Good and evil in Russian folk tales. « Good and evil in Russian folk tales

"Good and evil in Russian folk tales"
For centuries, the people have been creating works of oral folk art, laying in them folk wisdom, their hopes and aspirations. Folk tales are also entertainment that brightened up long evenings; these are also lessons about what a person should be; this is also the desire for justice. A.S. Pushkin wrote: “A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a lesson for good fellows!”
Listening to fairy tales, everyone immediately decides for themselves what is good and what is bad, and strives to imitate good heroes.
This is how the concepts of good and evil are formed. Each person understands in his own way what good is and what evil is.
Therefore, the author in one fairy tale made the stepmother the evil hero, in another - the king or neighbor, in the third - Baba Yaga, the Snake or Koshchei, focusing either on his own opinion or on the listeners. Justice did not always triumph in life, so people invented fairy tales where good defeated evil, as if making their dreams come true.

People have composed many proverbs and sayings about good and evil. Here are some of them:
Good is not repaid with evil.
From good to bad, there is no such thing.
Good fame flies, but bad fame flies.
When the sun is warm, and when mother is good.
A kind person takes someone else's illness to heart.
They pay for good with good.
Don't look for beauty, look for kindness.
Kindness is a good human quality
Anger is a bad human quality

How did the people depict these two concepts: good and evil? All fairy tale heroes are strictly divided into positive and negative. Positive heroes: Ivan the Fool, Ivan the Tsarevich, Ivan the Peasant Son, Vasilisa the Wise, Elena the Beautiful, Marya Morevna and others are always endowed primarily with external beauty, which is sometimes hidden at the beginning of the fairy tale. This is Ivanushka the Fool. Everyone laughs at this hero, his older brothers openly mock him. But Ivanushka the Fool copes with his father’s instructions better than his brothers, because he has responsibility for the assigned work. He is observant, endowed with ingenuity and courage. And therefore, as a reward, he receives a beautiful princess and half a kingdom in addition.

Ivan Tsarevich was also portrayed as an intelligent and brave people, kind and sympathetic. That is why the forces of nature come to his aid, allowing him to cope with difficult tasks that arise along his path.

Female images in fairy tales are endowed with incredible beauty, which “cannot be said in a fairy tale, nor described with a pen.” They are wise and hardworking, caring and kind. Therefore, smart, brave and beautiful heroes always come to their rescue.

Sometimes Baba Yaga turns out to be an assistant to the main character:

Baba Yaga does not always represent evil; sometimes she is the giver of an object, or gives wise advice: this is how the hero receives from her a ball that leads him to his goal, or a wonderful horse that quickly takes him to his place. Baba Yaga knows many miracles. In the fairy tale “Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what” Baba Yaga, the mother of Princess Marya, helps Andrei the Strelok, his son-in-law, to complete the king’s task. In this fairy tale she is a kind heroine.

The Serpent Gorynych and Koschey represent evil in Russian folk tales. The snake kills people, destroys beautiful girls. Koschey is cunning, treacherous and very selfish.

Since ancient times, fairy tales have been close and understandable to ordinary people.
Fiction intertwined with reality in them. Justice has always triumphed in Russian fairy tales, and good has triumphed over evil.

REMINDER
HOW TO BECOME A GOOD AND KIND PERSON.
Try to see the good and kind in people first of all! This makes everyone around you become prettier and kinder!
Be kind to people!
Learn good from the good!
Don’t be afraid to offer help to those who need it, help first of all those who are in trouble, the weak, the sick.
Without causing harm, you become kinder!
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

"Good and evil in Russian folk tales"

For centuries, the people have been creating works of oral folk art, laying in them folk wisdom, their hopes and aspirations. Folk tales are also entertainment that brightened up long evenings; these are also lessons about what a person should be; this is also the desire for justice.

A.S. Pushkin wrote: “A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a lesson for good fellows!”

Listening to fairy tales, everyone immediately decides for themselves what is good and what is bad, and strives to imitate good heroes.

This is how concepts are formed: good and evil.
Each person understands in his own way what good is and what evil is.

