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Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, a word may use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “Yu” in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• Christmas tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
• percussive [´] - accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic, phonetic and word analysis with online examples, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics differ in accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
• Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorant, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. In this example there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonant sounds and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

• [b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
• or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these phoneme classes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by a stressed sound and a syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: za"mok - zamo"k and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya do "ma].
• New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
• witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:

• primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consisting of only one vowel);
• on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• naked syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

• vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
• e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables during sound analysis are classified as reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is outside the curriculum): learn [uch'i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp'in'e´t '], hope [nad'e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often mean two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
  • - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
  • - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
  • - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of the word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. When changing capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter “I” after the soft sign “b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

• sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they represent phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't];
• The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
  • e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
  • I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [table´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'i n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
  • [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
  • [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
  • [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
  • [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
  • [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
  • [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
  • [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
  • [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
  • [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
  • [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
  • sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
  • [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
• The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, n o l.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, life.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - gap (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can represent a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ого”, “-го” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [в]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′kh'k'ii], soft [m'a′kh' k'ii].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
• the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
• [ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
• The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd']in, stipe[n'd']iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
• the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of their composition can be softened before the soft sounds [ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], smenschik ik [sm'e ′n'sch'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [з], [с], [р], [н] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e′nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and labials, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

• Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
• The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed by letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
• The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the following word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
• During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

• сч → [ш':] : happiness [ш': а´с'т'е], sandstone [п'ish': а´н'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
• zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
• shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
• stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
• zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
• ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
• thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
• tch → [ch’:]: report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
• dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
• ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
• zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: s′y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs] , for nothing [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
• chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
  • “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, will do, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
• “D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
  • zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
• “L” - in combinations:
  • sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
• “B” - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch's'tva], sensuality [ch'us'tv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the school curriculum format. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Is it difficult to get to unusual places where you have been living and walking for five years?

It turns out not. You just have to deviate from the usual autumn route to Podol via Baggovutovskaya and Nizhneyurkovskaya a little to the side - past the Makarievsky Church, go to the right, along the steps

on Lukyanovskaya street.

There, the gilded domes of the Holy Intercession Convent are shot through the nine-story panel buildings.

The gates of the Old Believer (or Shchekavitsky) cemetery are slightly open.

Last Sunday we wandered along the paths, paths, thickets, getting to know the place, but knowing nothing about its history...
They simply recorded some moments, were surprised, asked themselves questions and often did not find answers.
Now I will try to find them (Google will help me :).

What we saw, we examined.
All the graves in this necropolis are no later than the mid-forties. There is a lot of time for the liberation of Kyiv.

And the earliest of those preserved and seen date back to the beginning of the 19th century.

Although, there was one late burial from 2016. The mother (probably still the mother), who found peace here back in the 20s, took in her 99-year-old daughter, born in 1917. During this time, a series of people, authorities, and eras passed. And here is the cheerful, not at all old lady, face in the color photograph on the tombstone next to the serious, black and white one of the mother. Close people who have missed each other by almost a century...

Graves with photographs are, however, rare here. The cemetery is very neglected, dead and unconscious. The tombstones, apparently, were collected from destroyed ones, placed on someone else’s or their own, but crumpled, broken foundations.

At the same time, there are well-kept graves from the beginning of the last century.

This grave looked like one of the most visited. What was striking was that despite the fact that we didn’t meet anyone at the cemetery itself, someone had recently lit lamps here. And left a handful of coins.

Here lay a certain Ivan Rastorguev, called Bosym... Maybe some kind of holy fool? We built versions and, as it turned out later, they were not mistaken.

I was particularly puzzled by the group of crosses with towels and visors.

And something similar to a church lectern opposite them.

Even further, but on the same outlying site, there is another tombstone


with an unusual epitaph for a person “who did not want to live in the world and enjoy life...”
Did he commit suicide? And could a suicide be buried here, within the cemetery. The answer to this question was not found.

The paths from the cemetery lead to the Shchekavitsa pagorby.
And there - all of Kyiv in the palm of your hand.

