Chichagov city council building. Moscow City Duma building

The creator of landmark monuments for Moscow in the 19th century - the Turgenev Reading Room, the Moscow City Duma, churches, schools and other public buildings. During the Soviet years, many of Chichagov's works were destroyed.

Biography

D. N. Chichagov is the son of the builder of the Grand Kremlin Palace N. I. Chichagov, brother of the architect Mikhail and artist Konstantin Chichagov. B - studied at the Moscow Palace Architectural School. B - Chief Architect of the Polytechnic Exhibition in Moscow. He first became famous as the builder of V. E. Morozov's house (21 Podsosensky Lane).

In addition to the Duma building, during the reign of city mayor N.A. Alekseev (which coincided with the last decade of the architect’s life), Chichagov built many public buildings in Moscow, including the building of the oldest city public free library in Moscow, demolished in 1972. . I. S. Turgenev at the Myasnitsky Gate and the preserved Alekseevskaya school on Nikoloyamskaya street (now the music school named after N. A. Alekseev). He designed public buildings and churches for provincial cities - in total, Chichagov’s track record includes 33 completed projects.

D. N. Chichagov is one of the founders of the Moscow Architectural Society, in the last year of his life he was the chairman of the MAO. Chichagov trained such architects who later became famous as F. O. Shekhtel and I. P. Mashkov. “In the advice of the architect D. N. Chichagov to correct shortcomings without destroying the building itself, there was that rule of statesmanship that not only my generation lacked” -

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Dmitry Chichagov was born in Moscow on September 3, 1835 in the family of architect Nikolai Ivanovich Chichagov. His father built the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Grand Kremlin Palace (design by K.A. Ton), becoming the founder of the Chichagov dynasty of architects and artists.
Dmitry Chichagov studied at the Moscow Palace School of Architecture in 1850-1859. After receiving the title of assistant architect in 1859, he remained working at the school until 1865, simultaneously collaborating with the architect N.A. Shokhin. In 1866 – 1872 taught at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture - he trained F.O., who later became famous architects. Shekhtel and I.P. Mashkov.
It became widely known in 1879, when the construction of the two-story mansion with mezzanines and six staircases of the industrialist Vikula Morozov at 21 Podsosensky Lane was completed. This house resembled a painted gingerbread with its facade in the neo-Baroque style and variegated rooms decorated with marble, rare types of wood, inlays, vaulted mirror shades in different historical styles. This work brought fame and recognition to the architect Dmitry Chichagov as a master of historical eclecticism.
In 1871-1872 Dmitry Chichagov was the chief architect and chairman of the construction commission of the Polytechnic Exhibition in Moscow. He created most of its architectural structures, including examples of rural wooden buildings.
Dmitry Chichagov also participated for many years in the activities of the Commission for the Preservation of Monuments of the Imperial Moscow Archaeological Society - in particular, he made a detailed large-scale photograph of the entire ancient altar barrier with frescoes of the Moscow Assumption Cathedral. This filming was preserved in the archives of the society.
In 1888, Dmitry Chichagov, already a recognized architect, won the design competition for the construction of the Moscow City Duma building on Voskresenskaya Square with a project in the “Russian style” among other 38 projects. When the winner was announced, significant problems were discovered at the site of future construction with the foundations of the former Government places where it was planned to erect the city council building. The Duma announced a second competition among the best architects and Dmitry Chichagov won again. The new project included concrete vaults on iron beams instead of wooden floors and expanded the passage to Red Square.
In 1890, Dmitry Chichagov was accepted as a corresponding member of the Moscow Archaeological Society and in the same year began construction of the Moscow City Duma building. Initially, the building was planned to be painted light gray, but then it was decided to make it red.
Dmitry Chichagov built a large number of public buildings in Moscow, for example the Alekseevskaya school on Nikoloyamskaya street, 9 (now the music school named after G.A. Alekseev) or the now rebuilt Kaptsovsky school (1893) at Leontyevsky lane, 19. Many of them were demolished in Soviet times - in 1972, the building of the oldest city public free library-reading room named after. I.S. Turgenev at Myasnitskie Gate, 22. Dmitry Chichagov designed churches - in 1883, on Moiseevskaya Square, the chapel of St. Alexander Nevsky, erected in memory of the liberation of the Slavs from the Turkish yoke in 1878, demolished in 1922. In total, Chichagov had 33 completed projects.
Dmitry Chichagov actively participated in the creation of the Moscow Architectural Society, whose chairman he became in 1894. In the same year, he was appointed head of the overhaul of the Moscow Assumption Cathedral, where, under his leadership, the silver iconostasis was restored.
Dmitry Nikolaevich died suddenly on June 22, 1894 at a dacha in Novy Kuntsevo near Moscow. The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper published an obituary: “Out of a number of buildings produced by D. N. Chichagov, we will point to the new building of the Moscow City Duma, built according to his design and under his supervision. The deceased was a member of the Construction Council at the City Council and an architect at the Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The death of D. N. Chichagov is a great loss for the Moscow Architectural Society, which is currently busy organizing the second congress of Russian architects in Moscow" (Moskovskie Vedomosti, 1894, No. 170). He is buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery, where a monument according to his own design was erected on his grave.