Therefore, the author in one fairy tale made the stepmother the evil hero, in another - the king or neighbor, in the third - Baba Yaga, the Snake or Koshchei, focusing either on his own opinion or on the listeners. Justice did not always triumph in life, that’s why people invented and people invented a lot proverbs and sayings about good and evil. Here are some of them:

ü Good is not repaid with evil.

ü There is no such thing as a bad thing.

ü Good fame flies, but bad fame flies.

ü When the sun is warm, and when the mother is good.

ü A kind person takes someone else’s illness to heart.

ü They pay for good with good.

ü Don't look for beauty, look for kindness.

Kindness is a good human quality

Anger is a bad human quality

How did the people depict these two concepts: good and evil? All the heroes of the fairy tale are strictly divided into positive And negative. Positive heroes: Ivan the Fool, Ivan the Tsarevich, Ivan the Peasant Son, Vasilisa the Wise, Elena the Beautiful, Marya Morevna and others are always endowed primarily with external beauty, which is sometimes hidden at the beginning of the fairy tale. This is Ivanushka the Fool. Everyone laughs at this hero, his older brothers openly mock him. But Ivanushka the Fool copes with his father’s instructions better than his brothers, because he has responsibility for the assigned work. He is observant, endowed with ingenuity and courage. And therefore, as a reward, he receives a beautiful princess and half a kingdom in addition.

Ivan Tsarevich was also portrayed as an intelligent and brave people, kind and sympathetic. That’s why the forces of nature come to his aid, allowing him to cope with difficult tasks that arise along his path.

Zmey Gorynych and Koschey in Russian folk tales they represent evil. The snake kills people, destroys beautiful girls. Koschey is cunning, treacherous and very selfish.

REMINDER

HOW TO BECOME A GOOD AND KIND PERSON.

Ø Try to see the good and kind in people first of all! This makes everyone around you become prettier and kinder!

Ø Be kind to people!

Ø Learn good from the good!

Ø Don’t be afraid to offer help to those who need it, help first of all those who are in trouble, the weak, the sick.

Ø Without causing harm, you become kinder!

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Heroes from the side of good in Russian fairy tales are usually the brave warriors Ivan Tsarevich, Andrei the Shooter, Ivan the Peasant Son and others. Goodness is also represented by the kind Alyonushka, Vasilisa the Beautiful, and Marya the Magician.

But evil also has a large army. This is a toothy Baba Yaga in a mortar, her friends are evil witches who eat small children. And also Koschey the Immortal, the Serpent Gorynych with three heads, his mother the Serpent and others.

Evil seems

Invincible, because the evil heroes of fairy tales are very strong, cunning and master witchcraft. But good will still overcome him!

I noticed that good heroes in Russian fairy tales win not only thanks to their strength and courage. After all, any force, for example, is useless against Koshchei the Immortal: you can’t just kill him. Positive heroes also use intelligence, ingenuity, and dexterity in the fight against evil.

They also have a truly kind heart, they feel sorry for others and help them. Therefore, even animals and birds will side with the good heroes. For example, how the Gray Wolf served Ivan Tsarevich. Or how a duck, a hare and a cancer helped him find Koshcheev’s death in a needle and save Vasilisa.

Good and Evil in Russian Folk Tales
Essay on Good and Evil in Fairy Tales

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Essay “Good and evil in Russian folk tales”

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The understanding of good and evil comes from the most ancient layers of Russian culture, which is attributed a Manichaean character. The ancient roots of the words good and evil in the Russian language initially carry the concepts of good and bad. Moreover, good and evil exist in constant comparison with each other; they are the main scale of assessment of everything that a person encounters during his life. Therefore, excuses that someone does not understand something while doing evil are pretense and scoundrel.

The adjective “kind”, meaning “kind-hearted”, “compassionate”, “good”, first began to be used in the Russian language in the 11th century.

EVIL Old Slavonic - evil (trouble, sin). In Rus', the word began to be used early - from the 11th century. The word penetrated into the Old Russian language from Old Church Slavonic and quickly became widespread.

