Life of ancient people. History of Ancient Man

Apparently, many varieties of ancient people, hitherto considered extinct dead-end branches, did not disappear without a trace. Their direct descendants still live today - that’s you and me

Renowned anthropologist and population geneticist Alan Templeton has made a strong case against the theory, which has been generally accepted for the past 20 years. New genetic data show that ancient Eurasian humanity was not displaced by sapiens who emerged from Africa 80-100 thousand years ago, but mixed with them. The blood of Eurasian archanthropes, and possibly Neanderthals, flows in our veins.

Facts that everyone agrees on

Africa was the ancestral home of humanity, no one doubts this now. Approximately 1.9 million years ago, our distant ancestors - the early Archanthropes, carriers of the Pebble (Oldovai) culture, first went beyond the borders of their native continent, as evidenced, in particular, by recent finds in Georgia. Archanthropes spread widely throughout South Asia. 800-600 thousand years ago, the second Eurasian expansion of people from Africa took place, this time carried out by more advanced representatives of the human race (Homo antecessor and others like him, carriers of the Acheulean culture that had previously developed in Africa).

European and West Asian populations of these people became Neanderthals after several hundred thousand years, and in Africa, meanwhile, their distant relatives evolved into “anatomically modern humans” - Homo sapiens. About 100 thousand years ago, a small group of sapiens left Africa and gradually settled in Asia, Australia and Europe. All these are completely reliable facts. Experts argue about something else: did the representatives of the “last wave” mix with ancient Eurasian humanity or completely supplant it?

Mitochondrial Eve and Y-Chromosomal Adam in African Eden
Over the past twenty years, the decisive advantage has been on the side of the second point of view. The main argument was the results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of modern people, and to a lesser extent the Y chromosome. Based on the polymorphism of mtDNA nucleotide sequences, the evolutionary tree of this part of the human genome was reconstructed, the branches of which, if moving along them from top to bottom (backward in time), converged at one point in time and space: Africa, about 150 thousand years ago. This is how “mitochondrial Eve” appeared in the scientific press and in the media (mitochondria are transmitted through the maternal line), and after her, “Y-chromosomal Adam” arose in a similar way (the Y chromosome is found only in men and is passed on from father to son), who lived at about the same time and in the same place.

These results were received very strongly by the public, and, as usual, few people understood their true meaning. In fact, as Alan Templeton rightly points out, there is nothing surprising about either Adam or Eve. Any homologous sections of DNA somewhere in the past inevitably converge into one point, that is, into one ancestral DNA molecule. And this point does not necessarily coincide with the moment of the appearance of the species. Moreover, if you take different homologous sections of DNA, each of them will give its own “point of convergence”, different from the others. The approximate coincidence of the results for mtDNA and the Y chromosome is nothing more than an accident, partly explained by the fact that both of these regions of the genome have a common property: they are present in each cell in only one copy (unlike most other regions of the genome, which are present in two copies). There is also an X chromosome, which occupies an intermediate position: in women it is present in two copies, in men in one.

Facts that everyone agrees on

Africa was the ancestral home of humanity, no one doubts this now. Approximately 1.9 million years ago, our distant ancestors - the early archanthropes, carriers of the pebble (Oldovai) culture, first went beyond the borders of their native continent, as evidenced, in particular, by recent finds in Georgia. Archanthropes spread widely throughout South Asia. 800-600 thousand years ago the second Eurasian expansion of people from Africa took place, this time carried out by more advanced representatives of the human race ( Homo antecessor and others like him, carriers of the Acheulean culture that had previously developed in Africa).

European and West Asian populations of these people, after several hundred thousand years, became Neanderthals, and in Africa, meanwhile, their distant relatives evolved into “anatomically modern humans” - Homo sapiens. About 100 thousand years ago, a small group of sapiens left Africa and gradually settled in Asia, Australia and Europe. All these are completely reliable facts. Experts argue about something else: did the representatives of the “last wave” mix with ancient Eurasian humanity or completely supplant it?

Mitochondrial Eve and Y-Chromosomal Adam in African Eden

Over the past twenty years, the decisive advantage has been on the side of the second point of view. The main argument was the results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of modern people, and to a lesser extent the Y chromosome. Based on the polymorphism of mtDNA nucleotide sequences, the evolutionary tree of this part of the human genome was reconstructed, the branches of which, if moving along them from top to bottom (backwards in time), converged at one point in time and space: Africa, about 150 thousand years ago. This is how “mitochondrial Eve” appeared in the scientific press and in the media (mitochondria are transmitted through the maternal line), and after her, “Y-chromosomal Adam” arose in a similar way (the Y chromosome is found only in men and is passed on from father to son), who lived at about the same time and in the same place.

These results were received very strongly by the public, and, as usual, few people understood their true meaning. In fact, as Alan Templeton rightly points out, there is nothing surprising about either Adam or Eve. Any homologous sections of DNA somewhere in the past inevitably converge into one point, that is, into one ancestral DNA molecule. And this point does not necessarily coincide with the moment of the appearance of the species. Moreover, if you take different homologous sections of DNA, each of them will give its own “point of convergence”, different from the others. The approximate coincidence of the results for mtDNA and the Y chromosome is nothing more than an accident, partly explained by the fact that both of these regions of the a genome have a common property: they are present in each cell in only one copy (unlike most other regions of the a genome, which are present in duplicate). There is also an X chromosome, which occupies an intermediate position: in women it is present in two copies, in men in one.

Templeton showed that the expected time of convergence of an evolutionary tree constructed for a separate DNA section to one point depends on how many copies of this section are present in cells. It is mtDNA and the Y chromosome that should converge the fastest (as is observed, they converge approximately 150 thousand years ago). This does not mean that it was then that he appeared H. sapiens, this only means that these sections of the genome are not suitable for reconstructing more ancient events. Regions localized on the X chromosome converge in the more distant past (up to 2 million years); all other sites are of even greater antiquity, some even before the evolutionary lines of humans and chimpanzees separated.

The history of mtDNA is not yet the history of humanity

How can we conclude from mtDNA or another part of the genome that our ancestors left Africa at a certain time? This is possible if, soon after this event, one of the settlers developed a mutation in the DNA region under study, which then multiplied during expansion. And then a modern geneticist will see that the frequency of occurrence of this mutation in non-African populations is, for example, 10%, but it is not found in Africa. The time of occurrence of a mutation is determined on the basis of other, later mutations, using the “molecular clock” method. Well, what if, soon after leaving Africa, no mutation arose in this region of the genome? Then, of course, nothing will come of it: this section of the genome simply will not retain traces of the expansion that interests us.

