Evgeny Bazarov in the face of death - analysis of the work and characteristics. The symbolic meaning of Bazarov’s death. Bazarov’s death was an accident or a fatal decision.

Evgeny Bazarov chose to defend the ideas of nihilism. The main character of the novel is I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" is the young nihilist Evgeny Bazarov. As we read, we learn the ideas of this movement.

Our hero followed in the footsteps of his father, a county doctor. But living in the mid-nineteenth century, he was a supporter, like all young people, of the ideas of nihilism. He adheres to the belief that a person needs to know only sciences that bring sense. For example, exact sciences: mathematics, chemistry. He defends his point of view that a decent mathematician or chemist is more useful than some poet! And poetry is the entertainment and fantasy of rich slackers. It clearly demonstrates the denial of love for living objects of nature. And he is increasingly moving away from his family and good friends.

He believes that there are physiological processes that drive the behavior of all people. Ideas flourish in his thoughts that

He is persistent in his work, works constantly, and gives his all to his patients. While performing his work duties, he experiences a feeling of joy. Among the people who encountered him in the hospital, he enjoyed authority and respect. The sick children around him liked him.

And then comes the tragic moment - the death of Bazarov. There is a huge meaning behind this event. The cause of death is blood infection. And now, left completely alone, he begins to experience anxiety. He is tormented by internal conflicting feelings towards negative ideas. And he began to understand the importance of parental support and participation. That they are getting old and need their son’s help and love.

He boldly looked death in the face. He showed strong self-confidence. He felt both fear and lack of human attention. Scientific discoveries and his knowledge of medicine did not help him. Natural viruses and their incurable progression took over his life.

A good person who helps people took on the disease. He is tormented by doubts that he has not accomplished everything on earth. In this work, he heroically fights for life. An excellent doctor and a kind person.

I like this character. Before his death, he reconsiders his attitude towards nature, family, and his loved one. He understands that he is still not married. Odintsova comes to him, and he confesses his love to her. He asks for forgiveness from his parents and begins to think about God. He doesn’t want to die, he believes that he could still serve Russia. But, alas, his ideal is that medicine is powerless.

Essay Death of Bazarov episode analysis

The main character of I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” is the young and educated Evgeny Bazarov. The guy considers himself a nihilist; he denies the existence of God and any human feelings. Bazarov studied natural sciences, he believed that people should devote more time to such sciences as physics, chemistry and mathematics, and in poets he saw only lazy and uninteresting people.

Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov was born into a family where his father worked all his life as a district doctor. Bazarov believes that man has unlimited power, so he believed that he had the power to reject all previous experience of humanity and live according to his own understanding. Bazarov considered the main purpose of nihilists to be to destroy all the misconceptions of their ancestors. Without any doubt, it is clear that Bazarov is quite smart and has enormous potential; according to the author himself, the hero’s beliefs are incorrect and even dangerous, they contradict the laws of life.

Over time, Bazarov begins to become convinced that for a long time he was mistaken in his beliefs. The first blow for him was the sudden outbreak of feelings for the young and beautiful Anna Sergeevna, at first the guy simply admired the beauty of the girl, and then he caught himself thinking that he had some feelings for her. The hero was afraid of the inexplicable, he did not understand what was happening to him, because a convinced nihilist rejected the existence of love. Love made him rethink his faith, he was disappointed in himself, he realized that he was a simple person who could be controlled by feelings. This discovery crippled Bazarov, he did not know how to continue to live, the guy goes home to try to forget the girl.

In his parents' house, a fateful event happens to him. Bazarov performed an autopsy on a patient who died from a terrible disease called typhus; he later became infected himself. Lying in bed, Bazarov realized that he had only a few days left. Before his death, the guy completely convinces himself that, after all, he was wrong in everything, that it is love that brings great meaning to a person’s life. He understands that in his entire life he has not done anything useful for Russia, and an ordinary hard worker, a butcher, a shoemaker or a baker has brought more benefit to the country. Evgeniy asks Anna to come to say goodbye. Despite the dangerous illness, the girl immediately goes to her beloved.

Bazarov is an intelligent, strong and gifted person who strived to live and work for the good of the country. However, with his wrong beliefs, belief in nihilism, he renounced all the main values ​​of humanity, thereby destroying himself.

Option 3

"Fathers and Sons" is a novel that was published in 1861. It was quite a difficult time for Russia. Changes were taking place in the country, and the people were divided into two halves. There were Democrats on one side and liberals on the other. But, regardless of the ideas of each side, they understood that Russia requires change in any case.

This work by Turgenev has a sad ending, the main character dies. In this work, the author felt new traits in people, but he could not understand one thing: how these characters would act. The main character Bazarov meets death at a very young age. Bazarov is a straightforward person and always knows how to insert a certain amount of sarcasm into his speech. But when the hero felt that he was dying, he changed. He became kind, he became polite, he completely contradicted his beliefs.

It becomes noticeable that Bazarov is very sympathetic to the author of the work. This becomes especially clear when the time comes for Bazarov to die. During the death of the hero, his essence, his true character becomes visible. Bazarov is in love with Odintsova, but this does not affect him in any way before his death. He is still brave, selfless, the hero is not afraid of death. Bazarov knows that he will soon leave for another world and has no worries at all about the people who will remain. He doesn't worry about unfinished business or questions. Why does the author show the reader the death of the hero? The main thing for Turgenev was to show that Bazarov was an unconventional person.