In the same coordinate system there are many pairs of words, one correlating with good, the other with evil, such as: right and left, top and bottom, straight and crooked, front and back, light and darkness, white and black. By the way in the Russian language these words are distributed in the categories of good and evil, we can judge the ideas of our people, what they consider good and what they hate and despise as absolute evil.

Morality is the leading form of culture, its deep structure-forming core, which has a decisive influence on the motives and behavior of people. It is the basis of the historical dynamics of culture, one of the mechanisms of sociocultural shifts, the determining factor in the genesis and synthesis of national culture. Morality determines the characteristics of the Russian national mentality or the constants of the psychology of the people. The peculiarity of our folk morality is that it is based on a sense of justice. Any logical or utilitarian perception of this feeling is alien to our people.

The striving for the ideal is a centuries-old feature of the Russian character. Many years of church education gave this aspiration meaningful clarity. F.M. Dostoevsky noted that the reason for the emergence and formation of any tribe was always a moral idea, which in turn always proceeded from mystical ideas, from the conviction that man is eternal, that he is not a simple earthly animal, but is connected with other worlds and with eternity.

Differences between good and evil

From a moral point of view, good and evil are recognized as a special kind of value and characterize intentional actions committed freely, i.e. actions, actions, consciously correlated with a certain standard - ultimately, an ideal.

Nature is blind in its spontaneous manifestations, but man has the power to curb the elements to some extent. At least, the element of one’s character: not to succumb to anger, not to give in to temptations (fame, power, self-interest), not to become dissolute and to refrain from licentiousness.

Good is what brings us closer to the ideal, and evil moves us away from it. In history, there have been different opinions regarding what a person should strive for in order to achieve perfection, hence there was diversity in the concepts of good and evil and, as a rule, was understood by people as happiness and unhappiness, pleasure and suffering, benefit and harm.

A superficial understanding of good and evil can lead to an inaccurate interpretation of it as a concept and, as a result, to different assessments in moral judgments and decisions: some like pleasure, others like piety. Ultimately, this can lead to moral voluntarism, after which it can also lead to immorality, since any indifference regarding good and evil marks a potential openness to evil.

Good and evil as moral concepts are formed by a person according to the standards of his inner world. Any values can be both good and evil, depending on how the individual experiences his specific experience of “mastering” these values in relation to the ideal, the highest good. External actions, albeit useful for others, but not inspired by a person’s desire for good deeds, remain only a formal ritual.

literature school No. 28

Nizhnekamsk, 2012

1. Introduction 3

2. “The Life of Boris and Gleb” 4

3. “Eugene Onegin” 5

4. "Demon" 6

5. “The Brothers Karamazov” and “Crime and Punishment” 7

6. “Thunderstorm” 10

7. “The White Guard” and “The Master and Margarita” 12

8. Conclusion 14

9. List of references 15

1. Introduction

My work will focus on good and evil. The problem of good and evil is an eternal problem that has and will worry humanity. When we are read fairy tales as children, in the end, good almost always wins, and the fairy tale ends with the phrase: “And they all lived happily ever after...”. We are growing, and over time it becomes clear that this is not always the case. However, it does not happen that a person is absolutely pure in soul, without a single flaw. Each of us has shortcomings, and there are many of them. But this does not mean that we are evil. We have a lot of good qualities. So the theme of good and evil already arises in ancient Russian literature. As it says in the “Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh”: “... Think, my children, how merciful and merciful God, the Lover of Mankind, is to us. We are sinful and mortal people, and yet, if someone does us harm, we are ready, it seems, to immediately pin him and take revenge; and the Lord, the Lord of belly (life) and death, endures our sins for us, although they exceed our heads, and throughout our entire life, like a father who loves his child, he punishes and again draws us to Himself. He showed us how to get rid of the enemy and defeat him - with three virtues: repentance, tears and alms...”

“Instruction” is not only a literary work, but also an important monument of social thought. Vladimir Monomakh, one of the most authoritative princes of Kyiv, is trying to convince his contemporaries of the harmfulness of internecine strife - weakened by internal hostility, Rus' will not be able to actively resist external enemies.

In my work I want to trace how this problem has changed among different authors at different times. Of course, I will dwell in more detail only on individual works.

