Poem dead souls experience illustrating presentation. N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls” Chichikov and landowners

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Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol "Dead Souls"

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Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (1809 - 1852)
Born on April 1, 1809 in the village of Bolshiye Sorochintsy, Poltava province, in the family of a poor landowner. He spent his childhood in Vasilyevka, Mirgorod district. He studied at the Poltava district school for 2 years, then at the Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences, after which he went to St. Petersburg in the hope of getting a job. He tries himself as an actor, professor, teacher, but nothing works out. And Gogol mastered the role of a traveler with ease; he visited Germany, Switzerland, Paris, Rome, Frankfurt, Dusseldorf, Nice, Ostend, Palestine, Jerusalem, rarely returning to St. Petersburg and Moscow. The final return to Russia was in 1848, where he settled in the house of Count Tolstoy, and 4 years later Gogol, having fallen into gloomy despondency, dies. He was first buried in Moscow, in the Danilov Monastery, where his ashes were soon transferred to the Novodevichy Cemetery.

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"Dead Souls" Volume 1
"Dead Souls" . N.V. Gogol himself designated the genre of the work as a poem. The first volume was published in 1842. The plot of the poem was suggested by A. Pushkin. The plot stretched out into a long novel. Gogol read the first chapters to Pushkin, and continued his further work abroad (1836 - 1839). Returning to Russia, he prepared his manuscript for publication. At a meeting of the Moscow Censorship Committee on December 12, 1841, obstacles to the publication of the manuscript became clear. Fearing a censorship ban, Gogol sent the manuscripts to St. Petersburg and asked friends to help pass censorship. On March 9, 1842, the book was approved by censor A. Nikitenko, but with changes. Soon a book was published entitled “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls, a poem by N. Gogol.”

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Image of Chichikov
Among the variety of interesting characters, an amazing character stands out - Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. The image of Chichikov is unifying and collective; it combines different qualities of landowners. A characteristic feature of Chichikov is the incredible versatility of his nature. Pavel Ivanovich belongs to a poor noble family. Dying, his father did not say anything about honor, duty, dignity. Chichikov quickly realized that lofty concepts only interfere with achieving his cherished goal. At school I tried to be a model of obedience, politeness and respect. After finishing his studies, he entered the government chamber, where he pleases the boss and even takes care of his daughter.

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Chichikov has comprehended the “great secret of being liked”; he speaks his language with each of the characters. This hero still has a soul, but every time, doing everything for his own benefit and building happiness on the misfortunes of others, he kills it. Insult, deception, bribery, embezzlement are Chichikov’s weapons. The hero sees the meaning of life only in acquisition, accumulation. For Chichikov, money is a means, not a goal. Chichikov is distinguished from other characters in the poem by his strength of character and determination. He is not like the crowd, he is active, active and enterprising. Manilov's dreaminess and Korobochka's innocence are alien to Chichikov. He is not greedy, like Plyushkin, but also not prone to careless revelry, like Nozdryov. His entrepreneurial spirit is not like Sobakevich’s rude efficiency. All this speaks of his obvious superiority.

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Image of Manilov
Manilov is played out ironically by Gogol. He parodies laziness, fruitless daydreaming, projectism, and sentimentality. The character of the hero is not defined, elusive. He is a dreamer whose dreams are divorced from reality. At first he seems like a nice person, but then he becomes deadly boring. Manilov is typical, gray, uncharacteristic. In his office there is a book with a bookmark on page 14. Manilov’s conversation gives a tone of barren speech: “How nice it would be if we could live together like this, philosophize.” This hero is not capable of thinking about real life.

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But Manilov also has positive qualities - hospitality, enthusiasm, sympathy. He was a mismanagement, impractical landowner, indifferent to his peasants. The stamp of dullness and uncertainty lies on everything that surrounds Manilov: gray day, gray huts. And in the Hero’s house everything is untidy and dim. He spends time alone, where he comes up with fantastic projects. There is nothing negative in Manilov, but there is nothing positive either. He is an empty place, nothing. Manilov's world is a world of false idyll, the path to death. Gogol emphasizes the emptiness and insignificance of the hero.

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Image of the Box
Gogol refers to the image of Korobochka as one of those “small landowners” who complain about crop failures, losses and keep their heads somewhat to one side. The box does not pretend to be high culture: its entire appearance emphasizes very unpretentious simplicity. This is emphasized by Gogol in the heroine’s appearance: he points out her shabby and unattractive appearance. This simplicity reveals itself in relationships with people. The main goal of her life is to consolidate her wealth, to constantly accumulate. It is no coincidence that Chichikov sees all the traces of skillful management in the estate. This thriftiness reveals her inner insignificance. She has no feelings other than the desire to acquire and benefit. For her there is no difference between an animate and an inanimate being. In Chichikov's proposal, she is frightened by the prospect of missing something.

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Korobochka's interests are entirely concentrated on farming. “strong-browed and club-headed” Nastasya Petrovna is afraid to sell herself cheap by selling “dead souls” to Chichikov. In the finale, Gogol talks about the typicality of the image of Korobochka, the insignificance of the difference between her and the aristocratic lady. The landowner is thrifty and lives secluded on her estate. Narrow-mindedness and stupidity complete her character. She owns a subsistence farm and trades everything she has. Everything in her house is arranged in the old fashioned way, she carefully stores things and saves money. Gogol wants to show that Korobochka’s stupidity is not such a rare occurrence.