(Now I’ve learned that it’s also worth finding the Shchekavitsky “270-degree platform” located behind the narrow passage between the garages of houses 42 and 44 Olegovskaya Street. From here, in good weather, a huge part of the capital is visible: from the Wind Mountains to Podol and the Left Bank.)

The place, no matter how you look at it, is historical.
"...Mount Shchekavitsa was mentioned already in 1151 in connection with the attempt of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky to capture Kyiv...
The name “Shchekavitsa” is traditionally associated with the fact that Shchek “sat” (that is, settled) on it - according to the chronicle, one of the founders of the city, brother of Kiya.

In the Tale of Bygone Years there is a mention that in 912 the Kiev prince Oleg was buried on Shchekavitsa. According to legend, the Legend formed the basis of the work of A.S. Pushkin's "Song of the Prophetic Oleg". Hence another name for the mountain – Olegovka.
Sometimes the name Skavika is found, which is probably a simplified version of “Shchekavitsa”.

Here's what we found out about the history of the cemetery.
The cemetery on Shchekavitsa appeared after the epidemic of 1770, when 6 thousand people died - out of 20 thousand Kiev residents. Before this, people were buried near churches or even near homes: during floods, burials created additional problems for the residents of Podol. Founded in 1772, the Shchekavitskoe cemetery was surrounded by an earthen rampart, burial rules were established, and in 1782 the Church of All Saints was built in the Baroque style. The city grew. In 1900, the city government decided to close the cemetery, although in some cases people were buried here until 1928. And according to the general plan of Kyiv in 1935, the upper terraces of the Kyiv hills, including those on Shchekavitsa, should have been turned into recreation and entertainment parks. The church and most of the cemetery, except for the Old Believer and Muslim sections, were then demolished. And instead of a park, Kiev residents received a military radio tower, walks near which could end in interrogation by the KGB.

From here:
The head of the historical and cultural society “Staraya Polyana” Alla Kovalchuk said that they began to deal with the issue of preserving the Shchekavitsky cemetery in the early 1990s. Together with the Soldiers' Mothers Foundation and the historical and patriotic club “Poisk”, we held cleanup days and achieved the installation of a concrete fence. War mass graves were found and a memorial plaque was installed. The memorial “Monument of Sorrow” has already been made; it is now in the studio of the architect Vera Yudina. But there is a delay due to lack of funding. (Since the information is from 2007, funding apparently was never found).

Below the Old Believer cemetery there is another one, Tatar. Burials there continued until the mid-70s. Neat fences, next to the inscriptions in Russian there is Arabic script.
And behind the fence of this double necropolis is the largest mosque in Kyiv.

Further, if you walk along Olegovskaya Street (formerly Pogrebalnaya) towards the Zhitny Market, you can see ancient wooden houses with carved platbands




which are adjacent to the elite townhouses "Shaslyviy Maetok" -

Chapter 20

Shchekavitsa

Shchekavitsa was lucky. It was mentioned several times in the ancient chronicles - either in relation to Shchek who lived on it, or as the burial place of the Prophetic Oleg. And the very name Shchekavitsa, distorted into Skavika, Shkavika, Shchkavitsa, has survived to this day and returned to Shchekavitsa - and no one would think of moving it to another mountain.

Shchekavitsa lies northwest opposite Zamkova, and north of Kudryavets. The Glubochitsa river flowed between them.

Starting as a hill to the west of the Zhitny market, Shchekavitsa spreads towards the Kirillovsky Heights, northwest to the “new” Yurkovitsa (the former Lysaya), and west towards Lukyanivka, and there it is already difficult to determine where Shchekavitsa ends. In the 21st century, the mountain began to be built up with multi-apartment and private tower houses. Old houses are being ruthlessly demolished. The slopes are simply torn down and “strengthened.” There are two main streets along the mountain - Olegovskaya (from the 18th century to 1869 Pogrebalnaya) and Lukyanovskaya, so named because it goes to Lukyanovka. And Olegovskaya is named after the Prophetic Oleg.

In the 19th and 20th centuries there were other streets on Shchekavitsa, for example Cherny Yar. The memory of the tracts lived on: Volchiy Yar (west of the Old Believer cemetery), Chmilev Yar.

