Folk toy from different countries. Chewing gum for hands and eco-sets for a young gardener A project about the characteristics of toys of different nations

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Toys of the peoples of the world

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As soon as the first master on earth created his first doll, our lives for many millennia are inextricably linked with these mysterious and enigmatic creatures: dolls met a person at birth and accompanied him to the afterlife, dolls lived in palaces and temples, in the halls of noble nobles and in the shacks of poor peasants. Many songs and poems are dedicated to dolls; the most daring outfits were sewn for them and the most intimate secrets were entrusted to them. The doll is created in the image and likeness of a person. Even in ancient Rome, dolls were used in the same way as fashion magazines are used now - they were sent from the capital to the provinces so that ancient fashionistas were aware of the latest trends.

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Now you and I will not be able to answer the question of when, in what century the first doll was created. It is only known that the oldest mammoth bone figure with movable limbs, found in Czechoslovakia, is 30-35 thousand years old. In Egypt, Greece, Italy and other countries, dolls with joints in the joints and real hair were found in excavations of ancient settlements. According to researchers, the very first dolls were directly related to the cult of death. The doll represented a deceased body that was buried after the funeral of the real deceased; it was believed that this would not give him the opportunity to return from the afterlife and harm the living. Later, in many tribes, after the death of a relative, a custom arose of making a wooden doll, which subsequently became a refuge for the soul of the deceased; the doll was presented with gifts, protected and worshiped, cared for as if it were a living person. In some African tribes this tradition has survived to this day. It is in Africa that echoes of the ancient Egyptian funeral cult have survived to this day. Africans firmly believe that dolls made in a special way help the soul in the afterlife.

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Bogorodskaya toy

There are several legends about the appearance of the Bogorodsk toy. One says that in a village located near Sergiev Posad, a peasant woman made a doll from wood chips for her children. When the children got bored with the doll, the father took it to the fair, where the merchant liked it. The merchant asked the peasant to make more of these toys. So the residents of the village of Bogorodskoye began making wooden toys. According to another legend, Sergei of Radonezh was the first to make wooden toys in order to give them to children. One way or another, the development of folk crafts in the village of Bogorodskoye was greatly influenced by the Trinity-Sergius Monastery with its developed carving business and established sales of wooden toys.

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In addition to brightly painted static figures of people and animals, the Bogorodians learned to make dynamic figures. These were prancing hussars, dapper officers, chickens pecking grains. The Bogorodians loved to make various horsemen - Cossacks, generals, hunters. Interesting are the figures of ordinary soldiers beating cymbals or merrily beating drums. Ordinary people were usually depicted at work - a spinner was spinning yarn, a shoemaker was making shoes, an old man was weaving bast shoes.

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The favorite animal of the Bogorodians was the bear, which took an active part in various works - it could play musical instruments, bend arcs, and forge metal. The “Blacksmiths” toy, in which a bear and a man are knocking with hammers, has become a symbol of the Bogorodsk toy. Some toys also had practical value - they could be used to crack nuts. Usually it was a figurine of a gentleman or a soldier; it was such a nutcracker that became the prototype of the hero of Hoffmann’s famous fairy tale. Simple devices that made toys move delighted not only children, but also their parents. In addition to springs, toys were made on movable slats held together with nails. As soon as you pull the ends of the bars, you will see how the figures come to life - a fisherman catches fish, bunnies gnaw carrots. This is how the famous “Blacksmiths” are made.

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Nenets dolls

Dolls have long been associated with otherworldly forces; they possessed a certain energy. Among the Nenets peoples, it is not customary to draw eyes, noses, and ears on dolls, since the doll is not alive and cannot be seen, otherwise it could take away the child’s soul. It was believed that, having acquired human features, the doll could come to life and scare the baby. The Nenets peoples considered the bird to be their mother-ancestor, so they took the bird’s beak to make dolls. It was believed that this is how they protect their children from evil and various misfortunes. The Komi-Permyaks made dolls from grass, straw, and various wood chips. Interesting are the dolls made from scraps, without the use of needles and threads. Such toys were also considered a talisman. Poles that were wrapped in a piece of fabric or canvas were also used.