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Image of Nozdryov
Nozdryov is a master of “pouring bullets”. He is a reckless braggart and an utter liar, a scoundrel, a brawler, arrogant, defiant, and aggressive. His behavior in society does not shock anyone. But he never lost his friendship. In many respects, Nozdryov was a multifaceted person, endowed with a phenomenal ability to lie unnecessarily, cheat at cards, and let everything go to waste. In Nozdryov we see a kind of “broad nature”; he is capable of losing a lot of money at cards with a light heart, and having won, he immediately throws it all away and buys a lot of unnecessary things. He is indifferent to his children, having given them to a nanny, and is not interested in their lives or problems. This is a rogue and a rowdy; inviting people to visit, he manages to start a scandal every time... Gogol describes Nozdryov as a worthless owner, a reveler and a spendthrift, who has absolutely no time to think about the future.

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Image of Sobakevich
Sobakevich Mikhailo Semyonovich is a landowner whose name and appearance indicate the power of his nature. Sobakevich is an economic man, a prudent, tight-fisted owner, a cunning tradesman. He seems like a positive person. He is laconic, has an iron grip, and is not easy to deceive. From the very beginning, the image of Sobakevich is associated with the theme of money, economics, and calculation. The main thing for him is the price, everything else does not interest him. While trading, Sobakevich praises his goods and manages to deceive Chichikov. There is no architectural beauty in his house; paintings similar to the owner himself hang on the walls. Sobakevich is a type of Russian kulak, a strong, prudent owner. Its peasants live well. He lives exclusively in modern times. He is naturally endowed with many good qualities, he has rich potential and a powerful nature. Sobakevich is one of the landowners who has many chances for a new revival.

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Image of Plyushkin
Stepan Plyushkin is the last seller of “dead souls”. This hero personifies the complete death of the human soul. In the image of Plyushkin, the author shows the death of a bright and strong personality, consumed by the passion of stinginess. The description of the estate depicts the desolation and “cluttering” of the hero’s soul. The entrance is dilapidated, everything is especially dilapidated, the windows are covered with rags. Everything here is lifeless. The landowner no longer knows what is going on on his farm. Plyushkin is either a woman or a man; a long chin, small eyes, a greasy robe - all this speaks of the hero’s complete “dropout” from the rich landowner and from life in general. Before the death of his wife, Stepan was a zealous and wealthy landowner, but with the death of his wife he became more suspicious and stingy, and after the troubles of his children, his soul became hardened. Gogol describes Stepan Plyushkin as a lifeless, dead man.

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The attitude of landowners towards Chichikov. Its revelation.
In the poem “Dead Souls” Gogol typifies the images of Russian landowners, officials, and peasants. Of all the heroes, Gogol singles out only one - Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. Arriving in the city, Chichikov becomes close to everyone. In each chapter we see more and more of his possibilities: with Manilov he is cloyingly amiable, with Korobochka he is petty and persistent, with Nozdryov he is assertive and cowardly, with Sobakevich he bargains insidiously and relentlessly, Plyushkina conquers with his generosity... Collecting unnecessary things is reminiscent of Plyushkina’s habits, this is us we see in an unnecessary poster where he tore it off, came home, and after reading it, put it in a small chest; uncertainty and Manilov’s love for phrases reminds of Manilov; pettiness - Box; narcissism - Nozdryov; rough tight-fistedness, cold cynicism - Sobakevich; greed - Plyushkina.

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Still, Chichikov differs from his counterparts on the estates. The landowners spoke differently about him; Manilov was crazy about him; Sobakevich even took the time to inform his wife about Chichikov; Plyushkin saw virtue in him; The box saw him as a buyer of her goods; Nozdryov - companion. But after rumors, the landowners changed their opinion about him and saw him as a robber. They pondered the purpose of buying dead souls, ways to prevent the kidnapping of the governor’s daughter…. Chichikov is forced to flee the city, but he has achieved his goal, has moved one step closer to his “happiness”, and everything else is unimportant to him.

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The image of society ladies
The ladies of the city were presentable. As for etiquette, they could behave, observe tone, many of the most subtle decencies, demonstrated fashion in the very last detail, in which they were even ahead of the ladies of St. Petersburg and Moscow. They dressed with great taste, drove around the city in carriages, with a footman rocking behind them. The business card was sacred to them. Because of her, two ladies could quarrel; even their husbands or close relatives could not reconcile them. Regarding the taking of first places, there were also many scenes that instilled in their husbands knightly concepts of intercession. There was no duel between them, but each tried to harm the other. The ladies were strict in their morals, they executed all kinds of weaknesses without mercy, they resisted everything vicious and various temptations. These ladies were distinguished by extraordinary caution and decency in words and expressions.

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The image of Captain Kopeikin
The theme of exposing officialdom in the poem “Dead Souls” is intertwined with the theme of serfdom. Gogol makes fun of officials and the inertia of statesmen everywhere. The Tale of Captain Kopeikin occupies a special place. It is of great importance for revealing the ideological content of the work. The form of the tale imparts a vital character: it exposes the government.

