Presentation on the topic “Features of Japanese culture. Presentation on the MCC on the topic "culture of ancient Japan" Culture of ancient Japan presentation

Japanese culture is a unique, original phenomenon not only in the context of global culture, but also among other eastern cultures. Japanese culture is unique
a unique phenomenon not only in the context
global culture, but also among other eastern
crops It has continuously developed since the 10th-11th centuries. From the 17th to the mid-19th century Japan
was practically closed to foreigners (connections
remained only with the Netherlands and China). IN
the period of this isolation in Japan received creative
development of national identity. And when
after several centuries before the world finally
the richest traditional culture was discovered
Japan, it had a strong influence on subsequent
development of European painting, theater and literature.
Japanese civilization was formed as a result
complex and multi-temporal ethnic contacts.
Japanese culture as opposed to Indian and
Chinese was just being born at the turn of the Middle Ages,
therefore, it was characterized by increased dynamism and
special sensitivity to the perception of foreigners
influences

As the Kojiki, the oldest monument of Japanese language and literature, tells, the sun goddess Amaterasu gave her grandson Prince Ninigi, adored

Japanese language and writing.

Painting

Painting examples:

Japanese calligraphy

Calligraphy examples:

Culture and customs of Japan.

Tea ceremony

The Japanese also have a lot of rules at the table, which are very difficult to remember at once. When using hashi chopsticks, do not cross or stick them

Love and respect for traditions in Japanese culture are so deeply rooted that it is difficult to imagine any branch of art

Cinema

Anime and manga.

Cloth:

XV century The most powerful impetus for the development of architecture, as well as all culture Japan, gave the adoption of Buddhism. The main landmark in architecture before the 19th century... is its own, national, peculiar, Japanese. Particularly strong influence on culture Japan influenced Indian and Chinese civilizations in various aspects, it...

Culture Japan Culture Japan originates from traditions and respect for them... dates back to the years of Genroku (1688-1703) golden age culture late Middle Ages The beginning of the kokkeibon ("funny books") genre ... as unique as all Japanese culture generally. The basis of all styles of Japanese painting...

Place (after China) in terms of annual fish catch. Culture Japan Historical culture Modern culture Author's work Historical culture Japan Painting Origami Calligraphy Poetry Examples of painting: Origami Origami...

Of these, they occupy an area of ​​less than 1 hectare). Home food culture Japan- rice. Wheat, barley, sugar beets are cultivated everywhere... Fishing, a traditional sector of the economy, plays a significant role Japan. Transport system Japan can be the envy of any country in the world. All types...

IMOST, department of Ministry of Health and Human Welfare Natalya Vladimirovna Petrova Topic 7. Features culture Japan Goals and objectives of the lecture The purpose of the lecture is to develop in students... the following skills: 1. Understanding the role and place Japan in the world culture, Asian relationships culture and world cultural heritage. 2. Communication...

Education, science and technology ideologization and unification culture Features of development culture Japan Europeanization during the interwar period culture development of new types of art (cinema) Culture Japan Culture Japan Culture Japan Culture Japan Culture Japan Culture Japan

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Slide captions:

Culture of Japan the work was completed by a student of grade 11a, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 43, Borzya Gypsy Christina 日本の文化

The culture of Japan developed as a result of a historical process that began with the resettlement of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the emergence of the culture of the Jomon period. Modern Japanese culture has been heavily influenced by Asia (especially China and Korea), Europe, and North America, which rapidly began to influence Japanese culture in the early 1960s. One of the features of Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century - the beginning of the Meiji period. The culture and mentality of the Japanese were greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, as well as special natural phenomena (frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese towards nature as a living creature. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature, as a feature of the national character of the Japanese, has found expression in many types of art in Japan.

Japanese language and writing The Japanese language has always been an important component of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex writing system consisting of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji characters, hiragana and katakana syllabaries. ひらがな

Calligraphy In Japan, calligraphy is considered one of the arts and is called shodo (Japanese: 書道 “way of writing”). Along with drawing, calligraphy is taught in schools. The art of calligraphy was brought to Japan along with Chinese writing. In ancient times in Japan, mastery of the art of calligraphy was considered a sign of a cultured person.