In a word, Templeton convincingly showed (and most biologists agree with this, by the way) that one cannot draw final conclusions about the evolution and history of human settlement from one single section of the genome (for example, from mtDNA). Such conclusions require a comprehensive analysis of many different regions of the a genome.

Humanity has always been one

That's exactly what Templeton does. In 2002, he already published his results based on the study of 12 DNA sections (in addition to mtDNA and the Y chromosome, 10 more sections were included in the analysis). Critics then pointed to insufficient sample sizes, low accuracy and other possible methodological flaws. This time, Templeton increased the number of analyzed sections of the human genome to 25. The results did not change; on the contrary, they became much clearer and more convincing.

They consist of the following. Different sections of DNA retain traces different events in human history. The overall picture coincides surprisingly accurately with the one reconstructed from archaeological data. Three sections of DNA preserve traces of the oldest wave out of Africa about 1.9 million years ago. This means that the blood of ancient Asian archanthropes flows in our veins! Seven sections of DNA indicate a second exodus from Africa about 0.65 million years ago (Acheulean expansion). Representatives of this wave are also our direct ancestors. Finally, five more DNA sections (including mtDNA and the Y chromosome) support a third exodus from Africa about 100 thousand years ago.

Moreover, Templeton's data shows that the exchange of genes between the Eurasian and African populations of our ancestors almost never stopped, although it was greatly hindered by long distances. It turns out that ancient humanity was not at all a collection of isolated populations (races, subspecies, species...) - it was relatively unified over the past two million years!

Neanderthal question

The mtDNA of Neanderthals is very different from ours, and other parts of the genome have not yet been isolated from fossil bones. However, according to Templeton, this does not at all prove that our ancestors did not interbreed with Neanderthals and that modern people do not have even a shred of Neanderthal blood. For example, unidirectional hybridization could occur (sapien women could give birth to children from Neanderthal men) - in this case, mtDNA cannot tell us anything. Similar examples, when the genes of one people were transmitted to another only through men, are known from the later history of mankind.

Based on his data, Templeton calculated the probability that the theory of the complete displacement of all ancient inhabitants of Eurasia by sapiens was still correct. The probability turned out to be 10 –17. There is no less. The researcher believes that he has not only refuted this theory - it has been destroyed.

All that remains is to wait for counterarguments from the opposing side.

The history of mankind dates back more than a million years ago. Thanks to archaeological excavations, scientists were able to establish that the origin of the human race occurred in Africa - it was there that the remains of primitive people were discovered.

What is archeology

Modern society would never have known what our distant ancestors looked and lived like if not for archaeology. This is the science of antiquity, which studies the history of human society from found human remains and household items.

Archaeologists regularly conduct excavations, extracting from the bowels of the earth household items, personal belongings and bones of people who lived hundreds, thousands of years ago.

In 1924, during archaeological excavations in the Kalahari Desert in South Africa, the remains of Australopithecus, a southern homo, were discovered, which became the ancestor of modern man. Subsequently, the remains of Australopithecus were found in Central and Eastern Africa. Therefore, it is generally accepted that the African continent is the cradle of all humanity.

Rice. 1. Remains of Australopithecus.

The very first period of human history is the era of primitive history - it was then that the birth of the human race took place.

Primitive

The earliest man had little resemblance to modern man: he had much more in common with a great ape. However, it no longer belonged to primates, since it had the following features:

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Long arms made it convenient to do simple work: picking berries, digging the ground, grabbing, knocking.
The brain size was larger than that of apes, but much smaller than that of modern humans.

Rice. 2. The most ancient man.

The ancient people expressed strong emotions with the help of abrupt sounds, since speech was not yet developed. They ate only what they found.

Primeval world

Primitive people gathered in small groups, because it was extremely difficult for one person to survive in the wild. Since they lived in warm regions of the world, there was no need to worry about clothing. However, primitive people still learned to build primitive dwellings that saved them from scorching sun rays, rain, and predators.

The first tools of labor of the ancient people were their strong hands and teeth, as well as stones and broken tree branches. Over time, they learned to make the simplest tools from available materials: sticks, horns and bones of animals, stones.

The main occupation of the ancient people was obtaining food: fishing and hunting, which required dexterity, endurance and great physical strength. Women collected edible plants and berries. There was an exchange of some goods for others between the tribes.

The ability to make and use fire had a huge impact on the development of mankind. Thanks to this, ancient people significantly improved their lives: fire provided them with warmth, reliable protection from wild animals, and improved the quality of food.

Ancient people passed on their knowledge to their descendants with the help of rock paintings. With the help of primitive figurines, they depicted the world around them, important periods of their lives: scenes of hunting, skirmishes with warring tribes.

Rice. 3. Rock painting

Primitive history lasted for hundreds of years. During this time, ancient people were able to settle almost throughout the globe and populate all continents, except for the harsh Antarctica.

What have we learned?

While studying the topic “The Beginning of Human History,” we learned what were the features of the appearance and behavior of ancient man. We found out how our distant ancestors lived, how the development of the very first - primitive - era in human history took place.

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 20.12.2011 09:13

The secret history of humanity is completely different from the one we are taught in schools. And this story, like all of humanity, does not care that the two stories do not coincide. After all, modern historical science has existed for only hundreds of years, but people have lived on Earth for millions of years. New generations come and say: “We don’t know this, we don’t believe in it.” But this does not change the past. And, besides, scientists are mistaken no less often than ordinary people. Once upon a time they refused to acknowledge the existence of meteorites, saying that the sky is an ocean of air, there is no firmament (which religion spoke about), and therefore the stones have nowhere to come from. Back in the 20th century, cybernetics and genetics in our country were considered pseudosciences. And so on, there are thousands of examples of scientific misconceptions around the world...

