Ivan Franko anniversary edition city of Lviv. Prose works

Franko, Ivan Yakovlevich

The main modern representative of Little Russian literature, fiction writer, poet, scientist, publicist and leader of the Democratic Party of Little Russians in Austria. Genus. in 1856 in the Galician village. Naguevichi, in the family of a peasant blacksmith; In his stories ("Little Miron" and others) he depicts the first years of his childhood in the lightest colors. F.'s father died before his son graduated from the Drohobych Basilian "normal" school; but F.’s stepfather, also a peasant, took care of continuing his education. Soon F.’s mother also died, so for the summer he came to someone else’s family - and yet staying there seemed like paradise to the boy in comparison with school, where rude and uneducated teachers, pampering the children of the rich, inhumanly tortured the children of poor parents (see autobiography .stories: “Cleanmanship”, “Pencil”, etc.); According to F., he learned his hatred of the oppression of one person by another from a normal school. Both here and later at the gymnasium, F. was the first student; in the summer, the high school student tended cattle and helped in field work; he wrote poetic translations from the Bible, ancient and Western European writers, which he was then engaged in, in the popular Little Russian language. Having entered the Lvov University in 1875, F. joined the student circle of the so-called party. Muscovophile, which was still strong in Galicia at that time; This pseudo-Russian pariah, under the name of love for Russia, nourishes exclusively love for its reactionary and dark elements, does not know Russian literature at all, and in his contempt for the Little Russian peasants writes the so-called. "paganism", i.e. a very ugly jargon, representing a chaotic mixture of Russian Tredyakovism with Polish and Little Russian words. In this language, F. began to publish his poems and the long fantasy novel “Petria and Doboschuk” in the style of Hoffmann in the organ of Muscovophile students “Friend”. Under the influence of letters from Kyiv prof. M.P. Dragomanov's youth, grouped around "Friend", became acquainted with Russian literature of the era of great reforms and with Russian writers in general and became imbued with democratic ideals, after which they chose the language of their Galician demos - Little Russian - as the instrument of their literary speech; Thus, Little Russian literature received into its ranks, along with many other talented workers, F. Enraged by the massive loss of youth, old Muscovophiles, especially the editor of the extremely retrograde “Slovo” V. Ploshchansky, turned to the Austrian police with denunciations against the editors of “Friend”. Its members were all arrested in 1877, and F. spent 9 months in prison, in the same room with thieves and vagabonds, in terrible hygienic conditions. Upon his release from prison, the entire Galician obscurantist society turned away from him as a dangerous person - not only Muscovophiles, but also the so-called. Narodovtsy, i.e. Ukrainianophile nationalists of the older generation with bourgeois or Uniate-clerical convictions; F. had to leave the university (he graduated from a university course 15 years later, when he was preparing for a professorship). Both this stay in prison in 1877, as well as a second imprisonment in 1880 and another in 1889, brought F. closely acquainted with various types of the scum of society and poor workers brought to prison by poverty and exploitation, and presented him with a number of topics for fiction works that were published mainly in the Drahomanov-style magazines he edited ("Dzvin", "Hammer", "Hromadsky Friend" 1878, "Svit" 1880 ff., "People" from the 90s, etc.); They constituted F.'s main glory and immediately began to be translated into other languages. Among them, the following stand out: a cycle of stories from the life of proletarian workers and rich entrepreneurs in the oil fields in Borislav; stories from the lives of thieves and former people, imbued with a humane attitude towards human dignity (the story “On the Days” = “At the Bottom of Society”, 1880) was particularly successful; stories and tales from the life of Jews that are alien to religious and national antagonism (the best of all is the novel “Boa Constrictor” = “Fist”, 1884; “Before the Light!” = “To the Light!”, 1889, translated into Russian several times; poetic poems from the life of Jews seeking truth). The prison is also inspired by cycles of lyrical works, some of which, deeper and more talented, but less popular, are full of idealistic sadness based on broad universal motives, while others, which have become extremely popular, energetically and effectively call on society to fight against social (class and economic) ) untruths. F. showed talent in the field of objective history. novel: his “Zakhar Berkut” (1883, from the time of the Tatar invasion of the 13th century) received a prize even at the competition of the national-bourgeois magazine “Zorya”, which did not see in it the “naturalism of Zola” (pseudo-classics and scholastic Galicians always opposed F . this reproach). In Ukraine, this novel attracted serious attention from readers to its author, who was so different from the hardened majority of Galicians, and marked the beginning of closer communication between F. and the Ukrainians of Russia. Behind the “naturalistic” and “radical” works of F. Galicians also could not help but recognize the brilliant talent, despite the fact that these works contained a challenge to the entire inert, unenlightened bourgeois-clerical Galician society; F.'s enormous reading, literary education, and awareness of political-social and political-economic issues served as an incentive for the people's people to seek F.'s cooperation in their bodies. Little by little, peaceful relations were established between F. and the people, and in 1885 he was even invited by them to become the chief editor of their literary and scientific organ, Zorya. For two years, F. led “Zorya” very successfully, recruited all the most talented writers from Russian Ukraine into its staff, and expressed his conciliatory attitude towards the Uniate clergy in his beautiful poem “Panski Zharti” (“Barbarian Jokes”), in which the image of an old rural a priest who lays down his life for his sheep. However, in 1887, the most zealous clerics and bourgeois insisted on F.'s removal from the editorial board; Other people also did not like F.’s excessive love for Russian writers (F. personally translated a lot from Russian and published a lot), in which there is little. chauvinism sensed Muscolephilism. F. found the highest sympathy among the Little Russians of Ukraine, where his collection of poems "Z peaks and lowlands" ("From the heights and valleys", 1887, 2nd edition 1892) was copied by many and memorized, and a collection of stories from the life of working people " In Poti Chola" (1890; there is a Russian translation "In the sweat of brow", St. Petersburg, 1901), brought to Kiev in the amount of several hundred copies, was sold out in great demand. He began to publish something in “Kyiv Antiquity”, under the pseudonym “Miron”; but even in Galicia the people’s people inevitably continued to seek his cooperation and published, for example, his anti-Jesuit story “Mission” (Vatra, 1887). Its continuation, “The Plague” (“Zorya”, 1889; 3rd ed. - “Vik”, Kiev, 1902), was supposed to reconcile the Narodivtsy with F., since the hero of the story is an extremely sympathetic Uniate priest; F.'s participation in the nationalist