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According to the postmaster, Chichikov is none other than Captain Kopeikin. Kopeikin, whose arm and leg were torn off, is almost dying of hunger. He somehow gets to the capital, taking refuge in a tavern, trying to achieve justice in the high commission. But officials were the same everywhere - they are soulless creatures. I couldn't get justice. The captain is expelled from Moscow and soon a new gang of robbers is formed. Here we see Kopeikin as a focused, brave lawyer, purposeful, decisive, achieving his goal... But the postmaster interrupted the story in bewilderment, since Chichikov’s arms and legs were intact...

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Why Gogol burned volume 2 of “Dead Souls”
Gogol lived the last four years of his life in Moscow, in a house on Nikitin Boulevard. It was there that he burned the second volume of “dead souls.” Volume 2 of “Dead Souls” is the writer’s main work, the result of his religious quest, a work in which he put the whole truth about Russia, all the love for it. However, a turning point came in the writer’s life... It all started with the death of his friend’s wife. From that moment on, Gogol constantly thought about death and complained of loss of strength. From February 11 to February 12, 1852, he ordered notebooks with the manuscript of volume 2 of “Dead Souls” to be brought and set them on fire with a candle in the fireplace. In the morning Gogol himself was amazed at his impulse, but it was too late...

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"Dead Souls" Volume 2
Gogol proposed making the poem three volumes, and wrote volume 2, where positive images were drawn and an attempt was made to depict the rebirth of Chichikov. Gogol began working on it in 1840. When working on volume 2, the meaning of the work grew beyond the boundaries of the literary texts themselves, which made the plan unrealizable. When Gogol burned volume 2, after his death the rough notes of 4 chapters were discovered. The whitewashing of the manuscripts was carried out by Shevyrev, who was concerned about its publication. Gogol in his poem was able to show that serfdom cripples not only peasants, but also landowners living at the expense of others. The images created by Gogol have transcended time. The enormous power of satirical exposure of the ugliness of one’s own world has not lost its relevance today.

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Methodological resources
http://shkolazhizni.ru/archive/0/n-23895/
http://www.foxdesign.ru/aphorism/biography/gogol.html
http://www.litra.ru/composition/work/woid/00067301184773069574/

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born on March 20 (April 1), 1809 in the town of Velikiye Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province, in the family of a middle-income landowner Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky (he later abandoned the second part of the surname because of its, as he believed, Polish origin).

“With this ability to guess a person and suddenly make him look like a living person with a few features, with this ability not to start a large essay. It's just a sin! A.S. Pushkin A.S. Pushkin gave Gogol “his own plot, from which he wanted to make something like a poem and which, according to him, he would not give to anyone else.”

Gogol read the first chapters to Pushkin before leaving abroad. Work continued in the fall of 1836 in Switzerland, then in Paris and later in Italy. By this time, the author had developed an attitude towards his work as a “sacred testament of the poet” and a literary feat, which at the same time had patriotic significance, which should reveal the fate of Russia and the world. Switzerland Italy In Baden-Baden in August 1837, Gogol read an unfinished poem in the presence of a maid of honor the imperial court of A. O. Smirnova (nee Rosset) and N. M. Karamzin’s son Andrei Karamzin, in October 1838 he read part of the manuscript to A. I. Turgenev. Work on the first volume took place in Rome at the end of 1837 and beginning of 1839.N. M. KaramzinaA. I. Turgenev

The writer worked on the final finishing of the first volume in Rome from the end of September 1840 to August 1841. Returning to Russia, Gogol read chapters of the novel in the Aksakovs' house and prepared the manuscript for publication. At a meeting of the Moscow Censorship Committee on December 12, 1841, obstacles to the publication of the manuscript were revealed, submitted for consideration to the censor I. M. Snegirev, who, in all likelihood, informed the author of the complications that could arise. Fearing a censorship ban, in January 1842 Gogol, through V. G. Belinsky, sent the manuscript to St. Petersburg and asked friends A. O. Smirnova, V. F. Odoevsky, P. A. Pletnev, M. Yu. Vielgorsky to help with the passage censorship.I. M. SnegirevV. G. BelinskyV. F. OdoevskyP. A. Pletnev censorship

On March 9, 1842, the book was approved by censor A.V. Nikitenko, but with a changed title and without “The Tale of Captain Kopeikin.” Even before receiving the censored copy, the manuscript began to be typed at the printing house of Moscow University. Gogol himself undertook to design the cover of the novel, wrote in small letters “The Adventures of Chichikov, or” and in large letters, “Dead Souls.” In May 1842, the book was published under the title “The Adventures of Chichikov, or A. V. Nikitenko Dead Souls, poem by N. Gogol.” In the USSR and modern Russia, the title of Russia “The Adventures of Chichikov” is not used.

Gogol intended to make the poem three volumes, and wrote the second volume, where Positive images were displayed and an attempt was made to depict Chichikov’s moral degeneration. Gogol supposedly began work on the second volume in 1840. Work on it continued in Germany, France and mainly in Italy over the years. At the end of June or early July 1845, the writer burned the manuscript of the second volume in Germany, France, Italy.

