Organelles of animal and plant cells table. Material for preparation for the Unified State Exam (GIA) in biology (grade 10) on the topic: Eukarytic cell. Structure and functions of organelles

All living beings and organisms do not consist of cells: plants, fungi, bacteria, animals, people. Despite its minimal size, all the functions of the whole organism are performed by the cell. Complex processes take place inside it, on which the vitality of the body and the functioning of its organs depend.

In contact with

Structural features

Scientists are studying structural features of the cell and the principles of its work. A detailed examination of the structural features of a cell is possible only with the help of a powerful microscope.

All our tissues - skin, bones, internal organs consist of cells that are construction material, come in different shapes and sizes, each variety performs a specific function, but the main features of their structure are similar.

First let's find out what's behind it structural organization of cells. In the course of their research, scientists have found that the cellular foundation is membrane principle. It turns out that all cells are formed from membranes, which consist of a double layer of phospholipids, where protein molecules are immersed on the outside and inside.

What property is characteristic of all types of cells: the same structure, as well as functionality - regulation of the metabolic process, use of their own genetic material (presence and RNA), receipt and consumption of energy.

The structural organization of the cell is based on the following elements that perform a specific function:

• membrane- cell membrane, consists of fats and proteins. Its main task is to separate substances inside from the external environment. The structure is semi-permeable: it can also transmit carbon monoxide;
• core– the central region and main component, separated from other elements by a membrane. It is inside the nucleus that there is information about growth and development, genetic material, presented in the form of DNA molecules that make up the composition;
• cytoplasm- this is a liquid substance that forms the internal environment where various vital processes take place and contains many important components.

What does the cellular content consist of, what are the functions of the cytoplasm and its main components:

1. Ribosome- the most important organelle that is necessary for the processes of biosynthesis of proteins from amino acids; proteins perform a huge number of vital tasks.
2. Mitochondria- another component located inside the cytoplasm. It can be described in one phrase – an energy source. Their function is to provide components with power for further energy production.
3. Golgi apparatus consists of 5 - 8 bags that are connected to each other. The main task of this apparatus is to transfer proteins to other parts of the cell to provide energy potential.
4. Damaged elements are cleaned lysosomes.
5. Handles transportation endoplasmic reticulum, through which proteins move molecules of useful substances.
6. Centrioles are responsible for reproduction.

Core

Since it is a cellular center, special attention should be paid to its structure and functions. This component is the most important element for all cells: it contains hereditary characteristics. Without the nucleus, the processes of reproduction and transmission of genetic information would become impossible. Look at the picture depicting the structure of the nucleus.

• The nuclear membrane, which is highlighted in lilac, lets the necessary substances in and releases them back through the pores - small holes.
• Plasma is a viscous substance and contains all other nuclear components.
• the core is located in the very center and has the shape of a sphere. Its main function is the formation of new ribosomes.
• If you look at the central part of the cell in cross-section, you can see subtle blue weaves - chromatin, the main substance, which consists of a complex of proteins and long strands of DNA that carry the necessary information.

Cell membrane

Let's take a closer look at the work, structure and functions of this component. Below is a table that clearly shows the importance of the outer shell.

Chloroplasts

This is another most important component. But why weren’t chloroplasts mentioned earlier, you ask? Yes, because this component is found only in plant cells. The main difference between animals and plants is the method of nutrition: in animals it is heterotrophic, and in plants it is autotrophic. This means that animals are not able to create, that is, synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones - they feed on ready-made organic substances. Plants, on the contrary, are capable of carrying out the process of photosynthesis and contain special components - chloroplasts. These are green plastids containing the substance chlorophyll. With its participation, light energy is converted into the energy of chemical bonds of organic substances.

Interesting! Chloroplasts are concentrated in large quantities mainly in the above-ground parts of plants - green fruits and leaves.

If you are asked the question: name an important feature of the structure of the organic compounds of a cell, then the answer can be given as follows.

• many of them contain carbon atoms, which have different chemical and physical properties, and are also capable of combining with each other;
• are carriers, active participants in various processes occurring in organisms, or are their products. This refers to hormones, various enzymes, vitamins;
• can form chains and rings, which provides a variety of connections;
• are destroyed when heated and interacting with oxygen;
• atoms within molecules are combined with each other using covalent bonds, do not decompose into ions and therefore interact slowly, reactions between substances take a very long time - several hours and even days.