magazine Pravda also foreshadowed peace; but the agreement between the Galician peoples and the Polish gentry, the Jesuits and the Austrian government that took place in 1890 forced F., Pavlik and all the progressive Little Russians of Galicia to separate into a completely special party (see Galician-Russian movement). According to the agreement of 1890 (this is the so-called “new era”), the Little Russian language acquired very important advantages in public life and school in Austria until the university. inclusive, but the Little Russian intelligentsia was entrusted with the obligation to sacrifice the interests of the peasants, support the union with Rome and suppress Russophilia. The party of strict democrats, organized by F. and Pavlik to counterbalance the “new era,” adopted the name “Russian-Ukrainian radical party”; its organ "People" (1890-95), in which F. wrote a lot of journalistic articles, existed until Drahomanov's death (he sent articles from Sofia, where he was then a professor); Now, instead of "The People", this very strengthened party has other newspapers and magazines. The "people" preached selfless devotion to the interests of the peasantry, a useful means for raising the cross. welfare considered the introduction of communal land ownership and artels; the ideals of German socialism were often presented to the “People” as something barracks-like, “like the Arakcheevsky military settlements” (Drahomanov’s words), the Marxist theory of promoting the proletarianization of the masses was inhuman; F. ended up popularizing (in Life and Words) English Fabianism (see). In religious terms, the “People” were an ardent enemy of the union and demanded freedom of conscience. In terms of nationality, the “People” adhered just as tightly to the Little Russian language as the “New Erists,” and considered its use obligatory for the Little Russian intelligentsia, but derived this necessity from purely democratic motives and proclaimed the struggle against chauvinism and Russ-eating. In the polemics of "The People" against the narrowly nationalistic "Pravda", the most caustic articles belonged to F.; the volume of political poems he published ("Nimechchina", "Donkeys' Elections", etc.) irritated the nationalists even more. F.'s intensive journalistic activities and leadership of the radical party were carried out completely free of charge; they had to earn their living through hard paid work in Polish newspapers. In the first two years of publication of “The People,” F.’s fictional work and his scientific studies almost ceased; F.'s time free from journalism and politics was only enough for short lyrical poems (in 1893, the collection "Withered Leaves" - "Withered Leaves" - was published - tenderly melancholy, love content, with the motto for the reader: Sei ein Mann und folge mir nicht). Around 1893, F. suddenly devoted himself primarily to scientific studies, and again enrolled in Lvov University, where he was scheduled to become a professor. Ogonovsky as successor in the department of Old Russian and Little Russian literature, then completed his historical and philological education at the University of Vienna at the seminaries of Acad. Yagich, publishes (1894) an extensive study on John Vyshensky and a doctoral dissertation: “Varlaam and Yossaf”, publishes (since 1894) the literary, historical and folklore magazine “Life and the Word”, prints Old Russian manuscripts, etc. d. In 1895, after F.’s successful inaugural lecture at Lvov University, the professorial senate elected him to the department of Little Russian and Old Russian literature, and F. could rejoice that he finally had the opportunity to throw off the “yoke of corvée” (so he called obligatory work in Polish newspapers for the sake of a piece of bread for himself and his family) and devote himself entirely to his native science and literature. However, the Galician governor, Count Casimir Badeni, did not allow a man “who had been in prison three times” to be confirmed as a professor. F.’s heavy pessimistic mood was expressed in his collection of poems “Miy Izmaragd” (1898, compiled on the model of the ancient Russian “Izmaragds”); in one of the poems, the tormented poet declared that he was unable to love his inert, unenergetic nation, but would simply be faithful to it, like a yard dog that is faithful to its master, although it does not love him. F. outlined the depravity of the Polish-gentry society in the novels “Fundamentals of Suspilnost” = “Pillars of Society”, “For the Home Fire” = “For the Sake of the Family Hearth” 1898), etc. Works such as “Fundamentals of Suspilnost” were interpreted by F.’s Polish enemies. in the sense of condemning not only the Polish nobility, but also the entire Polish people. F. paid the most for his research about Mickiewicz on the occasion of his anniversary “Der Dichter des Verraths” (in the Viennese magazine “Zeit”). The general indignation of Polish society denied him access to Polish newspapers and magazines, even of the most impartial shade. The source of livelihood remained work in German, Czech, Russian magazines ("Kievsk Star.", "Northern Courier"), but this casual income was not enough, and the poet at one time was threatened with blindness from a dark apartment and starvation with his family. Just at this time, the “Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv” received, under the chairmanship of prof. Grushevsky was progressive in nature and undertook several series of scientific and literary publications; work in these publications began to be paid and F was brought in as one of the main employees. Since 1898, he has been the editor of the Literary and Scientific Bulletin, the best Little Russian magazine published by the community. named after Shevchenko; here most of his fiction, poetic, critical and historical-literary works are published. His novel Perekhresni Stitches = Cross Paths (1900) depicts the thorny life of an honest Rusyn public figure in Galicia, whose energy must largely be spent fighting petty squabbles and the intrusion of political enemies into his personal life. A lyrical recollection of the sad past experienced is a collection of poems: “From the days of zhurbi” = “From the days of sorrow” (1900). F.'s scientific works on history, literature, archeology, ethnography, etc. are published in the "Notes" of the Scientific Society. named after Shevchenko and - monographs - in numerous "Proceedings" of sections of the society, in one of which F. is the chairman. An incomplete list of titles alone written by F., compiled by M. Pavlik, formed a voluminous book (Lvov, 1898). F.'s 25th literary anniversary was solemnly celebrated in 1899 by Little Russians of all parties and countries. The best Little Russian writers of Russia and Austria, regardless of direction, dedicated the collection “Privit” (1898) to F. Some of F.'s works have been translated into German, Polish, Czech and - mainly recently - Russian. From the extensive literature about F., the following are important: 1) Drahomanov’s preface to “In the Pot” (Lvov, 1890). where F.’s autobiography is located; 2) a detailed biography and analysis of works - in "Historical Little Russian Literature." prof. Ogonovsky; 3) article by O. Makovey in "Lit-N. Vistn." (1898, book XI); 4) "Iv. F." - review by prof. A. Krymsky (Lvov, 1898). See Art. E. Degena in “New Word” (1897, book III) and M. Slavinsky’s preface to the Russian translation of “By the sweat of his brow” (St. Petersburg, 1901). About the ethnographer. F.'s works - from prof. N. Sumtsov in the II volume of “Modern minorities ethnography”.