While working on the second volume, in the writer’s mind, the meaning of the work grew beyond the boundaries of the literary texts themselves, which made the plan practically impossible to implement. On the night of February 11-12, 1852, Gogol burned the white manuscript of the second volume (the only witness was the servant Semyon) and died ten days later. Draft manuscripts of four chapters of the second volume (in incomplete form) were discovered during the opening of the writer’s papers, sealed after his death.

The autopsy was performed on April 28, 1852 by S.P. Shevyrev, Count A.P. Tolstoy and Moscow civil governor Ivan Kapnist (son of the poet and playwright V.V. Kapnist). The whitewashing of the manuscripts was carried out by Shevyrev, who also took care of its publication.S. P. ShevyrevgrafV. Kapnista

Lists of the second volume were distributed even before its publication. For the first time, the surviving chapters of the second volume of Dead Souls were published as part of the Complete Works of Gogol in the summer of 1855. One of the last chapters, now printed together with the first four chapters of the second volume, belongs to an earlier edition than the rest of the chapters.

N.V. Gogol is a satirist writer. The period of life at the time of work on “Dead Souls”. Version: N.V. Gogol oriented his work towards Homer’s epic and Dante’s “Divine Comedy”, which determined the three-part structure of the poem. The first part (volume 1) was conceived as a presentation and analytical understanding of the “hell” of Russian reality; in the second part (volume 2), Gogol intended to let his heroes pass through “purgatory” in order to depict them in “paradise” in the third (volume 3). Only 1 volume was completed.

Basic diagram for the poem “Dead Souls” Ch. 1. System of images “Introduction” to the poem, a sketch of everything that will subsequently be developed by the author (Chichikov’s arrival in the provincial town of N, meeting with officials, preparing the ground for the adventure). Compositional elements of the poem First. Second. Third Chl Chl Ch. eleven..

Gl Gl Depiction of the life of Russian landowners Depiction of the provincial city, within its boundaries the characteristics of the owners of the estates are completed, but the central place is given to the depiction of the world of officials. Ch. 11. A narrative about the life fate of the “plot-forming” hero of the poem - Chichikov.

MANILOV. A fruitless dreamer and visionary invites you to a “sweet chat” at the “Temple of Solitary Reflection” on the shore of the lake in the Manilovka estate Character Traits Projectionism (passion for unrealistic projects), daydreaming, spinelessness, sentimentality, mismanagement.

BOX. Character traits. Club-headed, petty fussiness, ignorance, hoarding (thrift to the point of stinginess) Landowner Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna The collegiate secretary, “club-headed,” superstitious and limited, is waiting for you in her village and is ready to sell you even her soul at a bargain price.

However, not everything is dead in this kingdom. The people are alive. The plot is structured as the purchase of “dead souls”, dead peasants, from living landowners. The landowners themselves are the dead owners of living souls. Even the dead peasants, a list of which Chichikov holds in his hands, are perceived as bright, full of life people: “When he then looked at the leaves, at the men who were definitely once men. They worked, plowed, drank, drove, some strange feeling took possession of him.”

"Dead Souls" is Gogol's greatest work. He began writing it as a young man, almost a youth; entered with him into the time of maturity; approached the last line of life. Gogol gave everything to “dead souls” - his artistic genius, frenzy of thought, and passion of hope. “Dead Souls” is Gogol’s life, his immortality and his death.” Y. Mann.

“My heart says that my book is needed and that it can be useful” (N.V. Gogol). In the poem "Dead Souls" the author acts as a patriot, in whom he found faith in a future where there will be no Sobakeviches and Chichikovs. The writer expressed his deep hope that Russia will rise to greatness and glory. Behind the strange world of landowner Russia, Gogol felt the living soul of the people. The poem speaks with enthusiasm and admiration about his courage and love for a free life. In this regard, the discussions put into Chichikov’s mouth about serfs and runaway peasants have a deep meaning.

Image of the Motherland N.V. Gogol portrayed it realistically. Serfdom hampered the development of Russia. The author saw a different Russia in his dreams. The image of the three-bird is a symbol of the power of his Motherland. She plays a major role in world development. “Dead Souls” is an encyclopedia of the life of serfs in Russia. Belinsky wrote: “Gogol was the first to look boldly at Russian reality.” What do these nobles bring to life? Nothing! Russia will not regret them. If we didn’t have such outstanding masters of words as Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, so that we know about the life of the Russian people in the nineteenth century. Their civic feat was that, loving Russia, they were not afraid to show the “dark sides” of Russian society. People looked at this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen). 1896 people viewed this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen) people looked at this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen). 1896 people viewed this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen) people looked at this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen).1896 people viewed this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen). Image of the Motherland N.V. Gogol portrayed it realistically. Serfdom hindered the development of Russia. The author saw a different Russia in his dreams. The image of the bird-troika is a symbol of the power of his homeland. It plays a major role in world development. “Dead Souls” is an encyclopedia of the life of serf Rus'.