For a long time, Japanese literature was influenced by China, and literary works were also created in Chinese. The first written monuments are considered to be the collection of Japanese myths and legends “Kojiki” (“Records of Ancient Deeds”) and the historical chronicle “Nihon Shoki” (“Brush-written Annals of Japan” or “Nihongi” - “Annals of Japan”), created during the Nara period (VII - VIII centuries). Both works were written in Chinese, but with modifications to convey Japanese names of gods and other words. During the same period, the poetic anthologies "Man'yoshu" (Japanese: 万葉集 "Collection of Myriad Leaves") and "Kaifuso" (Japanese: 懐風藻) were created. The types of poetic forms haiku (Japanese: 俳句), waka (Japanese: 和歌 “Japanese song”), and a variety of the latter tanka (Japanese: 短歌 “short song”) are widely known outside Japan. Literature The scarlet water flower I cut off with a blow of a sickle Between the oncoming waves. Hirose Izen

Anime and manga Anime is Japanese animation. The main difference from animation in other countries is that most of the products produced are designed for teenage and adult audiences, and due to this they are highly popular in the world. Almost all anime series are film adaptations of Japanese comic books - manga, usually preserving the graphic style and other features.

Manga are Japanese comics, sometimes called komikku in their homeland. The word “manga” means “grotesque”, “strange (or funny) pictures”, and the artist who draws it is called a mangaka. In Japan, comics are read by people of all ages and are respected both as a form of fine art and as a literary phenomenon. Manga is almost always black and white, and only covers and individual illustrations are drawn in color.

Japanese painting is one of the most ancient and sophisticated of Japanese arts, characterized by a wide variety of genres and styles. Painting Since the 10th century, the Yamato-e direction has been distinguished in Japanese painting; the paintings are horizontal scrolls that were used to illustrate literary works. In the 14th century, the style of sumi-e (monochrome watercolor) developed, and in the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - woodblock prints depicting geishas, ​​popular kabuki actors and landscapes. The influence of the popularity of ukiyo-e prints on European art of the 18th century is called Japonism.

Sculpture The oldest form of art in Japan is sculpture. Since the Jomon era, a variety of ceramic products (ware) have been made, and clay dogu idol figurines are also known. During the Kofun era, haniwa were installed on graves - sculptures made of baked clay, initially simple cylindrical shapes, and then more complex - in the form of people, animals or birds. Wood was used as the main material for sculptures (as in Japanese architecture). Statues were often varnished, gilded, or brightly painted. Bronze or other metals were also used as material for statues. The most prominent representatives of Japanese wooden sculpture were Enku (1632-1695) and Mokujiki (1718-1810).

Architecture Examples of traditional Japanese architecture include temples, Shinto shrines and castles in Kyoto and Nara. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a desire for simplicity. Traditional wooden residential houses of ordinary Japanese, called minka, are maximally adapted to the country's climate. The minka has a frame structure with a load-bearing column in the center of the house and sliding doors. Currently, minkas are preserved only in rural areas. Japanese castles were distinguished by their originality, serving not only to protect their owners from enemies, but also as a symbol of power.

Cinema The first Japanese films of the early 20th century had simple plots, the cinema of this period developed under the influence of the theater, the acting was theatrical, female roles were played by male actors, theatrical costumes and scenery were used. Before the advent of sound cinema, film screenings were accompanied by a benshi - a live performer, the Japanese version of a pianist. At first, cinema was considered a low art, and there was a contemptuous attitude towards people involved in cinema. This type of art received recognition and authority only in the late 30s of the 20th century.

Music Japanese music includes many genres, ranging from traditional music genres unique to Japan itself, to many genres of modern music, around which the country often builds a distinctive scene, unlike other countries. Since the 1990s, Japanese music has become widely known and popular in the West, primarily due to its unique genres such as j-pop, j-rock and visual kei. Often such music reaches Western listeners through soundtracks in Japanese animation or video games, and visiting Japanese groups and performers perform at almost every one of the various Japanese cultural festivals.