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The northern peoples held dolls in high esteem; they showed remarkable creativity in their manufacture. Nenets girls were married off early. It was considered a good sign when the bride brought many dolls to her husband’s house (up to a hundred of them happened) - this meant that there would be many children in the family. In the fall, dolls were made from bags filled with grain. In winter, children played with such dolls, and in spring, the grain went to sowing. There was a belief that grain filled with positive children's energy would give good shoots and a large harvest. Sick children were given dolls made of combed flax to play with. According to legends, the disease went into the flax, after which the doll had to be burned. Any toy made with your own hands is endowed with the energy of the person making it. A loving mother, when making a doll, puts a piece of her soul into it. Perhaps this is why Nenets dolls were not only considered, but were actually a talisman for children.

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Kites

Kites are an ancient invention. Chinese manuscripts tell of kites made in various forms, painted with bright colors even before the new era. Kites were not only in China, but also in many other eastern countries (Japan, Korea and others). Regardless of these countries, kites appeared in Greece in the 4th century BC. And in 906, Prince Oleg used kites during the capture of Constantinople.

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The Story of the Tin Soldier

It’s hard to imagine now what the steadfast tin soldier, the hero of Andersen’s fairy tale, really looked like, and what the story of his appearance is. But, clearly, this story goes back to ancient times. Figures of warriors were found in the tombs of Chinese emperors and Egyptian pharaohs. On the chessboard and the commander's table one could also see a warrior figurine. In the Middle Ages, when training young men in military affairs, figures of knights with accurate reproductions of weapons were used. From the 14th century, such figurines began to be collected. Most European monarchs were fond of this.

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In the 17th century, two types of figurines began to be produced, as a toy and as a visual aid used in training princes. Famous royal collections were most often made of silver. Thus, Marie de Medici gave her son, who soon became Louis XIII, 300 silver soldiers. Napoleon gave his son 120 figurines of Corsican volunteers, who became famous in 1800 in one of the battles. For mass production, figurines began to be made from tin. One of the founders of tin military miniatures is considered to be Ernst Gottfried Hilpert, who in the 70s of the 18th century established mass production of tin figurines. The figures had realistic poses, the details were carefully worked out. So ordinary people got a new hobby. And the French master Lucote in the second half of the 18th century made three-dimensional soldiers from tin from several parts, thanks to which it was possible to change the poses of the figures. In Paris, at the very beginning of the 19th century, the CBJ company was created, which exists to this day and produces three-dimensional soldiers. The Napoleonic Wars led to a boom in the production of tin soldiers. The figures acquired artistic and historical accuracy. Kings, famous generals, and original uniforms of various armies were copied.

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Ernst Heinrichsen in 1839 took the initiative to give the figures uniform sizes - a foot soldier was 32 mm, and a horse soldier was 44 mm, without headdress. This is exactly what Andersen's famous tin soldier was. In the middle of the last century, a new international standard was approved - to make figures on a scale of 1:32 or 50-60 mm. This size allows you to more accurately reproduce small details of uniforms and weapons, and preserve the portrait features of famous historical figures.

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A porcelain doll

The first porcelain dolls appeared in the 19th century. Moreover, we use fired unglazed porcelain, since it most closely resembles human skin. Porcelain dolls were produced in Germany, Denmark and France. In 1880, a porcelain baby doll, Bebe Jumeau, appeared and drove all the kids crazy. She looked very much like a lovely little girl with huge eyes and plump legs. This was the first baby doll that could be looked after. Before this, all dolls depicted only adults. Even special magazines were published where patterns of dresses for Bebe, boots, hats and handbags and other accessories were printed. And later these dolls even spoke (they had a special sound mechanism built into them).

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German porcelain dolls provided serious competition to French ones. The price of German dolls was much lower. In addition, the Germans found new faces and characters for their charges. And in the 1900s, the German company Kamer and Reinhard began producing so-called realistic dolls. Later, cheaper and more accessible rag and plastic dolls appeared. But they failed to surpass their porcelain rivals in popularity, beauty, or realism. It is porcelain dolls that excite the imagination of all girls: they have big eyes, long fluffy eyelashes, fairy-tale princess dresses...

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Ningyo - Japanese dolls

In Japan there is a special attitude towards dolls. If throughout the world they are considered children's play, then in Japan dolls were never toys as such, but had a special religious and mystical meaning. It is no coincidence that one of the names of Japan is “the land of ten thousand dolls.” For the inhabitants of this island state, dolls have always been talismans that bring good luck, beauty and health. Therefore, a doll is still considered one of the best gifts. Japanese dolls are made from various materials - wood, paper, fabrics, clay, even fresh flowers. Each type of doll is intended for a specific occasion and has its own name. We will tell you about the most popular and common types of dolls.