From history, the people draw dignity and the mighty spirit of the nation, seek the truth, not wanting to turn into “Ivanov the rootless.” We must understand that the current one. civil strife, the division of peoples, will not bring benefits to anyone, for all the Slavs, no matter how different they are from each other in customs and appearance, are essentially children of one ancient people. If Moses and the Jews searched for the way to the Promised Land for only 40 years, then the Russians moved around the world for millions of years! It’s not for nothing that I cited Pushkin’s words as an epigraph to the article. Has anyone ever wondered how this child of an “alien” race and culture “suddenly” became a genius of the Russian Empire? You will soon realize that this did not happen by chance.
There is probably no need to say that the version of history outlined below is one of many that exist today. Each nation considers itself chosen and great and strives to interpret historical facts in its own way. That's why everything in history is so confusing. Everywhere you look, there are great kingdoms, empires, principalities...
I know that I am bombarding you with a sea of information, but do not be afraid to dive into it, even after reading the article once, you will generally understand that the procession of Russians around the planet is a much more grandiose spectacle than an encounter with a UFO.
Ukrainian esotericist V. Kandyba in the book “History of the Russian People” identifies seven main periods in it:
1. Arctic - in time immemorial.
2. Siberian - from the third millionnium BC.
3. Ural, or Arkaim, - from the 200th millennium BC. e.
4. Aryan - from the 120th millennium BC. e.
5. Trojan - from the 11th millennium BC. e.
6. Kiev - from the 8th millennium BC. e.
7. Time of Troubles.
An impartial coverage of ancient history, based on true factual material, reveals the leading role of the Slavs in the development of world civilization.

Ancient homeland - Arctida

The Slavic Vedic tradition reports (and this is confirmed by modern archaeological excavations) that climate change and glaciation forced our ancestors to leave our ancestral home Arctida (Arkgogeya) about three million years ago and all the people, under the leadership of the legendary king Ima, to migrate across the only isthmus of the Arctic Ocean to the earth, now called Siberia. Russian historical science has not yet fully revealed this most ancient period of our history, and therefore they call it mythical, since we know very little about the life of the Rus of those distant times. Voltaire's friend Abbe Bailly in XV!!! century, he published the story that part of the Rus from the Arctic penetrated into the Atlantic and created the Atlantean civilization that later became famous - Atlantis. Science only knows that in the period about 15-18 thousand years ago, the level of the World Ocean was approximately 135 m lower than today. This means that a lot looked different, and the research carried out by scientists on the world's shelves can clarify a lot about the fate of Arctida and Atlantis.
“In a period of approximately 3 million years ago,” writes historian R. Koren, “when the Proto-Russians had already settled along the basin of the Rus (Urus or Orus) River, now called Lena, in a place just north of the city of Yakutsk, two centers of humanity already existed on Earth - northern and southern. The northern one consisted of the yellow people - a proto-Russian ethnic group that escaped after the destruction of Arctida, who, having mastered the Rus River basin, penetrated through Beringia into America, reaching modern Patagonia. At the same time, it began to spread and develop all the territories to the Urals, Central Asia and the Japanese Islands. The southern one was in Africa and was represented by short black people.

Siberian Rus'

During this period, the Rus lived in powerful clans, grouping into villages of 20-50 families with a total clan population of 1-2 thousand people on average. Relatives up to the 9th generation were considered members of the Old Russian clan. Marriages within the clan were strictly prohibited and usually took place between neighboring clans. The clan was headed by a founding chief and a council of elders. The largest clans were united into military-territorial tribal unions (temporary and permanent), which were governed by an elected governor. In the largest and most durable tribal unions, a permanent, inherited power structure was created headed by the king.
The Russians were very warlike from birth and did not want to obey anyone, except for strict discipline within the clan, so constant internecine wars took place everywhere. The ancient Rus had a highly developed sense of their own honor and the honor of their relatives. The solidarity of clan members and their mutual responsibility, both for good deeds and bad, was very developed.

Ural Rus'

About a million years BC. Our ancestors, due to a sharp cold snap, began to leave the Rus (Lena) River basin and settle south throughout the entire space from the Pacific Ocean to the Ra (Volga) River. The new places of the most compact residence of the Rus became the territories of the modern Southern Urals, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Northern India and Northern China. Over time, in the new territories, African black people were completely forced out to even more southern regions, and large Russian settlements began to emerge and settle throughout Central Eurasia. The city of Ariana on the Range River (Ural) became the sacred capital of all Rus.
At first, the clans and unions of the clans of the first settlers did not have a common single ruler, but then a ruler appeared from the distant Rus River. King Yima arrived with all the people on the Ur River and, on the site of Ariana, built the large city of Orey in honor of the first ancestor of the Rus, making it the new capital of all Rus from the Pacific Ocean to the Ra (Volga) River. After the death of King Yima, his eldest son Parikshit became the king of all Rus, who significantly expanded the lands of the Rus further to the south. Parikshit, through continuous wars, united all the Rus into a single empire, but tragically died in another military campaign to the East near the Ganges River (the territory of modern India).
Archaeological excavations show that Russian settlements of the era of Ural Rus' consisted of large, identical houses intended for large undivided families with approximately the same inventory for all houses. In military campaigns, chariots with wooden wheels drawn by horses were used. Parts of these oldest chariots in the world were recently excavated in the ancient Russian city on the Sintashta River (in the Chelyabinsk region).

Aryan Rus'

