Genre features for those who live well in Rus'. Analysis of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (Nekrasov)
The name of Nekrasov is forever fixed in the consciousness of the Russian people as the name of a great poet who came to literature with his new word and was able to express the high patriotic ideals of his time in unique images and sounds.
Speaking about Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” it must be said that the poem is not finished. The poet began work on the grandiose plan of a “people's book” in 1863, and ended up terminally ill in 1877. As he said: “One thing I deeply regret is that I did not finish the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” However, Belinsky believed that incompleteness is a sign of the true. The question of the “incompleteness” of the poem is highly controversial. After all, “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was conceived as an epic, that is, a work of art depicting with the maximum degree of completeness an entire era in the life of the people. Since folk life is limitless and inexhaustible in its countless manifestations, epics in any variety are characterized by incompleteness. The epic can be continued indefinitely, but you can put an end to almost any part of its path. That is, the individual parts of the poem are connected by some common phenomenon. For example, in “Who Lives Well in Rus'” all parts are united only by wandering peasants (excluding the parts “Last One” and “Feast for the Whole World”). This allows you to freely rearrange the parts. That is, there is a loose order of parts. If the order had been fixed, the part “The Last One” would have followed not the first part, but the second, and “The Peasant Woman” would have been located after the third part, “A Feast for the Whole World.” The composition of the work is built according to the laws of classical epic: it consists of separate, relatively autonomous parts and chapters. Outwardly, these topics are connected by the theme of the road: seven truth-seekers wander around Rus', trying to resolve the question that haunts them: who can live well in Rus'? And therefore, rearranging the parts does not eliminate the meaning and charm of the poem.
The genre originality of the poem is its mixing of fairy-tale motifs and real facts of history. For example, the number seven in folklore is magical. The Seven Wanderers are an image of a large epic cast. The fabulous flavor of the Prologue raises the narrative above everyday life, above peasant life and gives the action an epic universality. At the same time, the events are attributed to the post-reform era. A specific sign of men - “temporarily obliged” - indicates the real situation of the peasants at that time. But it’s not just the magical number of wanderers that creates the fabulous atmosphere. In the Prologue, the meeting of seven men is narrated as a great epic event:
In what year - calculate
In what land - guess
On the sidewalk
Seven men came together...
This is how epic and fairy-tale heroes came together for a battle or an honorable feast. But here, along with fairy-tale motifs, the general sign of post-reform ruin is captured, expressed in the names of the villages: Zaplatovo, Razutovo, Zlobishino, Neurozhaika. Terpigoreva County, Empty Volost, Smart Province - all this also tells us about the plight of the provinces, districts, and volosts after the reforms of 1861.
And yet the men live and act as in a fairy tale: “Go there, I don’t know where, bring that, I don’t know what.” The poem makes a comic comparison of a men's argument with a bullfight in a peasant herd. According to the laws of the epic, it unfolds, as in Gogol’s “Dead Souls,” but also acquires an independent meaning. A cow with a bell, straying from the herd, came to the fire, fixed her eyes on the men,
I listened to crazy speeches
And I began, my dear,
Moo, moo, moo!
Nature and animals also participate in the peasant dispute:
And the raven, a smart bird,
Arrived, sitting on a tree
Right by the fire,
Sits and prays to the devil,
To be slapped to death
Which one!
The commotion grows, spreads, covers the entire forest:
A booming echo woke up,
Let's go for a walk,
Let's go scream and shout
As if to tease
Stubborn men.
The poet approaches the very essence of the dispute with irony. The men do not yet understand that the question of who is happier - the priest, the landowner, the merchant, the official or the tsar - reveals the limitations of their ideas about happiness, which come down to material security. But for the peasants of that time, the issue of security was the most important. And not only in Russia this question worried people, which is why the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” has a prominent place not only in Russian, but also in world poetry.
The genre originality of N. A.-Nekrasov’s poem lies in the author’s amazing ability to combine a fairy-tale atmosphere with the political problems of the 60s of the 19th century. And also in writing a wonderful epic poem, accessible to all people at any age.