The answer to the question “Why P.I. Chichikov visited the landowners in this order?” Manilov. Box. Nozdryov. Sobakevich. Plyushkin. Your task: Name that specific trait characteristic of every landowner, and prove that the path from Manilov to Plyushkin is a downward staircase.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Christian philosophical and moral problematics of Gogol’s works were revealed with particular force; subsequently, the perception of Gogol’s work was supplemented by a sense of the special complexity and irrationality of his artistic world and the visionary courage and unconventionality of his pictorial manner. “Gogol’s prose is at least four-dimensional. He can be compared with his contemporary mathematician Lobachevsky, who blew up the Euclidean world... (V. Nabokov). All this determined the enormous and ever-increasing role of Gogol in modern world culture. Belinsky wrote: “Gogol was the first to look boldly at Russian reality.” What do these nobles bring to life? Nothing! Russia will not regret them. If we didn’t have such outstanding masters of words as Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, so that we know about the life of the Russian people in the nineteenth century. Their civic feat was that, loving Russia, they were not afraid to show the “dark sides” of Russian society.

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LECTURE PLAN The history of the concept of the poem and its implementation. The basis of the plot. The meaning of the name. The conflict of the poem. Composition of the poem. Genre originality. The purpose of Chichikov’s “negotiation”. Characters of the poem.

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The history of the concept of the poem and its implementation by A.S. Pushkin: “With this ability to guess a person and suddenly make him look like a living person with a few features, with this ability not to start a large essay. It's just a sin! A. S. Pushkin gave Gogol “his own plot, from which he wanted to make something like a poem and which, according to him, he would not give to anyone else.” This was the plot of Dead Souls.

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Letter from Gogol to V.A. Zhukovsky “If I complete this creation the way it needs to be accomplished, then...what a huge, what an original plot. What a diverse bunch? All Rus' will appear in it!”

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V E R S I A Gogol oriented his work towards Homer’s epic and Dante’s “Divine Comedy”, which determined the three-part structure of the poem. The first part (volume 1) was conceived as a presentation and analytical understanding of the “hell” of Russian reality; in the second part (volume 2), Gogol intended to let his heroes pass through “purgatory” in order to depict them in “paradise” in the third (volume 3). Only the 1st volume was completed.

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The plot is based on Chichikov’s arrival in the provincial town with the aim of buying “dead souls”. His journey from one landowner to another.

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The meaning of the title In direct terms, the title goes back to the plot, Chichikov acquires “dead souls” from the landowners Manilov, Nozdryov, Korobochka, Sobakevich, Plyushkin. NoA. Herzentak wrote about the title of the poem: “Dead souls?” This title itself carries something terrifying in itself. And he could not call it anything else: not the revision’s dead souls, but all these Nozdryovs, Manilovs and all the others - these are the dead souls, and we meet them at every step.” Pay attention to this point of view!

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The conflict of the poem “Dead Souls” The conflict of the poem lies in the contradiction of Gogol’s contemporary reality, the spiritual forces of the people and their enslavement.

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The composition of the poem “Dead Souls” “Introduction” to the poem, a sketch of everything that will subsequently be developed by the author (Chichikov’s arrival in the provincial town of N, meeting with officials, preparing the ground for the adventure). The depiction of the provincial city, within its boundaries, completes the description of the owners of the estates, but the central place is given to the depiction of the world of officials. A story about the life fate of the hero of the poem, Chichikov. A depiction of the life of Russian landowners. Chapter 1 The final lines of the poem are dedicated to his beloved homeland: Gogol the patriot sings of the greatness and strength of Russia. Chapter 11 Chapters 2-6 Chapters 7-10

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Genre originality of “Dead Souls” by L.N. Tolstoy: “Dead Souls” is not a novel, not a story - something completely original.” Gogol himself defined the genre of “Dead Souls” as a poem, thereby emphasizing the equality of the epic (narrative) and lyrical principles in his work. The task of the Epic part of the Lyrical part is to show “Although from one side all of Rus'.” Show the author's positive ideal.

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The purpose of the “negotiation” (wholesale purchase) of Chichikov’s scam had strong legal and economic grounds. He expected to receive “two hundred thousand in capital” from the board of trustees by mortgaging his peasants. The first stage of his activity is the acquisition of peasants. The cheapest ones turned out to be “dead souls” - deceased peasants who had not yet been included in the audit tales (an official document according to which landowners contributed the per capita tax of their peasants to the treasury). The census was carried out every 10-15 years. Mindful of the recent cholera epidemic in 1830, Chichikov rightly believed that officials would readily sell “dead souls” in order to avoid paying taxes on them. However, without the land, the deal would have been legally illegal, which is why the word “conclusion” appears in his conversations with city officials: the settlement and development of land in the southern provinces of Russia was encouraged in every possible way, and Chichikov’s move to the Kherson province looked quite plausible.

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Characters of the poem “My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other.” N.V. Gogol. Consistency in the depiction of the degradation of landowners in the poem. Degradation! Gradual deterioration leading to degeneration. Manilov. Box. Nozdrev. Sobakevich. Plyushkin.

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MANILOV Character Traits Projectionism (passion for unrealistic projects). Daydreaming. Lack of character. Sentimentality. Mismanagement.

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BOX Character traits Club-headedness. Petty fussiness. Ignorance. Hoarding (frugality of avarice).

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NOZDREV Character Traits Boasting. Disorder. Impudence. Fair heroism.