A. Krymsky.

(Brockhaus)

Franko, Ivan Yakovlevich

(1856-1916) - famous Ukrainian writer, publicist, scientist and public figure. In the heyday of his creativity (70-80s of the 19th century) - “a representative of the worker-peasant intelligentsia of that time, a singer of the proletarianized peasantry and the first cadres of the Ukrainian working masses, an enemy of the national bourgeoisie of all stripes” [from the theses of the Agitprop of the Central Committee of the Communist Party ( boo]. Born into the family of a blacksmith in Galicia. Studied at Lviv University. Experienced the influence of ideas " Communities"and Federalist Dragomanova (cm.). Founder of the “Russian-Ukrainian radical party” (left-democratic), which prepared the ground for social democracy. He was repeatedly subjected to political persecution and was imprisoned. F. played a major role in the development of Ukrainian culture. His activities began in the era when the proletariat was emerging in Galicia. He was familiar with the teachings of Marx (some of whose works he translated into Ukrainian), but he did not understand the role of capital and the proletariat in historical development, remaining in the position of petty-bourgeois socialism, expressing Ch. arr. interests of the working peasantry. Franco depicted his social ideal of a free peasant community in the utopian story “Zakhar Berkut” from the life of Carpathian Rus' in the 13th century. F. was the first in Ukrainian literature to produce works that were distinguished by a strong social theme, and he was the first to give the image of a worker. In the stories "Borislav's Revelation" (1877-90), in the stories "Boa Constrictor" (1878), "Borislav to Laugh" (1881), F. showed the process of proletarianization of the peasantry, the process of capitalist accumulation in Galicia in the 70-80s. 19th century, terrible exploitation and struggle of workers in the oil fields. These early works were based on the creative method of the naturalist Zola. In his work, especially in the initial period, Franco acted as a publicist, giving the aesthetic side of his works secondary importance. F.'s lyrics of the first period are also devoted to the motives of the social struggle of the oppressed ("To Comrades from Prison", "Kamenyar", "The Eternal Revolutionary"). The collection of his poems “3 Peaks and Lowlands” (1873-90) is imbued with the pathos of the revolutionary struggle for the global brotherhood of workers. Franco's satires and fairy tales served the same purpose ("Without Pratsi", "Pig Constitution", "Hostry Elder"). Since the mid-90s. F. leaves active social work and socialist positions. In the 3rd cycle of poems of his collection of intimate lyrics - “Zivyale Leaves” (1886-96), in the collections “My Izmaragd” (1898), “From the Days of Zhurby (1900) - the mood of loneliness, the consciousness of one’s powerlessness in eradicating the social evil, the motives of flight to the bosom of nature. The limitations of F.'s petty-bourgeois socialism, colored by Proudhonism, and the separation from the revolutionary labor movement culminated in F.'s work with an attempt at a reformist reconciliation of the contradictions of labor and capital. Thus, if in the first edition of the story "Boa Constrictor" (1878) the entrepreneur Herman Goldkremer is presented in the image of a cruel oppressor, but in the third edition (1907) he is already a humane, beloved guardian of the workers, whose exploitative activities the author justifies by the law of the struggle for existence.

F. owns numerous translations from world literature: more than 60 authors from 10 foreign languages. F. also worked as a literary critic, leaving a number of valuable works on the theory and history of literature ("Drawing the history of Russian-Ukrainian literature until 1890 p.", 1910).

Op. F.: Create, vol. I-XXXII, ed. Lizanovsky and S. Pylypenko, Kiev, 1925-31. Translated into Russian. language: Borislavskie rasskazy, M.-L., 1930; Boa Constrictor, [Kharkov, 1928]; Borislav laughs (Tale), M.-L., 1929; At the bottom (One Hundred Tales and Stories), Kharkov, 1927; For the sake of the hearth (Tale), [Kharkov, 1928]; Zakhar Berkut (Pictures of the social life of Carpathian Rus' in the 13th century), M.-L., 1929, etc.

Lit.: Koryak V., Drawing on the history of Ukrainian literature, 2nd version, Kharkiv, 1927; his, Ukrainian literature (Synopsis), 3rd version, Kharkiv, 1931; Doroshkevich O., Handbook of the history of Ukrainian literature, 5th edition, Kharkiv-Kiev, 1930; Muzichka A., Paths of poetic creativity of Ivan Frank, Odessa, 1927; Stepnyak M. et al., About the evidence of the 1st century. Franka, Kharkiv, b. G.; Ivan Franko (15/VIII 1856-28/V 1916), Kharkiv, 1926 (anniversary collection); Panasyuk O., Before the creative method of Ivan Frank in stories with work themes, “Life and Revolution”, Kiev, 1932, No. 2-3.

L. Pidgayny.

Large biographical encyclopedia. 2009 .

See what “Franko, Ivan Yakovlevich” is in other dictionaries:

- (1856 1916), Ukrainian writer. Participant of the national liberation movement in Galicia. In poems (collections “From the Heights and Lowlands”, 1887; “From Days of Sorrow”, 1900), poems (“The Death of Cain”, 1889; “Ivan Vyshensky”, 1900; “Moses”, 1905) motifs... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (August 27, 1856, the village of Naguevichi, now the village of Ivano Frankovo, Drohobych district, Lviv region, √ May 28, 1916, Lvov), Ukrainian writer, scientist, public figure. Born into the family of a rural blacksmith. He graduated from high school in Drohobych. In 1875 he entered... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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Ivan Yakovlevich Franko(Ukrainian Ivan Yakovich Franko; August 27, 1856 - May 28, 1916) - Ukrainian writer, poet, scientist, publicist, decadent and leader of the revolutionary socialist movement in the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (Austro-Hungarian Empire). In 1915 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize, but his premature death prevented his candidacy from being considered.