The author's main idea is love and fearlessness before the moment of death. Turgenev also did not miss the theme of sons’ respect for their parents. The main thing is that Bazarov is on the verge of breaking down, but he is not defeated. It is interesting that even after his death, the main character has not changed some of his principles. He is dead and still cannot perceive religion, it is not acceptable to him.

The moment of Bazarov’s farewell to Odintsova is constructed very clearly and in contrast. The author emphasizes the living woman and the man who is dying. Turgenev emphasizes the poignancy of the scene. Anna is young, beautiful, bright, and Bazarov is like a half-crushed worm.

The ending of the work is truly tragic. After all, there is no other way to call it, a very young man is dying, and besides, he is in love. It’s sad, of course, that death cannot be deceived or avoided; nothing at all depends on the person himself. It’s quite heavy in your soul when you read the final scene of Turgenev’s work.

Essay on Bazarov in the face of death, grade 10

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a classic of Russian literature and a true master of the pen. In terms of beauty and picturesque descriptions, only Nabokov and Tolstoy can compare with him. Turgenev’s life’s work is the novel “Fathers and Sons,” the main character of which, Evgeniy Bazarov, is a reflection of a new, just emerging type of people in the Russian Empire. The main character of the novel dies at the end of the work. Why? I will answer this question in my essay.

So, Bazarov is a nihilist (a person who does not recognize authorities and denies everything old, traditional). He studies at the university at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, studying the world around him. Bazarov denies everything: art, love, God, the aristocracy of the Kirsanov family and the foundations that have developed in society.

The storyline of the work pits Bazarov against Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov - a man of truly liberal views, this was not done by chance: this is how Turgenev shows the political struggle of revolutionary democracy (represented by Bazarov) and the liberal camp (represented by the Kirsanov family).

Next, Bazarov meets Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, a girl who is very well-read and knowledgeable in matters not only of fashion, but also of science, and also with a strong character. This amazes Bazarov, he falls in love. And after she refuses him, he goes to his parents on the estate and dies there from blood poisoning. It would seem like an ordinary story, but it is still classic Russian literature, and Bazarov’s death is quite understandable. Bazarov, a man who denied everything, including love, finds himself in a position where he himself loves another person: he is tormented by contradictions, he begins to see reality as it really is.

It was the destruction of Bazarov’s main principle - the denial of love - that killed Bazarov. A person who literally breathed nihilism can no longer live in his illusion, having encountered such a strong feeling. Turgenev needs the destruction of Bazarov’s principles and his sudden death in order to show Bazarov’s uselessness in this society.

In conclusion, I would like to say that the destruction of Bazarov’s principles on the part of Turgenev can be perceived in two ways: on the one hand, this is a reflection of reality as Turgenev saw it, on the other hand, this is Turgenev’s political nature, because Turgenev himself was a liberal and drawing the line that a liberal Arkady lives happily, and the democratic revolutionary Bazarov died, this suggests that Turgenev expressed his political position through opposition, calling himself right. For what purpose was it necessary to kill Bazarov, only history knows the answer to this question...

Several interesting essays

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  We waited three days for a real battle. Moscow is already behind us, where to retreat? It was quiet that evening. We were bored, rested, and gained strength. I sharpened the bayonet, and, of course, grumbled. How can one not be indignant when this enemy, the Frenchman, is already celebrating victory?

• Comparative characteristics of Chatsky and Molchalin in the comedy Woe from Wit by Griboedov, essay

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• Essay The role of music in human life

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• Analysis of Kasyan's story with Turgenev's beautiful sword

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• Is man the king of nature? composition

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“...And I also thought: I’ll screw up a lot of things, I won’t die, no matter what! There is a task, because I am a giant! And now the giant’s whole task is to die decently, although no one cares about this..”
I.S. Turgenev

• Leading students to answer the question: why does Turgenev end the novel with the death scene of the main character?
• See the spiritual wealth and fortitude of Bazarov.
• Clarify the features of the author's position in relation to the main character.
• Through artistic analysis, come to a conclusion about the role of the episode in the novel.
• Compare the students' conclusions with the opinions of critics.

Decor. Write down the topic of the lesson on the board: “The social doom of Bazarov.”

• Bazarov and Kirsanov (struggle of ideas).
• Bazarov and Odintsova (unrequited love).
• Bazarov and parents (different upbringing, worldview).
• Bazarov and Kukshina (vulgarity).
• Bazarov and the people (misunderstanding).

(Checking homework)

A selection of phrases and text that prove Bazarov’s loneliness, his doom in society.

First group.

Bazarov and the Kirsanov brothers (break for ideological reasons).

Chapter 10, 6: – You are destroying everything “But you also need to build.”

- This is no longer our business. First you need to clear the place.

– I don’t understand how you can not recognize principles!

– At the present time, denial is the most useful thing.

Second group.

Bazarov and Odintsova (unrequited love).

Chapter 26:“apparently, Bazarov is right, curiosity, just curiosity, and love of peace, selfishness...;

Third group.

Kukshina and Sitnikov - Bazarov (vulgarity and insignificance).

Chapter 19:“I need rumors like this. It’s not for the gods to burn pots!”

Fourth group.

Bazarov and Arkady (denial of friendship - Arkady’s softness).

Chapter 26:“We say goodbye forever, and you know it yourself, you feel it, you’re a nice guy, but you’re still a soft, liberal gentleman.”

Fifth group.

Bazarov and parents (people of different generations, different development).

Chapter 21:

“I'll leave tomorrow. It’s boring, I want to work, but I can’t do it here.”
“He got bored with us. One is now like a finger, one!”