Dmitry Chichagov is a Russian architect, a master of eclecticism and pseudo-Russian style. He was the chairman of the construction commission of the Polytechnic Exhibition and was a member of the Commission for the Preservation of Monuments of the Imperial Moscow Archaeological Society. According to Chichagov's designs, the Moscow City Duma, the Turgenev Reading Room, the Alekseevskaya School, the Chapel of St. Alexander Nevsky and many other buildings in Moscow were built.

Master of historical eclecticism

Dmitry Chichagov was born in 1835 in Moscow. His father, Nikolai Chichagov, was a famous Moscow architect - he built the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Grand Kremlin Palace. He dreamed that his son would continue the professional dynasty, and in 1850 Dmitry Chichagov entered the Moscow Palace School of Architecture.

In 1859, the young man graduated from college and stayed to teach here. Chichagov worked at his alma mater for six years and combined teaching activities with design. In 1866 he moved to the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Here Fyodor Shekhtel and Ivan Mashkov, who later became famous Moscow architects, interned with him.

Together with other architects, Dmitry Chichagov founded the Moscow Architectural Society, a creative association of Moscow architects and civil engineers. They studied ancient Russian architecture, organized congresses of architects, and organized competitions and exhibitions of professional achievements. Several years after the creation of the society, Chichagov became its chairman. His contemporary Vasily Maklakov recalled: “In the advice of the architect D. N. Chichagov to correct shortcomings without destroying the building itself, there was that rule of statesmanship that not only my generation lacked».

Dmitry Chichagov's first success came in 1879, when he built a two-story mansion for industrialist Vikula Morozov. The façade of the neo-Baroque building resembled a painted gingerbread. The interiors were designed in different historical styles: some rooms were colorfully decorated with marble and rare types of wood, others were inlaid with precious stones and decorated with mirror shades. This work brought fame to the architect as a master of historical eclecticism.

In 1871, Dmitry Chichagov became chairman of the construction commission of the Polytechnic Exhibition in Moscow, at which participants presented the achievements of the Russian Empire in the fields of agriculture, industry, military affairs, science and culture. Chichagov was the main architect of the exhibition and created most of the buildings for it. Largely thanks to these buildings, the Russian style, which was used at that time mainly in church and country architecture, entered civil architecture. Later, many exhibits became the basis of the collections of the Polytechnic and Historical Museums.

Construction of the Moscow City Duma

City Duma, Moscow. Old pre-revolutionary postcard. Photo: Yuri Kobzev / photobank “Lori”

Dmitry Chichagov. Photo: um.mos.ru

City Duma, Moscow. Modern building. Photo: Elena Koromyslova / photobank “Lori”

In 1876, Dmitry Chichagov got a job at the Commission for the Preservation of Monuments of the Imperial Moscow Archaeological Society. While working here, the architect carried out a detailed survey of the wall paintings and the ancient altar barrier, which were preserved in the Moscow Assumption Cathedral. Chichagov also created a carved marble iconostasis in the Russian-Byzantine style for the Church of All Saints of the former Novo-Alekseevsky Monastery.

In the early 1880s, the architect built a mansion for the Moscow mayor Nikolai Alekseev, and a few years later a small two-story house for his mother. According to Chichagov's design, the building, outbuildings and outbuildings formed a square - a closed rectangle. The end was decorated with an oval of intricate patterns with a large family monogram of the Alekseevs.

In 1888, a competition was announced in Moscow for the best plan for the building of the Moscow City Duma. According to the terms of the competition, the architects had to create facades in the style of architectural monuments of the 16th–18th centuries, so that they would correspond to the previously built Historical Museum, and the building itself would be worthy of the old capital of the Russian Empire. A total of 38 works were presented, including a project by Dmitry Chichagov. It was his building plan in the pseudo-Russian style that was recognized as the best. When construction began, problems were discovered with the foundation of the former Government Places where the building was supposed to be erected. As a result, a second competition was announced, and Dmitry Chichagov won again. The building of the Moscow City Duma became the first building in Moscow specially built for local governments.