2. “The Life of Boris and Gleb”

We find a pronounced opposition of good and evil in the work of ancient Russian literature “The Life and Destruction of Boris and Gleb,” written by Nestor, a monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. The historical basis of events is as follows. In 1015, the old prince Vladimir died, who wanted to appoint his son Boris, who was not in Kyiv at that time, as heir. Boris's brother Svyatopolk, planning to seize the throne, orders to kill Boris and his younger brother Gleb. Miracles begin to happen near their bodies, abandoned in the steppe. After the victory of Yaroslav the Wise over Svyatopolk, the bodies were reburied and the brothers were proclaimed saints.

Svyatopolk thinks and acts at the instigation of the devil. The “historiographical” introduction to life corresponds to the ideas about the unity of the world historical process: the events that took place in Rus' are only a special case of the eternal struggle between God and the devil - good and evil.

“The Life of Boris and Gleb” is a story about the martyrdom of saints. The main theme also determined the artistic structure of such a work, the opposition of good and evil, martyr and tormentors, and dictated the special tension and “poster-like” directness of the climactic murder scene: it should be long and moralizing.

He took his own look at the problem of good and evil in the novel “Eugene Onegin”.

3. “Eugene Onegin”

The poet does not divide his characters into positive and negative. He gives each of the heroes several contradictory assessments, forcing you to look at the heroes from several points of view. Pushkin wanted to achieve maximum lifelikeness.

Onegin's tragedy lies in the fact that he rejected Tatyana's love, fearing to lose his freedom, and could not break with the light, realizing its insignificance. In a depressed state of mind, Onegin left the village and “began wandering.” The hero who returned from the journey is not like the former Onegin. Now he will no longer be able, as before, to go through life, completely ignoring the feelings and experiences of the people he encountered, and think only about himself. He has become much more serious, more attentive to those around him, now he is capable of strong feelings that completely captivate him and shake his soul. And then fate brings him and Tatyana together again. But Tatyana refuses him, since she was able to see the selfishness, the egoism that lay at the basis of his feelings for her. her soul.

In Onegin’s soul there is a struggle between good and evil, but in the end good wins. We do not know about the further fate of the hero. But perhaps he would have become a Decembrist, to which the whole logic of the development of character, which changed under the influence of a new circle of life impressions, led..

4. "Demon"

The theme runs through the entire work of the poet, but I want to dwell only on this work, because in it the problem of good and evil is considered very acutely. The demon, the personification of evil, loves the earthly woman Tamara and is ready for her to be reborn to goodness, but Tamara by her nature is not able to respond to his love. The earthly world and the world of spirits cannot come together, the girl dies from one kiss of the Demon, and his passion remains unquenched.

At the beginning of the poem, the Demon is evil, but by the end it becomes clear that this evil can be eradicated. Tamara initially represents good, but she causes the Demon suffering since she cannot respond to his love, which means that for him she becomes evil.

5. "The Brothers Karamazov"

The history of the Karamazovs is not just a family chronicle, but a typified and generalized image of modern intelligentsia Russia. This is an epic work about the past, present and future of Russia. From a genre point of view, this is a complex work. It is a fusion of “life” and “novel”, philosophical “poems” and “teachings”, confessions, ideological disputes and judicial speeches. The main issues are the philosophy and psychology of “crime and punishment”, the struggle between “God” and “the devil” in the souls of people.

Dostoevsky formulated the main idea of the novel “The Brothers Karamazov” in the epigraph “Truly, truly, I say to you: if a grain of wheat falls into the ground and does not die, it will bear much fruit” (Gospel of John). This is the thought of the renewal that inevitably occurs in nature and in life, which is certainly accompanied by the dying of the old. The breadth, tragedy, and invincibility of the process of life renewal were explored by Dostoevsky in all its depth and complexity. The thirst for overcoming the ugly and ugly in consciousness and actions, the hope for moral revival and initiation into a pure, righteous life overwhelm all the heroes of the novel. Hence the “strain”, the fall, the frenzy of the heroes, their despair.