– Who does Bazarov consider himself close to? In whom he finds understanding, in his opinion (with the people).

- Is it really?

(Individual homework)

Bazarov believes that he speaks the same language with the people, considers himself close to them. “My grandfather plowed the land.” However, he himself is a master for his men, and they do not understand and do not want to understand him.

Bazarov looks down on the people, in some places even despises them; with such feelings there can be no mutual understanding.

- So why does Turgenev condemn him to death?

(He considers him doomed. Two reasons: loneliness in society and the internal conflict of the hero. The author shows how Bazarov remains lonely.)

– But Turgenev does not just state death, he assigns special significance to the episode of death. Which? We will discuss this after reading the text.

Chapter 27:

• Courage. “I’m infected, and in a few days you will bury me,” “I didn’t expect to die so soon,” “tomorrow my brain will retire.”
• Willpower “He had not yet lost his memory and understood what was said to him; he was still struggling.” “I don’t want to be delusional,” he whispered, clenching his fists, “what nonsense!”
• Convinced materialist. “After all, even the unconscious are given communion,” “don’t bother me” (refusal of confession). “Have you ever seen that people in my position do not go to the Elysees?”
• Pity for parents. "Mother? Poor fellow! Did she feed someone with her amazing borscht?” “I’m not refusing, if it’s any consolation, but I don’t think there’s any need to rush yet?”
• Strong love. The ability to admire, to love. “Magnanimous! Oh, how close, and how young, fresh, and clean there is in this disgusting room! Live long, that’s best, and take advantage while there is time.”
• Romanticism of science. What means of artistic expression does Turgenev resort to to show Bazarov’s romanticism?
  Metaphors: half-crushed worm, giant, dying lamp.
  Aphoristic.
  Epithets: young, fresh, clean, dying.
  Why is there such poetry in the hero’s speech? What can be said here about Turgenev’s position? Bazarov is a romantic at heart, but he believes that romanticism has no place in life now.
  But life took its toll. Turgenev sees him as an unfulfilled poet, capable of the strongest feelings, possessing fortitude.
• Quoting critics about the latest episode. (Individual homework)
  “The whole interest, the whole meaning of the novel lies in the death of Bazarov... The description of Bazarov’s death is the best place in Turgenev’s novel; I even doubt that in all the works of our artist there was anything more remarkable.”
  “To die the way Bazarov died is the same as having accomplished a great feat.”
  DI. Pisarev

Conclusion:

Why does Turgenev end the novel with the death scene of the hero, despite his superiority over other heroes?

Bazarov dies from an accidental cut of his finger, but death, from the author’s point of view, is natural. Turgenev defines the figure of Bazarov as tragic and “doomed to death.”

Turgenev loved Bazarov very much and repeated many times that Bazarov was “clever” and a “hero”. The author wanted the reader to fall in love with Bazarov (but by no means Bazarovism) with his rudeness, heartlessness, and ruthless dryness.

Homework.

Write a creative work.

I option.

Episode analysis. Chapter 27, from the words “Bazarov suddenly turned around on the sofa...”

Option II.

Episode analysis. Chapter 27, from the words “She looked at Bazarov... and stopped at the door...”

Episode analysis.

Algorithm of work in the lesson.

The role of the episode of Bazarov’s death, analysis of the episode from the novel.

Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”.

Episode is a Greek word that has three interpretations: “Accident”, “Insertion”, “Stranger”. The explanatory dictionary distinguishes two meanings:

1. A case from one's life. Just an episode.
2. A part of a work that has independent meaning. Episode from the work. Thus, to analyze an episode, it is necessary to determine its boundaries. Having determined the topic, the main idea and the title, you can begin the analysis according to plan:

1. What part of the work does it occupy (i.e., its role in the composition)?
2. Condensed retelling. Name the first events (plot), the main event (climax), and the last event (denouement) of the incident, if they were not highlighted by the students during the transition of the plot.
3. Next, let's see how the episode is structured. An episode is an integral fragment of text, which implies the presence of an introduction (a message about revenge and the time of action) and a conclusion (consequence). Having defined the main part with the boundaries of the tie, divide it into parts (you can make a plan). Find out which part is the climax.
4. Let's ask the question: What qualities of the hero's character were revealed in the episode?
5. If you look at the entire work, what role does this incident (episode) play in the hero’s fate, what did it change or did not change in it, or could it?
6. If you look at the plot of the entire work, what is the role of the episode in the plot (is it the beginning, one of the passing events of the action, the climax, the denouement)?
7. Author's position. How does the author feel about the hero and what is happening? What words or expressions characterize the hero or what is happening? What is the author's assessment in them?
8. Features of the writer's language. You can pay attention to the language of the characters, the language of the author or narrator (if there is one). Vocabulary, neologisms, syntactic structure, aphorism and more.
9. What artistic techniques does the author use in this episode?
10. Thus, we come to the problematic of the episode, its connection with the artistic whole.

When working with an episode, the main attention should be paid to understanding its artistic features, in other words, to offer a path from artistic features to problems, and not vice versa. In other words, with this method of analysis, the student learns to “read” everything from the text, and not to illustrate with text provisions taken from unknown sources (at best, from the words of the teacher or from a textbook).

The novel “Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev ends with the death of the main character. Understanding the reasons why the author completes his work in this way is possible through an analysis of the episode “Bazarov’s death.” “Fathers and Sons” is a novel in which the death of the main character is certainly not accidental. Perhaps such an ending speaks to the inconsistency of this character’s beliefs. So, let's try to figure it out.