Works such as “Who Lives Well in Rus'” are a real excursion into the 60s of the 19th century. The poem literally immerses the reader in the events of post-serfdom. A journey in search of a happy person in the Russian Empire reveals numerous problems of society, paints an unvarnished picture of reality and makes one think about the future of a country that dares to live in a new way.
The history of the creation of Nekrasov's poem
The exact date when work on the poem began is unknown. But researchers of Nekrasov’s work drew attention to the fact that already in his first part he mentions the Poles who were exiled. This makes it possible to assume that the poet’s idea for the poem arose around 1860-1863, and Nikolai Alekseevich began writing it around 1863. Although the poet’s sketches could have been made earlier.
It is known that starting in 1866, the first part of Nekrasov’s work tried to see the light of day. For four years, the author tried to publish his work and constantly fell under the discontent and harsh condemnation of censorship. Despite this, work on the poem continued.
The poet had to publish it gradually in the same Sovremennik magazine. So it was published for four years, and all these years the censor was dissatisfied. The poet himself was constantly subject to criticism and persecution. Therefore, he stopped his work for a while, and was able to start it again only in 1870. During this new period of the rise of his literary creativity, he creates three more parts to this poem, which were written at different times:
✪ “The Last One” - 1872.
✪ “Peasant Woman” -1873.
✪ “A Feast for the Whole World” - 1876.
The poet wanted to write a few more chapters, but he was working on his poem at a time when he began to fall ill, so his illness prevented him from realizing these poetic plans. But still, realizing that he would soon die, Nikolai Alekseevich tried in his last part to finish it so that the whole poem had a logical completeness.
The plot of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”
In one of the volosts, on a wide road, there are seven men who live in neighboring villages. And they think about one question: who lives well in their native land. And their conversation got so bad that it soon turned into an argument. It was getting late in the evening, but they could not resolve this dispute. And suddenly the men noticed that they had already walked a long distance, carried away by the conversation. Therefore, they decided not to return home, but to spend the night in the clearing. But the argument continued and led to a fight.
Because of such noise, a chick of a warbler falls out, which Pakhom saves, and for this the exemplary mother is ready to fulfill any desire of the men. Having received the magic tablecloth, the men decide to travel to find the answer to the question that interests them so much. Soon they meet a priest who changes the men’s opinion that he has a good and happy life. The heroes also end up at a rural fair.
They try to find happy people among the drunk, and it soon becomes clear that a peasant doesn’t need much to be happy: he has enough to eat and protects himself from troubles. And to find out about happiness, I advise the heroes to find Ermila Girin, whom everyone knows. And then the men learn his story, and then the master appears. But he also complains about his life.
At the end of the poem, the heroes try to look for happy people among women. They meet one peasant woman, Matryona. They help Korchagina in the field, and in return she tells them her story, where she says that a woman cannot have happiness. Women only suffer.
And now the peasants are already on the banks of the Volga. Then they heard a story about a prince who could not come to terms with the abolition of serfdom, and then a story about two sinners. The story of the sexton's son Grishka Dobrosklonov is also interesting.
You are also poor, You are also abundant, You are also powerful, You are also powerless, Mother Rus'! Saved in slavery, the heart is free - Gold, gold, the people's heart! People's power, mighty power - calm conscience, tenacious truth!
Genre and unusual composition of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”
There is still debate between writers and critics about the composition of Nekrasov’s poem. Most researchers of the literary work of Nikolai Nekrasov have come to the conclusion that the material should be arranged as follows: a prologue and part one, then the chapter “Peasant Woman” should be placed, the content should be followed by the chapter “Last One” and in conclusion - “A Feast for the Whole World”.
Evidence of this arrangement of chapters in the plot of the poem is that, for example, in the first part and in the subsequent chapter, the world is depicted when the peasants were not yet free, that is, this is the world that was a little earlier: old and outdated. The next part of Nekrasov already shows how this old world is completely destroyed and perishes.