It is difficult to describe Shchekavitsa in 2014. The mountain froze in anticipation of changes that would change its appearance forever. This has already happened on the spurs along the Glubochitsa ravine, where the slopes are crippled due to eternal construction.

But there are also sleeping corners. Among the green wasteland are broken bricks and the remains of foundations. A spur cut in half on Lukyanovskaya Street contains traces of an ancient oven. Abandoned construction site. Strange fenced areas. A former jammer tower, now transmitting FM stations, looms over everything. Above the sky!

From Nizhny Val Street, Olegovskaya Street climbs up the hill, between new buildings and surviving ancient houses decorated with wooden carvings. On the right, on a hillock, in a rectangular protected space, there is a tower, access to outsiders is prohibited. The street turns right and left. The name brings up the question - where exactly was Oleg’s grave?

I will touch on this in another part of the book, separately about Vol-gu. For now, let us remember the statement of the Tale of Bygone Years about the Prophetic Oleg: “and the burial and on the mountain, which is called Shchekovitsa; There is his grave to this day, says Olgov’s grave.”

For some reason, our contemporaries sometimes write that a snake bit Oleg right here on the mountain. But the chronicler Oleg went “to the field” to look at the bones of his horse. Then he was bitten by a snake, he was sick, then he was buried in Shchekavitsa. In the lists, the mountain is also called “Shchekovishcha”, “Shchokovika”. And in the 19th century, people simply spoke Skavika.

The name “Olgova” is sometimes found in chronicles separately from Shchekavitsa. Here is the Ipatiev list, the feud between Izyas-lav Mstislavich and Gyurgi (Yuri Dolgoruky) for Kyiv in 1151:

Vyacheslav, Izyaslav and Rostislav ordered Volodymyr to drink from Berendey, and with the vezhs and their herds to go to Olgova, and stash the wilds from Olgova (even) and to the garden of St. John, and this (here, here) to Shchkovitsa.

Vyacheslav, Izyaslav and Rostislav ordered Vladimir to go with the Berendeys to Olgova. And Vladimir and the Berendeys stood between the wilds from Olgova and in the fence of the Church of St. John, and to Shchkovitsa.

Here the areas are clearly separated - Olgova and Shchekavitsa. In the chronicles, princes often go to Olgova’s grave, and Shchekavitsa is mentioned, in addition to Oleg’s burial and Shchek’s place of residence, only in the given piece about the Berendeys.

If my interpretation is correct, we are talking about two adjacent areas, Shchekavitsa and Olgova Mogila. Perhaps one part of the mountain was called Shchekavitsa, and the other - Olgova Grave. Although Nestor writes that Olgov’s grave is located on Shchekavitsa. But Lashkarev himself heard in the 19th century how the cape above Voznesensky Descent on Kudryavets was called Olga’s grave.

About the Church of St. John, for the year 1121 the chronicle reports: “That same summer, the Church of St. Ivan was founded in Kopyrev Kontsi.” Zakrevsky, taking this church for the same one that was mentioned regarding the Berendeys, concludes that the Kopyrev Konets area was also located on Shchekavitsa.

Very possible. But it is also likely that there were two different churches dedicated to one saint, or the church was moved from the Kopyrevo end to Olgova. I will also note that the chronicle mentions this temple with reference to two places - Olgova and Kopyrev end, not to Shchekavitsa. The further fate of this structure is lost in history.

Kiev Bishop Joseph Vereshchinsky at the end of the 16th century, wanting to start the construction of the century and at the same time expand the possessions of the Dominicans, wrote to the deputies of the Sejm an appeal “A method of settling New Kiev and defending the former capital of the Kiev principality from any danger without burdening His Majesty the king and without costs to the Polish crown, explained to the gentlemen ambassadors of the future Cracow Sejm.” His translation was published in the March issue of Kyiv Antiquity for 1894.

There we find the most important information about the fact that Vereshchinsky was an eyewitness to two “kremlins” - one on Shchekavitsa, the other on the opposite mountain, and that Jews lived on Shchekavitsa. This means that the chronicle tract “Zhidy” is Shchekavitsa. First, the bishop refutes the then popular opinion that Kyiv was formerly Troy, then he paints pictures of the desolation of the city (in the ruins of Sofia, for example, pigs graze), and then reports:

In addition, Kyiv had its own lands with an area of ​​more than 50 Polish miles, and two

capitals of the Kremlin, located opposite each other and belonging to two brothers, Kiy and Shchek. They still stand empty, surrounded by huge earthen ramparts.