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Hina-ningyo are dolls that are made for the special holiday of Hinamatsuri, which translates as “girls’ holiday.” These dolls depict representatives of the imperial family. They are made from expensive materials, so they are of great value and are usually passed down from generation to generation. There is an ancient Japanese custom - in houses where there are girls, there are exhibitions of richly dressed dolls that depict the life of the imperial court. This doll is considered one of the best gifts for the birth of a girl. For Children's Day or Boys' Day (in Japanese, Tango no Shoku), they also make special dolls - Musya-ningyo or Gogatsu-ningyo. These dolls depict samurai and various historical heroes in armor. Gosho-ningyo - mascot dolls for a long journey. They are usually made of wood or clay and depict children. Hakata-ningyo are designer, very expensive dolls that I make from bisque ceramics in a single copy. Kiku-ningyo are dolls almost as tall as a person, they are made from fresh chrysanthemums on a bamboo frame. They are used to decorate autumn holidays and festivals. Ball-jointed dolls are modern Japanese dolls made from porcelain-like plastic. They completely copy living people, except that they don’t breathe. Ningyo - these unique creations of masters from Japan can tell a lot about their people, their characteristics, character and history and answer the question why not only children, but also adults in Japan love to play with dolls so much.

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Amazing netsuke - toys, amulets and works of art

When and where the first netsuke appeared are two questions that have remained the most controversial and discussed among lovers of Japanese antiques for several decades. The most common version is that netsuke was invented in the land of the rising sun in the sixteenth century. Until the end of the Edo period (1615-1868), shells, stones and pieces of wood of suitable size and shape with natural holes, nuts, pieces of bone were used along with netsuke made by professional carvers. There were also netsuke in the form of a gourd. There is an assumption that the first netsuke of Kyoto carvers looked like figures fifteen or more centimeters in length. Their prototype was the Malay ornate knife handles. These netsuke depicted the sennin, the demon lord Shoki, the goddess Kannon, and the legendary heroes of Chinese mythology. Netsuke of this shape eventually went out of fashion; they were remembered only in the second half of the eighteenth century. It was during this period that the second wave of netsuke craze arose. There is a popular belief that netsuke brings happiness and drives away bad luck from home forever. Netsuke began to be used as amulets, and real works of art were created from wood, ivory, or metal. These include figures of gods, fairies, sages, animals and birds. The use of netsuke begins to become more functional: with their help, essential things such as a tobacco pouch, a pipe, and keys are attached to the kimono belt. It is this role that netsuke owes its name - netsuke, counterweight, keychain.

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Over time, netsuke falls into the hands of children and becomes a favorite toy, which parents are happy to give to them for games, in the hope that they will bring happiness to their children and protect them from adversity and illness. Children are specially given various netsuke - images of the Sage Daruma, who bestowed fortitude, fortitude and courage, Daikoku with a bag of magic rice promised wealth, and Ebisu with a magic carp in his hands - good luck (just as it is difficult to catch a carp with your bare hands, it is also difficult to achieve peace of mind ).The double figurine of Daikoku and Ebisu bestowed happiness and good luck, going hand in hand. Shousin, the god of happiness, held ginseng root (health) and a magical peach (longevity). Hotei - another god of happiness, fun and communication - was depicted in different ways, sitting or standing, but always smiling. He fulfilled his cherished wish. To do this, you had to stroke his stomach three hundred times, while thinking about something desired. On the way, the children were given Futen with them - the uncle of the fair wind, who brings good luck along the way. He carried a bag behind his back and smiled serenely... As many people as there are netsuke - and each personifies human dreams of happiness, health, love and wealth... Years go by, but my sages do not change, they still look mockingly and patronizingly at our world, protecting and making it better. Eternal and unchanging, like the ocean washing the shores of their homeland, mysterious and incomprehensible Japan.

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Indian dolls

Man is a divine creation, and he should not forget this when he reproduces his image, even if this image is just a doll. But in India, a doll has never been just a toy - something used, designed only to occupy and entertain a child. Whether it is an ancient figurine from the Indus Valley, or a figurine of a deity that parents make for a child from scraps in order to gradually introduce him to the spiritual tradition - all this is a cross-section of Vedic culture, all this is a living tradition, which is based on the same thought: peace - this is a canvas in which there are no random threads, no unnecessary details. If you break one thread, you will disrupt the harmony of the world.