One of the initiators of the founding of the “Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party” (later “Ukrainian Radical Party” - URP), which operated in Austria.

In honor of Franko, the city of Stanislav was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk, and in the Lviv region the town of Yanov was renamed Ivano-Frankovo.

Biography

Born into the family of a wealthy peasant blacksmith; mother, Maria Kulchitskaya, came from an impoverished Ruthenian noble family of the Kulchitskys, coat of arms of Sas, and was 33 years younger than her husband. He described the first years of childhood in his stories in the lightest colors. In 1865, Ivan's father died. The stepfather, Grin Gavrilik, was attentive to the children, and actually replaced the boy’s father. Franco maintained friendly relations with his stepfather throughout his life. In 1872, Ivan’s mother died, and his stepmother began raising the children.

He studied first at the school in the village of Yasenitsa-Solnaya (1862-1864), then at the so-called normal school at the Basilian monastery of Drohobych (1864-1867). After graduating from the Drohobych gymnasium in 1875 (now the Drohobych Pedagogical University), he was forced to earn a living as a tutor. From his earnings he allocated money for books for his personal library.

In many of Franco’s autobiographical stories (“Gritseva school science,” “Pencil,” “Schnschreiben”), the atmosphere of school education of that time with its scholasticism, corporal punishment, and moral humiliation of students was artistically recreated. They show how difficult it was for a gifted peasant boy to get an education. Franko lived in the apartment of a distant relative Koshitskaya on the outskirts of Drohobych, often sleeping in coffins that were made in her carpentry workshop (“In the carpentry”). Already studying at the gymnasium, he discovered phenomenal abilities: he could repeat the teacher’s hour-long lecture almost verbatim to his comrades; knew the entire “Kobzar” by heart; homework in the Polish language was often completed in poetic form; deeply and for the rest of his life assimilated the content of the books he read. His reading range at this time included works of European classics, cultural and historical works, and popular books on natural science topics. In general, the personal library of Franco the high school student consisted of almost 500 books in various languages. At the same time, Franco began to translate works of ancient authors (Sophocles, Euripides); under the influence of the works of Markian Shashkevich and Taras Shevchenko, he became fascinated by the richness and beauty of the Ukrainian language, and began collecting and recording samples of oral folk art (songs, legends, etc.).

In the fall of 1875 he became a student at the Faculty of Philosophy at Lvov University. During his studies, Emelyan Partitsky provided financial assistance to Franco. He was a member of the Russophile society, which used “paganism” as a literary language. Franco’s first works were written in paganism - the poem “Folk Song” (1874) and the long fantasy novel “Petria and Dovbuschuk” (1875) in the style of Hoffmann, published in the printed organ of Russophile students “Friend”. One of the first who paid attention to the work of the young Franko was the Ukrainian poet Caesar Belilovsky, who in 1882 published an article in the Kiev newspaper Trud, “A few words about the translation of Goethe’s Faust into Ukrainian by Ivan Franko,” and in the Lviv student In the magazine "Friend", under the pseudonym Dzhedzhalyk, poems by eighteen-year-old Franco - "My Song" and "Folk Song" - appeared for the first time.

Conclusion

Under the influence of the letters of the Kiev professor Mikhail Drahomanov, the youth, grouped around “Friend,” became acquainted with Russian literature of the era of great reforms and Russian writers in general, and became imbued with democratic ideals, after which they chose the language of the Galician common people as the instrument of their literary speech; Thus, Rusyn literature received Franco into its ranks, along with many other talented workers. Old Russophiles, especially the editor of Slovo, Venedikt Ploshchansky, turned to the Austrian police with denunciations against the editors of Friend. In 1877, all members of the editorial board were arrested, and Franco spent 9 months in prison, in the same cell with thieves and vagabonds, in terrible hygienic conditions. Upon his release from prison, the entire Galician conservative society turned away from him as a dangerous person - not only Russophiles, but “Narodovtsy,” that is, Ukrainophile nationalists of the older generation. Franco also had to leave the university (he graduated from the course 15 years later, when he was preparing for a professorship).

S. Naguevichi, Drohobych povet, Galicia - May 28, Lviv) - writer, poet, fiction writer, scientist, publicist and activist in the revolutionary socialist movement in western Ukraine. One of the initiators of the founding of the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party, which operated in Austria.

In honor of Franko, the city of Stanislaviv was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk.

Biography

Born into the family of a peasant blacksmith; In his stories, he depicts the first years of his childhood in the lightest colors. The father died before his son graduated from the Drohobych Basilian “normal” school. His stepfather, also a peasant, took care of the continuation of his education. Soon Franco’s mother also died, so for the summer he came to someone else’s family - and yet staying there seemed like paradise to the boy in comparison with school, where rude and uneducated teachers, pampering the children of the rich, inhumanly tortured the children of poor parents; According to Ivan Franko, he learned his hatred of the oppression of one person by another from a normal school. Both here and later at the gymnasium, he was the first student; in the summer, the high school student tended cattle and helped in field work; poetic translations from the Bible, ancient and Western European writers, which he was then engaged in, wrote in the folk Ukrainian language.

Having entered Lvov University in 1875, Franco joined the student circle of the so-called “Muscovophile” party, which was then still strong in Galicia; this party used “paganism” as a literary language, that is, a mixture of Church Slavonic with Polish and Ukrainian words. In this language, Franco began to publish his poems and the long fantasy novel “Detrii and Doboshchuk”, in the style of Hoffmann, in the organ of Muscovophile students “Friend”. One of the first who turned his attention to the work of the young poet Ivan Franko was the Ukrainian poet Belilovsky Kesar Aleksandrovich, who in 1882 published the article “A few words about the translation of Goethe’s Faust into Ukrainian by Ivan Franko” in the Kiev newspaper Trud.