These shafts, if rakes were hired, would hardly be possible to fill for 500,000 chervonets.

One of these two empty Kremlins captures such space as the Krakow walls with their entire castle. This ancient Kiev Kremlin, neglected even before the prosperity of the Kyiv capital began, has ramparts as high as the Church of St. Stanislaus in Krakow Castle.

As for the other Kremlin, which still stands today, always after its destruction back in the days of paganism, and after the death of the childless Shchek mentioned above, Kiy’s brother, it was inhabited by Jews.

With the introduction of Christianity, according to the conviction of the Apostle of Kyiv, St. Yatsk they were expelled from there, since they tortured a Christian child for their Jewish superstitions, and their place of residence, along with the mentioned Kremlin, was given by the Polish kings to the department of the Kyiv biskupt.

This Kremlin is still called the Jewish city; it is divided in the middle into two halves by two huge ramparts, and around it there is also a huge rampart as high as the Church of St. Stanislaus in Krakow Castle; its width and length are like the Strado between Krakow and Casimir.

It is necessary to think that these two huge empty ancient Kremlins could be populated by people without any expense for His Majesty the King and without burdening the republic; so that these people would guard the huge ramparts from border enemies and protect the venerable capital from various dangers, and especially from the Prince of Moscow.

In addition, the present castle, which is located on a rather high hill, should be strengthened; the hill under the present castle, half rotten, is in itself the height of the Krakow town hall, and in width and length it corresponds to the Krakow castle with all its suburbs.

This current castle on the above-mentioned hill, which is naturally high, should be restored, but a settlement should be established in its own way on the site of the former princely court, on that luxurious hill where the prince of Kiev, named Kiy, had his magnificent chambers.

Another mountain is naturally high, similar to the mentioned Kyiv Mountain and is not inferior to it in width and length. These two mountains, like brother and sister, stand at a distance from each other, the same distance as the Krakow market. The second mountain is called Biskup Mountain or Shchekavitsa, from Prince Shchek, the brother of Prince Kiy. On this mountain he had his own special courtyard, very luxurious, of which there is now no sign. This mountain should be turned into a Biskup castle for his see, since it cannot be built up in any way, except by His Majesty the King himself or the Kyiv biskup. These two mountains, equal in height, if fortified with a wall and buildings, will serve as support for each other in times of danger from the enemy of the Polish Crown.

Now let's stop and think. We can say that there are three mountains on different sides opposite Shchekavitsa. These are Yurkovitsa (Lysaya), Zamkovaya and Kudryavets. On one of them, according to Biskup, was the Kiya Kremlin. We exclude Zamkovaya, since Vereshchinsky speaks of it as a separate mountain, not the one where the “Kremlin” of Kiya is located.

This means that the choice comes down to two options - Kudryavets and Yurkovitsa-Lysaya. The first one, opposite Shchekavitsa, is not too steep and impregnable to serve as a natural fortress. And it doesn’t even occur to us to compare Kudryavets and Shchekavitsa with brother and sister.

But I already wrote that the city of Kiya was located on Mount Lysa (“new” Yurkovitsa) north of Shchekavitsa. I will write more, further, in the part about Kirillovsky Heights. Everything fits - even about the shafts!

But everything has its time - we will continue to walk around Shchekavitsa.

At a time when the bishop of Vereshchinsky wanted to expand his possessions, and when Kiev was under Lithuania and Poland, Shchekavitsa appears for the first time after the chronicles in sources, namely in land documents as an area where arable fields and pastures are located. On the southern side of the mountain, opposite Kiselevka, in the 16th century there was a green vineyard.