Military culture Samurai is a Japanese military-feudal class. They appeared in Japan in the 7th-8th centuries AD. Mostly men from wealthy peasant families, as well as representatives of the middle and lower aristocracy, became samurai. From warriors, samurai gradually became armed servants of their feudal lord, receiving housing and food from him. Sometimes samurai received land plots from the peasants, and themselves turned into feudal lords. The number of samurai increased, and soon the squads of feudal lords began to represent entire armies.

Bushido is the code of the samurai, a set of rules, recommendations and norms of behavior of a true warrior in society, in battle and alone, a military male philosophy and morality, rooted in ancient times. Bushido, which initially arose in the form of the principles of a warrior in general, thanks to the ethical values ​​and respect for the arts included in it in the 12th-13th centuries, with the development of the samurai class as noble warriors, merged with it and finally took shape in the 16th-17th centuries. already like a code of samurai ethics. Postulates: True courage is to live when it is right to live, and to die when it is right to die. One should approach death with a clear consciousness of what a samurai should do and what humiliates his dignity. You should weigh every word and always ask yourself whether what you are about to say is true. Loyalty, justice and courage are the three natural virtues of a samurai. The samurai must, first of all, constantly remember that he can die at any moment, and if such a moment comes, then the samurai must die with honor. This is his main business.

Secret ninja clans began to appear in Japan in the 9th-12th centuries, almost simultaneously with the emergence of the samurai. Ninjas were, in fact, highly professional intelligence officers and saboteurs of that time, possessing a complex of knowledge and skills in camouflage, killing methods, organizing guerrilla operations and obtaining information. Various feudal princes used the specific services of ninja clans. The heyday of ninja art came during the civil war of 1467-1568, at that time there were about 70 ninja clans in Japan. Most legends about ninjas are based on the events of that “era of the warring states.”

Martial arts Judo means "gentle way" in Japanese. This martial art is the most recognized in the world. Judo was created at the end of the 19th century by the master Kano Jigiro, who took one of the schools of jujutsu as a basis and developed the rules of a new martial art and a fighting system. Karate is a martial art that originated in China. From there it came to the island of Okinawa, which was independent for a long time, and then became the outskirts of Japan, so few people were interested in karatedo in Japan. Karate became popular in the 1920s thanks to a master named Funakoshi Gichin. Since then, karate has taken an important place among Japanese martial arts. Sumo is a special type of martial art. It was never used in battle, but had a ritual character, combining sport and Shinto ritual. Modern sumo also preserves many ancient rituals. Aikido is a martial art created by master Ueshiba Morihei on the basis of one of the schools of jujutsu. This combat system is fundamentally different from others in that it does not have offensive technology. Aikido is used for defense, using the opponent's strength against him.

Cuisine The Japanese say: “Every meal should have something from the mountains and something from the sea.” “Mountain” ingredients are usually rice and seasonal vegetables, as well as soybeans and their numerous derivatives (tofu bean curd, miso soy paste, shoyu soy sauce). The “sea” part of food can be very diverse: almost all types of sea fish, many types of shellfish (even jellyfish), cetaceans, seaweed and other algae. The constant lack of food taught the ancient Japanese to respect their daily meals. The consumption of everyday foods was accompanied by some kind of rituals, and they tried to add at least aesthetic appeal to the food. The Japanese strive to decorate their food in any way possible. They even say that the Japanese eat with their eyes, not their mouths.

Religion In matters of religion, Japan shows the greatest tolerance. Thus, almost all Japanese profess Shintoism, but at the same time belong to one of the many Buddhist communities, guided in life by the principles of Confucianism. Shintoism - “the way of the gods” - is the oldest religion in Japan, cultivated exclusively in this country. It is based on the myth of the origin of the world, according to which the Earth and the imperial family trace their origins to the Sun Goddess Amaterasu. At the center of Buddhism is the teaching of the “four noble truths”: suffering, its cause, liberation and the path to it. In Buddhism there is no opposition between spirit and matter, there is no God as a creator and an unconditionally supreme being. Buddha is not only the name given to the founder of this religion, the legendary Prince Gautama (VII-VI centuries BC), but also the name of a being who has reached a state of highest perfection (“enlightenment”).