Maharaja doll. 1930-1940s

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The dolls' costumes, the main semantic element, are particularly detailed. They are not made from scraps, but are woven specifically for each character and are absolutely proportional to the figures. The sari of a woman from Gujarat is made using the knot painting technique; the figurine from Kashmir wears a Muslim outfit made of woolen fabric (not very typical for India), and a miniature Kashmiri shawl. Costumes are traditional clothing of different peoples. The original inhabitants of India are characterized by unstitched clothing - saris, dhoti (men's clothing made from a strip of fabric, draped on the legs in a special way), dupattas (scarf-capes), bedspreads, turbans. People who once came to India are more accustomed to wearing kurtas (jackets), shalwars, cholis (short blouses), and gharas (skirts).

Doll from Rajasthan. 1940s

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We can call Indian dolls little ambassadors, works of art, ethnographic exhibits, representatives of the Vedic tradition of India, but not a single concept can fully characterize them. Like any ambassadors, they represent only a small cross-section of the culture behind them. Like any works of art, they appeal to the hearts of viewers, making them think about the beauty of the world. As representatives of the oldest tradition, they can only hint at the philosophy hidden behind it. And yet they continue to be a mystery. We call them dolls because we can't find another word.

Indian couple dolls in folk clothes

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Dolls from Rajasthan, India

Bride doll from Punjab, India

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Corn doll. Native American Corn Doll

The tradition of Indians making dolls from corn leaves goes back almost 1000 years. Such dolls are most famous among the Iroquois tribes. Brittle dried leaves were soaked in water, after which they became soft, and figures of men were woven from them. Such dolls were made for both girls and boys. Making various things for dolls helped children master many crafts needed in adulthood. The girls' dolls were given cradles, hoes, dishes and other things necessary for women's activities. Boys' dolls were given weapons, oars, boats and other equipment of warriors and hunters. All these parts were also made from corn leaves, weaving, twisting and stitching them.

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The very first corn dolls were very simple - a few bunches of corn leaves tied together. Later, when the Indians began to acquire European goods - fabrics, beads, items of European clothing, the clothes of the dolls became more complex and varied, they more and more carefully copied the clothes of real people. A distinctive feature of corn dolls is their lack of faces. At most, a reddish blush on the cheeks, and even then extremely rarely. This fact is explained by a legend.

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Many years ago, one of the Three Sisters, Corn, wanted to do something special for the people who held her and her sisters, Bean and Pumpkin, in such high esteem. The Great Spirit blessed her and she made a small doll from her leaves. This doll was supposed to entertain children and help them. The doll turned out to be very beautiful and performed its duties successfully. People were happy about her and often said how beautiful she was. And one day the doll saw its reflection in the water, and, forgetting about people, admired its beauty for a long time. Then the Great Spirit reminded her of what it was created for, and the doll returned to the children, but not for long. Someone again reminded her how beautiful she was, and the doll again forgot about the children. She became arrogant and arrogant. And again the Great Spirit reminded the beauty of her purpose, but she no longer listened to him, but only admired her reflection in the water. Then the Great Spirit sent a giant Owl, and it snatched the beauty’s reflection from the water and carried it away. Again and again the doll looked into the water, but could no longer see anything. Her beautiful face disappeared. Since then, the doll must fulfill its purpose - to play with children, and perhaps for this the Great Spirit will forgive her and return her face.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Krestovo-Gorodishchenskaya secondary school. Lesson topic: Toys of the peoples of the world. MHC teacher: Klementyeva T. A. 2012

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Lesson plan. A toy, its meaning and types of toys. Japanese traditional dolls. 2.1. Puppet festival on Girls' Day (Hina Matsuri) 2.2. The first day of the Horse is a holiday for boys. 3. Russian folk toy 3.1. Kargopol toy of folk craftsmen of the North. 3.2. Dymkovo toy. 3.3. Filimonovskaya clay toy. 3.4. Matryoshka.

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A children's toy is a very ancient and complex phenomenon of human culture... A toy created by adults is an object that, by organizing and accompanying the game, should serve the physical and intellectual development of the child. Types of toys: sound (sensory) toys - rattles, rattles, whistles. motor (motor) - ball, top, rocking horse, etc. figurative toys - dolls and toys depicting animals.

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Great thinkers have long paid attention to children's toys. Aristotle insisted that, in the interests of education, suitable toys should be invented for children, otherwise children would begin to break things in the house. The philosopher Architas became famous for inventing a rattle for children. Lafaret came up with a game of wooden bricks for children's construction projects. According to Plato, Locke, Froebel and others, children’s favorite toys can serve as the first test for an inquisitive mind and character.