Who is Bazarov?

Analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death is impossible without understanding what this character is like. Thanks to what is told about Eugene in the novel, we imagine an intelligent, self-confident, cynical young man who denies generally accepted moral principles and ideals. He considers love to be “physiology”; in his opinion, a person should not depend on anyone.

Subsequently, however, Turgenev reveals to us in his hero such qualities as sensitivity, kindness, and the ability for deep feelings.

Bazarov is a nihilist, that is, a person who denies all generally accepted values, including that he does not share the enthusiasm of amateurs. In his opinion, only that which brings practical benefit is significant. He considers everything beautiful to be meaningless. Evgeniy’s main meaning is “work for the benefit of society.” His task is “to live for the great purpose of renewing the world.”

Attitude towards others

An analysis of the episode of Bazarov’s death in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” cannot be carried out without understanding how the main character’s relationships with the people who made up his social circle were built. It should be noted that Bazarov treated others with contempt; he put others lower than himself. This was manifested, for example, in the things he told Arkady about himself and his relatives. Affection, sympathy, tenderness - Evgeniy considers all these feelings unacceptable.

Lyubov Bazarova

Analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death requires mentioning that for all his disdain for sublime feelings, he, ironically, falls in love. His love is unusually deep, as evidenced by his explanation with Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. Realizing that he is capable of such a feeling, Bazarov ceases to treat it as physiology. He begins to consider the existence of love possible. Such a change of views could not pass without a trace for Eugene, who lived by the ideas of nihilism. His old life is destroyed.

Bazarov's declaration of love is not just words, it is an admission of his own defeat. Eugene's nihilistic theories are shattered.

Turgenev considers it inappropriate to end the novel with a change in the views of the main character, but decides to end the work with his death.

Is Bazarov's death an accident?

So, in the finale of the novel, the main event is the death of Bazarov. Analysis of the episode requires remembering the reason why, according to the text of the work, the main character dies.

His life becomes impossible due to an unfortunate accident - a small cut that Bazarov received during the autopsy of the body of a peasant who died of typhus. Ironically, he, a doctor doing a useful job, cannot do anything to save his life. Knowing that he would die gave the protagonist time to evaluate his achievements. Bazarov, knowing about the inevitability of his death, is calm and strong, although, of course, being a young and energetic man, he regrets that he has so little time left to live.

Bazarov's attitude towards death and himself

Analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death is impossible without a deeper understanding of how the hero relates to the proximity of his end and death in general.

No person can calmly realize that the end of his life is approaching. Evgeniy, being a person who is certainly strong and self-confident, is no exception. He regrets that he did not complete his main task. He understands the power of death and speaks of the approaching final minutes with bitter irony: “Yes, go ahead, try to deny death. It denies you, and that’s it!”

So, Bazarov’s death is approaching. Analysis of the episode, which is one of the key ones in the novel, requires an understanding of how the character of the main character has changed. Evgeniy becomes kinder and more sentimental. He wants to meet his beloved, once again tell about his feelings. Bazarov treats his parents more gently than before, now understanding their importance.

Analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death shows how lonely the main character of the work is. He does not have a close person to whom he could convey his beliefs, therefore, his views have no future.

Understanding True Values

In the face of death they change. There comes an understanding of what is really important in life.

Analysis of the episode “Bazarov’s death” based on the novel by I. S. Turgenev requires an understanding of what values ​​the main character now considers true.

The most important thing for him now is his parents, their love for him, as well as his feelings for Odintsova. He wants to say goodbye to her, and Anna, not afraid of becoming infected, comes to Evgeniy. Bazarov shares his innermost thoughts with her. He comes to the understanding that Russia does not need him at all, she needs those who do ordinary work every day.

It is harder for Bazarov to come to terms with his death than for any other person, because he is an atheist and does not believe in life after death.

Turgenev ends his novel with the death of Bazarov. The principles by which the hero lived are destroyed. Bazarov did not have stronger, new ideals. Turgenev notes that the main character was ruined by his deep commitment to nihilism, which forced him to abandon the universal values ​​that allow him to live in this world.

The ideas of nihilism have no future;

It may be late, but the hero’s insight, awakening: human nature prevails over an erroneous idea;

Bazarov strives not to show his suffering, to console his parents, to prevent them from seeking solace in religion.

The mention of Sitnikov and Kukshina is a confirmation of the absurdity of the ideas of nihilism and its doom;

The life of Nikolai Petrovich and Arkady is an idyll of family happiness, far from public disputes (a variant of the noble path in the future Russia);

The fate of Pavel Petrovich – the result of a life ruined by empty love affairs (without family, without love, far from the Motherland);

Odintsova’s fate is a version of an accomplished life: the heroine marries a man who is one of the future public figures of Russia;

The description of Bazarov’s grave is a declaration of the eternity of nature and life, the temporality of empty social theories that claim eternity, the futility of the human desire to know and change the world, the greatness of nature in comparison with the vanity of human life.

Evgeny Vasilievich Bazarov- the main character of the novel. Initially, the reader only knows about him that he is a medical student who came to the village on vacation. First, Bazarov visits the family of his friend Arkady Kirsanov, then goes with him to the provincial town, where he meets Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, lives for some time in her estate, but after an unsuccessful declaration of love, he is forced to leave and finally ends up in his parents’ house, where I was headed from the very beginning. He doesn’t live long at his parents’ estate; longing drives him away and forces him to repeat the same route again. In the end it turns out that there is no place for him anywhere. Bazarov returns home again and soon dies.