Structure of chloroplast

Fabrics

Cells can exist one at a time, as in unicellular organisms, but most often they combine into groups of their own kind and form various tissue structures that make up the organism. There are several types of tissues in the human body:

• epithelial– concentrated on the surface of the skin, organs, elements of the digestive tract and respiratory system;
• muscular— we move thanks to the contraction of the muscles of our body, we carry out a variety of movements: from the simplest movement of the little finger to high-speed running. By the way, the heartbeat also occurs due to the contraction of muscle tissue;
• connective tissue makes up up to 80 percent of the mass of all organs and plays a protective and supporting role;
• nervous- forms nerve fibers. Thanks to it, various impulses pass through the body.

Reproduction process

Throughout the life of an organism, mitosis occurs - this is the name given to the process of division. consisting of four stages:

1. Prophase. The cell's two centrioles divide and move in opposite directions. At the same time, the chromosomes form pairs, and the nuclear shell begins to collapse.
2. The second stage is called metaphases. The chromosomes are located between the centrioles, and gradually the outer shell of the nucleus completely disappears.
3. Anaphase is the third stage, during which the centrioles continue to move in the opposite direction from each other, and individual chromosomes also follow the centrioles and move away from each other. The cytoplasm and the entire cell begin to shrink.
4. Telophase– final stage. The cytoplasm contracts until two identical new cells appear. A new membrane is formed around the chromosomes and one pair of centrioles appears in each new cell.

Interesting! Cells in epithelium divide faster than in bone tissue. It all depends on the density of the fabrics and other characteristics. The average lifespan of the main structural units is 10 days.

Cell structure. Cell structure and functions. Cell life.

Conclusion

You learned what the structure of a cell is - the most important component of the body. Billions of cells make up an amazingly wisely organized system that ensures the performance and vital activity of all representatives of the animal and plant world.

Cell organelles - persistent cellular organs, structures that ensure the implementation of a number of functions during the life of the cell: preservation and transmission of genetic information, movement, division, transfer of substances, synthesis and others.

To the organelles of eukaryotic cells includes:

• chromosomes;
• ribosomes;
• mitochondria;
• cell membrane;
• microfilaments;
• microtubules;
• Golgi complex;
• endoplasmic reticulum;
• lysosomes.

The nucleus is also usually classified as an organelle of eukaryotic cells. The main feature of a plant cell is the presence of plastids.

Structure of a plant cell:

Typically, a plant cell includes:

• membrane;
• cytoplasm with organelles;
• cellulose casing;
• vacuoles with cell sap;
• core.

Structure of an animal cell:

The structure of an animal cell consists of:

• cytoplasm with organelles;
• nucleus with chromosomes;
• presence of an outer membrane.

What function do cellular organelles perform - table

Cell organelles - video

Anyone knows from school that all living organisms, both plants and animals, consist of cells. But what they themselves consist of is not known to everyone, and even if it is known, it is not always good. In this article we will look at the structure of plant and animal cells, and understand their differences and similarities.

But first, let's figure out what an organoid is.

An organoid is an organ of a cell that performs some of its own individual functions in it, while ensuring its viability, because, without exception, every process occurring in the system is very important for this system. And all the organelles make up the system. Organelles are also called organelles.

Plant organelles

So, let's look at what organelles are found in plants and what specific functions they perform.

The nucleus (nuclear apparatus) is one of the most important organelles. It is responsible for the transmission of hereditary information - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The nucleus is a round organelle. It has something like a skeleton - the nuclear matrix. It is the matrix that is responsible for the morphology of the nucleus, its shape and size. The nucleus contains nuclear sap, or karyoplasm. It is a fairly viscous, thick liquid in which there is a small nucleolus that forms proteins and DNA, as well as chromatin, which realizes the accumulated genetic material.

The nuclear apparatus itself, together with other organelles, is located in the cytoplasm - a liquid medium. The cytoplasm consists of proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and other substances that are the results of the production of other organelles. The main function of the cytoplasm is the transfer of substances between organelles to maintain life. Since the cytoplasm is a liquid, slight movement of organelles occurs inside the cell.

Membrane shell

The membrane membrane, or plasmalemma, performs a protective function, protecting the organelles from any damage. The membrane shell is a film. It is not continuous - the shell has pores through which some substances enter the cytoplasm and others exit. Folds and outgrowths of the membrane provide a strong connection between cells. The shell is protected by a cell wall, this is the external skeleton that gives the cell a special shape.

Vacuoles

Vacuoles are special reservoirs for storing cell sap. It contains nutrients and waste products. Vacuoles accumulate it throughout the life of the cell; such reserves are necessary in case of damage (rarely) or lack of nutrients.