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2. Japanese traditional dolls. In Japan, there are toys intended not for playing, but for looking at. These dolls are made for various traditional Japanese holidays. They are made from various materials - wood, clay, fabric, paper, straw. The tradition of making such dolls dates back a whole millennium.

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Traditional Japanese doll, Warrior Girl with Drum. Japan, 1960s Tea ceremony, large interior composition. Original work, 1960s.

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2.1.Doll Festival on Girls' Day (Hina Matsuri) Every year on March 3, a girls' festival is held in Japan. The day before, in houses where there are daughters, a stand in the form of steps is installed in the living room, on which dolls are placed. These dolls are not simple - they depict members of the imperial court. Each doll has its own strictly defined place on the stand: the emperor and empress rise above everyone

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On this day, little girls go to visit their mothers, give each other gifts, treat themselves to sweets, and admire dolls. After the end of the holiday, the dolls are wrapped in paper and put away in a box until next year. And the origin of this holiday is associated with witchcraft and healing. Once upon a time, during a ritual of cleansing the soul and body, a person blew on a paper or straw doll, rubbed his body with it, and then the doll supposedly took away diseases and ailments. Then the doll was thrown into the river so that the flow of water would carry away the doll, and with it all the bad things.

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Modern Puppet Festival The modern Puppet Festival in Japan is a beautiful spectacle that annually attracts millions of tourists from all over the world. The Doll Festival is celebrated in early March, during which time the weather in Japan is very warm and blessed. Every Japanese house on this day is obliged to display its most beautiful dolls on the window. In addition, citywide festive events are held where the most beautiful dolls are exhibited. These days, be sure to buy yourself dolls; it is believed that they will bring good luck and will protect the house until the next Hina Ma Tsuri.

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The boys' holiday is celebrated on the 5th day of the 5th month according to the lunar calendar and, like the girls' holiday, has several names. One of them - Tango no sekku (Horse First Day Festival) - was chosen because the horse symbolizes courage, courage, courage, i.e. all the qualities that a young man must have to become a worthy warrior. 2.2. The first day of the Horse is a holiday for boys.

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Originated in China during the Han dynasty (3rd century BC - 3rd century AD). During the holiday, medicinal herbs were collected and ritual dolls were made from wormwood in order to ward off illnesses from the child. On this day, all sorts of “sports” competitions were held: competitions of horsemen, archers, etc. Also, around this time, farmers placed scarecrows in colorful costumes in their fields to protect their crops from birds. Gradually, these figures began to be made more carefully; they often depicted warriors. In the end, they began to be perceived not so much as protection for the future harvest, but as amulets for children, and they were no longer displayed in the field, but kept at home.

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3. Russian folk toy. Modern psychologists believe that a toy is not just entertainment, a means of physical development and learning, but that a toy is a cultural object. Some even write that toys can be used to judge the state of a society’s culture. Problems of spiritual education and social adaptation are solved with the help of toys.

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On the territory of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, archaeologists discovered wooden boats, tops, birds, rattles, pipes, pottery, figurines of people, whistles, images of animals, etc.

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Many people know, for example, that dolls have never had their faces drawn, fearing that a toy with a face would begin to come to life, thereby disturbing the precarious world balance (it is no coincidence that the inanimate object “doll” in Russian is grammatically an animate noun). The folk toy “remembers” its ritual origin. The fact is that in ancient times the same figurine could be both a toy and a child’s amulet.

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Forgotten common folk toys TARAKHTUSHKA, that is, rattles, were made from various materials: from wood in the form of a turned ball; on a wooden leg, and peas or small NIGHTINGALE pebbles were placed inside. This is a clay pot, the size of an apple. It has a spout, like a teapot, and several holes, fills with water and, when blown, creates a melody that distracts and amuses the child. Howlers. They were obtained from acacia fruits and straws. By tightly pulling a wheatgrass leaf, a ribbon, a leaf of birch bark, bark, or stems, you can produce a piercing squeaking sound. KUBAR. A small wooden ball or cylinder on a short leg, similar to a top, was launched along the floor, ground or ice. DZYK. They take an ordinary button, insert a thin stick into the hole, one end of which is pointed, and the other is grasped with the fingers and set in motion - a slight buzzing occurs. RATCHETS. There are two types: a wooden roller with a handle and a ratchet made of 10-15 planks. DOLLS. Dolls quickly improved, from wood to wax, clay and porcelain. They always tried to bring the doll closer to a real female image and even came up with moving arms, legs, and eyes. Among the Slavs, the doll had a deep meaning - it protected and resembled the idol - Bereginya - a magnificent doll and was placed above the porch, on the windows. Later, fever dolls were popular in Russia. The housewife always sewed 12 pieces - for 12 months of the year against 12 terrible diseases. She sewed to please the Lichomaniacs, the shakers, that is, she appeased the spirits of various diseases. Each had its own name

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It is probably quite difficult now to meet a person who would not be attracted to the dolls of the peoples of the world. Why? As a matter of fact, there are several reasons for this.

