The smallest representatives of wild chickens, quails, winter in Africa and South Asia. But their relatives hazel grouse, black grouse, wood grouse and partridge have always been a desirable winter and spring prey for Russian hunters. Taiga game meat has a subtle resinous flavor and is highly valued.

Deep snow serves as a home and bed for these birds. In the evening, a flock of stones falls into a snowdrift from the trees and hides in it from the frost and wind. And in the morning it takes off to feed on pine needles and buds again. In severe frosts, a flock can remain in the snow all day.

But a snowdrift can also become a grave for birds if a hard crust forms on it, and hazel grouse or partridges do not have enough strength to break through it and get out.

And when the first thawed patches appear, the time comes for the mesmerizing display of wood grouse and black grouse. During mating songs they do not hear anything, which is why they got their names.

Thrifty nutcracker

The long winter forces some birds to make substantial reserves. Among Siberian fishermen there is an expression: “The nutcracker has dropped all its cones.” The point is that in a year when there are few pine nuts, this bird stores almost the entire harvest. Nutritious, rich in tasty and healthy oils, nuts help to survive the harsh winter and raise chicks in the spring. The nutcracker makes tens of thousands of nuts, 10-20 pieces each, in secluded places and remembers them for several months! Some of the reserves, of course, are stolen by other inhabitants of the taiga, from chipmunks to bears; forgotten “treasures” sprout and give rise to new groves of Siberian pine.

Winter chicks

What other birds migrate to those places where a lot of coniferous tree seeds are born, and manage to fearlessly hatch their chicks in February?

The spruce crossbill lives in our country. Beautiful motley birds with tenacious paws and a crossed beak deftly extract and bite the seeds, then drop the cones to the ground.

In January-February they begin to build warm, two-layer nests. The male brings food to the female sitting on the nest, she incubates the eggs for a little over two weeks, and then the parents feed the chicks for another three weeks. Sometimes crossbills postpone nesting until spring and hatch their chicks only in May.

Life doesn't stop

It is no secret to the curious observer that not only the familiar tits, pigeons and sparrows winter near us, but also tap dancers, buntings, bee-eaters, wrens and three to four dozen other species. During trips and walks, you can get acquainted with a wide variety of birds, learn to distinguish their voices and tracks in the snow. There are even mobile applications that allow you to identify birds by their voices in the field.

Hanging a feeder from a plastic bottle or pouring crumbs from the table onto the windowsill is not at all difficult, but it is so interesting to watch the birds and understand that life in nature does not stop even in winter.

From an early age we know that in the fall many species of birds begin to appear in the sky, heading south. But often both children and adults find it difficult to answer what kind of birds they are. But before answering this question, let's find out what groups birds are divided into.

Scientists have divided all existing bird species into two groups. One included migrants, and the other wintered. All birds are warm-blooded, that is, their average body temperature is about 41 degrees.

Many people also believe that they have to leave their homes because they may freeze in winter. But this is not the main reason, it’s just that in winter it will be very difficult for them to find food for themselves. Thus, wintering birds include those species of birds that are able to get food for themselves during the cold season.

These species include woodpecker, capercaillie, tit, nuthatch, jay, pika, hazel grouse, and black grouse. In addition to them, some inhabitants of the cities also remain for the winter, who will be able to get food for themselves at any time.

What birds fly away in autumn?

In the fall, insectivorous bird species, such as the wagtail, fly away first. While it remains possible to find seeds or fruits, granivores are still in place. But as soon as the snow falls, or rather when the grains are hidden under a layer of snow, siskins, buntings and finches fly away. And many people probably know which birds are the last to fly away in the fall. Waterfowl ducks and geese begin to leave their homes when rivers and ponds begin to be frozen by ice floes.

In addition, some bird species, both wintering and migratory, leave their habitats depending on weather conditions. In cases where the year turned out to be fruitful, and there was little snow, bullfinch, redpoll, waxwing, and butternut may remain for the winter. But if the feeding situation is unfavorable, they begin to join the birds that are about to fly south.

Birds are also divided into migratory and wintering, depending on the area of ​​residence of these individuals. For example, in the northern regions, even crows and rooks begin to fly away towards the south, while their southern counterparts remain in place during this period. Blackbirds from Central Russia fly away for the winter, but in Western Europe they do not leave their habitats.

Complete list of migratory birds

See tables.

List of migratory bird species

List of wintering bird species

The manual contains 28 subject pictures on cardboard, original poems and riddles for them, and didactic games.

Card index of subject pictures. Issue 9. Domestic, migratory, wintering birds. Eat in ozone.

Migratory and wintering birds. 50 didactic games dedicated to the lexical topic "Migratory and wintering birds." Colored illustrative material is contained in the middle of the manual, can be easily removed from the book and can serve as demonstration or handout material.

Is the bullfinch a migratory bird?

No, not migratory!

Although we constantly see bullfinches only in winter, they are not migratory. In summer they live in forests where there is plenty of food. And in winter, bullfinches begin to fly long distances from forests in search of food and remain to spend the winter in the urban area. Also in winter, bullfinches peck the berries left on the trees, for example, hawthorn or rowan.