Clothing In Japan you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku and simpler, everyday, European style. Kimono, literally translated as “clothing, attire,” is a general term for any clothing, and in a narrower sense, a type of wafuku.

G eta, Waraji - Yukata sandals - light robe Hakama - Obi pants - belt

Theater and dance The very first type of theater was the Noh theater, which was formed in the 14-15th century; when playing in it, the actors put on masks and dressed in luxurious attire. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of national theater in Japan, kabuki, was created; complex makeup was applied to the actors’ faces. The skill of onnagata, the actors who play the role of a woman, is especially appreciated. In 1629, the Tokugawa shogunate banned women from playing kabuki; after World War II, women began to appear on stage again, and even the first all-female troupe was created. The national bunraku puppet theater is also famous. Certain playwrights, such as Chikamatsu Monzaemon, created plays for bunraku, which were later performed in the “big theater” - kabuki.

Traditions, customs, etiquette Japanese society is characterized by a clearly demonstrated sense of belonging to a specific social class (family, work team, student group), which is also manifested in unique connections within the community. In Japan, the concepts of “duty” and “obligation,” called giri, are of particular importance. Despite the fact that kettlebells are a universal social norm for Japanese behavior, in some situations, particularly among young people, kettlebells are not taken so seriously. In Japan, there are certain norms of gestures, and the more reserved a person is, the more respectful he is treated, so a friendly tap on the shoulder and tugging on the hand will not be welcomed in the land of the rising sun.

Arigato for your attention!

Slide 1

Japanese culture

Slide 2

Introduction Cultural history of Japan Japanese language and writing Literature Fine arts Theater Cinema Anime and manga Architecture Clothing National cuisine Sports Religion Traditions, customs, etiquette

Slide 3

Introduction

The culture of Japan developed as a result of a historical process that began with the resettlement of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the emergence of the culture of the Jomon period. Modern Japanese culture has been heavily influenced by Asian countries (especially China and Korea), Europe and North America. One of the features of Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century - the beginning of the Meiji period. The culture and mentality of the Japanese were greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, as well as special natural phenomena (frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese towards nature as a living creature. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature, as a feature of the national character of the Japanese, has found expression in many types of Japanese art.

Slide 4

Japanese cultural history

Jomon (10 thousand years BC - 300 BC) - the first examples of ceramics, jewelry and female figurines Dogu Yayoi (300 BC - 300 AD) - transition to agriculture, irrigation rice growing, bronze and iron products, dotaku bells Yamato: - Kofun (4th century AD - 6th century AD) - spread of the mound culture, haniwa sculptures, the emergence of ancient Shintoism and related cults - Asuka (593- 710) - borrowing samples of Chinese culture, Taika reforms, creation of Nara law codes (710-794) - penetration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism into the country, creation of literary works “Kojiki”, “Nihon Shoki”, “Man’yoshu”, “Kaifuso”

Slide 5

Heian (794-1185) - the beginning of the use of hiragana and katakana syllabaries, the construction of the Itsukushima Shrine, the creation of “The Tale of Genji”, the emergence of the Yamato-e style of painting Kamakura (1185-1333) - the formation of the samurai class of Muromachi (1333-1568) - the emergence of the theater no Sengoku Jidai (1467-1568) - the penetration of Christianity into the country Azuchi-Momoyama (1568-1600) Edo (1600-1868) - the establishment of the Tokugawa dictatorship, the sakoku policy, the suppression of Christianity and the fall of the shogunate, the emergence of the kabuki theater and the ukiyo style e Meiji (1868-1912) - the end of the period of self-isolation, the beginning of the capitalist path of development, the emergence of Japanese cinema Taisho (1912-1926) Showa (1926-1989)

Slide 6

Japanese language and writing

The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex writing system consisting of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji characters, hiragana and katakana syllabaries.