Under the influence of the letters of the Kiev professor Mikhail Drahomanov, the youth, grouped around “Friend,” became acquainted with Russian literature of the era of great reforms and Russian writers in general, and became imbued with democratic ideals, after which they chose the language of the Galician common people - Ukrainian - as the instrument of their literary speech; Thus, Ukrainian literature received Franco into its ranks, along with many other talented workers. Enraged by the massive loss of youth, old Muscovophiles, especially the editor of Slovo, V. Ploshchansky, turned to the Austrian police with denunciations against the editors of Friend. Its members were all arrested in 1877, and Ivan Franko spent 9 months in prison, in the same room with thieves and tramps, in terrible hygienic conditions. Upon his release from prison, the entire Galician conservative society turned away from him as a dangerous person - not only Muscovophiles, but also the so-called Narodovtsy, that is, Ukrainianophile nationalists of the older generation, with bourgeois or Uniate-clerical convictions. Franco also had to leave the university (he graduated from the university course 15 years later, when he was preparing for a professorship).

Both this stay in prison, as well as a second imprisonment in 1880 and another in 1889, closely introduced Franco to various types of the scum of society and the working poor, brought to prison by poverty and exploitation, and provided him with a number of topics for fiction works that were published mainly in the Dragomanian journals he edited; They constituted Franco's main glory and immediately began to be translated into other languages. Among them, the following stand out: a cycle of stories from the life of proletarian workers and rich entrepreneurs in the oil fields in Borislav; stories from the lives of thieves and “former” people, imbued with a humane attitude to human dignity; stories and tales from the life of Jews that are alien to religious and national antagonism (translated into Russian several times; poetic poems from the life of Jews seeking truth).

The prison is also inspired by cycles of lyrical works, some of which, according to a number of critics, are deeper and more talented, but less popular, full of idealistic sadness based on broad universal motives, while others, which have become extremely popular, energetically and effectively call on society to fight against social (class and economic) untruth. Franco also showed talent in the field of an objective historical novel: his “Zakhar Berkut” (1883, from the time of the Tatar invasion of the 13th century) received a prize even at the competition of the national-bourgeois magazine “Zorya”, which did not see in it the “naturalism of Zola” (pseudo-classics and scholastics - Galicians always leveled this reproach against Franco). In the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, this novel attracted serious attention from readers to its author, who was so unlike most figures in the cultural movement of Galicia, and marked the beginning of closer communication between Ivan Yakovlevich and the Ukrainians of Russia.

Galicians also could not help but recognize the brilliant talent behind Franco’s “naturalistic” and “radical” works, despite the fact that these works contained a challenge to the entire bourgeois-clerical Galician society; Franco’s enormous reading, literary education and awareness of political-social and political-economic issues served as an incentive for the “people” to seek Franco’s cooperation in their bodies.

House of Ivan Franko in Lviv, now the writer’s museum

‎ Little by little, peaceful relations were established between Ivan Franko and the People’s people, and in 1885 he was even invited by them to become the chief editor of their literary and scientific organ “Zorya”. For two years, Franko led “Zorya” very successfully, recruited all the most talented writers from Russian Ukraine into its staff, and expressed his conciliatory attitude towards the Uniate clergy with his beautiful poem “Panski Zharty” (“Barskie Jokes”), in which the image of an old rural priest is idealized who lays down his life for his sheep. Nevertheless, in 1887, the most zealous clerics and bourgeois insisted on the removal of Franco from the editorial board; Other people also did not like Franco’s excessive love for Russian writers (Franko personally translated a lot from Russian and published a lot), in which Ukrainian chauvinism sensed “Muscolephilism.”

Franco found the highest sympathy among the Ukrainians of the Russian Empire. At that time, due to the Ems Decree in Russia, the publication of works in the Ukrainian language was greatly limited, so his collection of poems “From the heights and valleys” (“From the heights and valleys”, 1887; 2nd ed., 1892) was copied and memorized by many as a keepsake, but a collection of stories from the life of working people: “In the Poti Chola” (1890); there is a Russian translation of “By the sweat of your brow”, St. Petersburg, 1901), brought to Kyiv in the amount of several hundred copies, it was sold out in great demand. He began to publish some things in “Kievskaya Starina”, under the pseudonym “Miron”; but even in Galicia, the people’s people inevitably continued to seek his cooperation and published, for example, his anti-Jesuit story “Mission” (“Vatra”, 1887). Its continuation, “The Plague” (“Zorya”, 1889; 3rd ed. - “Vic”, Kiev, 1902), was supposed to reconcile the people with Franco, since the hero of the story is an extremely sympathetic Uniate priest; Franco's participation in the nationalist magazine Pravda also foreshadowed peace; but the agreement between the Galician peoples and the Polish gentry, the Jesuits and the Austrian government that took place in 1890 forced Franko, Pavlik and all the progressive Ukrainians of Galicia to separate into a completely special party.

According to the agreement of 1890 (this is the so-called “new era”), the Ukrainian language acquired very important advantages in Austria in public life and school, up to and including the university, but the Ukrainian intelligentsia was obliged to sacrifice the interests of the peasants, support union with Rome and suppress Russophilia . The party of strict democrats, organized by Franko and Pavlik to counterbalance the “new era,” adopted the name “Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party”; its organ “People” (1890-95), in which Franco wrote a lot of journalistic articles, existed until Drahomanov’s death (he sent articles from Sofia, where he was then a professor); Subsequently, instead of “The People”, this very strengthened party had other newspapers and magazines.