In 1619, Sigismund III granted Shchekavitsa, according to their petition, to the Kyiv townspeople to “siege people” so that the mountain would be populated and the city would expand. The boundaries of the transmitted “ground” are determined as follows:

Mount Shchekavitsa, with its accessories, starting from Yurkov's headquarters, then to Mount Shchekavitsa, from Obolon, rubbing against the ground, against the house and fort of the bis-kupiy, to the end of the rowing; and from the end of the rowing in the stakes to the Kudravets valley, to the very end of Kudravets, and from the end of Kudravets simply through Dubrova to the Svyato-shitsky bork, along the road that goes from Belgorodka to Kiev, and along the road to Kiev, joining the end of the Yurkov valley stavka , in the valley of Yurkov rates, where the border began

In 1770, the plague came to Kyiv. At the top of Shchekavitsa they began to hastily bury the Podolsk dead, as well as simply in the courtyards, near their homes. How did they fight the plague before, under good kings? Basically, they surrounded the area with troops and did not let anyone out. This is how people died in families. Some were taken to quarantine on Trukhanov Island, and there the healthy coexisted with the sick. Usually houses where the plague entered were burned. But Podol was so densely built up that to burn one house there would have meant starting a fire everywhere. When the plague moved to other areas, including the upper city and even the Menagerie, only the monks of the St. Michael's Monastery were not affected - they simply locked themselves behind its walls and did not let anyone in. Meanwhile, in neighboring Sofia, 50 monks and 70 singers were put to death.

Two years later, burials were officially allowed in Shchekavitsa. Then, in 1782, the Church of All Saints appeared there. Approximately in its place now is a tower. At one time, this church was sketched by a friend of Taras Shevchenko, artist Mikhail Sazhin:

But most likely the end of Lukyanovskaya Street, or a little higher, to the north, the Olegovskaya turn. Directly ahead is the Church of the Exaltation at the foot of Kiselevka:

The cemetery grew, accepting those about whom we do not see the memory, and those whose work has been preserved - for example, the architect Andrei Melensky. He designed the column to Magdeburg Law, the rotunda church at Askold’s grave, the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross near Kiselevka, St. Nicholas the Good and much more. Melensky himself lived on Podol, and his last house, owned by Melensky’s wife, still stands on Khoreva Street, at number 11/13 - this is across the road from the Church of St. Nicholas Pritiska, near its north-eastern corner.

In 1900, the cemetery was closed, but in Soviet times, the surviving part of the cemetery, the one that was Old Believer, was buried again; in particular, at the entrance there is a mass grave from the times of the Great Patriotic War.

The grave of the holy fool Ivan Bosogo (Ivan Ivanovich Rastorguev, 1800-1849) is noteworthy. We find information about him from Zakrevsky]:

Eyewitnesses report the following about him: Around 1844, in a two-story house that formed part of the foundation of St. Andrew's Church, lived a certain Ivan Bosy, a native of the city of Zaraysk, so named because he did not wear shoes at any time of the year, and in the most severe frosts he was seen barefoot on the streets of Kiev. He devoted his life to unceasing prayer and collecting alms, using them to support wanderers in the St. Andrew's House, the number of whom sometimes reached up to two hundred people. Having learned from fans who were in Kyiv (that is, pilgrims - approx. Semiletov) about these feats of piety of Ivan Bosago,

Rus' often sent him various offerings from afar, and the former Kiev governor I. I. Fundukley also helped him a lot, who left behind the memory of the establishment of a girls’ gymnasium in Kyiv. This alone can explain how Barefoot could, without any means of his own, support many admirers, replacing one another. When he died, it turned out that Barefoot was wearing heavy iron chains, with which he was buried on Mount Shchekavitsa, with great triumph. Thousands of people followed his coffin and the cry of many helpless people, who had lost their support in it, could be heard.

To conclude the Podolsk topic, I will show you another corner of old Kyiv, not spoiled by the attention of tourists, somewhere between Podol and the outskirts of the Upper Town, where he took me in November 2012 pan_sapunov . A dilapidated old area on the slopes of Mount Shchekavitsa, views from it of Podol and northern industrial zones, as well as the only and perhaps the first Ar-Rahma mosque in the ancient Russian capital and the largest cathedral of the Intercession Princess Monastery in Kiev.