About 200 thousand years ago, the ancient Rus divided into northern and southern. The northern ones have already mastered the Far East, Siberia, the Urals and the Volga, and the southern ones began to migrate to the south and southwest to the Mediterranean (Sourozh) Sea. Our ancestors were called in the languages of neighboring peoples: oros, urus, russ, ors, urs, suras. Thousands of years later, some peoples of the Eastern Rus began to call them: Sakaliba, Saka, Shaka, Sakha, and the Western Rus: Oriyas, Ars, Aryans, Indo-Europeans.
About 90 thousand years ago, the Russians displaced the black race almost everywhere and began to populate a significant part of Europe, forming the modern races of white people. In addition, during this era, the formation of transitional races took place: the Malays (from black to yellow people), Semites (from black to white people) and the Japanese (from yellow to white people). About 80 thousand years ago, the first modern-type Rus appeared in the upper reaches of the Hu (Tigris) River. About 40 thousand years ago, the modern type of Russian ethnos was finally formed, which, unlike its ancestors who led a nomadic lifestyle, settled in the upper reaches of the Hu (Tigris) River, in places very rich in vegetation and game. This place is our real ancestral home, the land of our ancestors, which over time became the mother land for the entire Indo-European civilization. The founder of the Vedic tradition, Afet, reports that the ancient Russian priests conveyed to him a very ancient legend about the first cosmic god-man, from whom all people and all tribes descended - Oriya. Therefore, over time, other peoples and tribes began to call us “Oriyas”, in modern historical science - “Aryans”.
The formation and development of the Russian language ended by the 40th millennium BC. e., and its division into Indo-European branches occurred recently, in the 5th millennium BC. e. Before Indo-European, in addition to Russian, there were Afroasiatic languages (Semitohamite), the Kartvelian family of languages, Dravidian, Altai, but most people spoke Old Russian. Recent Russian historians - N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Solovyov, L.N. Gumilyov - respected the ancient Russian Vedic tradition and considered our ancient Asian origin an indisputable fact.
The first settlement of the Rus took place in the territory occupied by present-day Iran, then to India, and then to the Middle East and Europe. The largest military-territorial union of Russian tribes was formed in the 38th millennium BC. e. led by Rus. Rus spread the influence of the union to all Russian tribes along the Hu (Tigris) River and founded our first, already southern, capital - the Rusu fortress. The city was named after Rus, who was the great-grandson of the legendary elder Noah. Rus's grandfather was Noah's eldest son, Afet, who served as the Supreme Family of the Russian tribes. History says that it was Afet who became the founder of the great Vedic tradition of Russian high priests, which, through all the millennia, has survived to this day along the direct chain of Russian high priests.
Having formed a huge military-territorial union of tribes, the Rus became more sedentary and took up farming. Sedentary agriculture sharply accelerated the further development of economic and housing construction. The settlements or “cities” of the Rus occupied an area of up to 20 hectares. In the center were large brick complexes on high earthen platforms, surrounded by wooden walls and a moat.
The first writing arose on clay tablets in brick complexes that served as a temple and a public warehouse, where all the supplies and all the public property of the Russian community were located. Writing originated as a need to account for public property. Therefore, the most ancient Russian written sources on clay tablets look like warehouse reports.
The last 35 thousand years of the Ice Age became a time of unusually bright and rapid development for all Rus.
Numerous ancient Russian symbols and signs on surviving household items of that time indicate such a degree of development of the thinking of the ancient Rus, at which abstract thinking began to flourish, the ability to express a complex concept with a laconic graphic symbol, the ability to write in symbols and read was possessed by the majority of the adult population. Good living conditions led over time to a sharp increase in the population of the southern Russian union, and the Russians began to settle again in territories suitable for agriculture and cattle breeding: first in the areas of the fertile river valleys of Mesopotamia and the Middle East, then east to India, then along the Mediterranean and Northern coasts. Africa. Gradually, through the Isthmus of Asia Minor (now gone), the Rus began to re-develop the Balkans, Eastern Europe and the European Mediterranean. At the same time, the re-development of Iran, Central Asia and the Southern Urals was underway.
The settlement of the Rus over vast territories destroyed previously powerful and united inter-tribal alliances. The clan unions of the Rus were supported by three pillars: the indivisibility of the common property of the union, the unified military-territorial power of the prince or king elected by the council of clan elders, and the general veneration of the common cult of the first ancestor - Oriya.
In the tenth millennium, there was a new large migration of Rus from Mesopotamia to the north - through the Caucasus and the Balkans, and also to the south - along the sea to the delta of the great river, which was named in honor of the Sun God Sur (Nile). Therefore, the sea was called Surozh. Here, in the Sur (Nile) delta, the oldest Russian fortress on this earth, Sur, was built. Large settlements of the Rus were fenced for military purposes with walls and ramparts, behind which, if necessary, up to several thousand soldiers and civilians could hide. And the main civilian population in the area lived, as a rule, along the rivers. The largest Russian fortress-cities at that time were Sur (on the Nile), Nova Rusa (on the Tigris), Russka Oselia (Jerusalem), Trinity (on the Asia Minor coast), Asgard (on the Volga), Belograd (on the Dniester), Novograd ( Sevastopol), Kiev (on the Danube), New Kiev (on the Dnieper). The largest veche city-state was Sur. Tradition says that it was during these times that the Rus built the famous Vedic monument - the Sphinx, on which the oldest surviving inscription in the Old Russian language is still clearly visible.
The history of antiquity testifies that the Egyptian civilization was never “young”, because from the time of the first dynasties of the pharaohs (III millennium BC), that is, from the moment of its emergence, it was already an established civilization of high culture and maturity, having accepted knowledge of the Rus in finished form and recorded them as final conclusions in the form of instructions.
Significant knowledge in the exact sciences not only of the Egyptians, but also of the Sumerians, Persians, Indians and Chinese could only be obtained as a result of the accumulation of research experience over many centuries, the experience of the ancient Aryans, who built the city-temple-observatory of Arkaim in the Southern Urals (which in translation means “double of the sky”), and around it there are other ancient cities (21 cities in total) and already 18 thousand years ago they had a perfect lunar-solar calendar.
In the XIII millennium BC. e., the historian R. Koren believes, the last retreat of glaciers began (the last ice age was ending), which was accompanied, as the Vedas say, by rapid global warming. From this time until about 5,000 years ago, the climate in the Northern Hemisphere was generally milder than it is now. Subarctic forests moved about 300 km north of their current polar border, and lands from the Caucasus to Egypt began to be burned by the sun. It was at this time that the land along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea was renamed by the ancient Rus as the Lands of Palennogo Stan (Palestine).
As a result of the flood that occurred about 12,000 years ago, the ancient Russian civilization completely perished, and in everything there was a regression and rollback to ancient clan relations and customs. The largest Russian fortified city was the newly built Troy, near the ancient city of Trinity that had sunk under water (in the western part of the Mapoasian Peninsula).
By the 8th millennium BC. e. Troy became the capital of the largest Russian military-territorial union. The capital divided all Rus into southern and northern. Russian tribal unions in Eastern Europe, the Northern Black Sea region, the Danube, Dnieper, Volga, Southern Urals and Central Asia began to be classified as northern Rus. To the south - all Russian alliances to the east and south from Troy to Egypt. Due to multilingualism and the increasing differences in culture and language, the southern, central and northern Russians have completely ceased to be alike. The peoples inhabiting vast territories and paying tribute to the Rus stopped calling themselves Rus and, but all lands, regardless of what peoples and states were located on them, were still called Russian Land.
In the vast expanses of Trojan Rus', from the Nile to the Dnieper and from Europe to India, lived a variety of peoples, in which the Rus became a military and priestly rope (caste). There was no expressed central subordination to Troy. Democratic coexistence of different cultures, unshakable, ancient principles of democracy on earth and tough professional internecine warfare - these are the main characteristics of Trojan Rus'.
During this era, the Old Russian language underwent strong changes and was not preserved anywhere in its pure form. All that remains are archaeological finds of ancient Russian civilization, scattered over vast territories. These are excavations in Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates), the Troy region, Asia Minor, Kievan Rus and others. Recently, people have started talking again about an archaeological collection called “the treasures of King Priam,” which were excavated by Schliemann in 1873 on the site of the mythical and truly existing Troy, which once again confirms the high skill, art and culture of the ancient Rus.
The Rus of this time developed an alphabetic writing system, traces of which have been preserved in archaeological finds. The most ancient monuments of Russian writing, called by scientists “Slavic runitsa”, were discovered in 1961 in the village of Terteria on the territory of modern
Romania and are represented by three clay tablets dated to the 5th millennium BC. e. At the same time, it turned out that the Sumerian tablets (considered the most ancient) are a whole millennium younger than the Terterian ones. Similar writings were found in the village of Turdashi Vinca in Yugoslavia. Based on these unexpected finds, scientists concluded that the writing of Terteria did not arise out of nowhere, but is an integral part of the one widespread in the middle of the 5th - beginning of the 4th millennium BC. e. Balkan culture of Vinca. Runic writings similar to those of Vinchana were found in Trypillia in layers of the beginning of the 3rd millennium, and later in Troy and Crete, in Etruria and Parthia, on the Yenisei and in Scandinavia. The same letter existed in the Caucasus. This writing also spread to other continents - North Africa and America. Ultimately, it served as the basis for the well-known alphabets: Phoenician and ancient Greek, Celtic and Gothic, Proto-Indian and Latin, Hebrew and Cyrillic with Glagolitic. The global influence of the Trojan Rus on neighboring peoples was confirmed by the discovery of the Tel Amarin archive in Egypt in 1887. And also the Bible’s story about the ascent of Moses, after the end of the many years of Jewish wandering through the desert, to a mountain with the ancient Russian name “Heaven,” which was located on the southern borders of Trojan Rus', in the area of Paleny Stan.