The “people” preached selfless devotion to the interests of the peasantry, and considered the introduction of communal land ownership and artels to be a useful means for raising peasant well-being; the ideals of German socialism were often presented to the “People” as something barracks-like, “like the Arakcheevsky military settlements” (Drahomanov’s words), the Marxist theory of promoting the proletarianization of the masses was inhuman; Franco ended up popularizing (in Life and Words) English Fabianism. In religious terms, the “People” were an ardent enemy of the union and demanded freedom of conscience. In terms of nationality, the “People” held the Ukrainian language just as tightly as the “New Erists,” and considered its use obligatory for the Ukrainian intelligentsia, but derived this necessity from purely democratic motives and proclaimed the struggle against chauvinism and russianism. In the polemics of "People" against the narrowly nationalistic "Pravda", the most caustic articles belonged to Franco; the volume of political poems he published (“Nimechchina”, “Donkey Elections”, etc.) irritated the nationalists even more. Franco carried out intensive journalistic activities and leadership of the radical party completely free of charge; they had to earn their living through hard paid work in Polish newspapers. Therefore, in the first two years of the publication of “The People,” Franco’s fictional work and his scientific studies almost ceased; Franco only had enough time free from journalism and politics for short lyrical poems (in 1893 he published the collection “Withered Leaves” - “Withered Leaves” - tender melancholic love content, with the motto for the reader: Sei ein Mann und folge mir nicht (“Be a man and don’t take my example”)).

Around 1893, Franko suddenly devoted himself primarily to academic pursuits, again enrolled in Lvov University, where he was appointed by Professor Ogonovsky as a successor in the department of ancient Russian and Ukrainian literature, then completed his historical and philological education at the University of Vienna at the seminaries of Academician Yagich, published (1894) an extensive research on John Vyshensky and doctoral dissertation: “Varlaam and Yossaf”, publishes (since 1894) the literary, historical and folklore magazine “Life i Slovo”, prints Old Russian manuscripts, etc. In 1895, after a successful introductory lecture Franko at Lvov University, the professorial senate elected him to the department of Ukrainian and Old Russian literature, and Franko could rejoice that he finally had the opportunity to throw off the “yoke of corvée” (as he called compulsory work in Polish newspapers for the sake of a piece of bread for himself and his family ) and devote himself entirely to his native science and literature. However, the Galician governor, Count Casimir Badeni, did not allow a man “who had been in prison three times” to be confirmed as a professor.

Franco’s heavy pessimistic mood was expressed in his collection of poems: “Miy Izmaragd” (1898, compiled on the model of the ancient Russian “Izmaragds”); in one of the poems, the tormented poet declared that he was unable to love his inert, unenergetic nation, but would simply be faithful to it, like a yard dog that is faithful to its master, although it does not love him. Franco outlined the depravity of the Polish-gentry society in the novels “Fundamentals of Suspilnost” = “Pillars of Society”, “For the Home Fire” = “For the Sake of the Family Hearth” 1898), etc. Such works as “Fundamentals of Suspilnost” were interpreted by Franco’s Polish enemies in the sense condemnation not only of the Polish nobility, but of the entire Polish people.

Franco paid the most for his research on Mickiewicz, on the occasion of his anniversary: ​​“Der Dichter des Verraths” (in the Viennese magazine “Zeit”). The general indignation of Polish society denied him access to Polish newspapers and magazines, even of the most impartial shade. The source of livelihood remained work in German, Czech, and Russian magazines (“Kievskaya Starina”, “Northern Courier”), but this casual income was not enough, and the poet at one time was threatened with blindness from a dark apartment and starvation with his family.

Just by this time, the “Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv”, under the chairmanship of Professor M. S. Grushevsky, acquired a progressive character and launched several series of scientific and literary publications; work in these publications began to be paid and Franko was brought in as one of the main employees. Since 1898, he was the editor of the Literary-Scientific Bulletin, a Ukrainian magazine published by the Shevchenko Society; Most of his fiction, poetic, critical and historical-literary works are published here. His novel “Perekhresni Stitches” = “Cross Paths” (1900) depicts the thorny life of an honest Rusyn public figure in Galicia, whose energy must largely be spent fighting petty squabbles and the intrusion of political enemies into his personal life. A lyrical recollection of the sad past experienced is a collection of poems: “From the Days of Zhurby” = “From the Days of Sorrow” (1900). Franco’s learned works on history, literature, archeology, ethnography, etc. are published in the “Notes” of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and - as monographs - in numerous “Proceedings” of the society’s section, one of which Franko is chairman of. An incomplete list of the titles alone of what Franco wrote, compiled by M. Pavlik, formed a voluminous book (Lvov, 1898).

Franco was familiar with the leaders of Viennese Art Nouveau Arthur Schnitzler, Hermon Bar, the Czech philosopher and future President of Czechoslovakia Tomas Masaryk, the founder of Zionism Theodor Herzl, and the head of the Polish Symbolists Stanislaw Przybyszewski.

Franco's 25th literary anniversary was solemnly celebrated in 1899 by Ukrainians of all parties and countries. The best Ukrainian writers from Russia and Austria, regardless of direction, dedicated a collection to Franko: “Hello” (1898). During Franco's lifetime, some of Franco's works were translated into German, Polish, Czech and - mainly at the end of his life - Russian.

Franco, who left politics in 1904, died in poverty during the First World War and was buried in the Lychakiv cemetery in Lviv.

Literature

1. Drahomanov's preface to “In the Poti Chola” (Lvov, 1890), which contains Franco’s autobiography;
2. a detailed biography and analysis of works - in the “History of Little Russian Literature” by Professor Ogonovsky;
3. article by O. Makovey in “Lit.-N. Vestn." (1898, book XI); 4) “I century. Franko” - review by his professor A. Krymsky (Lvov, 1898). See Degen's article in New. The Word" (1897, book III) and Slavinsky's preface to the Russian translation of "By the sweat of his brow" (St. Petersburg, 1901). About the ethnographic works of Franco - see Professor Mustsov, in volume II of “Modern Little Russian Ethnography”.

Links

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See what “Ivan Franko” is in other dictionaries:

- “IVAN FRANCO”, USSR, KIEV film studio, 1956, color, 100 min. Historical and biographical film. About the Ukrainian poet, writer, publicist and public figure Ivan Franko (1856 1916), who was subjected to three times for promoting the ideas of Russian democrats... ... Encyclopedia of Cinema

Ivan Yakovlevich Franko(ukr. Ivan Yakovich Franko; August 27 - May 28) - Ukrainian writer, poet, scientist, publicist and leader of the revolutionary socialist movement in the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (Austro-Hungarian Empire). In 1915 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize, but his premature death prevented his candidacy from being considered.