For starters, a map that might be worth making earlier. Here you can clearly see the structure of Podol as a trapezoid between the Dnieper and the harbor, and the wide streets of Upper and Lower Val crossing it (formally, two different streets with a boulevard), and the wooded slope of the Kiev mountains separating the Upper City from the Dnieper valley. We examined points 1 and 2, 3 and 4 - , 5 and a lot of little things - , 6-7 - , and those highlighted in red are ahead of us.

2.

There are two main ascents to Shchekavitsa from the Nizhny Val through the Biskupschina district (i.e. “Episcopal region”) - one along Lukyanovskaya Street past the hefty Seventh Day Adventist Church:

3.

The other one along Olegovskaya Street - in perspective the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross (1811-41), on the left is Castle Hill:

4.

Lined with wooden houses, Olegovskaya is perhaps at once the most non-metropolitan and non-Ukrainian street in Kyiv. More like another ancient Russian capital - Vladimir, where the same streets descend from its ancient cathedrals to Klyazma.

5.

6.

Although the building at the very top is clearly stylized as Ukrainian Baroque. I'm not even sure that this is Stalinist architecture - similar architecture was practiced here in the early 1920s.

7.

From the southern slope of Shchekavitsa you can clearly see the City of the Dead and the Landscape Alley passing above it:

8.

Although the quarter did not take place, and was built in an unsuitable place for living, it is beautiful, damn it! It will be even more beautiful when it is completely empty and dilapidated:

9.

In one of the courtyards at the top there was a collection of cars from the mid-20th century. Such a strange corner of stopped time, completely impossible in Moscow.

10.

This courtyard opens to the northern slope of Shchekavitsa, towards the gigantic Podolsko-Kurenyovskaya industrial zone, separating the elite Obolon from the city. Behind the ravine is another mountain Jurkovitsa:

11.

View up. A little to the left, behind the branches are Ar-Rahma and the Intercession Cathedral, captured in the introductory frame. Below is a linen weaving factory, perhaps even pre-revolutionary. In the distance, the TV tower goes into the clouds (385m, only Ostankino is higher in the former USSR):

12.

Almost on the same line with it, but in front of the high-rise buildings you can see the wooden Makaryevskaya Church (1897) - with all the abundance of wooden churches in Ukraine, it is a huge rarity for Kiev (as well as for Moscow):

13.

Well, the path to the Shchekavitsa observation deck lies through the garages. That’s why it’s already little known - it’s really not easy to find the way to it, at least I certainly wouldn’t have found it alone. The garages resemble the dwellings of some Berbers or Nubians.

14.

Here is the top - a narrow cape jutting into the very middle of Podol. The triangulation point is topped with a cross, because the cross is a landmark:

15.

The views from this site in both directions are completely different. On the right is Stary Podol, its rectangular layout is clearly visible. Old and new houses merge from afar like a patchwork of colors:

16.

The Florovsky Monastery is hidden almost entirely by the second spur of Shchekavitsa, except for the bell tower spire. But Poshtovaya Square with the Nativity Church (1809-14, on the right) and the Brodsky Mill (1906, on the left) is clearly visible. On the horizon is the Metro Bridge (1965) - about 5 kilometers away:

17.

A little to the left is the Pritisko-Nikolskaya Church (1750), with the loss of the Bratsky Monastery the largest and most noticeable in Podil. Behind it is the Greek Church (1915) on Kontraktova Square:

18.

To the left you can see the round building (1947-53) of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy and the thick chimney of TsES-1 (1909-10), but the main thing here is just the roofs of the old Podil:

19.

Even further to the left is the Annunciation House Church (1740) of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. The golden spire behind the houses is the Church of St. Nicholas on the Water (2004), and behind it (and therefore beyond the water of the Dnieper) Trukhanov Island with a parachute tower sticking out of the fallen forest. Finally, just on the horizon, on the left bank, is the Resurrection Greek Catholic Cathedral. The Uniates (previously expelled from Kiev in the 1630s) chose the place for it masterfully - it is visible from the entire Upper Town from Dorogozhychi to Vydubychi, from most bridges, and invariably attracts attention with its “Orthodox high-tech”. What else is needed for messiahship?

20.

Ordinary Podol - roofs and square blocks. It is interesting that most of its churches are not visible from Shchekavitsa - neither Dukhovskaya at Mogilyanka, nor the ancient Ilyinskaya, nor the one being built on Pochaininskaya:

21.