Of course, first of all I would like to emphasize the unusualness and originality of this type of toy. But in cultural terms, its role is generally difficult to overestimate. Agree, a collection of dolls from the peoples of the world can perfectly acquaint schoolchildren, and even adults, with the customs, traditions and beliefs of representatives of completely different parts of our planet. Maybe this is where the secret of popularity lies? Let's try to figure it out together.

What is it - the largest collection of dolls of the world's peoples?

Dolls are present in one way or another in the life of every person. True, this happens more often in childhood, and especially in girls. One way or another, you will not meet anyone now who cannot give a more or less intelligible definition of this concept.

Some adults also do not part with them, because for us, you see, a doll can perform several functions at once. For example, to act as a piece of childhood, a talisman, an addition to the interior, or even an amazing piece of a carefully assembled collection.

Today, collectors have become the real hunters for such toys. They are interested in rare dolls in costumes of the peoples of the world, they monitor the release of new models, and scrupulously take care of their already found samples.

It's no secret that a true collector allows himself to spend considerable money on acquiring more and more new things. There are such collections of dolls that may well be considered a real historical and cultural value.

The most famous collectors in Moscow are E. Loseva and N. Bartram. Their rare dolls in costumes of the peoples of the world became the basis for the creation of the Moscow Toy Museum. Also very famous is the Vakhtanov collection, which consists of modern art pieces.

In addition, many collectors became famous thanks to Barbie, which became mega-popular in the 1990s. The largest collection of such sophisticated girls with gorgeous hair belongs to Leonid Celluloid Boy.

It should be noted that the Barbie collection in Germany, owned by B. Dorfman, currently includes 6,025 models, 4,000 were collected by I. Riebel in Holland, but in the UK the largest collection belongs to T. Matia.

In addition to modern specimens, collectors also collect other species. For example, the owner and author of the largest collection of valuable items that are surprisingly similar to famous people is the artist O. Powell. T. Finnanger from Norway became famous for creating tildes. And the scary monster dolls uglies brought worldwide popularity to their designers D. Horvath and S. Kim.

How and when did the first toys of this kind appear?

Dolls of different nations have a very long and rich history. As you know, even ancient people gave their children to play, though not with dolls in the modern sense of the word, but with various pebbles and pieces of wood. But the children of the Persians and Indian tribes already had real fairies, witches and sorceresses, made of wood or fabric with drawn eyes.

In addition, we should not forget that in ancient times, some dolls of the peoples of the world, photos of which can now be found in almost every encyclopedia, were an integral part of religious rituals, and children were strictly forbidden to play with them.

The first children's dolls were found in Egypt. Their age is approximately 4500 years. They were decorated with beads, had real hair and moving arms and legs.

In Ancient Greece and Rome, a toy with figurines of soldiers inside was extremely popular among boys. The items were made from clay and wax and brightly colored.

In antiquity, these figurines had already begun to be made from expensive materials, and among them the most expensive was considered to be the one made of ivory.

Dolls of the peoples of Russia are most often identified with toys made from rags or straw.

Puppet theater on the city streets

This unusual type of ideas originates from pagan rituals used to worship the gods. Initially, it was present in the form of short farcical miniatures with nasty statements towards the highest persons in Ancient Egypt in the 16th century. BC e., and in Ancient Rome - in the 2nd century. BC e.

A little later, starting around the 11th century. n. e., in Europe, in Catholic churches, parishioners with particular zeal began to organize evangelical dramatizations with the main character in the form of the Virgin Mary. True, it should be noted that these scenes caused great disapproval among local authorities and were under the strictest ban.

At the end of the 16th century. In the squares and fairs, the image of a stupid, obscene, but brave, simple-minded, dexterous and quick-witted glutton and lout named Pulcinella was created, with whom the era of European dolls began.

In England, by the way, such a hero became the rogue and brawler Patch, who was always quarreling with his wife. In France, the favorite character was the hunchback and bully Polichinelle, who was not at all able to keep secrets. In Germany - the vulgar simpleton Kasperl with rude jokes. In the Czech Republic, the favorite hero was the good-natured joker and joker Kasparek, known for his strong words.

