Dynamic shades.

DYNAMIC SHADES

Musical terms that determine the degree of loudness of music performance are called dynamic shades (from the Greek word dynamicos - force, that is, the strength of sound). In sheet music, of course, you have seen the following icons: pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff, dim, cresc. All these are abbreviations for the names of dynamic shades. Look how they are written in full, pronounced and translated: pp -- pianissimo “pianissimo” – very quietly; r -- piano "piano" - quietly; mp -- mezzo piano "mezzo piano" - moderately quiet, a little louder than a piano; mf -- mezzo forte “mezzo forte” – moderately loud, louder than a mezzo piano; f -- forte ("forte" - loud; ff -- fortissimo "fortissimo" - very loud. Sometimes, much less often, in notes you can find the following designations: ppp (piano-pianissimo), pprr. Or fff, (forte -fortissimo), ffff. They mean very, very quietly, barely audible, very, very loud. The sign sf -- sforzando (sforzando) indicates the emphasis of a note or chord. The following words are also very often found in notes: dim, diminuendo (diminuendo) or icon indicating a gradual weakening of the sound. Cresc. (crescendo), or icon - indicate, on the contrary, that you need to gradually increase the sound. Before the designation cresc. sometimes poco and poco (poko a poco) - little - little by little, little by little, gradually. Of course, these words are also found in other combinations. After all, gradually you can not only strengthen the sound, but also weaken it, speed up or slow down the movement. Instead of diminuendo, they sometimes write morendo (morendo) - freezing. This definition means not only calming down, but also slowing down the tempo. The word smorzando has approximately the same meaning - muffling, freezing, weakening the sonority and slowing down the tempo. You've probably heard the play "November" from Tchaikovsky's "Seasons" cycle more than once. It has the subtitle “On the Troika.” It starts not very loudly (mf) with a simple melody, similar to a Russian folk song. It grows, expands, and now it sounds powerful, loud (f). The next musical episode, more lively and graceful, imitates the sound of road bells. And then, against the background of the incessant ringing of bells, the melody of the song appears again - now quiet (p), now approaching and again disappearing into the distance, gradually fading away.

Creative portraits of composers. - M.: Music. 1990 .

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Musical terms that determine the degree of loudness of music performance are called dynamic shades (from the Greek word dynamicos - force, that is, the strength of sound). In sheet music, of course, you have seen the following icons: pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff, dim, cresc. All these are abbreviations for the names of dynamic shades. Look how they are written in full, pronounced and translated: pp - pianissimo “pianissimo” - very quietly; p - piano “piano” - quietly; mp - mezzo piano “mezzo piano” - moderately quiet, a little louder than a piano; mf - mezzo forte “mezzo forte” - moderately loud, louder than mezzo piano; f - forte (“forte” - loud; ff - fortissimo “fortissimo” - very loud.
Sometimes, much less often, you can find the following designations in sheet music: ppp (piano-pianissimo), pprr. Or fff, (forte fortissimo), ffff. They mean very, very quietly, barely audible, very, very loud. The sign sf - sforzando (sforzando) indicates the emphasis of a note or chord. Very often the following words are found in notes: dim, diminuendo (diminuendo) or an icon indicating a gradual weakening of the sound. Cresc. (crescendo), or icon - indicate, on the contrary, that the sound needs to be gradually increased. Before the designation cresc. sometimes it is put poco a poco (poco a poco) - little by little, little by little, gradually. Of course, these words also appear in other combinations. After all, you can gradually not only strengthen the sound, but also weaken it, speed up or slow down the movement. Instead of diminuendo, they sometimes write morendo (morendo) - freezing. This definition means not only calming down, but also slowing down the pace. The word smorzando has approximately the same meaning - muting, freezing, weakening sonority and slowing down the tempo. You've probably heard the play "November" from Tchaikovsky's "Seasons" cycle more than once. It has the subtitle “On the Troika.” It starts not very loudly (mf) with a simple melody, similar to a Russian folk song. It grows, expands, and now it sounds powerful, loud (f). The next musical episode, more lively and graceful, imitates the sound of road bells. And then, against the background of the incessant ringing of bells, the melody of the song appears again - now quiet (p), now approaching and again disappearing into the distance, gradually fading away.

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Volume (relative)

Two basic designations for volume in music:

Moderate degrees of loudness are indicated as follows:

Besides the signs f And p , There are also

Additional letters are used to indicate even more extreme degrees of loudness and silence. f And p . Thus, quite often in musical literature we encounter the designations fff And ppp . They do not have standard names; they usually say “forte fortissimo” and “piano pianissimo” or “tri forte” and “tri piano”.