But already in Nekrasov’s last chapter, the poet shows all the signs that a new life is beginning. The tone of the story changes dramatically and is now lighter, clearer, and more joyful. The reader feels that the poet, like his heroes, believe in the future. This aspiration towards a clear and bright future is especially felt in those moments when the main character, Grishka Dobrosklonov, appears in the poem.
In this part, the poet completes the poem, so it is here that the denouement of the entire plot action takes place. And here is the answer to the question that was posed at the very beginning of the work about who, after all, lives well and freely, carefree and cheerfully in Rus'. It turns out that the most carefree, happy and cheerful person is Grishka, who is the protector of his people. In his beautiful and lyrical songs, he predicted happiness for his people.
But if you carefully read how the poem ends in its last part, you can pay attention to the strangeness of the narrative. The reader does not see the peasants returning to their homes, they do not stop traveling, and, in general, they do not even get to know Grisha. Therefore, a continuation may have been planned here.
The fabulousness of the composition is easily visible in the work. The text contains many elements that can easily be attributed to folklore. Throughout the journey, the author inserts his own lyrical digressions and elements that are completely unrelated to the plot.
Analysis of Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”
From the history of Russia it is known that in 1861 the most shameful phenomenon - serfdom - was abolished. But such a reform caused unrest in society, and new problems soon arose. First of all, the question arose that even a free peasant, poor and destitute, cannot be happy. This problem interested Nikolai Nekrasov, and he decided to write a poem in which the issue of peasant happiness would be considered.
Despite the fact that the work is written in simple language and refers to folklore, it usually seems complex to the reader, since it touches on the most serious philosophical problems and questions. The author himself sought answers to most of the questions all his life. This is probably why writing the poem was so difficult for him, and he created it over the course of fourteen years. But unfortunately, the work was never finished.
The poet intended to write his poem in eight chapters, but due to illness he was able to write only four and they do not follow at all, as expected, one after another. Now the poem is presented in the form and in the sequence proposed by K. Chukovsky, who carefully studied Nekrasov’s archives for a long time.
Nikolai Nekrasov chose ordinary people as the heroes of the poem, so he also used vernacular vocabulary. For a long time, there were debates about who could still be considered the main characters of the poem. So, there were assumptions that these are heroes - men who walk around the country, trying to find a happy person. But other researchers still believed that it was Grishka Dobrosklonov. This question remains open today. But you can consider this poem as if the main character in it is all the common people.
There are no accurate and detailed descriptions of these men in the plot, their characters are also incomprehensible, the author simply does not reveal or show them. But these men are united by one goal, for which they travel. It is also interesting that the episodic faces in Nekrasov’s poem are drawn by the author more clearly, accurately, in detail and vividly. The poet raises many problems that arose among the peasantry after the abolition of serfdom.
Nikolai Alekseevich shows that each hero in his poem has his own concept of happiness. For example, a rich person sees happiness in having financial well-being. And the man dreams that in his life there will be no grief and troubles, which usually await the peasant at every step. There are also heroes who are happy because they believe in the happiness of others. The language of Nekrasov’s poem is close to folk, so it contains a huge amount of vernacular.
Despite the fact that the work remained unfinished, it reflects the entire reality of what happened. This is a real literary gift to all lovers of poetry, history and literature.