The Trojan Rus of the 6th and 5th millennia were basically warriors, cattle breeders and farmers, and there were more and more farmers, especially in the developed northern territories after overcoming the powerful mountain barrier of the Alps-Ore Mountains-Carpathians and settling in the large river valleys of the Rhine, Elbe, Oder and Vistula. The resettlement of the Rus to the east of the Carpathians developed somewhat differently: there was no longer a mountain barrier, the Trojan Rus easily and quickly assimilated with the local Rus along the Dniester and the Southern Bug, who had settled in these places earlier (the migration flow here came slowly and constantly, never stopping from the very beginning time immemorial).
As a result of this migration, a more or less unified culture emerged over a vast area in Europe (archeology calls it “the culture of linear band ceramics”), which is accompanied by the Balkan culture of Vinca. The Novotroyan Russian lands began to spread from the Rhine to the Dniester and the right tributaries of the Dnieper, from the Pomeranian Lowland to the Danube, joining closely with the mother lands on the Dnieper, in the Northern Black Sea region, on the Danube and the Balkans. Within this entire huge Novorussian area, settlers were located mainly along the rivers.
The outflow of the most active part of the population of Trojan Rus', naturally, weakened it. The Greeks from the continental regions took advantage of this and two waves of invasions brought the end of Trojan Rus' closer. At the turn of the 3rd - 2nd millennium BC. e. The Achaean Greeks captured the territory of what is now Greece, destroying the cities of the Pelasgians (as the alien Greeks called the Slavic tribe) and their fortresses. Many of the Pelasgians, fleeing the invasion, crossed to the island of Crete, where the cities of the Pelasgian-Minoans (Etruscans) still flourished. By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. The Greeks reached Crete. The Achaean culture of the Greeks was able to borrow a lot from the Minoans, including linear syllabary, religious rituals and deities, plumbing, fresco painting, clothing styles and much more.
About 700 years later there was a second invasion of the Greeks, known as the Dorians. After him, a new period of Greek history began - the Homeric period, named after the blind singer Homer. The Dorian conquest pushed Greece back in cultural development by several centuries. After a ten-year siege, the Dorian Greeks captured and then destroyed the city of Troy. The remnants of the Rus' troops, led by governor Aeneas, went west on 20 ships and settled on the Italian Peninsula. Another detachment of Rus, led by Aptenor, went to Central Europe and, having once again conquered the lands between the Dnieper and the Spree up to the Cold (Baltic) Sea, settled on them, built many small fortified cities, and settled on the island of Ruge.
Subsequently, the Romans, intending to prove their descent from the gods, tried to erase traces of the Etruscans from the memory of mankind. Therefore, the scientific world now considers it generally accepted that the ancient Romans are the teachers of Western Europe. Nevertheless, the ancient historians knew very well that the teachers of these teachers were Etruscans. This is evidenced by the works of Hellanicus, Stephen of Byzantium, Ptolemy, Titus Livy, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Pliny and many other pre-Christian authors. According to ancient historians, the Etruscans gave the Romans musical instruments, a rostrum (the bow of a ship) and an anchor, theater, mining, ceramics and metalworking, herbal medicine, land reclamation, cities in Italy, the art of fortune telling, and so on. The first kings of Rome were Etruscans: Tarquius, Search, Servius (Serbia) Tullius, Tarquinius the Proud. Etruscan fist fighters took part in Roman festivities. The Etruscan shield, spear and armor were also adopted by the Romans.
A little is said above about the borrowing of written monuments. The following should be added to this.
E. I. Klassen in his work of the mid-20th century “The newest materials for the ancient history of the Slavs in general and the Slavic Russians of the pre-Rurik period, especially with a light outline of the history of the Russians before the Nativity of Christ” writes: “It is already known that all the ancient tribes of the Slavs had their own runic writings the matter is undoubted, realized even by the Germans, who dispute every step of Slavic enlightenment. Only our home-grown skeptics, who finished studying history in school, claim that all runes must be Scandinavian. But have these great-wise interpreters read at least one runic inscription? Have you seen at least one? This is still subject to doubt. And Schlitser himself - this rejecter of everything that elevates the Slavs above other peoples - did not dare to disagree due to the testimony of Herodotus and other Greek writers that many Scythian tribes knew literacy and that the Greeks themselves adopted the alphabet from the Pelasgians - also a Scythian people, or, what is the same, Slavic-Russian origin. From everything deduced here, it is clear that the Slavs had literacy not only before all the western peoples of Europe, but also before the Romans and even the Greeks themselves, and that the outcome of enlightenment was from the Rus to the west, and not from there to us.”
Such a monument of Slavic writing as the “Book of Veles” (“Great Light”), written in the 9th century AD, also requires special attention. e. In Soviet times, historians, naturally, disowned it, declaring the “Veles Book” a fake. The texts of the Book of Veles tell about the ancient Slavs and cover the time from the 5th century BC. e. to the 7th century. It talks about the humanity of the Slavs, their high culture, the veneration of their forefathers, and their love for their native land.