Far, far beyond Troyeshchina there is a pipe from the largest thermal power plant in Kiev (1962), the second tallest building in the city (270m) after the TV tower (however, in Ukraine there are many pipes higher than 300 meters):

21a.

If you look directly from the mountain, there is no longer any special antiquity here; individual old houses are sometimes found among high-rise buildings and factories. On the left, for example, are the Kievmlyn elevators (this does not mean “Kyiv, Mlyn!”, but “Kiev Mill”):

22.

Obolonskaya Street with a 119-meter pylon of the northernmost Moscow Bridge in the city (1976) in the future - 3.5 kilometers to it, and behind it is the multi-storey and huge Troyeshchina, where, as any Kievite knows, there is no metro:

23.

Cranes of the Leninskaya Kuznitsa shipyard (founded in 1865 as the Fyodor Donat plant) behind the harbor:

24.

The harbor itself with a “warehouse” of sand and rubble on the other side, against the backdrop of the “candles” of Obolon:

25.

But the dominant feature of this part of Podol is CHPP-2 of the early Soviet era:

26.

And on the left, right under the mountain, there is a very picturesque couple of a Soviet brick factory (closer) and a pre-revolutionary brewery (further away) with the oldest (1895) factory chimney in Kyiv. She also owns an elevator, to the right of which are the workshops of a ceramic factory, again clearly from the 19th century:

27.

However, let's be honest, Kyiv itself is not industrial - neither now, nor a hundred years ago. If in St. Petersburg it takes several days to inspect old industrial zones, and in Moscow there are comparable numbers of individual plants and factories, then here the enterprises are small and there is almost nothing heavy like metallurgy or carriage building. But at the same time, Kyiv was “raised” by hundreds of sugar factories scattered throughout the Little Russian provinces.

28.

However, although the factories here are small and not spectacular, there are really a lot of them:

29.

This is what it is, an industrial zone in Kiev style:

30.

Even further to the left is Jurkovica. St. Cyril's Church (1139, appearance in the 1740s), famous for its frescoes, peeks out from over the edge of the mountain. Under the mountain, the St. Nicholas-Jordanian Temple (2000) on the site of its predecessor, demolished in 1935:

31.

Well, even further to the left are the same views as from the yard in front of the garages. The view from Shchekavitsa is about 270 degrees, and we have exhausted it. So let's go towards the Upper Town - almost on Shchekavitsa itself, on Lukyanovskaya Street, there is the Ar-Rahma Mosque - the first in the history of Kyiv:

32.

Before the revolution, every provincial city in Russia was equipped with a church, a church, a mosque and a synagogue, but in Kiev - where there clearly could not but be an omnipresent Tatar community - the construction of a mosque came only in 1913 and, for obvious reasons, was not completed. Perhaps the very thought of a Muslim temple in a city of Orthodox shrines was abhorrent to the authorities and people. But there is no escape from globalization, and thanks to its location on the Ar-Rahma hill, it is much more noticeable in the landscape of Kyiv than any of the Moscow mosques is in the landscape of Moscow. The main building of the mosque was built in 1998-2004 in the “Ottoman” style characteristic of mosques in Ukraine:

33.

The rest of the complex is literally brand new:

34.

The area is somehow very calm and peaceful. By the way, next to the mosque is an Old Believer cemetery.

35.

As for the Intercession Monastery, I’ll honestly say that we went to it on a different walk and from a different direction. Of course, you can also walk from the mosque, but you will have to zigzag and walk up and down. And the entrance to the monastery is from the Upper Town, in the courtyards of the Kudryavets district, known since the 1840s:

36.

37.