The poem "Who lives well in Rus'?" - the pinnacle of N.’s creativity. Having started writing it in 1863, he worked for 15 years, until his death, without completing the work. In the poem, the author showed a broad picture of post-reform Russia, the changes that took place in it. This product was new and unexpected at that time; there had never been anything like it. This is a “people's book”. This is the originality of the poem “To whom in Rus'...”. Its composition corresponds to the author's intention. According to N.’s original plan, during their journey the peasants should meet everyone they considered happy, right up to the king himself. But then the composition of the poem was slightly changed. In the prologue, we meet 7 peasants from 7 different villages, the names of which reflect the conditions in which the poor of Russia lived. Part 1 - “The Journey”, during which the peasants meet a large number of people who can be considered happy. But upon closer acquaintance with these people, it turns out that their happiness is not at all what wanderers need. Part 2 - “Peasant Woman”. In it, the author tells readers about the fate of a simple peasant woman Matryona Timofeevna. Before us passes a picture of the life of this Russian. women, and we, together with the peasants, are convinced that “it’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women!” The third part - “The Last One” - is devoted to a description of the life of a landowner in post-reform Russia. Concludes. part of the poem called “A feast for the whole world.” It kind of sums up the whole poem. And only in this part we meet a “happy” person - Grisha Dobrosklonov. In “Conclusion” Grisha’s song “Rus” is also heard - a hymn to his native country and the great Russian. to the people. The poem “To whom in Rus'...” is very close in style to the works of UNT. Readers are faced with this as soon as they start reading it: In what year - calculate, In what land - guess, On a high road Seven men came together... The first 2 lines here are the beginning, characteristic of Russian epics and fairy tales. There are a lot of folk signs and riddles in the poem: Kukui! Cuckoo, cuckoo! The bread will begin to sprout, you will choke on the ear - you will not cuckoo! The rhythm of the poem itself is close to the rhythm of the verse. produced rus. folklore, many songs similar in sound to folk songs, many forms of words that are used. in folklore: diminutives - bread, similes: Like a fish in the blue sea You will scurry! Like a nightingale you will fly from your nest! In the characterization of N.'s heroes, the portrait occupies an important place. The character of the heroes is revealed through their speech. The peasants speak in simple language, and representatives of other classes express their thoughts differently. The landowners in the poem are depicted as a dying class. In “Who in Rus' is a picture of people's life that is rare in Russia. and world L. And therefore the poem is considered the pinnacle of creativity, ch. N.'s life's work
Poem by N.A. Nekrasov's "Who Lives Well in Rus'" as an epic of peasant life.
The poem “To whom...” synthesized all the themes and features of Nekrasov’s poems; all the principles that were used in other poems were reflected here: 1. Interesting immersions in the folk element (“Frost, red nose”); 2. N.'s reflections on people's intercessors; 3. satirical stream. The work lasted 12 years: from 1865-1877 (died). The very title of this poem sets up a truly all-Russian review of life and the fact that this life will be examined from top to bottom. From the very beginning, the work defines its main character as a man. It is in the peasant environment that the famous dispute arises, and seven truth-seekers with their truly peasant desire to get to the root set off to travel around Russia, endlessly repeating, varying and deepening their question: who is happy in Rus'? But Nekrasov’s peasants who set off are most like a symbol of a post-reform people’s Russia that has set off, thirsty for change. After the prologue, the fabulousness leaves and gives way to more lively and modern folklore forms. N.’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is the result of the poet’s creative path; he worked until his death, without completing the work. In the poem, the author showed a broad picture of post-reform Russia, those changes that took place in her. This product was new and unexpected at that time; there had never been anything like it. This is the originality of the poem “To whom in Rus'...”. It is a deep artistic study of people's life, raising the most important problems of the era... Its composition corresponds to the author's intention. According to N.’s original plan, during their journey the peasants should meet everyone they considered happy, right up to the king himself. But then the composition of the poem was slightly changed. In the prologue, we meet 7 peasants from 7 different villages, the names of which reflect the conditions in which the poor of Russia lived. Part 1 - “The Journey”, during which the peasants meet a large number of people who can be considered happy. But upon closer acquaintance with these people, it turns out that their happiness is not at all what wanderers need. Part 2 - “Peasant Woman”. In it, the author tells readers about the fate of a simple peasant woman Matryona Timofeevna. Before us passes a picture of the life of this Russian. women, and we, together with the peasants, are convinced that “it’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women!” The third part - “The Last One” - is devoted to a description of the life of a landowner in post-reform Russia. Ch. “Rural Fair” is an example of polyphony, emphasizing such qualities of Russian character as hard work, patience, ignorance, backwardness, sense of humor, and talent.