The basis of the hero’s actions and behavior is his commitment to ideas nihilism. Bazarov calls himself a “nihilist” (from the Latin nihil, nothing), i.e. a person who “recognizes nothing, respects nothing, treats everything from a critical point of view, does not bow to any authorities, does not accept a single principle on faith, no matter how respected this principle may be.” He categorically denies the values ​​of the old world: its aesthetics, social structure, the laws of life of the aristocracy; love, poetry, music, the beauty of nature, family ties, such moral categories as duty, right, obligation. Bazarov acts as a merciless opponent of traditional humanism: in the eyes of the “nihilist,” humanistic culture turns out to be a refuge for the weak and timid, creating beautiful illusions that can serve as their justification. The “nihilist” opposes the humanistic ideals with the truths of natural science, which affirm the cruel logic of life-struggle.

Bazarov is shown outside the circle of like-minded people, outside the sphere of practical affairs. Turgenev speaks of Bazarov’s readiness to act in the spirit of his democratic convictions - that is, to destroy in order to clear a place for those who will build. But the author does not give him the opportunity to act, because, from his point of view, Russia does not yet need such actions.

Bazarov fights against old religious, aesthetic and patriarchal ideas, mercilessly ridicules the romantic deification of nature, art and love. He affirms positive values ​​only in relation to the natural sciences, based on the conviction that man is a “worker” in the workshop of nature. A person appears to Bazarov as a kind of bodily organism and nothing more. According to Bazarov, society is to blame for the moral shortcomings of individual people. With the correct structure of society, all moral diseases will disappear. Art for a hero is a perversion, nonsense.

Bazarov's test of love for Odintsova. Bazarov also considers the spiritual sophistication of love to be “romantic nonsense.” The story about Pavel Petrovich's love for Princess R. is not introduced into the novel as an inserted episode. He is a warning to the arrogant Bazarov

In a love conflict, Bazarov’s beliefs are tested for strength, and it turns out that they are imperfect and cannot be accepted as absolute. Now Bazarov’s soul is split into two halves - on the one hand, we see the denial of the spiritual foundations of love, on the other hand, the ability to love passionately and spiritually. Cynicism is being replaced by a deeper understanding of human relationships. A rationalist who denies the power of true love, Bazarov is overwhelmed by passion for a woman who is alien to him both in social status and in character, so overwhelmed that failure plunges him into a state of depression and melancholy. Rejected, he won a moral victory over a selfish woman from the noble circle. When he sees the complete hopelessness of his love, nothing causes him to make love complaints and requests. He painfully feels the loss, goes to his parents in the hope of being healed of love, but before his death he says goodbye to Odintsova as to the beauty of life itself, calling love the “form” of human existence.

The nihilist Bazarov is capable of truly great and selfless love; he amazes us with its depth and seriousness, passionate intensity, integrity and strength of heartfelt feeling. In a love conflict, he looks like a large, strong personality, capable of real feelings for a woman.

Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is an aristocrat, an Anglomaniac, and liberal. Essentially the same doctrinaire as Bazarov. The very first difficulty - unrequited love - made Pavel Petrovich incapable of anything. A brilliant career and social success are interrupted by tragic love, and then the hero finds a way out in abandoning hopes for happiness and in fulfilling his moral and civic duty. Pavel Petrovich moves to the village, where he tries to help his brother in his economic reforms and advocates for liberal government reforms. Aristocratism, according to the hero, is not a class privilege, but a high social mission of a certain circle of people, a duty to society. An aristocrat must be a natural supporter of freedom and humanity.

Pavel Petrovich appears in the novel as a convinced and honest man. but clearly limited. Turgenev shows that his ideals are hopelessly far from reality, and his life position does not even provide him with peace of mind. In the reader’s mind, the hero remains lonely and unhappy, a man of unfulfilled aspirations and unfulfilled destiny. This to a certain extent brings him closer to Bazarov. Bazarov is the product of the vices of the older generation, his philosophy is the denial of the life attitudes of the “fathers”. Turgenev shows that absolutely nothing can be built on negation, because the essence of life lies in affirmation, not negation.

Duel of Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich. For the insult inflicted on Fenechka, Pavel Petrovich challenged Bazarov to a duel. This is also the conflict point of the work. The duel completed and exhausted his social conflict, for after the duel Bazarov would forever part with both the Kirsanov brothers and Arkady. She, putting Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov in a situation of life and death, thereby revealed not the individual and external, but the essential qualities of both. The true reason for the duel was Fenechka, in whose features Kirsanov Sr. found similarities with his fatal beloved Princess R. and whom he also secretly loved. It is no coincidence that both antagonists have feelings for this young woman. Unable to tear true love out of their hearts, they try to find some kind of surrogate for this feeling. Both heroes are doomed people. Bazarov is destined to die physically. Pavel Petrovich, having settled Nikolai Petrovich’s marriage with Fenechka, also feels like a dead man. The moral death of Pavel Petrovich is the passing of the old, the doom of the obsolete.

Arkady Kirsanov. In Arkady Kirsanov, the unchanging and eternal signs of youth and youth with all the advantages and disadvantages of this age are most openly manifested. Arkady’s “nihilism” is a living play of young forces, a youthful feeling of complete freedom and independence, an ease of attitude towards traditions and authorities. The Kirsanovs are equally far from both the noble aristocracy and the commoners. Turgenev is interested in these heroes not from a political, but from a universal human point of view. The ingenuous souls of Nikolai Petrovich and Arkady maintain simplicity and everyday unpretentiousness in an era of social storms and catastrophes.