At the center of this novel is the figure of the young commoner Rodion Raskolnikov, who succumbed to new ideas, new theories floating around in society. Raskolnikov is a thinking man. He creates a theory in which he tries not only to explain the world, but also to develop his own morality. He is convinced that humanity is divided into two categories: some “have the right,” and others are “trembling creatures” who serve as “material” for history. Raskolnikov came to this theory as a result of observations of contemporary life, in which the minority is allowed everything, and the majority nothing. Dividing people into two categories inevitably raises the question in Raskolnikov about what type he himself belongs to. And to find out this, he decides on a terrible experiment, he plans to sacrifice an old woman - a pawnbroker, who, in his opinion, brings only harm, and therefore deserves death. The action of the novel is structured as a refutation of Raskolnikov's theory and his subsequent recovery. By killing the old woman, Raskolnikov placed himself outside of society, including even his beloved mother and sister. The feeling of being cut off and alone becomes a terrible punishment for the criminal. Raskolnikov becomes convinced that he was mistaken in his hypothesis. He experiences the torments and doubts of an “ordinary” criminal. At the end of the novel, Raskolnikov picks up the Gospel - this symbolizes the hero’s spiritual turning point, the victory of the good beginning in the hero’s soul over his pride, which gives rise to evil.

Raskolnikov, it seems to me, is generally a very contradictory person. In many episodes it is difficult for a modern person to understand him: many of his statements are refuted by each other. Raskolnikov's mistake is that he did not see in his idea the crime itself, the evil that he committed.

Raskolnikov’s condition is characterized by the author with words such as “gloomy,” “depressed,” “indecisive.” I think this shows the incompatibility of Raskolnikov's theory with life. Although he is convinced that he is right, this conviction is something not very confident. If Raskolnikov were right, then Dostoevsky would describe the events and his feelings not in gloomy yellow tones, but in light ones, but they appear only in the epilogue. He was wrong in taking on the role of God, in having the courage to decide for Him who should live and who should die.

Raskolnikov constantly fluctuates between faith and unbelief, good and evil, and Dostoevsky fails to convince the reader even in the epilogue that the gospel truth has become Raskolnikov’s truth.

Thus, Raskolnikov’s own doubts, internal struggles, and disputes with himself, which Dostoevsky constantly wages, were reflected in Raskolnikov’s searches, mental anguish and dreams.

6. "Thunderstorm"

in his work “The Thunderstorm” also touches on the theme of good and evil.

In “The Thunderstorm,” according to the critic, “the mutual relations of tyranny and voicelessness are brought to the most tragic consequences. Dobrolyubov considers Katerina a force that can resist the skeletal old world, a new force brought up by this kingdom and shaking its foundations.

The play “The Thunderstorm” contrasts two strong and integral characters of Katerina Kabanova, a merchant’s wife, and her mother-in-law Marfa Kabanova, who has long been nicknamed Kabanikha.

The main difference between Katerina and Kabanikha, the difference that takes them to different poles, is that following the traditions of antiquity for Katerina is a spiritual need, but for Kabanikha it is an attempt to find the necessary and only support in anticipation of the collapse of the patriarchal world. She does not think about the essence of the order that she protects; she has emptied the meaning and content from it, leaving only the form, thereby turning it into dogma. She turned the beautiful essence of ancient traditions and customs into a meaningless ritual, which made them unnatural. We can say that Kabanikha in “The Thunderstorm” (as well as Wild) personifies a phenomenon characteristic of the crisis state of the patriarchal way of life, and not inherent in it initially. The deadening effect of boars and wild animals on living life is especially evident precisely when life forms are deprived of their former content and are preserved as museum relics.. Katerina represents the best qualities of patriarchal life in their pristine purity.

Thus, Katerina belongs to the patriarchal world - including all other characters. The artistic purpose of the latter is to outline the reasons for the doom of the patriarchal world as fully and multi-structured as possible. So, Varvara learned to deceive and take advantage of opportunities; she, like Kabanikha, follows the principle: “do what you want, as long as it’s safe and covered.” It turns out that Katerina in this drama is good, and the rest of the characters are representatives of evil.