Concludes. part of the poem called “A feast for the whole world.” It kind of sums up the whole poem. And only in this part we meet a “happy” person - Grisha Dobrosklonov. In “Conclusion” Grisha’s song “Rus” is also heard - a hymn to his native country and the great Russian. to the people. The motive of the people's true happiness appears in the last chapter, “Good times - good songs,” and it is associated with the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, in whom the moral ideal of the writer was embodied. It is Grisha who formulates the author’s idea about the happiness of the people: The share of the people, Their happiness, Light and freedom, First of all! The poem contains many images of rebels and people's intercessors. This is, for example, Ermil Girin. In difficult times, he asks for help from the people and receives it. This is Agap Petrov, who hurled an angry accusation at Prince Utyatin. The wanderer Jonah also carries rebellious ideas. The peasants speak in simple language, and representatives of other classes express their thoughts differently. The landowners in the poem are depicted as a dying class. The topic “Sinners and righteous people in Nekrasov” is interesting. The poet's focus is on the repentant sinner; The plot of the repentance of the “great sinner” underlies the “Legend of Two Great Sinners” from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” Another example is Savely, who buried the German Vogel alive; as can be seen from the text of the poem, he does not consider himself a sinner at all (“branded, but not a slave,” he answers “cheerfully” to his son’s reproaches). But Savely is not a murderer - he, feeling guilty for the death of Demushka, goes “to repentance // To the Sand Monastery.”
The ability to repent is the most important feature of Nekrasov’s heroes; Ermila Girin is very important, ready to commit suicide because of the consciousness of his sin. It is significant that not a single landowner (except for the owner Yakov the faithful, who lamented “I am a sinner, a sinner! Execute me!”) is able to realize his sin and repent.
Place N.A. Nekrasov in Russian poetry of the second half of the 19th century. Tradition and innovation.
N. A. Nekrasov went down in the history of Russian literature as a realist poet, drawing truthful pictures of Russian reality, and as an outstanding journalist. The names of the most popular magazines of the 19th century, Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski, are associated with his name. It was on the pages of these magazines that he published his works telling about the hard lot of the Russian peasant (“The Uncompressed Strip”, the poem “Frost, Red Nose”, “Reflections at the front entrance”), about the difficult and hopeless life of the urban poor (the cycle “About the Weather”, “The Gardener”, “Am I Driving Down a Dark Street at Night...”, “Yesterday, About Six o’clock...”), poems , dedicated to A. Ya. Panaeva (“You and I are stupid people...”, “If, tormented by a rebellious passion...”, “Oh, letters from a dear woman to us...”) and many other works.
For the first time in Russian poetry, Nekrasov’s poems revealed to the reader pictures of people’s life with sharpness and directness. The poet depicted a wretched Russian village with its sadness and poverty and the “uncompressed strip” of a peasant who “has no hope.” The suffering of the common man resonated in his works.
Nekrasov's poems were a huge success, everyone felt that a poet had appeared who had not yet existed in Rus'. He pronounced a condemnatory verdict on the autocracy, expressed his love for the people and his bright faith in the wonderful future of the Motherland.
The heyday of the poet’s work dates back to the 60s of the 19th century. During this “difficult and hard” time, his muse spoke in a “glib” language. Chernyshevsky wrote about him: “You are now the best - one might say, the only beautiful - hope of our literature.”
Many of the poet’s poems are dedicated to the homeland and people. Even in the early period of Nekrasov’s work, it was discovered that “homeland”, “land” was an all-consuming theme for him. It is difficult to imagine any poem by Nekrasov that would not contain Russian nature and Russian people. “Yes, only here can I be a poet!” - he exclaimed, returning from abroad. The foreign land never attracted him, the poet did not even make an attempt to renounce, even for a short time, “the song that was inspired by the snowstorms and blizzards of his native villages.” The poet was in awe of his Motherland; he cordially depicted the village, peasant huts, the Russian landscape: “Again there, my dear side, with its green, fertile summer...” From this fiery love for the Motherland, for its great people and amazing Russian nature, the poetry that makes up our wealth grew .
Nekrasov was rooting for the fate of Russia and called for work to transform it into a “mighty and omnipotent” country. The poet highly valued the Russian people for their activity in the struggle for happiness.