Pseudo-nihilists Kukshin and Sitnikov. Bazarov is lonely in the novel; he has no true followers. His imaginary comrades-in-arms cannot be considered as successors to the hero’s work: Arkady, who after his marriage completely forgets about his youthful passion for fashionable freethinking; or Sitnikova and Kukshina - grotesque images, completely devoid of the charm and conviction of the “teacher”.

Kukshina Avdotya Nikitishna is an emancipated landowner, a pseudo-nihilist, cheeky, vulgar, downright stupid. Sitnikov is a pseudo-nihilist, recommended to everyone as Bazarov’s “student”. He tries to demonstrate the same freedom and sharpness of judgment and actions as Bazarov. But the resemblance to the “teacher” turns out to be parodic. Next to the truly new man of his time, Turgenev placed his caricature “double”: Sitnikov’s “nihilism” is understood as a form of overcoming complexes (he is ashamed, for example, of his father, a tax farmer, who makes money by soldering the people, at the same time he is burdened by his human insignificance ).

Bazarov's worldview crisis. Denying art and poetry, neglecting the spiritual life of man, Bazarov falls into one-sidedness, without noticing it. Challenging the “damned barchuks,” the hero goes too far. His denial of “your” art develops into a denial of art in general; the denial of “your” love - into the assertion that love is a “feigned feeling”, explainable only by the physiology of the sexes; denial of sentimental noble love for the people - into contempt for the peasant. Thus, the nihilist breaks with the eternal, enduring values ​​of culture, putting himself in a tragic situation. Failure in love led to a crisis in his worldview. Two mysteries arose before Bazarov: the mystery of his own soul and the mystery of the world around him. The world, which seemed simple and understandable to Bazarov, becomes full of secrets.

So is this theory needed by society and is it necessary to him this type of hero like Bazarov? The dying Eugene tries to reflect on this with bitterness. “Is Russia necessary... no. apparently not needed,” and asks himself the question: “And who is needed?” The answer is unexpectedly simple: a shoemaker, a butcher, a tailor are needed, because each of these invisible people does their job, working for the good of society and without thinking about high goals. Bazarov comes to this understanding of the truth on the threshold of death.

The main conflict in the novel is not the dispute between “fathers” and “children”, but internal conflict As experienced by Bazarov, the demands of living human nature are incompatible with nihilism. Being a strong personality, Bazarov cannot renounce his convictions, but he is also unable to turn away from the demands of nature. The conflict is insoluble, and the hero is aware of this.

Death of Bazarov. Bazarov's beliefs come into tragic conflict with his human essence. He cannot renounce his convictions, but he cannot strangle the awakened person within himself. For him there is no way out of this situation, and that is why he dies. The death of Bazarov is the death of his doctrine. The hero’s suffering, his untimely death is a necessary payment for his exclusivity, for his maximalism.

Bazarov dies young, without having time to begin the activity for which he was preparing, without completing his work, alone, without leaving behind children, friends, like-minded people, not understood by the people and distant from them. His enormous strength is wasted in vain. Bazarov's gigantic task remained unfulfilled.

The death of Bazarov revealed the author's political views. Turgenev, a true liberal, a supporter of the gradual, reformist transformation of Russia, an opponent of any revolutionary explosions, did not believe in the prospects of the revolutionary democrats, could not pin high hopes on them, perceived them as a great force, but transitory, believed that they would very soon fade away historical arena and will give way to new social forces - gradualist reformers. Therefore, the democratic revolutionaries, even if they were smart, attractive, honest, like Bazarov, seemed to the writer to be tragic loners, historically doomed.

The dying scene and the scene of Bazarov's death are the most difficult test for the right to be called a man and the most brilliant victory of the hero. “To die as Bazarov died is the same as to accomplish a great feat” (D. I. Pisarev). Such a person who knows how to die calmly and firmly will not retreat in the face of an obstacle and will not cower in the face of danger.

The dying Bazarov is simple and humane, there is no longer any need to hide his feelings, he thinks a lot about himself and his parents. Before his death, he calls Odintsova to tell her with sudden tenderness: “Listen, I didn’t kiss you then... Blow on the dying lamp and let it go out.” The very tone of the last lines, the poetic rhythmic speech, the solemnity of the words, sounding like a requiem, emphasize the author’s loving attitude towards Bazarov, the moral justification of the hero, regret for a wonderful person, the thought of the futility of his struggle and aspirations. Turgenev reconciles his hero with eternal existence. Only nature, which Bazarov wanted to turn into a workshop, and his parents, who gave him life, surround him.

The description of Bazarov’s grave is a statement of the eternity and greatness of nature and life in comparison with the vanity, temporality, futility of social theories, human aspirations to know and change the world, and human mortality. Turgenev is characterized by subtle lyricism, this is especially evident in his descriptions of nature. In landscape, Turgenev continues the traditions of the late Pushkin. For Turgenev, nature as such is important: aesthetic admiration of it.

Critics about the novel.“Did I want to scold Bazarov or praise him? I don’t know that myself, because I don’t know whether I love him or hate him!” “My whole story is directed against the nobility as an advanced class.” “The word “nihilist” I released was used then by many who were only waiting for an opportunity, a pretext to stop the movement that had taken over Russian society...” “I dreamed of a gloomy, wild, large figure, half grown out of the soil, strong, evil, honest - and yet doomed to destruction because it still stands on the threshold of the future” (Turgenev). Conclusion. Turgenev shows Bazarov in a contradictory way, but he does not seek to debunk him or destroy him.