One of the initiators of the founding of the “Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party” (later the Ukrainian Radical Party - URP), which operated in Austria.

In honor of Franko, the city of Stanislav was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk, and in the Lviv region the town of Yanov was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk.

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Biography

Born into the family of a wealthy peasant blacksmith; mother, Maria Kulchitskaya, came from the impoverished Ruthenian noble family of the Kulchitskys, coat of arms of Sas, and was 33 years younger than her husband. He described the first years of childhood in his stories in the lightest colors. In 1865, Ivan's father died. The stepfather, Grin Gavrilik, was attentive to the children, and actually replaced the boy’s father. Franco maintained friendly relations with his stepfather throughout his life. In 1872, Ivan’s mother died, and his stepmother began raising the children.

He studied first at the school in the village of Yasenitsa-Solnaya (1862-1864), then at the so-called normal school at the Basilian monastery of Drohobych (1864-1867). After graduating from the Drohobych gymnasium in 1875 (now the Drohobych Pedagogical University), he was forced to earn a living as a tutor. From his earnings he allocated money for books for his personal library.

In many of Franco’s autobiographical stories (“Gritseva school science”, “Pencil”, “Schönschreiben”) the atmosphere of the then school education with its scholasticism, corporal punishment, and moral humiliation of students was artistically recreated. They show how difficult it was for a gifted peasant boy to get an education. Franko lived in the apartment of a distant relative Koshitskaya on the outskirts of Drohobych, often sleeping in coffins that were made in her carpentry workshop (“In the carpentry”). Already studying at the gymnasium, he discovered phenomenal abilities: he could repeat the teacher’s hour-long lecture almost verbatim to his comrades; knew the entire Kobzar by heart; he often completed homework in Polish in poetic form; deeply and for the rest of his life assimilated the content of the books he read. His reading range at this time included works of European classics, cultural and historical works, and popular books on natural science topics. In general, the personal library of Franco the high school student consisted of almost 500 books in various languages. At the same time, Franco began to translate works of ancient authors (Sophocles, Euripides); under the influence of the works of Markian Shashkevich and Taras Shevchenko, he became fascinated by the richness and beauty of the Ukrainian language, began collecting and recording samples of oral folk art (songs, legends, etc.).

In the fall of 1875 he became a student at the Faculty of Philosophy at Lvov University. During his studies, Emelyan Partitsky provided financial assistance to Franco. He was a member of the Russophile society, which used “paganism” as a literary language. Franco’s first works were written in paganism - the poem “Folk Song” (1874) and the long fantasy novel “Petria and Dovbuschuk” (1875) in the style of Hoffmann, published in the printed organ of Russophile students “Friend”. One of the first who paid attention to the work of the young Franko was the Ukrainian poet Caesar Belilovsky, who in 1882 published an article in the Kiev newspaper Trud, “A few words about the translation of Goethe’s Faust into Ukrainian by Ivan Franko,” and in the Lviv student In the magazine "Friend", under the pseudonym Dzhedzhalyk, poems by eighteen-year-old Franco - "My Song" and "Folk Song" - appeared for the first time.

Conclusion

Under the influence of the letters of the Kiev professor Mikhail Drahomanov, the youth, grouped around “Friend,” became acquainted with Russian literature of the era of great reforms and with Russian writers in general, and became imbued with democratic ideals, after which they chose the language of the Galician common people as the instrument of their literary speech; Thus, Rusyn literature received Franco into its ranks, along with many other talented workers. Old Russophiles, especially the editor of Slovo, Venedikt Ploshchansky, turned to the Austrian police with denunciations against the editors of Friend. In 1877, all members of the editorial board were arrested, and Franco spent 9 months in prison, in the same cell with thieves and vagabonds, in terrible hygienic conditions. Upon his release from prison, the entire Galician conservative society turned away from him as a dangerous person - not only Russophiles, but “Narodovtsy,” that is, Ukrainophile nationalists of the older generation. Franco also had to leave the university (he graduated from the course 15 years later, when he was preparing for a professorship).

Both this stay in prison, and a second imprisonment in 1880, and another in 1889, brought Franco closely acquainted with various types of the scum of society and the working poor, driven to prison by poverty and exploitation, and provided him with a number of themes for fiction works that published mainly in the Dragomanian journals he edited; they constituted Franco's main glory and immediately began to be translated into other languages. Of these, a series of stories from the life of proletarian workers and rich entrepreneurs in the oil fields in Borislav stands out; stories from the lives of thieves and “former” people, imbued with a humane attitude to human dignity; stories and tales from the life of Jews, alien to religious and national antagonism.

The prison is also inspired by cycles of lyrical works, some of which, according to a number of critics, are deeper and more talented, but less popular, full of idealistic sadness based on broad universal motives, while others, which have become extremely popular, energetically and effectively call on society to fight against social (class and economic) untruth. Franco also showed talent in the field of an objective historical novel: his “Zakhar Berkut” (1883, from the time of the Tatar invasion of the 13th century) received a prize even at the competition of the national-bourgeois magazine “Zorya”, which did not see in it the “naturalism of Zola” (pseudo-classics and scholastics - Galicians always leveled this reproach against Franco). In the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, this novel attracted serious attention from readers to its author, who was so unlike most figures in the cultural movement of the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and marked the beginning of closer communication between Ivan Yakovlevich and the Ukrainians of the Russian Empire.

Galicians also could not help but recognize the brilliant talent behind Franco’s “naturalistic” and “radical” works, despite the fact that these works contained a challenge to the entire bourgeois-clerical Galician society; Franco’s enormous reading, literary education and awareness of political-social and political-economic issues served as an incentive for the “people” to seek Franco’s cooperation in their bodies.