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SOBAKEVICH Character Traits Kulaks. Misanthropy. Obscurantism (reactionality, hostility to progress, culture, science). Coarseness. Stinginess.

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The cover of “Dead Souls” was made in the style of a grotesque ornament, combining in a bizarre combination details of everyday life, human heads, skulls, skeletons, which, without a doubt, corresponded to the very grotesque content of the poem and betrayed, as Gogol himself said, “turmoil, turmoil, confusion." Yu. Mann

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The meaning of the title of the poem. Historical. In serf Russia at the beginning of the 18th century, a census of peasants was regularly carried out to collect taxes from their owners. The lists compiled during the audit were called audit tales, and the peasants included in them were called audit souls. Revision tallies were compiled every few years, and the peasants who died during this time continued to be listed as alive until the new census. “Dead souls” are deceased peasants who are still on the audit lists.

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The meaning of the title of the poem. Real. Behind the conventional designation of the deceased - a dead soul - are real peasants, specific people with their own bright characters, whom the landowner has the power to sell or buy. The symbolism of the title sets the contrast between the dead and the living.

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The meaning of the title of the poem. Metaphorical (figurative). A. Herzen: “...It’s not the revisionists who are dead souls, but all these Nozdryovs, Manilovs and all the others – these are dead souls, and we meet them at every step.” “Dead souls” in this case mean deadness, lack of spirituality. Physically, landowners and officials exist. But physical existence is not yet human life. Human life is unthinkable without real spiritual movements. And the “masters of life” are dead. Initially, the title “Dead Souls” was not passed by the censor, so an addition appeared - “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls.”

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Manilov (Chapter II) Portrait “His facial features were not devoid of pleasantness, but this pleasantness seemed to have too much sugar in it; in his techniques and turns there was something ingratiating favor and acquaintance. He smiled enticingly, was blond, with blue eyes.”

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Manilov (Chapter II) Interior There is mismanagement and impracticality everywhere: the house is always lacking something. The furniture was upholstered in smart fabric, but there was not enough for two chairs. Children's names: Themistoclus and Alcides (taken from the history of Ancient Greece). He dreams of building an underground passage across the pond.

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Manilov (Chapter II) Characteristics The “speaking” surname of the landowner is formed from the words “to lure, deceive.” Enthusiastic naivety, daydreaming, carelessness, stupidity and lack of independence are the main features of the landowner. He is not involved in farming and cannot say whether his peasants have died since the last audit. Cares about the prosperity of humanity. The results of his work are empty dreams and “slides of ash knocked out of the pipe, arranged, not without effort, in very beautiful rows.”

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Manilov (Chapter II) Reaction to Chichikov’s proposal At first he was “embarrassed and confused,” and suspected that Chichikov was crazy. He is not used to thinking and does not understand that, thanks to Chichikov, he got involved in a dark and criminal matter. When Chichikov convinced him of the legality of the deal and started talking about the price, Manilov offered to donate the “dead souls” to Chichikov, and take over the deed of purchase himself. He did just that - he handed over a list of his peasants, rolled up and tied with a pink ribbon.

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Box (Chapter III) Portrait “An elderly woman, in some kind of sleeping cap, put on hastily, with a flannel around her neck...” Almost identical details of clothing are repeated in the portrait, but Gogol does not pay attention to the face and eyes, as if they do not exist - this emphasizing her lack of spirituality.

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Box (Chapter III) Interior She has a “pretty village” and a “abundant household”, which she manages herself and devotes a lot of time to farming. A large number of dogs in the village indicates that the owner cares about the safety of her condition. He saves money in bags, but does not know how to manage it - it lies like a dead weight. Bunches of herbs are hung everywhere. Everything is in its place, there are even ropes that “are no longer needed.”

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Box (Chapter III) Characteristics The main feature is petty stinginess. Limited, stubborn, suspicious. The meaning of the surname: the landowner is enclosed in a “box” of her space and her concepts. Economics is her only virtue. Before us is a typical small landowner - the owner of 80 serfs.

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Nozdryov (Chapter IV) Interior The farm is neglected, only the kennel is in excellent condition. An important detail is the barrel organ. Her playing is suddenly interrupted and a waltz or song sounds. As soon as the organ stops sounding, the pipe in it will not calm down. So the restless, violent Nozdryov is ready at any moment to do the unexpected and inexplicable without reason.

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Nozdryov (Chapter IV) Characteristics At 35 years old, Nozdryov is the same as at 18. Lack of development is a sign of inanimateness. Gogol calls him a “historical man” because “wherever he was, history could not be avoided.” He is rude, his speech is filled with curses. Gambler, reveler, frequenter of hot spots. Always ready to go “anywhere, even to the ends of the world.” But all this does not lead to enrichment, but only ruins him. He behaves brazenly, defiantly, aggressively, his energy turns into destructive and scandalous vanity. His main trait is narcissism.

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Sobakevich (Chapter V) Portrait “A Healthy and Strong Man.” Looks like “a medium-sized bear”; “...it seemed that this body had no soul at all, or it had one, but not at all where it should be, but, like the immortal Koshchei, somewhere behind the mountains, and was covered with such a thick shell that everything that was tossing and turning at the bottom and did not produce any shock on the surface.”