Slide 7

The oldest known form of Japanese is called Old Japanese, which was developed by borrowing the Chinese script and hieroglyph system and was used until the beginning of the Heian period. In the process of further development of the Japanese language, then called classical Japanese or late Old Japanese, new writing methods were added - the two syllabary alphabet hiragana and katakana, which led to a significant development of the Japanese literary language and the rapid flowering of Japanese literature.

Slide 8

In modern Japanese, a fairly high percentage is occupied by words borrowed from other languages ​​(the so-called gairaigo). Japanese names are written using kanji, consisting of a surname and a given name, with the surname first. Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages ​​to learn. Various systems are used to transliterate Japanese characters, the most common being Romaji (Latin transliteration) and the Polivanov system (writing Japanese words in Cyrillic). Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, for example, tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai, etc.

Slide 9

Literature

For a long time, Japanese literature was influenced by China, and literary works were also created in Chinese. The first written monuments are considered to be the collection of Japanese myths and legends “Kojiki” (“Records of Ancient Deeds”) and the historical chronicle “Nihon Shoki” (“Brush-written Annals of Japan” or “Nihongi” - “Annals of Japan”), created during the Nara period (VII - VIII centuries). Both works were written in Chinese, but with modifications to convey Japanese names of gods and other words. During the same period, the poetic anthologies “Man'yoshu” (Japanese 万葉集, “Collection of Myriad Leaves”, 759) and “Kaifuso” (Japanese 懐風藻) (751) were created.

The word "Japanese" in Japanese

Slide 10

Japanese mystical prose of the 17th-19th centuries Code of Taihoryo Laws “The Tale of Genji” (Murasaki Shikibu) The Tale of Yoshitsune Trilogy of cult Japanese horror novels “The Ring”, “Spiral”, “Birth”. The types of poetic forms haiku (Japanese: 俳句), waka (Japanese: 和歌 “Japanese song”), and a variety of the latter tanka (Japanese: 短歌 “short song”) are also widely known outside Japan.

Slide 11

Art. Painting

Japanese painting (Japanese 絵画 kaiga, “painting, drawing”) is one of the most ancient and sophisticated of Japanese arts, characterized by a wide variety of genres and styles. Japanese painting, as well as literature, is characterized by assigning a leading place to nature and depicting it as the bearer of the divine principle.

Slide 12

Since the 10th century, the Yamato-e direction has been distinguished in Japanese painting; the paintings are horizontal scrolls that were used to illustrate literary works. In the 14th century, the style of sumi-e (monochrome watercolor) developed, and in the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - woodblock prints depicting geishas, ​​popular kabuki actors and landscapes. The influence of the popularity of ukiyo-e prints on European art in the 18th century is called Japonism.

Slide 13

Art. Calligraphy

In Japan, calligraphy is considered one of the arts and is called shodo (Japanese: 書道 “way of writing”). Along with drawing, calligraphy is taught in schools. The art of calligraphy was brought to Japan along with Chinese writing. In ancient times in Japan, mastery of the art of calligraphy was considered a sign of a cultured person. There are several different styles of writing hieroglyphs. Buddhist monks were involved in improving the styles of writing hieroglyphs.

Slide 14

Art. Sculpture

The oldest art form in Japan is sculpture. Since the Jomon era, a variety of ceramic products (ware) have been made, and clay dogu idol figurines are also known. During the Kofun era, haniwa were installed on graves - sculptures made of baked clay, initially simple cylindrical shapes, and then more complex - in the form of people, animals or birds.

Slide 15

The history of sculpture in Japan is connected with the emergence of Buddhism in the country. Traditional Japanese sculpture is most often statues of Buddhist religious concepts (tathagata, bodhisattva, etc.). One of the most ancient sculptures in Japan is the wooden statue of Amitabha Buddha in the Zenko-ji Temple. During the Nara period, Buddhist statues were created by government sculptors. Wood was used as the main material for sculptures (as in Japanese architecture). Statues were often varnished, gilded, or brightly painted. Bronze or other metals were also used as material for statues.