Note that such characters were present among almost all nations. For example, Denmark is often associated with Mester Jaeckel, the Netherlands with Jan Klaassen, Greece with Fazoulis, etc.

But in Russia, the jester and brawler Parsley gained particular popularity and love.

Features of Japanese toys

It is impossible to even imagine the dolls of the peoples of the world without the Japanese Kokeshi.

Initially, it had no limbs and looked very much like a Russian nesting doll. Such dolls were made from cherry, dogwood and maple, and then, by hand, they were painted with floral and plant motifs.

At first, Kokeshi was used by shamans to perform ritual ceremonies and funerals. However, over time, they began to be given to children and made from wood, scraps and paper.

In the 20th century so-called large sizes appeared, reminiscent of geishas, ​​with hand-embroidered kimonos. They were lavishly decorated with gold thread and precious stones.

Culture of the Eskimos and Nenets. Doll of the peoples of the North

For a very long time, the Nenets and Eskimos used various kinds of figurines to communicate with otherworldly forces. These toys were without eyes, ears, mouth and nose.

It was believed that dolls of this type of peoples of the world had a special energy, and, having a drawn face, could come to life and frighten small children. Families of the northern peoples had a large number of dolls, and the dowry of young girls necessarily included dozens of such items.

To preserve culture, they were later given a face and robe in the form

Slavic specimens

The Slavs made dolls from literally everything. If necessary, straw, clay, ash, rags and tree bark were used... People considered these figures to be amulets.

For example, the Slavs believed that a toy made from flax would ward off all illnesses from a child, and a “ten-handled toy” would bring happiness and prosperity to the family; prosperity would come with a “krupenichka” filled with grain. By the way, different grains had their own meaning: rice - holiday, buckwheat - wealth, pearl barley - satiety, oats - strength.

“Towers” ​​made from a bunch of clipped grass were also popular, and older girls loved to play with dolls made from rags.

African dolls

In Africa, dolls dressed in costumes of the peoples of the world, in this case the African continent, were passed down from generation to generation. They were handcrafted from grass or carved from wood. Then the products were decorated with colorful outfits, beads and bracelets.

Mostly African dolls were dressed in traditional outfits and depicted adult married women. But shamans separately made special ritual figurines for their rituals.

Russian doll

Matryoshka is considered the Russian national painted doll of our country. Not everyone knows that it originates in China, but they began to be made in Russia after the end of the 19th century. A. Mamontova brought to Moscow a figurine of a Japanese old man, which opened up.

In the middle of the first there was the same figurine, only smaller in size, and behind it there was another and another. The figures opened until the tiniest one was revealed at the bottom of the last one.

Russian craftsmen created and painted a toy consisting of eight figures. They all depicted a woman, and on the smallest one they painted a baby. They named the toy Matryoshka in honor of the most popular name in Moscow at that time - Matryona.

Beauty of the last century: Barbie doll

A doll named Barbie is, perhaps, the object of desire of all girls without exception and the most famous doll in the world. It is unlikely that anyone will deny the fact that this attractive fashionista has truly become the standard of female beauty.

This masterpiece was created by Ruth Handler. And it was like this. In the 40s of the twentieth century. An as yet unknown woman, together with her husband, opened a company specializing in the production of picture frames. During production, a lot of wood waste remained, from which Ruth came up with the idea of ​​​​making small wooden furniture for dolls.

After a 1956 trip to Switzerland, in which Ruth saw a Lilith doll - a blonde with provocative shapes and a fashionable wardrobe, she decided to create an image herself that would become the fulfillment of the dream of adulthood for girls. Ruth turned the vulgar Lilith, the copyright for which she, by the way, bought, into a positive and beloved beauty. The doll got its name in honor of the inventor’s daughter, Barbara. Barbie's first outfits were made by Dior and Givenchy. Barbie was patented in 1958. By the way, Ken was invented and named after the inventor’s son, Kenneth.

Now the Barbie doll is one of the top ten best-selling products in the world.

Modern tilde dolls

This cute toy was invented by the Norwegian artist T. Finnanger. A tilde is an object made of fabric in the form of a doll, animal or some other object. The artist created her first tilde in 1999, when she was 25 years old.

Now branded materials and accessories for comfort with the same name are sold, and their creator gives advice on organizing the women's world around her brainchild.

This one has several features: they are always plump, with soft and smooth silhouettes, the faces and faces of tildas are very conventional, and they are all similar to each other with a recognizable color scheme with rich and calm shades. Tilda dolls in costumes of the peoples of the world have recently become more and more common.