Apparatus, lysosomes and mitochondria

Chloroplasts, leucoplasts and chromoplasts

Plastids are double-membrane cell organelles, divided into three types - chloroplasts, leucoplasts and chromoplasts:

• Chloroplasts give plants their green color, they are round in shape and contain a special substance - the pigment chlorophyll, which is involved in the process of photosynthesis.
• Leukoplasts are transparent organelles responsible for processing glucose into starch.
• Chromoplasts are plastids that are red, orange or yellow. They can develop from chloroplasts when they lose chlorophyll and starch. We can observe this process when leaves turn yellow or fruits ripen. Chromoplasts can transform back into chloroplasts under certain conditions.

Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum consists of ribosomes and polyribosomes. Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus; they perform the function of protein biosynthesis. Ribosomal complexes consist of two parts - large and small. The number of ribosomes in the cytoplasmic space is predominant.

A polyribosome is a set of ribosomes that translate one large molecule of a substance.

Animal cell organelles

Some of the organelles completely coincide with plant organelles, and some plant organelles are not found in animals at all. Below is a table comparing the structural features.

Let's deal with the last two:

We can say that the structure of animal and plant cells is different because plants and animals have different forms of life. Thus, the organelles of a plant cell are better protected because plants are motionless - they cannot run away from danger. Plastids are present in the plant cell, providing the plant with another type of nutrition - photosynthesis. Animals, due to their characteristics, have absolutely no need for nutrition through the processing of sunlight. And therefore, none of the three types of plastids can exist in an animal cell.

1. Look at Figure 24 on p. 54-55 textbook. Remember the names, locations and features of the functioning of organelles.

2. Complete the cluster “Basic components of a eukaryotic cell.”

3. Based on what main characteristics is a cell considered eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic cells have a well-formed nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are large and complex compared to prokaryotic cells.

4. Draw a schematic diagram of the structure of the cell membrane and label its elements.

5. Label the animal and plant cells in the picture and indicate their main organelles.

6. Complete the cluster “Main functions of the outer cell membrane.”
Membrane functions:
Barrier
Transport
Interaction of a cell with the environment and other cells.

7. Make up a syncwine for the term “membrane”.
Membrane.
Selectively permeable, two-layer.
Transports, fences, signals.
Elastic molecular structure composed of proteins and lipids.
Shell.

8. Why are the phenomena of phagocytosis and pinocytosis very common in animal cells and practically absent in plant cells and fungal cells?
The cells of plants and fungi have a cell wall, which is absent in animals. This allows the cytoplasmic membrane to absorb water with mineral salts (pinocytosis) due to its greater elasticity. Due to this property, the process of phagocytosis—the capture of solid particles—is also carried out.

9. Complete the cluster “Organoids of a eukaryotic cell.”
Organelles: membrane and non-membrane.
Membrane: single-membrane and double-membrane.

10. Establish a correspondence between groups and individual organelles.
Organoids
1. Mitochondria
2. EPS
3. Cellular center
4. Vacuole
5. Golgi apparatus
6. Lysosomes
7. Ribosomes
8. Plastids
Groups
A. Single membrane
B. Double membrane
B. Non-membrane

11. Fill out the table.

Structure and functions of cell organelles

12. Fill out the table.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

13. Choose the name of any organelle and make up three types of sentences with this term: narrative, interrogative, exclamatory.
A vacuole is a large membrane vesicle filled with cell sap.
The vacuole is an essential part of the plant cell!
What functions, besides the accumulation of reserve substances, does the vacuole perform?

14. Give definitions of concepts.
Inclusions- these are optional components of the cell that appear and disappear depending on the intensity and nature of metabolism in the cell and on the conditions of existence of the organism.
Organoids- permanent specialized structures in the cells of living organisms.

15. Choose the correct answer.
Test 1.
Responsible for the formation of lysosomes, accumulation, modification and removal of substances from the cell:
2) Golgi complex;

Test 2.
The hydrophobic basis of the cell membrane is made up of:
3) phospholipids;

Test 3.
Single-membrane cell organelles:
2) lysosomes;

16. Explain the origin and general meaning of the word (term), based on the meaning of the roots that make it up.

17. Select a term and explain how its modern meaning matches the original meaning of its roots.
The term chosen is exocytosis.
Correspondence, the term corresponds, but the mechanism has become clear and clarified. This is a cellular process in which membrane vesicles fuse with the outer cell membrane. During exocytosis, the contents of secretory vesicles are released out, and their membrane merges with the cell membrane.

18. Formulate and write down the main ideas of § 2.7.
A cell consists of three main components: the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the cell membrane.
The cytoplasm contains organelles, inclusions and hyaloplasm (ground substance). Organelles can be single-membrane (ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, etc.), double-membrane (mitochondria, plastids) and non-membrane (ribosomes, cell center). A plant cell differs from an animal cell in that it has additional structures: a vacuole, plastids, a cell wall, and there are no centrioles in the cell center. All organelles and components of the cell form a coherent complex that works as a single whole.