In rare cases, with the help of additional f And p even more extreme degrees of sound intensity are indicated. Thus, P. I. Tchaikovsky in his Sixth Symphony used pppppp And ffff , and D. D. Shostakovich in the Fourth Symphony - fffff . A unique case is the Sixth Piano Sonata by Galina Ustvolskaya. The composer used the notation ffffff (six forte), as well as labeling Espressivissimo (“most expressively”).

The designations of dynamics are relative, not absolute. For example, mp does not indicate an exact volume level, but rather that this passage should be played somewhat louder than p , and somewhat quieter than mf . Some computer audio recording programs have standard key velocity values ​​that correspond to a particular volume designation, but these values ​​can usually be customized.

Below is a table of the correspondence of these designations to sound volume levels in backgrounds and sons.

Gradual changes

To denote a gradual change in volume, the terms crescendo (Italian crescendo), denoting a gradual increase in sound, and diminuendo (Italian diminuendo), or decrescendo(decrescendo) - gradual weakening. In sheet music they are abbreviated as cresc. And dim.(or decresc.). For the same purposes, special signs are used - “forks”. They are pairs of lines connected on one side and diverging on the other. If the lines diverge from left to right (<), это означает усиление звука, если сходятся (>) - weakening. The following piece of notation shows a moderately loud start, then a louder sound, and then a softer sound:

“Forks” are usually written below the staff, but sometimes above it, especially in vocal music. They usually indicate short-term changes in volume, and signs cresc. And dim.- changes over a longer period of time.

Designations cresc. And dim. may be accompanied by additional instructions poco(Russian poko - a little), poco a poco(Russian poko a poko - little by little), subito or sub.(Russian subito - suddenly), etc.

Drastic changes

Sforzando(Italian sforzando) or sforzato(sforzato) denotes sudden sharp emphasis and is indicated sf or sfz . The sudden intensification of several sounds or a short phrase is called rinforzando(Italian rinforzando) and is designated rinf. , rf or rfz .

Designation fp (forte piano) means “loudly, then immediately quietly”; sfp (sforzando piano) indicates sforzando followed by piano.

Accent

Accent(Italian accento) - highlighting individual tones or chords through stronger stress

", dynamics carry sensations and emotions, control perception and create objects and spaces.

In order for musicians and conductors to understand the composer's intention, it is necessary to somehow mark the dynamic plan in the notes. There are special notations for this.

In early music there are, as a rule, very few of them. The reason for this is that the composer himself was a conductor and musician. There were also few symbols themselves: forte And piano. Reminds me of the name of a musical instrument. That’s why the piano received such a name at one time because it made it possible to play music as loudly as – forte, so quiet - piano. As a matter of fact, these are originally Italian words and it is more correct to translate them as “strong”, “strong” and “plain”, “flatness”, but they have lost their original meaning, becoming not only musical terms, but also simply international words that are found in most European languages.

Only later did additional shades appear:

ff Fortissimo – very loud
f Forte – loud
mf Mezzo forte – not very loud
mp mezzo piano – not very quiet
p Piano – quiet
pp Pianissimo – very quiet

In the era of romanticism, even this became not enough for composers. The notation has expanded even further (from ppppp to fffff) Attempts have been made to measure the physical values ​​of dynamic shades. Of course, this was only possible to do approximately. For example, N.A. Garbuzov, studying the zone nature of dynamic hearing, came to the conclusion that the zone width of each dynamic shade is approximately 10 dB. Considering that in modern sound recording the dynamic range of even academic genres of music does not exceed 40 dB, the obvious excessiveness of this value is obvious.

Dynamic tint marks show some volume zone, but not smooth rises and falls in dynamics. In order to indicate smooth changes, you should use “forks” and the words crescendo (“crescendo” - increase in volume) and diminuendo (“diminuendo” - decrease in volume). Less commonly used to reduce the volume is decrescendo.

Not so long ago, fork signs and words were completely equivalent:

Dim. or decresc.

Currently, forks are used for short rises and falls of dynamics (no more than a beat), and words for longer ones. In addition, for very long changes in dynamics, an additional phrase “poco a poco” (“poco a poco” - little by little) is used, which for greater clarity can be stretched over several measures:

designation of continuous increase in volume

In this article, you will become familiar with the basic concepts of dynamics, learn the most popular notations and methods of dynamic work, as well as mistakes and problems that beginning musicians encounter.

What is dynamics in general?

If we turn to the etymology of the word dynamics, we learn that from the Greek. δύναμις - strength, power.

What kind of power are we talking about when applied to music?

Of course, about the strength of sound, one of the 4 parameters of musical sound in general. (All 4 sound parameters are considered)

The strength of the sound, in turn, affects the volume of the sound, since the harder we pull a string or hit a piano key, the stronger the amplitude of vibration of the sounding body and the greater its volume.