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Sobakevich (Chapter V) Interior In the room “everything was solid, awkward... and had some strange resemblance to the owner of the house himself”; in the corner of the living room stood a pot-bellied walnut bureau on ridiculous legs, a perfect bear. The table, armchairs, chairs - everything was of the heaviest and most restless quality.” “Every object seemed to say: “And I, too, are Sobakevich!”

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Sobakevich (Chapter V) Characteristics: A prudent owner. Everything around him is solid, everything is in abundance; in the village everything is sound and reliable, he knows the men and appreciates their work qualities. His strength, health, and sedateness are emphasized. But the soul has only gastronomic requirements. Gravitates towards old, feudal forms of farming. He despises the city and education. The author emphasizes his greed and narrow interests. His main features are rough tight-fistedness and cynicism.

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Plyushkin (Chapter VI) Portrait It is not clear who this is - “a woman or a man.” “...an indefinite dress, similar to a woman’s hood, on the head is a cap, like that worn by village courtyard women...”; “...the small eyes had not yet gone out and ran from under the high ingrown eyebrows, like mice...” (this detail emphasizes not human liveliness, but the nimbleness and suspicion of the animal).

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Plyushkin (Chapter VI) Interior The estate is an “extinct place”; only the beautiful garden, which emphasizes the tragedy of desolation and extinction, reminds of life here. The master's house looks like a "decrepit invalid", it is sad, dark, dusty, blowing cold, as if from a cellar; a mess, a lot of rubbish in the corner. An important detail is the stopped clock (time has stopped here). There is a lot of everything on the farm, but everything is lost, everything is in disrepair. The peasants are poor, “dying like flies,” and dozens are on the run.

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Plyushkin (Chapter VI) Characteristics The surname emphasizes the “flattening”, distortion of the character and his soul. Only this landowner is given a biography, it is shown how the process of degradation took place. The story about Plyushkin's past makes his image tragic. Gogol calls Plyushkin “a hole in humanity.”

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Classification of officials Gogol divides officials into lower, thin and fat, and gives a sarcastic description of each group. The “lowest” are nondescript clerks and secretaries (usually bitter drunkards). “Thin” – middle layer. “Fat” are the provincial nobility, cleverly extracting considerable income from their high position.

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Portraits of officials Ivan Antonovich Kuvshinnoe Rylo is a typical official who extorts bribes from visitors, taking advantage of his position. The governor is a good-natured person who embroiders on tulle (there is nothing more to say about him as a leader). The prosecutor is a person who always mindlessly signs papers. At the funeral, Chichikov involuntarily comes to the idea that the only thing the deceased is remembered for is his thick black eyebrows.

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“The Tale of Captain Kopeikin” (Chapter X) Plot connection The story of the captain is told by the postmaster, wanting to convince the officials that Chichikov is none other than Captain Kopeikin. However, his story did not convince anyone. At first glance, this chapter has nothing to do with the plot of the work (there are no common characters or connections between events), but the theme of the death of the human soul is the main one here too.

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“The Tale of Captain Kopeikin” (Chapter X) Who is Captain Kopeikin Captain Kopeikin is a disabled person from the war of 1812, a simple and honest man. Despite his injuries and military achievements, the war hero does not even have the pension due to him. Trying to find help in the capital, he encounters bureaucracy and indifference. The minister to whom he turned ordered the impudent petitioner to be expelled from the capital. Kopeikin had no choice but to lead a gang of robbers in the Ryazan forests.

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Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov (Chapter XI) Father’s order “... please your teachers and bosses. If you please your boss, then, even though you don’t have time in science and God hasn’t given you talent, you will put everything into action and get ahead of everyone. Don’t hang out with your comrades, they won’t teach you any good; and if it comes to that, hang out with those who are richer, so that on occasion you can be useful. Don’t treat or treat anyone, but behave better so that you will be treated, and most of all, take care and save a penny: this thing is more reliable than anything in the world. A comrade or friend will deceive you and in trouble he will be the first to give you away, but a penny will not give you away... You will do everything and you will ruin everything in the world with a penny.”

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Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov (Chapter XI) At the service Having started his service, he managed to stand out among the nondescript employees, “representing the complete opposite in everything, both with his attractiveness of face, and the friendliness of his voice, and his complete non-drinking of any strong drinks.” To advance in his career, he pleased his boss, “fell in love” with his daughter and became a noticeable person. Having lost a “warm” place, I changed two or three places of work, and “got to customs.” He pulled off a risky operation, in which he first got rich, and then lost almost everything.

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“Dead” souls in the poem Landowners The entire gallery of landowners are bright, individual, memorable characters. Despite all their external diversity, their essence is the same: while they own the living souls of the peasants, they themselves are dead souls. Neither the empty dreamer Manilov, nor the strong-minded housewife Korobochka, nor Sobakevich, who resembles a landowner-kulak, can be called a “living soul.” Using the example of Plyushkin’s life story, the author convinces that a person is not born with a “dead” soul - death occurs when a person submits himself to the prevailing laws in society and betrays the ideals of youth.