Slide 16

One of the earliest types of theater was the no theater (Japanese 能 no: “talent, skill”), which developed in the 14th-15th centuries; actors played in masks and luxurious costumes. Theater is considered "masked" drama, but masks (o-mote) are worn only by shite and waki. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of Japanese traditional theater developed - kabuki (Japanese 歌舞伎 “song, dance, skill”), the actors of this theater were exclusively men, their faces were made up in a complex way. Bunraku - puppet theater

Slide 17

Cinema

The first Japanese films of the early 20th century had simple plots, the cinema of this period developed under the influence of the theater, the acting was theatrical, female roles were played by male actors, theatrical costumes and scenery were used. Before the advent of sound cinema, film screenings were accompanied by a benshi - a live performer, the Japanese version of a pianist. At first, cinema was considered a low art, and there was a contemptuous attitude towards people involved in cinema. This type of art received recognition and authority only in the late 30s of the last century.

Slide 18

The 50s-60s of the last century saw the active development of Japanese cinema. These years are considered the “golden age” of Japanese cinema. In 1950, 215 films were released, and in 1960, 547 films were released. During this period, the genres of historical, political cinema, action films and science fiction appeared; in terms of the number of films released, Japan occupied one of the first places in the world. Famous film directors of this period are Akira Kurosawa, Kenji Mizoguchi, Shohei Imamura. Actor Toshiro Mifune, who played in almost all of Kurosawa's films, became famous outside the country. During the film industry crisis of the 60s, yakuza films and inexpensive pornographic films became popular genres. In the 1990s, actor and director Takeshi Kitano became widely known both in Japan and abroad.

Slide 19

Anime and manga

Anime (or Japanese animation) is highly popular all over the world. Among other animation genres, it stands out for its greater focus on an adult audience. Anime is characterized by an additional division into genres for a specific target group. The criteria for separation are gender, age or psychological type of the viewer. Often anime are film adaptations of Japanese manga comics, which are also very popular. Both anime and manga are designed for different age audiences. Quite a large part of the manga is intended for adults. As of 2002, about 40% of the total publishing market in Japan is occupied by manga magazines.

Slide 20

Architecture

Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other component of Japanese culture. Initially heavily influenced by Chinese architecture, Japanese architecture has developed many differences and approaches unique to Japan. Examples of traditional Japanese architecture include temples, Shinto shrines, and castles in Kyoto and Nara. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a desire for simplicity. Traditional wooden residential houses of ordinary Japanese, called minka (Japanese: 民家), are maximally adapted to the country's climate. The minka has a frame structure with a load-bearing column in the center of the house and sliding doors. Currently, minkas are preserved only in rural areas.

Slide 21

The 7th century was marked by the rapid construction of Buddhist temples in Japan. Ise-jingu Shrine, dedicated to the goddess Amaterasu, is the main Shinto shrine in Japan. Japanese castles were distinguished by their originality, serving not only to protect their owners from enemies, but also as a symbol of power. The names of two castles (Azuchi and Momoyama) gave the name to the period in Japanese history - Azuchi-Momoyama. Very few castles have been preserved in their original state; many medieval castles were destroyed during wars, burned down in fires, and were dismantled at the direction of the government as a relic of the feudal past; in the 20th century, some of the castles were restored.

Slide 22

The need to rebuild destroyed buildings after World War II gave impetus to the development of Japanese architecture. At the same time, the cities that were rebuilt were very different from the pre-war ones. Some modern architects, such as Yoshio Taniguchi and Tadao Ando, ​​are known for their extensive use of combining traditional Japanese and Western architectural influences.

Slide 23

In Japan you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku (Japanese 和服 Japanese clothing), and simpler, everyday, European style. Kimono (Japanese 着物) - literally translated “clothing, outfit” - is a general term for any clothing, and in a narrow sense - a type of wafuku. Yukata - light cotton kimono Obi - various types of belts Geta - wooden sandals Mon - family crest

Slide 24

National cuisine

Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on seasonality of food, quality of ingredients and presentation of dishes. The basis of Japanese cuisine is rice. The word gohan (御飯 literally means "cooked rice") can also be translated as "food". In addition to its main purpose as a food product, rice also served as a kind of monetary unit; in the old days, taxes and salaries were paid in rice. The Japanese use rice to prepare a wide variety of dishes, sauces and even drinks (sake, shochu, bakushu). The second most important food product for the Japanese is fish. Japan ranks fourth in the world in per capita consumption of fish and seafood. Fish is often consumed raw or semi-raw, such as sushi. Bean curd (tofu) is also very popular in Japan.