In accordance with the vectors of the struggle of social movements in the 60s, points of view on Turgenev’s work were also built. Along with the positive assessments of the novel and the main character in Pisarev’s articles, negative criticism was also heard from the ranks of the democrats.

Position of M.A. Antonovich (article “Asmodeus of our time”). A very harsh position that denies the social significance and artistic value of the novel. In the novel “... there is not a single living person or living soul, but all are only abstract ideas and different directions, personified and called by proper names.” The author is not friendly towards the younger generation and “he gives complete preference to fathers and always tries to elevate them at the expense of the children.” Bazarov, in Antonovich’s opinion, is a glutton, a chatterbox, a cynic, a drunkard, a braggart, a pathetic caricature of youth, and the whole novel is slander against the younger generation.” Dobrolyubov had already died by this time, and Chernyshevsky was arrested, and Antonovich, who primitively understood the principles of “real criticism,” accepted the original author’s plan for the final artistic result.

The liberal and conservative part of society perceived the novel more deeply. Although there were some extreme judgments here too.

Position of M.N. Katkov, editor of the magazine “Russian Herald”.

“How ashamed Turgenev was to lower the flag in front of the radical and salute him as before an honored warrior.” “If Bazarov is not elevated to apotheosis, then one cannot help but admit that he somehow accidentally ended up on a very high pedestal. It really overwhelms everything around it. Everything in front of him is either rags or weak and green. Is this the kind of impression you should have wanted?” Katkov denies nihilism, considering it a social disease that must be fought by strengthening protective conservative principles, but notes that Turgenev puts Bazarov above everyone else.

The novel as assessed by D.I. Pisarev (article “Bazarov”). Pisarev gives the most detailed and thorough analysis of the novel. “Turgenev does not like merciless denial, and yet the personality of the merciless denier emerges as a strong personality and inspires involuntary respect in every reader. Turgenev is prone to idealism, and yet none of the idealists depicted in his novel can compare with Bazarov either in strength of mind or strength of character.”

Pisarev explains the positive meaning of the main character, emphasizes the vital importance of Bazarov; analyzes Bazarov’s relationships with other heroes, determines their attitude towards the camps of “fathers” and “sons”; proves that nihilism got its start precisely on Russian soil; determines the originality of the novel. D. Pisarev’s thoughts about the novel were shared by A. Herzen.

The most artistically adequate interpretation of the novel belongs to F. Dostoevsky and N. Strakhov (Time magazine). Views of F.M. Dostoevsky. Bazarov is a “theorist” who is at odds with “life”, a victim of his dry and abstract theory. This is a hero close to Raskolnikov. Without considering Bazarov's theory, Dostoevsky believes that any abstract, rational theory brings suffering to a person. Theory breaks down in reality. Dostoevsky does not talk about the reasons that give rise to these theories. N. Strakhov noted that I. S. Turgenev “wrote a novel that is neither progressive nor retrograde, but, so to speak, eternal.” The critic saw that the author “stands for the eternal principles of human life,” and Bazarov, who “shuns life,” meanwhile “lives deeply and strongly.”

The point of view of Dostoevsky and Strakhov is fully consistent with the judgments of Turgenev himself in his article “About “Fathers and Sons”,” where Bazarov is called a tragic person.

Work plan for analyzing an episode of a literary work. 1. Establish the boundaries of the episode 2. Determine the main content of the episode and which characters participate in it. 3.Trace the changes in moods, feelings of the characters, the motivation of their actions. 4. Consider the compositional features of the episode and its plot. 5.Trace the logic of the development of the author’s thought. 6.Note the artistic means that create its emotional atmosphere in this episode. 7. Show the role of the episode in the work, how it is linked with other episodes, its role in revealing the author’s intention 8. How the general ideological plan of the entire work is reflected in this episode.

What to remember!!! 1. The main danger is replacing analysis with retelling 2. Analysis of an episode is an essay-reasoning that requires special attention to the text of the work. 3. Analysis of an episode involves attention to details, understanding their role, and significance for the image as a whole. 4. At the end of the analysis there must be a synthesis, i.e. generalized conclusion from the above.

The ideological concept of the novel “Fathers and Sons” In April 1862, Turgenev wrote to the poet K.K. Sluchevsky: “I dreamed of a gloomy, wild, large figure, half grown out of the soil, strong, evil, honest - and yet doomed to destruction.” And indeed, the writer carried out this plan - at the end of the novel he endowed Bazarov with gloomy pessimism, skeptical attitudes towards men, and even forced him to say the phrase: “Russia needs me... No, apparently not.” At the end of the novel, Turgenev contrasts Bazarov’s “sinful, rebellious heart” with “great calm” of “indifferent nature,” “eternal reconciliation and endless life.”

We are writing an essay... Establish the boundaries of the episode The episode of the death of Yevgeny Bazarov is included in the penultimate chapter of the novel. He is important for revealing the image of the main character, since a completely different Bazarov appears before us, humane, weak, sublime, loving. The scene of Bazarov's death is the ending of the novel. Bazarov gradually remains lonely (the Kirsanovs are the first to fall away, then Odintsova, Fenechka, Arkady. Bazarov goes to the village to his parents to be closer to the people. But the scene of the conversation with the man separates him from the people (he realizes that for the peasant he is like a clown )

Determine the main content of the episode and which characters participate in it. Bazarov, while in the village with his parents, begins to help his father in his medical practice, he examines the sick, makes bandages for them. One day, Evgeniy was not at home for three days; he went to a neighboring village, from where a typhoid man was being brought, for an autopsy, explaining his absence by the fact that he had not practiced this for a long time. During the autopsy, Bazarov cut himself. On the same day, Bazarov becomes ill, both (father and son) understand that it is typhus, that Evgeny’s days are numbered. Bazarov asks his father to go to Odintsova and invite her to him. Odintsova arrives on the very eve of Evgeny’s death with a German doctor, who states Bazarov’s imminent death. Bazarov confesses his love for Odintsova and dies.