Indian Rus'

The main settlement of the Rus from Trojan Rus' took place along the land isthmus that existed at that time connecting Asia Minor and the Balkans in the area of the present Bosporus Strait. In the 5th millennium BC. e. sea waters washed away the isthmus, and the ancient Rus were cut off from their first and second ancestral home, although communication continued and became more and more intense. Thus, the Danube-Bapkan region, Central and South-Eastern Europe became a new ancestral home for the Russians (after Mesopotamia and Asia Minor). The capital of the largest southern tribal union was the city of Kiev, founded by the governor Kiem in 4211 BC. The Dnieper Union of Russian tribes, settled in ancient times (even before the flood) from the Northern Black Sea region to the Baltic, continues to be strong in military and economic terms. .

In the 7th millennium BC. e. metals were already processed here, livestock was raised and cereals were grown. It was here that archaeologists unearthed a developed civilization of the ancient Rus (the so-called Tripoli culture). Significant cultural achievements took place here in the 5th millennium BC. e. At this time, the ancient Rus were clearly divided into southern pastoral military alliances and northern agricultural military alliances. The population of the unions was divided into vervi (castes) of priests, warriors, artisans and cattle breeders or farmers. The ancestral nobility of the ancient Rus constantly involved their fellow tribesmen in various internecine military campaigns, sometimes very distant, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. At the same time, the local population that got in the way of the Rus was exterminated or forced out of these lands. The most famous is the campaign to the East undertaken by the ancient Russian priest Ram, who reached Tibet and founded a new country - India, named after the ancient Russian Indus (Dnieper) River.
This is how they describe the background of this campaign and the campaign itself. Five thousand years ago, the young Kiev priest Ram, a very educated man who had studied medicine well, provided great assistance to his people in the fight against a severe infectious disease brought from Africa. Having become a famous person, Ram thought about the issues of humanization and streamlining of Russian life. Trance practice allowed Rama to receive answers to all his questions through visions. Ram systematized this knowledge in the form of a new teaching, which he outlined to his followers and students.
Since there were opponents of the new teaching in the western parts of the country, in order not to subject the country to a fratricidal war, Ram decided to take some of his supporters and students to the east and introduce the new teaching there. Having crossed the Russian steppe, Ram entered the territory of modern Iran through the Caucasus and built the city of Ver. Having mixed with the local population, the Rus began to teach them the reformed Vedas and introduce vervi (castes): priests, warriors, farmers, traders and artisans.
Ram prohibited murder and all enslavement of a person as the source of all evils, introduced the principle of electing judges and rulers, and put the interests of society above the interests of the individual. Lawbreakers were expelled from the vervi (caste). Ram, like all Russian rulers and tsars, was wise and led a spiritual lifestyle. He decided to streamline the Old Russian language and created an improved language, which the Indians later called “Sanskrit”, which means “ordered”. Having mastered the lands of the future ancient Iranian civilization, Ram moved further to the east and, having crossed the Hindu Kush, came to India. Here Ram introduced the caste system to avoid mixing with black people and taught the local population the reformed Vedas. In India, Ram grew old and died without ever returning home, and the Vedas, changed by his reform, firmly took root in that land and have survived to this day.
Starting from the 5th millennium, complex processes of differentiation, struggle, and multiple migrations of Rus tribes on the territory of modern Europe began to occur at the borders and within Kievan Rus. In the 24th century BC. e. The Russians again, as before the Flood, brought the whole world into submission and imposed tribute on all peoples: from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic and from Egypt to the Arctic (which is confirmed by the burials of Russian warriors of this era found by archaeologists all over the world), thanks to the Russians, development is developing in the conquered countries economy, metallurgy, wheeled transport, writing, and so on were introduced. Let us dwell only on some fragments of the development processes of the Indo-European branch of the Rus, which are directly related to the topic of our research. Attempts have been made repeatedly to link the history of the Slavs of Pomerania and Kievan Rus to the history of the Scandinavian peoples. One of the first such attempts to distort the history of Russians was rebuffed by M.V. Lomonosov. E. I. Klassen, studying the development of the language of the ancient Slavs, comes to the conclusion that the richness of the language comes from the development of an artistic life, which among the Slavs developed much earlier than among the Germans and Scandinavians. At the same time, many words existing from the educated Slavic people were borrowed by the Scandinavians. This suggests that the Slavs were more educated than the Scandinavian peoples. Klassen further notes that the Slavs called their gods by names that “had meaning in the indigenous Slavic language, and the Scandinavians borrowed from them their entire mythology, adding to it only the names of the Slavs, whom they elevated to the dignity of demigods. That’s why the Scandinavian gods all lived on Mount Ida, that is, in ancient Trojan Rus', and in Asgard, that is, near the Sea of Azov, between the tribes of Azov and Yazi.” Scandinavian heroes and divinely inspired people went to the Veneti (which included Pskov and Novgorod) to study wisdom. Confirmation of this can be found in most Scandinavian sagas. The question arises: who studied with whom?!