Slide 25

To preserve food in high humidity conditions, it is often salted, fermented or pickled, examples of such dishes include natto, umeboshi, tsukemono and soy sauce. In modern Japanese cuisine you can easily find borrowings from Chinese, Korean and Thai cuisine. Some imported dishes, such as ramen (Chinese wheat noodles), are becoming very popular. The Japanese tea ceremony occupies a special place in traditional Japanese cuisine. Recently, Japanese cuisine has been quite popular outside of Japan, and due to its low calorie content, it is considered healthy.

Slide 26

Baseball, football and other ball games are popular in Japan. Some types of martial arts (judo, kendo and karate) are also traditionally popular. Sumo wrestling, although not an official sport in Japan, is considered a national sport according to the professional sumo association. Kyudo ("way of the bow") - archery Aikido ("way of the harmonious spirit")

Slide 27

At the early stage of development of Japanese society, totemism was widespread. From ancient Japanese religious beliefs, the ideas of Shinto, the main religion of Japan, were formed. Shintoism (or Shinto) can literally be translated as “the way of many kami (gods)”). The basis of this movement is the worship of the forces of nature. According to Shinto beliefs, the sun, trees, mountains, stones and natural phenomena are kami (or mikoto) and endowed with a soul, they are worshiped in temples specially built for this purpose. An important feature of Shintoism is the cult of ancestors.

Slide 28

The ancient Japanese believed that the Japanese islands and the people who inhabited them were created by kami, which is reflected in Japanese mythology. The cult of the emperor is also associated with these ideas - it was believed that the imperial family descended from the creator gods of the Japanese archipelago. Ancient myths and legends of Shintoism about the creation of the Japanese islands by the gods and the transfer of power over the country to the descendants of the gods (Jimmu and Ninigi) were preserved in the Kojiki and Nihongi.

Slide 29

Later, from India through Korea and China, Buddhism penetrates into the country; 552 is considered the official date of recognition of the new religion. Buddhism has had a great influence on the education, literature and art of Japan, although it itself has undergone significant transformation and is very different from Indian and Chinese Buddhism. Under Emperor Shomu (reigned 724-749), Buddhism was recognized as the state religion. In the middle of the 16th century, Christianity came to Japan, supported by Oda Nobunaga and subsequently banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. The ban on Christianity was lifted after the Meiji Restoration. In modern Japan, the proportion of the population that simultaneously professes two religions - Buddhism and Shintoism - is 84%, about 0.7% of the country's population professes Christianity.

Slide 30

Traditions, customs, etiquette

Japanese society is characterized by a clearly expressed sense of belonging to a certain social group (work team, family, student group), which is also expressed in special relationships within the group. In Japan, great importance is attached to the concepts of "duty" and "obligation", usually called giri (Japanese: 義理). Although giri is a general social norm among Japanese people, in some cases, such as in relationships among young people, this concept is taken more lightly. You should know that in Japan there are certain rules of gestures, and the more reserved a person is, the more respect he commands, so a familiar pat on the shoulder and grabbing the hand will not cause joy in Japan.

Business ethics

Slide 32

The presentation was prepared by a student of grade 10 “b” Vladimir Vyacheslavovich Shcherbakov

The culture of Japan developed as a result of a historical process that began with the resettlement of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the emergence of the culture of the Jomon period. Modern Japanese culture has been heavily influenced by Asian countries (especially China and Korea), Europe and North America. One of the features of Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century - the beginning of the Meiji period. The culture and mentality of the Japanese were greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, as well as special natural phenomena (frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese towards nature as a living creature. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature, as a feature of the national character of the Japanese, has found expression in many types of Japanese art.