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“Dead” souls in Chichikov’s poem Chichikov turned out to be more greedy than Korobochka, more callous than Sobakevich, more impudent than Nozdryov in his desire for acquisition. He differs from the landowners in his entrepreneurial spirit - he is a civilized scoundrel, the master of life. The calculation made him a “dead” soul. His ideal is a penny, marriage for him is a good deal, his passions are purely material. Having quickly figured out a person, he knows how to find an approach to everyone. Gogol shows the appearance in Russian life of a man without family or title, who is trying to make money with the help of intelligence, resourcefulness, and opportunism.

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“Dead” souls in the poem Officials They are impersonal. Their deadness is shown in the ball scene: no people are visible, satins, muslins, hats, tailcoats, uniforms, shoulders, necks, ribbons are everywhere. Their interests are focused on gossip, gossip, vanity and envy. They differ from each other only in the size of the bribe. The only sign of individuality is a wart (“their faces were full and round, some even had warts”). In the episode of the prosecutor’s death, those around him realized that he “had a real soul” only when he became “only a soulless body.”

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The “living” souls in the poem are peasants. The world of “dead” souls is opposed in the poem by the lyrical image of folk Russia. Gogol deeply feels the living soul of the people, speaks of the people's prowess, courage, and love for a free life. One cannot help but feel how dramatically even the tone of the author’s speech changes. It contains both sad reflections and a gentle joke. The theme of the people runs through all chapters of the poem. The tragic fate of a disadvantaged people is clearly visible in the images of serfs. Complete dullness and savagery brings slavery to man.

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Theme of the road The symbol of human life Gogol perceives life as a difficult path, full of trials, hardships, at the end of which bitter loneliness awaits. But the writer does not consider life aimless; he is full of consciousness of his duty to the Motherland. The image of the road is an independent cross-cutting image in the poem (the poem begins with it and ends with it).

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Theme of the road The Fate of Russia is “bird-three” “Bird-three” is a symbol of the national element of Russian life, a symbol of the great path of Russia on a global scale. The rapid flight of the “three bird” is contrasted with the monotonous circling from landowner to landowner of Chichikov’s chaise.

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N.V. GOGOL POEM “DEAD SOULS” Teacher Borisova N.I.

Plot development chapter 1. Chichikov's arrival in the provincial town. Exposition. The beginning. Chapter 2 Chichikov in the Manilov estate. Chapter 3 Chichikov at Korobochka. Chapter 4 Chichikov at the inn and in Nozdryov’s house. Lyrical digressions, inserted episodes and scenes Discussion about “thin and thick”. Reasoning about two types of characters. “On the shades and subtleties of treatment.” Thought about the survivability of the Nozdryovs. Teacher Borisova N.I.

Chapter 5 Chichikov at the Sobakevich estate. Chapter 6 Chichikov at Plyushkin's. Chapter 7 Chichikov in the city. In the civil chamber. Chapter 8 The governor's ball. Climax. Chichikov is a millionaire. Catastrophe. Chichikov "about a glorious grandmother." The author "about the apt Russian word" and the "glib Russian mind." The author's memories of his youth. Reflections on a person “And how insignificant...” About two writers. About the peasants bought by Chichikov. About the power of the police officer. Teacher Borisova N.I.

Chapter 9 Troubles in the city. Chapter 10 Confusion of officials. Chapter 11 Chichikov's flight from the city. About the revolt of the peasants of the Lousy-Arrogance estate. The Tale of Captain Kopeikin. "Rus! Rus!" The road... A story about Kif Mokeevich and his son. Discussion about the virtuous hero and the scoundrel hero. Troika. Teacher Borisova N.I.

Lord's house. Estate. Village. Portrait. Farming. Interior. Dinner. Talk about selling “dead souls.”

Manilov There is nothing negative in Manilov... He did not do anything reprehensible, because he did not do anything at all. But there is nothing positive in him, any inclinations in him have completely died.

Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna The image of Korobochka contains the type of “club-headed” stubborn person, ossified and deadened in his limitations. But this “dullness” in its definiteness is better than Manilov’s emptiness - neither smart nor stupid, neither good nor evil

Nozdryov Nozdryov is a braggart, talker, reckless and rowdy, reveler and arguer. Gogol brings Chichikov and Nozdryov together in a tavern on the road, and the writer’s road symbolizes the path to the future, which means there is hope for salvation for this hero.

Sobakevich Sobakevich’s thriftiness seems to be projected onto the image of the stingy Plyushkin, condensing in the latter to the extreme. Nevertheless, Sobakevich is the first in a series of Gogol’s types who correlates with the heroes of the second volume, where the heroes should appear, if not ideal, but already cleared of many passions.

Plyushkin Plyushkin's main traits are stinginess, greed, wariness and suspicion. But his passion for hoarding is a consequence of loneliness. It was he who, according to N.V. Gogol’s plan, should have appeared morally reborn.

Delicate like Manilov Capable of saving like Korobochka Chichikov correlates with all the heroes of the poem Can go on a spree and lie no worse than Nozdryov Stingy and businesslike like Sobakevich In thriftiness he will not yield to Plyushkin

Characters of the poem. “My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other” N.V. Gogol. Consistency in the depiction of the degradation of landowners in the poem. Degradation! Gradual deterioration leading to degeneration. Manilov. Box. Nozdrev. Sobakevich. Plyushkin.

Teacher Borisova N.I.