DYMKOVO TOY. The Dymkovo toy is one of the oldest crafts in Rus', which has existed on Vyatka land for more than four hundred years. The appearance of the toy is associated with the spring holiday of Whistling, for which the female population of the Dymkovo settlement sculpted clay whistles in the form of horses, rams, goats, and ducks. Later, when the holiday lost its significance, the craft not only survived, but also received further development.

BOGORODSKAYA TOY. According to one legend, Sergius of Radonezh was the first to make wooden toys to give them to children. One way or another, the development of folk crafts in the village of Bogorodskoye was greatly influenced by the Trinity-Sergius Monastery with its developed carving business and established sales of wooden toys.

KARGOPOL TOY. Since ancient times, in the villages of Kargopol district, a seasonal pottery industry has developed on local red clay. In the summer, Kargopol potters worked in the fields, and from October until spring they were engaged in the manufacture of earthenware, stove pots, cubes, jars, and bowls. The whole family took part: men, women and children. Kargopol dishes were in demand throughout Poonezhye, they were taken to Arkhangelsk, and there was a large pottery trade in Kargopol itself.

FILIMONOVSKAYA TOY. Thanks to the special clay that lies in the Odoev area, from time immemorial they have sculpted dishes, selling them at local bazaars. As in most pottery crafts, the craftsmen worked as families, selling products to resellers or independently at the bazaar. At the same time, men and women only made dishes, and the girls’ children, together with their grandmothers, sculpted and painted toys. Such girls grew up with a certain dowry; they were called “whistles”.

MATRYOSHKA. Matryoshka is a Russian wooden toy in the form of a painted doll, inside of which there are similar smaller dolls. The number of nested dolls is usually three or more. They are almost always egg-shaped with a flat bottom and consist of two parts, upper and lower. According to tradition, a woman is drawn in a red sundress and scarf. Nowadays, themes for painting are varied: fairy-tale characters, girls, and families.

NENETS DOLLS. Dolls have long been associated with otherworldly forces; they possessed a certain energy. Among the Nenets peoples, it is not customary to draw eyes, noses, and ears on dolls, since the doll is not alive and cannot be seen, otherwise it could take away the child’s soul. It was believed that, having acquired human features, the doll could come to life and scare the baby.

A PORCELAIN DOLL. Porcelain doll The first porcelain dolls appeared in the 19th century. Moreover, we use fired unglazed porcelain, since it most closely resembles human skin. Porcelain dolls were produced in Germany, Denmark and France. In 1880, a porcelain baby doll, Bebe Jumeau, appeared and drove all the kids crazy. She looked very much like a lovely little girl with huge eyes and plump legs. This was the first baby doll that could be looked after. Before this, all dolls depicted only adults. Even special magazines were published where patterns of dresses for Bebe, boots, hats and handbags and other accessories were printed. And later these dolls even spoke (they had a special sound mechanism built into them).

JAPANESE TOY. In traditional Japanese culture, toys have occupied a prominent place from an early time. The “toy” calling cards of Japan primarily include kokeshi and Daruma, which can often be found far beyond the country’s borders, since they are very willingly bought by numerous tourists from around the world. Now they are actively “catching up” with manekineko (“cat calling for happiness”).

INDIAN DOLL. Man is a divine creation, and he should not forget this when he reproduces his image, even if this image is just a doll. But in India, a doll has never been just a toy - something used, designed only to occupy and entertain a child. Whether it is an ancient figurine from the Indus Valley, or a figurine of a deity that parents make for a child from scraps in order to gradually introduce him to the spiritual tradition - all this is a cross-section of Vedic culture, all this is a living tradition, which is based on the same thought: peace - this is a canvas in which there are no random threads, no unnecessary details. If you break one thread, you will disrupt the harmony of the world. Maharaja's doll

Weaving three-dimensional figures from straw - dolls, animals, birds - has its roots in the distant past. Such dolls and figurines were not only toys for children, but were also used in various rituals. The doll was also used as a talisman for children, since it had no facial features. And according to beliefs, in this case it was considered an inanimate object and evil spirits could not move into it.

VEPSIC PUPAL. This is a symbol of well-being and prosperity, and her large breasts are a symbol of a well-fed, healthy child. This is a symbol of well-being and prosperity, and her large breasts are a symbol of a well-fed, healthy child. This is one of the most ancient amulet dolls. This is one of the most ancient amulet dolls. This is the image of a married woman. This is the image of a married woman.