Kievan Rus

In the 12th century BC. e. in Europe, the Kiev prince Bogumir tried to unite all the northern Rus into a single state of Semirechye (the basins of the Rhine, Laba, Vistula, Oder, Neman, Western Dvina and Neva rivers). By this time, the Western Rus had gradually transformed into modern peoples: Germans, Swedes, Danes and others; their real (most ancient) name was preserved in the most ancient written sources: Russland. Often, historians of the past and present replace the common self-name of the ancient Russian peoples - “Rus” with “Indo-Europeans”. The word “Indo-Europeans” is a geographical concept, which only says that the once united people - the Rus - lived everywhere from India to Europe. As you know, the word “Germans” comes from the Slavic root “mute”, that is, those who do not speak the language of the Rus, which could have an initial figurative meaning - wild, having forgotten their language.
Tacitus says that the Germans did not yet know cities, while the Slavs had them in abundance. In the “Geographer of Bavaria” or in Constantine Porphyrogenitus it is indicated that the Slavs in the territory of what is now Germany, long before the calling of the Varangians, had fortified and populous cities, each of which was surrounded by a moat, rampart and palisades. Almost all historical data show that significant cities in Russia were in their full splendor long before Christianity.
Researcher Leonid Ryzhkov claims that “... right up to the borders of present-day France, the Slavic “sea” of a single ethnic group spread, speaking almost a single language, not yet spoiled by German, Turkish, Ugric-Dzungar (that is, Mongolian), Arab and other conquerors. Leipzig in those days was called Lipsk and was the center of the Slavic region of the Lusatians, whose descendants live there to this day. Dresden was the Drozdyans, Meissen was the Mishans, Merisenburg was Mezhibor, and all these lands were inhabited by the Nishans, Milchans, Selichans, Dechans and Hugichis; and in the north the famous Brandenburg was called Branibor - the center of vast Slavic principalities, which were conquered by the Germans only in the middle of the 11th century! century. This is all within the borders of present-day Germany, not to mention Poland... And further to the south, right up to Chervonnaya (Red) Rus', which became part of the state of Rus' in 981, stretched the Great Moravian state of the Slavs, which is still called Ugorshchina by Ukrainians, and then on the banks of the Danube stood Vysehrad, Novgorod and Peci (modern Pest). This area of Hungary until 1400-1600. was called Novograd. The Hungars (Dzungars, Uighurs) conquered and began to enslave this country only in the 10th century. And even further south was Wallachia and the Bulgarian kingdom. Even Austria (Ostria), which had not yet undergone deep Germanization by that time, was ruled by Slavic princes, with the cities of Windebozh (Vienna), Svetla (Zwel), Rakousy and others... It can be said with all certainty that there was a single Slavic people in the 1st century, moreover, not yet divided into western, eastern and southern, a single ethnic group of Wends-Slavs.”
How were all these lands lost? P. Lukashevich in his study “Charomancy, or the Sacred Language of Magi, Magi and Priests” writes that all the Slavs of Persia and Asia Minor, part of Thrace and part of Macedonia died under the blows of the Mongols and Arabs. The wild steppe was depopulated, and the Kalmyk, or Mongol, horde, the current Magyars, “migrated” to Pannonia. The Slavic-Russian tribes, protected by the gods from all lies and filth, more than anyone else, resisted the wild Mongols and protected Southwestern Europe from extermination. Half-savage, half-enlightened Germans, emerging from the dark corner of Europe, with the help of the Gauls they defeated, began to conquer the Slavs, now taking advantage of their discord, now seducing the Slavic kings and princes with their loyalty and zeal, so that the Slavic rulers very willingly gave them their lands for settlement, which the new settlers used only for their own benefit, without sharing a crumb with the Slavs. And when these areas fell under the direct rule of the Germans, the new settlers became active assistants in the oppression of the natives, that is, the Slavs. As a result of this, Silesia became completely Germanized. Thus, starting from the borders of Holland and both banks of the Rhine, they moved further and further to the east, and over the course of a millennium they founded one Right (an empire of four kingdoms and many small possessions) on the Slavic lands.
In modern history, there is not even a mention of a single Slavic state, which united numerous and diverse Slavic tribes under the leadership of a certain king Macha in pre-Kievan times, because this would contradict the “Norman theory.” Having recognized that the Rus already in prehistoric times united all the Slavic peoples that were part of a single state, we will also have to admit that today they have the right to claim the same role. Therefore, opponents of the Russian-Aryan theory of the origin of earthly civilization continue to claim that in those days the Slavs lived in forests, like animals and birds.
An attempt to refute the “Norman theory” from the beginning of the Russian people to the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise, or until 1054, was made by M. Lomonosov in “Ancient Russian History” of 1766. E. I. Klassen (Russian historian of the 19th century) in his study “New materials for the ancient history of the Slavs” wrote: “In order to find undoubted traces of the Slavs in universal history, it is necessary to throw out from it all the mutilated nicknames of peoples and use instead one for all of them a common tribal name... It is clear that the Greeks and Romans wanted the Slavs to submit to them, of course, they sacrificed not only their dignity, but also freedom of action, even life itself, and therefore armed foreigners against them, their like-minded people, and those who resisted this called barbarians. This gives reason not to take the word of either the Greek or Roman historians since the spirit of the predominance of these two peoples, and therefore all the legends compiled by them about the Slavs must be taken into account with the circumstances of the oppressors and the oppressed and, according to reasonable criticism, clear them of slander, bile, ridicule . Having carried out this task conscientiously, we will receive a correct view of the history of the Slavs ... "

Time of Troubles

And finally, very briefly about the last period of the history of Rousseau, called in the first article the Time of Troubles. According to V. M. Kandyba, this is the history of the Russian state starting from the 12th century AD. e. to the present day. At the same time, he cites the historical facts that prepared the Time of Troubles, reports well-known historical events and concludes: “With the reduction of Russian spiritual and moral pressure on the world community throughout the world and in our country, the construction of a new, economized civilization on absolutely criminal grounds and with a complete lack of rational meaning. The weakening of the ancient power and goals of the “Great Russian Idea” in the formation and development of the world community will lead to unpredictable catastrophic consequences, which we and other peoples of the Earth will feel in the coming years.”
How to relate to the secret history of mankind outlined in three articles is up to you to choose. After all, there are many such stories (“the only true ones”). It is always useful to shake up established views and look at the world with new eyes. But whether you will like it in its new form, whether you will accept it this way, that’s another question...

The oldest stage of human history.

Natural and social in man and the human community of the primitive era. Changes in lifestyle and forms of social connections.

The history of mankind as a whole is characterized by the increasing dynamics of changes occurring both in various spheres of social life and in the complex of relationships between society and nature.

Traditional for the materialist traditions of European science was the consideration of history from the point of view of man's conquest of nature. It really acts as a source of resources for the development of civilization. At the same time, a person is in constant interaction with his environment, he himself is its creation and an integral part.

Human society and natural communities

The most ancient stone tools appeared about 2.5-3 million years ago. Consequently, at that time, creatures with the rudiments of intelligence already lived in East Africa.

The origin of the mind is explained by the action of natural laws of evolutionary development, interspecies struggle for survival. The best chances in this struggle were those species that, to a greater extent than others, could ensure their existence in the changing conditions of the natural environment.