In the new project, Chichagov expanded the passage to Red Square and strengthened the ceiling: he replaced the wooden vaults with concrete ones on metal beams. In the decoration, the architect used numerous Russian pattern motifs, but left the decor of the facades laconic and strict. He highlighted only a few details especially clearly: the huge arched windows of the third floor, the wide upper frieze and the exaggeratedly massive central entrance. Initially, the architect planned to paint the building light gray, but then made it red. Thus, he successfully integrated the eclectic building into the ensemble of surrounding buildings built in different eras.

Temples, estates and apartment buildings of Dmitry Chichagov

Children's music school named after N.A. Alekseeva. Photo: Dmitry Neumoin / photobank “Lori”

The building of the library-reading room named after I.S. Turgenev. Photo: mmsk.ru

Facade of gymnasium No. 1520 named after the Kaptsovs. Photo: Dmitry Neumoin / photobank “Lori”

In 1893, the architect built the building of the Kaptsov gymnasium. The building resembled a Scandinavian castle with a peaked roof and turrets. The roof was crowned with several high figured pediments. The entire building was made in two traditionally Scandinavian colors - red and white.

In total, 33 buildings were erected according to the design of Dmitry Chichagov. The architect designed the interiors and iconostasis of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity and supervised the major renovation of Moscow's Assumption Cathedral. Also, according to his plan, the chapel of St. Alexander Nevsky was built in memory of the liberation of the Slavs from the Turkish yoke. He had several rebuilt city estates and apartment buildings to his credit - he was known and in demand among the Moscow nobility. Many of its buildings were destroyed during the Soviet era: for example, in 1972, the building of the oldest free library-reading room named after Ivan Turgenev in Moscow was demolished. Among the surviving buildings of Chichagov are the Alekseevskaya school, the Kaptsovsky school, and the building of the City Duma.

Dmitry Chichagov died in 1894 at a dacha in Novy Kuntsevo near Moscow. The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper published an obituary: “Out of a number of buildings produced by D.N. Chichagov, we will point to the new building of the Moscow City Duma, built according to his design and under his supervision. The deceased was a member of the Construction Council at the City Government and an architect at the Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Death of D.N. Chichagova is a great loss for the Moscow Architectural Society, which is currently busy organizing the second congress of Russian architects in Moscow.".

The architect was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery, and a monument according to his own design was erected on his grave.

D. N. Chichagov is the son of the builder of the Grand Kremlin Palace N. I. Chichagov, the brother of the architect Mikhail and the artist Konstantin Chichagov. In 1850-1859 he studied at the Moscow Palace Architectural School. In 1871-1872 - chief architect of the Polytechnic Exhibition in Moscow. He first became famous as the builder of V. E. Morozov’s house (21 Podsosensky Lane).

In 1888 he won the first competition of designs for the building of the Moscow City Duma on Voskresenskaya Square (a total of 38 projects were submitted). After the results were summed up, problems with the foundations b. The public places where the building was planned to be located, and the need to expand the passage to Red Square. Therefore, the Duma organized a second competition among the authors of the best works of the first round, and Chichagov won again. In the new project, wooden floors were replaced with concrete vaults on iron beams. Externally, Chichagov planned to paint the building light gray, and the red color was chosen upon completion of construction (1890-1892). In addition to the Duma building, during the reign of city mayor N.A. Alekseev (which coincided with the last decade of the architect’s life), Chichagov built many public buildings in Moscow, including the Turgenev reading room at the Myasnitskie Gate, which was destroyed in the 1970s, and the surviving Alekseev school on Nikoloyamskaya street (now the music school named after N. A. Alekseev). He designed public buildings and churches for provincial cities - in total, Chichagov’s track record includes 33 completed projects.

D. N. Chichagov is one of the founders of the Moscow Architectural Society, in the last year of his life he was the chairman of the MAO. Such architects, who later became famous, as F. O. Shekhtel and I. P. Mashkov, interned with Chichagov. “In the advice of the architect D. N. Chichagov to correct shortcomings without destroying the building itself, there was that rule of state wisdom that not only my generation lacked” - V. A. Maklakov, memoirs, chapter 3.

He was married twice (his first wife, Lidia Mikhailovna, was the daughter of M. D. Bykovsky, the sister of K. M. Bykovsky. Like all men in the Chichagov family, he died relatively early, leaving behind eleven children. Five of them became famous artists - successors of the Chichagov dynasty:

Chichagov, Alexey Dmitrievich (1875-1921), architect

Chichagov, Konstantin Dmitrievich (1867-1919), art historian

Chichagova-Rossinskaya, Elena Dmitrievna (1874-1971), artist

Chichagova, Galina Dmitrievna (1891-1966), artist

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