7. "White Guard"

The novel tells about the events of the years when Kyiv was abandoned by German troops, who surrendered the city to the Petliurites. The officers of the former tsarist army were betrayed to the mercy of the enemy.

At the center of the story is the fate of one such officer family. For the Turbins, a sister and two brothers, the fundamental concept is honor, which they understand as service to the fatherland. But in the vicissitudes of the Civil War, the fatherland ceased to exist, and the usual landmarks disappeared. The turbines are trying to find a place for themselves in a world that is changing before our eyes, to preserve their humanity, the goodness of their souls, and not to become embittered. And the heroes succeed.

The novel contains an appeal to the Higher Powers, which must save people in a timeless period. Alexey Turbin has a dream in which both Whites and Reds go to heaven (Paradise), because both are loved by God. This means that in the end good must win.

The devil, Woland, comes to Moscow with an audit. He observes the Moscow petty bourgeoisie and passes judgment on them. The climax of the novel is Woland's ball, after which he learns the Master's story. Woland takes the Master under his protection.

After reading a novel about himself, Yeshua (in the novel he is a representative of the forces of Light) decides that the Master, the creator of the novel, is worthy of Peace. The master and his beloved die, and Woland accompanies them to the place where they will now live. This is a pleasing house, the very embodiment of an idyll. This is how a person, tired of the battles of life, receives what his soul was striving for. Bulgakov hints that in addition to the posthumous state, defined as “Peace”, there is another higher state - “Light”, but the Master is not worthy of Light. Researchers are still arguing why the Master was denied Light. In this sense, the statement of I. Zolotussky is interesting: “It is the Master himself who punishes himself for the fact that love has left his soul. The one who leaves home or who is abandoned by love does not deserve the Light... Even Woland is lost before this tragedy of fatigue, the tragedy of the desire to leave the world, to leave life.”

Bulgakov's novel is about the eternal struggle between good and evil. This is a work dedicated not to the fate of a specific person, family or even a group of people somehow connected with each other - it examines the fate of all humanity in its historical development. The time interval of almost two thousand years, separating the action of the novel about Jesus and Pilate and the novel about the Master, only emphasizes that the problems of good and evil, the freedom of the human spirit, and his relationship with society are eternal, enduring problems that are relevant for a person of any era.

Bulgakov's Pilate is not at all shown as a classic villain. The procurator does not want to harm Yeshua; his cowardice led to cruelty and social injustice. It is fear that makes good, intelligent and brave people blind weapons of evil will. Cowardice is an extreme expression of internal subordination, lack of freedom of spirit, and human dependence. It is also especially dangerous because, once having come to terms with it, a person is no longer able to get rid of it. Thus, the powerful procurator turns into a pitiful, weak-willed creature. But the vagabond philosopher is strong with his naive faith in goodness, which neither the fear of punishment nor the spectacle of universal injustice can take away from him. In the image of Yeshua, Bulgakov embodied the idea of goodness and unchanging faith. Despite everything, Yeshua continues to believe that there are no evil, bad people in the world. He dies on the cross with this faith.

The clash of opposing forces is most clearly presented at the end of the novel “The Master and Margarita,” when Woland and his retinue leave Moscow. What do we see? “Light” and “darkness” are on the same level. Woland does not rule the world, but Yeshua does not rule the world either.

8.Conclusion

What is good and what is evil on earth? As you know, two opposing forces cannot help but come into conflict with each other, therefore the struggle between them is eternal. As long as man exists on earth, good and evil will exist. Thanks to evil, we understand what good is. And good, in turn, reveals evil, illuminating a person’s path to the truth. There will always be a struggle between good and evil.

Thus, I came to the conclusion that the forces of good and evil in the world of literature are equal. They exist in the world side by side, constantly confronting and arguing with each other. And their struggle is eternal, because there is no person on Earth who has never committed a sin in his life, and there is no person who has completely lost the ability to do good.

9. List of references used

1. “Introduction to the Temple of the Word.” Ed. 3rd, 2006

2. Big School Encyclopedia, Tomg.

3., plays, novels. Comp., intro. and note. . True, 1991

4. “Crime and Punishment”: Novel - M.: Olympus; TKO AST, 1996

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