Wildlife has demonstrated an infinite variety of both dead-end and viable evolutionary options. One of them was associated with the formation of the rudiments of social behavior that many animal species demonstrate. By uniting in herds (flocks), they could defend themselves and protect their cubs from stronger opponents, and obtain more food. In the interspecific and sometimes intraspecific struggle between herds that needed similar food, those who had better developed communication, the ability to warn each other about the approach of the enemy, and better coordinate their actions during the hunt won. Gradually, over hundreds of thousands of years, among human predecessors, primitive sound signals expressing emotions began to acquire an increasingly meaningful character. Speech was formed, inseparable from the ability for abstract, abstract thinking, which implied a complication of the structure of the brain.

Thus, the emergence and improvement of speech and abstract thinking became the most important factor in the development of the human race itself. It is no coincidence that each new step in the stage of human evolution was associated, on the one hand, with the development of the brain, and on the other, with the improvement of hunting and fishing tools.

The accumulation of knowledge and practical skills in its application has provided humans with decisive advantages in the struggle for survival compared to other species. Armed with clubs, spears, and acting together, primitive hunters could cope with any predator. The possibilities for obtaining food have expanded significantly. Thanks to warm clothing, mastery of fire, and acquisition of the skill of preserving food (drying, smoking), people were able to settle over a vast territory and felt relative independence from the climate and vagaries of the weather.

The accumulation of knowledge was not a constantly developing, progressive process. Many human communities perished due to hunger, disease, and attacks by hostile tribes, and the knowledge they acquired was completely or partially lost.

Paleolithic

Approximately 1.0 million - 700 thousand years ago, a period begins that is called the Early Paleolithic (from the Greek “paleo” - “ancient” and “lithos” - “stone”). Excavations in France, near the villages of Chelles and Saint-Achelles, have revealed the remains of caves and ancient settlements, where successive generations of the predecessors of modern man lived for tens of thousands of years. Subsequently, such finds were discovered in other places.

Archaeological research has made it possible to trace how tools of labor and hunting have changed. Tools made of bone and sharpened stone (points, scrapers, axes) became more and more sophisticated and durable. The physical type of a person changed: he became more and more adapted to moving on the ground without the help of his hands, and the volume of his brain increased.

The most important achievement of the Early Paleolithic was mastering the ability to use fire (approximately 200–300 thousand years ago) to heat a home, prepare food, and protect against predators.

The time of the Early Paleolithic ends with a period of sharp changes in the natural conditions of existence of primitive people. The onset of glaciers began, approximately 100 thousand years ago, covering almost the entire territory of Russia, Central and Western Europe. Many herds of primitive Neanderthal hunters were unable to adapt to new living conditions. The struggle for diminishing sources of food intensified between them.

By the end of the Early Paleolithic (approximately 30-20 thousand years BC) in Eurasia and Africa, Neanderthals completely disappeared. The modern, Cro-Magnon type of man has established himself everywhere.

During the same period of time, under the influence of differences in natural conditions, the main races of people emerged.

The Mesolithic era (from the Greek “mesos” - “middle” and “lithos” - “stone”) covers the period from the 20th to the 9th-8th millennium BC. It is characterized by a new change in natural conditions, which become more favorable: glaciers are retreating, new territories become available for settlement.

During this period, the Earth's population did not exceed 10 million people.

During the Mesolithic era, rock painting arose and became widespread. In the remains of dwellings of that time, archaeologists find figurines depicting people, animals, beads and other decorations. All this speaks of the onset of a new stage in the knowledge of the world. Abstract symbols and generalized concepts that emerged with the development of speech take on a kind of independent life in drawings and figurines. Many of them were associated with rituals and rites of primitive magic. The large role of chance in people's lives gave rise to attempts to improve the situation in hunting and in life. This is how belief in omens, favorable or unfavorable, arose. Fetishism appeared - the belief that some objects (talismans) have special magical powers. Among them were animal figurines, stones, and amulets that supposedly brought good luck to their owner. Beliefs arose, for example, that a warrior who drank the blood of an enemy or ate his heart acquired special strength. Hunting, treating a patient, and choosing a mate (boy or girl) were preceded by ritual actions, among which dancing and singing were of particular importance. People of the Mesolithic era knew how to make percussion, wind, string and plucked musical instruments.

Particular importance was attached to funeral rituals, which became more and more complex over time. In ancient burials, archaeologists find jewelry and tools that people used during life, and food supplies. This proves that already at the dawn of history, beliefs in the existence of an other world, where a person lives after death, were widespread.

Faith in higher powers, which could both help and harm, gradually strengthened. It was assumed that they could be appeased with a sacrifice, most often with part of the loot, which should be left in a certain place. Some tribes practiced human sacrifice.

It was believed that some people have great abilities to communicate with higher powers and spirits. Gradually, along with the leaders (they usually became the strongest, most successful, experienced hunters), priests (shamans, sorcerers) began to play a noticeable role in the life of primitive tribes. They usually knew the healing properties of herbs, had some hypnotic abilities and had a great influence on their fellow tribesmen.

The time of completion of the Mesolithic and the transition to a new stage of human development can only be approximately determined. Among many tribes of the equatorial zone in Africa, South America, on the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, among the aborigines of Australia, and some peoples of the North, the type of economic activity and culture has remained virtually unchanged since the Mesolithic era. At the same time, in the 9th-8th millennia BC. In some areas of the world, the transition to agriculture and livestock breeding begins. This time of the Neolithic revolution (from the Greek “neos” - “new” and “litos” - “stone”) marks the transition from the appropriating to the producing type of economic activity.

Human and nature

Man around the 10th millennium BC. established itself on all continents as the dominant species and, as such, ideally adapted to the conditions of its habitat. However, further improvement of hunting tools led to the extermination of many species of animals, a reduction in their numbers, which undermined the foundations of the existence of primitive people. Hunger and related diseases, the intensification of the struggle between tribes for increasingly poor hunting territories, a decline in the human population - such was the price for progress.

This first crisis in the development of civilization in history was solved in two ways:

The tribes living in the harsh climate of the North, desert areas, and jungles seemed to freeze in their development and knowledge of the world around them. Gradually, a system of prohibitions (taboos) developed that limited hunting and food consumption. This prevented population growth, hampered changes in lifestyle and the development of knowledge.

In other cases, there was a breakthrough to a qualitatively new level of development. People began to consciously influence the natural environment and transform it. The development of agriculture and cattle breeding occurred only in favorable natural conditions.