However, not everything is as simple as it seems at first glance. And sound volume itself means little to the performer.

It is important to be able to work with volume and, most importantly, to have a wide palette of dynamic colors that you can reproduce on your instrument.

By dynamic shades, musicians most often mean a relative system for indicating loudness, which can be found in musical notation.

The simplest diagram looks like this.

p (piano - piano) - quiet

f (forte - forte) - loud

The remaining notations are derived from them

pp - pianissimo - very quiet

mp - mezzo piano - not very quiet

mf mezzo forte not very loud

ff - very loud

As you can see, the scale is quite relative and sometimes it is almost impossible to distinguish mp from mf.

That is why these notations are called relative loudness notations.

It is clear that forte on a guitar and forte on a piano are completely different volumes.

Comparative table of volume in decibels without reference to the instrument.

The first stage of mastering dynamics on your instrument is to learn to play forte and piano, without smooth transitions.

Then you can try playing pp first, then ff immediately. Contact a professional teacher for effective exercises to master dynamics.

One of the most common mistakes among beginning musicians is not working on dynamics. Everything they play sounds neither very quiet nor very loud. This approach impoverishes music and its expressiveness and, of course, should be eradicated at the very first stages of training.

You need to learn to play in all possible dynamic ranges.

The next important element of dynamics in music is gradation, that is, the transition from one level of dynamics to another.

Essentially, any musical phrase is based on the use of a smooth change in dynamics and very rarely all notes are played at the same volume.

To indicate obvious changes in dynamics, the notation is used

cresc. And dim. or strengthening and weakening

Notes also use forks to indicate an increase or decrease in volume:

Sudden changes in volume

sf or sfz - suddenly loud or harsh accent

Also found is the designation fp (forte piano) it means “loudly, then immediately quietly”;

sfp (sforzando piano) indicates sforzando followed by piano.

Also in musical notation there are accents that are placed above a separate note, which indicates their dynamic emphasis in comparison with surrounding sounds. The strength of the accent can vary from a subtle change to a very sharp attack. The picture shows accents 3 and 4.

In jazz you can often find de-emphasis or ghost notes. These are notes that are written in brackets and are practically not played or played at minimal dynamics.

Such sounds allow you to maintain pulsation and are an important sign of style.

It is important to note that dynamics are responsible for the emotionality of music, and also significantly influence phrasing, since agogics almost always relies on correct work with dynamics.

Observe your speech and the speech of other people and try to mentally record their dynamics. You will hear that the speech of any person changes dynamically depending on emotions. We pronounce routine phrases mf, when we are excited we can speak loudly, with a crescendo to important words. When an argument is in full swing, the participants may be on ff, and then calm down towards the end of the argument.

Whisper is pp or even ppp, which is very often associated with secrets or secrets that we want to tell other people.

All you need to master dynamics is to transfer the dynamics of live speech into your game.

Listen to other musicians, paying attention to the dynamics - because this is where most of the secrets of successful performance are hidden.

One of the popular techniques working with dynamics is an echo effect in which a phrase is repeated more quietly or, conversely, louder. Modern musicians apply this technique to hitting the snare drum or leading the theme.

This contrast in dynamics is also very characteristic of the music of the Baroque era.

In those days, gradient transitions were not as popular as they are today - so the main technique for working on dynamics is to compare quiet parts with loud ones and vice versa.

Delving deeper into the nature of sound dynamics, let's return to the beginning of the article.

2 simple gradations of sound are quiet and loud.

But if we take extremes, we can talk about complete silence (a pause is also music) and maximum volume.

This is an area that requires careful study on the instrument. Try to find the quietest sound you can make.

When does the transition from silence to sound occur? This process can be similar to meditation.

Or the loudest sound - can you make the loudest forte even louder?

Just as artists distinguish dozens of shades of colors, musicians learn to distinguish the subtlest shades of dynamics.

At the beginning of the journey, you only hear loud and quiet. Then you begin to catch the transitions and shades of forte, piano, accents, ghost notes.

Ideally, the sound flow will be perceived by you as endless waves of sound dynamics moving from forte to piano and vice versa.

As you can see, dynamics are a simple and at the same time the most difficult part of music to master. It is not difficult to understand the types of musical dynamics and their transitions, but it is much more difficult to learn to hear and perform these transitions.

Use the ideas presented in this article, and also carefully read the instructions of the composers, because their task is to indicate to you as accurately and unambiguously as possible all the dynamic changes that need to be observed to create the most accurate interpretation.

For musicians performing rock, jazz and any other modern music, it is important to learn to hear dynamics, since they are not written out in notes, but are invariably present in any composition, since music is impossible without dynamics!