The Pokrovsky Princess Monastery was founded by Alexandra Petrovna (nee Oldenburg), daughter-in-law of Nicholas I, that is, the wife of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. In 1881, the latter accused her of infidelity and connections with no less than her confessor, Archpriest Vasily (Lebedev), despite the fact that he himself cohabited and had children from another woman. Out of such disgrace, the princess left for Kyiv and, as in Ancient Rus', set about creating a monastery in order to go there. In fact, the project was very good: she founded a monastery-hospital, the nuns and novices of which were also junior medical staff. The monastery was built in 1889-1911, and its free hospital even had such technological wonders as the first X-ray room in Kyiv. In 1889, Nikolai Nikolaevich died, and Alexandra Petrovna took monasticism under the name Anastasia, and died in 1900... such a story with a dirty beginning and a bright end.
Closed in 1925, the Intercession Monastery reopened during the Nazi occupation and never closed again - not an isolated incident in Kyiv. During the war it again served as a hospital for both armies.

The entrance to the monastery is through this “pear” of the Holy Gate:

38.

There we have such a scene, which should please a lot of people here:

39.

There are two churches in the monastery. Church of the Intercession - the temple of the hospital itself:

40.

St. Nicholas Cathedral is the largest in Kyiv, height 65 meters, width comparable to:

41.

Candles on a city that looks like a Kiev cake... Still, the sugar industry somehow metaphysically influenced the “sweet” Kyiv architecture:

42.

43.

A jeep is blessed at the entrance, and firewood is placed in the backyard. Not everything is so clear...

44.

Well, to end the post, in addition to the cathedral and mosque, there is also an absolutely amazing “house with menorahs”. What do they mean here?

45.

Still a wonderful city!

Immediately behind Podol, bending around it from the southern side, there are three mountains elongated in one line: the southern one, closest to the chronicle “Mountain” (later it was called Andreevskaya or Starokievskaya) - Castle Mountain (Kiselevka, Frolovskaya Mountain);
further, to the northwest - Shchekavitsa, and behind it, farthest from the Dnieper, - Yurkovitsa (Jordan Heights).

There is no doubt that it was called that way already in the era of Monomakh, that’s what it was called in the 18th century, and that’s what it’s called today.

The origin of the toponym Shchekavitsa is associated with the name of one of the founders of Kyiv - Shcheka. Near the foot of the mountain there are Slavic burials of the pre-Christian period of 8-9 centuries.

On the mountain itself, as legends say, the Prophetic Oleg was buried: “And they buried him on the mountain called Shchekavitsa. His grave still exists today. That grave is called Oleg’s” (The Tale of Bygone Years, 912). A street leads to the mountain, which is now called Olegovskaya.

In 1619, the historical area above Podol, Mount Shchekavitsa, was transferred to the townspeople for settlement.

There is probably no place in Kyiv more mysterious and not fully explored than Mount Shchekavitsa, located above the flat part of Podol.

People also call it Olegovka or Bald Mountain (by the way, there are five Bald Mountains in total in Kyiv).

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal claimed that witches from all over the Russian Empire gathered here to hold Sabbaths and collect magical herbs.

Another mystery of the mountain is the supposed grave of the Prophetic Oleg, glorified by Pushkin. It is believed that it was here that the Kiev prince Oleg was buried in 912, who allegedly died from the bite of a snake that crawled out of the skull of his war horse. They say that A.S. Pushkin himself walked along the mountain for a long time, looking for the prince’s grave. Some historians and scientists, having studied the topography of old Kyiv, agreed that Oleg’s grave is located in the place where the old observatory is located.

Mount Shchekavitsa is also mentioned in the chronicle of 1151 in connection with the attempt of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky to capture Kyiv. Already in the 12th century, as evidenced by a chronicle article from 1182, there was a stone church on the mountain, and during the election of the abbot of the Pechersk Monastery, ambassadors were sent here for priest Vasily. It is known that the Kiev Castle was built here in the 15th century.

At the end of the 19th century, Mount Shchekavitsa became a city cemetery, on which the Church of All Saints was built in 1782. The composer A. Wedel, the first city architect A. Melensky, and the architect V. Ikonnikov are buried here. At first it was a city cemetery for residents of Podol, whose lives were claimed by the cholera epidemic of 1771-72. Then members of the magistrate, rich townspeople, and famous townspeople began to be buried here. For a long time, there have also been cemeteries of Muslims and Old Believers on the mountain.

Currently, a mosque, Protestant and Orthodox churches coexist peacefully on Shchekavitsa. By the way, the master plan for the reconstruction of Kyiv in 1935 envisaged the construction of an amusement park on this mournful site!