Trace the changes in moods, feelings of the characters, the motivation of their actions. To die the way Bazarov died is the same as accomplishing a feat: at the moment of death, and even the expectation of death, willpower and courage were manifested in him. Feeling the inevitability of the end, he did not chicken out, did not try to deceive himself, and most importantly, remained true to himself and his convictions. He becomes closer to everyone before his death. The mood of Evgeniy’s parents, of course, changes: at first the father was frightened when he learned about his son’s cut, but then he was overcome by a feeling of fear, making sure that Evgeniy was definitely sick with typhus, “... and fell to his knees in front of the images.” Turgenev, depicting the behavior of all participants in the episode, is trying to prove to us that man is a creature that is afraid of dying and losing his life at any moment. But at the same time, he contrasts the behavior of the main character: we understand that Bazarov is ready for death, he is not afraid of it, he accepts it as something inevitable, due, only a little regretting “And I also thought: I’ll screw up a lot of things, I won’t die, where ! There is a task, because I am a giant! And now the giant’s whole task is to die decently.”

Consider the compositional features of the episode and the plot. Bazarov’s illness is made so strong that sometimes it seems that you yourself can become infected from him. And the end of Bazarov’s life? This is done so skillfully... You are overcome by a feeling of pity, of internal contradiction: but why did he die, why did nothing work out for Bazarov, because in essence he is a positive hero, capable of much in life? All this is possible thanks to the skillful construction (composition) of the episode.

Episode composition: Exposition: bringing in a patient with typhus, unconscious, quick death in a cart on the way home. The plot: Evgeniy was not at home for three days, he was opening up a man who had died of typhus. Development of the action: the father learns that Evgeny cut his finger, Bazarov becomes ill, crisis, short-term improvement in his condition, the arrival of a doctor, typhus, Odintsova’s arrival Climax: farewell meeting with Odintsova, Bazarov’s death Denouement: Bazarov’s funeral service, parents’ lamentation.

Trace the logic of the development of the author's thought. Bazarov dies from an accidental cut of his finger, but his death, from the author’s point of view, is natural. Turgenev defines the figure of Bazarov as tragic and “doomed to death.” That's why he "dead" the hero. Two reasons: loneliness and the hero’s internal conflict. The author shows how Bazarov becomes lonely. New people, like Bazarov, look lonely in comparison with the bulk of a huge society. Bazarov is a representative of the early revolutionary commoner, he is one of the first in this matter, and it is always difficult to be the first. Bazarov has no positive program: he only denies everything. "What's next?". This is the main reason for Bazarov's death in the novel. The author failed to outline the future. The second reason is the hero’s internal conflict. Turgenev believes that Bazarov died because he became a romantic. Turgenev's bazaar wins as long as he is a fighter, as long as he has no romance, no sublime feeling for nature, female beauty.

Note the artistic means that create its emotional atmosphere in this episode. To clearly reflect the main character’s train of thought, Turgenev uses connecting constructions in the text: “...even if it’s something like...infection,” “well, what can I tell you...I loved you!” The use of a question-and-answer form in Bazarov’s speech (“Who’s crying? Mother! Poor thing!”) is one of the ways to show the hero’s thoughts about the meaning of life, death, and human destiny. I would especially like to note Turgenev’s metaphors; the author preferred simple verbal metaphors that naturally arise from direct observations of life (“I won’t wag my tail,” “the worm is half-crushed and still bristling”). They give Bazarov’s speech a certain ease, simplicity, help to win over the hero, to believe that he is not afraid of the approach of death, it is she (death) who should be afraid of him.

Conclusion Thus, death gave Bazarov the right to be what perhaps he always was - doubting, not afraid to be weak, sublime, able to love... Bazarov’s uniqueness lies in the fact that through the entire novel he will pass through in many ways not such a person and that will doom himself to not the only possible, fatal, tragic - Bazarov's - fate. However, Turgenev concluded his novel with an enlightened picture of a quiet rural cemetery, where Bazarov’s “passionate, sinful, rebellious heart” rested and where “two already decrepit old men - a husband and wife - Bazarov’s parents - often come from a nearby village.”

Fine and expressive means of language Anaphora - places emphasis. Epiphora - places emphasis. Antithesis - opposition. Oxymoron - based on unique, unexpected semantic associations; shows the complexity of the phenomenon, its multidimensionality, attracts the reader’s attention, enhances the expressiveness of the image. Gradation - specifies the concept in the direction of increasing or decreasing Ellipsis - shows the emotional state of the speaker (excitement), speeds up the pace. Silence makes you think about what the author is not saying. Rhetorical appeal - emphasizes the emotionality of the author's speech, directed to the subject of artistic depiction. Rhetorical question - emphasizes the emotionality of the author's speech (the question does not require an answer) Polyunion - gives the speech solemnity, slows down the pace. Non-union - makes speech more dynamic, excited. Lexical repetition - highlights the most significant keyword of the text.