1885-1892

Little by little, peaceful relations were established between Ivan Franko and the People’s people, and in 1885 he was invited by them to become the chief editor of their literary and scientific organ “Zorya”. For two years, Franko led “Zorya” very successfully, recruited all the most talented writers from Little Russia into its staff, and expressed his conciliatory attitude towards the Uniate clergy with his poem “Panski Zharty” (“Barskie Jokes”), in which the image of an old rural priest who believes his soul “for his sheep.” Nevertheless, in 1887, the most zealous clerics and bourgeois insisted on the removal of Franco from the editorial board; Other people also did not like Franco’s excessive love for Russian writers (Franko personally translated a lot from Russian and published a lot), which Galician nationalists considered Muscovophile.

Franco found the highest sympathy among the Ukrainians of the Russian Empire. At that time, due to the Ems Decree in Russia, the publication of works in the Ukrainian language was greatly limited, so his collection of poems “From the Heights and Lowlands” (“From the Heights and Valleys,” 1887; 2nd ed., 1892) was copied and memorized by many as a keepsake, but a collection of stories from the life of working people: “In the Poti Chola” (1890); there is a Russian translation of “By the sweat of your brow”, Moscow, 1901), brought to Kyiv in the amount of several hundred copies, it was sold out in great demand. He began to publish some things in “Kievskaya Starina”, under the pseudonym “Miron”; but even in Galicia, the people’s people inevitably continued to seek his cooperation and published, for example, his anti-Jesuit story “Mission” (“Vatra”, 1887). Its continuation, “The Plague” (“Zorya”, 1889; 3rd ed. - “Vic”, Kiev, 1902), was supposed to reconcile the people with Franco, since the hero of the story is an extremely sympathetic Uniate priest; Franco's participation in the nationalist magazine Pravda also foreshadowed peace; but the agreement of the Galician peoples with the Polish gentry, the Jesuits and the Austrian government that took place in 1890 forced Franko, Pavlik and all the progressive Rusyns of Galicia to separate into a completely special party.

According to the agreement of 1890 (this is the so-called “new era”), the Rusyn language acquired very important advantages in Austria in public life and school, up to and including the university. The party of strict democrats, organized by Franko and Pavlik to counterbalance the “new era,” adopted the name “Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party”; its organ “People” (1890-1895), in which Franco wrote a lot of journalistic articles, existed until Drahomanov’s death (he sent articles from Sofia, where he was then a professor); Subsequently, instead of “The People”, this very strengthened party had other newspapers and magazines.

The “people” preached selfless devotion to the interests of the peasantry, and considered the introduction of communal land ownership and artels to be a useful means for raising peasant well-being; the ideals of German socialism were often presented to the “People” as something barracks-like, “like the Arakcheevsky military settlements” (Drahomanov’s words), the Marxist theory of promoting the proletarianization of the masses was inhuman; Franco ended up popularizing (in Life and Words) English Fabianism. In religious terms, the “People” were an ardent enemy of the union and demanded freedom of conscience. In terms of nationality, the “People” held the Rusyn language just as firmly as the “New Erists,” and considered its use obligatory for the Ukrainian intelligentsia, but derived this necessity from purely democratic motives and proclaimed the struggle against chauvinism and Rus-eating. In the polemics of "People" against the narrowly nationalistic "Pravda", the most caustic articles belonged to Franco; the volume of political poems he published (“Nimechchina”, “Donkey Elections”, etc.) irritated the nationalists even more. Franco carried out intensive journalistic activities and leadership of the radical party completely free of charge; they had to earn their living through hard paid work in Polish newspapers. Therefore, in the first two years of the publication of “The People,” Franco’s fictional work and his scientific studies almost ceased; Franco only had enough time, free from journalism and politics, to write short lyrical poems (in 1893, the collection “Withered Leaves” - “Withered Leaves” - of tender melancholic love content was published, with the motto for the reader: Sei ein Mann und folge mir nicht ( “Be a man and don’t take my example”)).

1893 onwards

Franco's 25th literary anniversary was solemnly celebrated in 1895 by Ukrainians of all parties and countries. The best Ukrainian writers from Russia and Austria, regardless of direction, dedicated a collection to Franko: “Hello” (1898). During Franco's lifetime, some of his works were translated into German, Polish, Czech and - mainly at the end of his life - Russian.

Franco, having left politics, died during the First World War in poverty and was buried at the Lychakiv cemetery in Lviv. The sons of I. Ya. Franko, the elder Taras and the younger Peter, who previously worked in the USSR in the chemical industry under contract, became writers. In 1939 they supported the annexation of Galicia to the USSR. Peter, was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, but was suspected by the Soviet authorities of disloyalty; in June 1941 he was arrested and disappeared in the dungeons of the NKVD as German troops approached Lvov. In the post-war years, Taras taught literature and wrote memoirs about his father. Franco's granddaughter, Zinovia Tarasovna, organized the volume of Franco's works that were not censored.

Filmography

Film adaptations of works

The works of Ivan Franko have been repeatedly filmed in cinema, fairy tales - in animation

Films about Ivan Franko

After graduating from school, he studied at the gymnasium and worked along the way to ensure his life after the death of his parents. Higher education in the biography of Ivan Frank began in 1875 at the University of Lvov. There he joined the “Muscovophile party.”

In 1877 he was arrested, spent 9 months in captivity, and was never able to finish his studies at the university. In his further biography, Franco was under arrest twice more - in 1880, 1889.

During his imprisonment he collected significant material for his works. The fire of struggle against injustice flared up in the writer’s soul, which was reflected in his novels. From 1885 to 1887, Franco worked as editor-in-chief of the publication Zorya. His collection “The Peaks and Lowlands”, the story “Mission”, “The Plague” gained great popularity among the people.

Also, the biography of Ivan Frank is known as an active public and political figure. Together with Pavlik, he organized a party of strict democrats - the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party, and for a long time published the publication “The People”. In 1893, Frank’s lyric collection “Withered Leaves” was published. Around the same year, he again devoted himself to teaching.

For his research on Mickiewicz, Ivan Franko was banned from publishing in Poland. Having begun to collaborate with the Shevchenko Society, Franko began working as editor of the Literary-Scientific Bulletin.

Since then he has published many scientific works. The great Ukrainian writer died in 1916 in poverty.

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