Yes, I was not timid - for my dear fatherland
The Russian people have endured enough.
Nekrasov guessed the great role of Russia.
Rus' will show that there are people in it,
What future does she have...
The poet sends a curse to the oppressors of the people - “the owners of luxurious chambers.”
The most famous poems of Nekrasov are dedicated to the image of the national hero. Nekrasov was a singer of the plowman people and lovingly portrayed a peasant walking behind a plow. And the poet saw how hard his life was, heard how his melancholy groaned over the endless expanse of meadows and fields, how he pulled his strap. The poet sympathizes with the enslaved people:
Name me such an abode,
I've never seen such an angle
Where would your sower and guardian be?
Wherever a Russian man moans.
Individual episodes turn into a broad picture of serf reality. “Forgotten village” - this name refers not only to one village, but to the entire country, in which there are no number of such “forgotten villages”. No matter who the men met in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” everywhere, instead of a happy life, they saw backbreaking work, great grief, and immeasurable people’s suffering.
There is a lot of melancholy and sadness in Nekrasov’s poetry, there are a lot of human tears and grief in it. But there is also a Russian scope of nature in Nekrasov’s poetry, which calls for an insane feat, for struggle:
Go into the fire for the honor of your fatherland,
For convictions, for love.
Go and perish impeccably:
You won't die in vain. The case is solid
When blood flows underneath it!
The fact that Nekrasov was truly a national poet is also evidenced by the fact that many of his poems became songs and romances (“Peddlers”, a romance about the robber Kudeyar).
The main motives of N.A.’s lyrics Nekrasova.
Typology of novels by I.S. Turgenev (“Rudin”, “The Noble Nest”, “On the Eve”, “Fathers and Sons”, “Nov”). “Secret psychologism” of the writer.
Secret psychologism of Turgenev
One of the manifestations of Turgenev’s talent was the invention of his own method of describing the psychological state of the hero, which was later called “secret psychologism.”
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was convinced that any writer, when creating his work, must first of all be a psychologist, depicting the mental state of his heroes and penetrating into the holy depths of their inner state, their feelings and experiences.
So, for example, we know that Turgenev, while working on the novel, kept a diary on behalf of his hero, Bazarov. Thus, the writer could convey his feelings much more deeply, because, while keeping a diary, the author temporarily “turned” into Bazarov and tried to evoke in himself those thoughts and feelings that the hero could experience. However, at the same time, the writer believed that the reader should not be told in detail about the process of the origin and development of feelings and experiences in the hero, that only their external manifestations should be described. Then the author will not bore the reader (as Turgenev said, “the best way to get bored is to say everything”). In other words, the writer set himself the goal not so much of explaining the essence of the psychological states of his characters, but of describing these states and showing their “external” side.
In this sense, the development of Arkady's condition before leaving Nikolskoye is characteristic.
First, Turgenev shows Arkady's train of thought, what he thinks. Then the hero has some kind of vague feeling (the author does not fully explain this feeling to us, he simply mentions it). After some time, Arkady realizes this feeling. He thinks about Anna Odintsova, but gradually his imagination draws him another image - Katya. And finally, Arkady’s tear falls on the pillow. At the same time, Turgenev does not comment on all these experiences of Arkady - he simply describes them. So, for example, readers themselves must guess why, instead of Anna Sergeevna, Arkady sees Katya in his imagination and why at that moment a tear drips onto his pillow.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, describing the “content” of his hero’s experiences, never asserts anything. He describes everything in the form of assumptions. This is evidenced, for example, by numerous author’s remarks (“possibly”, “maybe”, “should be”). In other words, the author again gives the reader the right to guess for himself what is happening inside the hero.
Also, a very common technique of Turgenev when depicting the hero’s state of mind is silence. Only the hero’s action is shown, which is not commented on at all. It's simply stating a fact. So, for example, after an explanation with Odintsova, Bazarov goes into the forest and returns only a few hours later, all dirty. With boots wet from dew, disheveled and gloomy. Here we ourselves have to guess what the hero felt when he wandered through the forest, what he thought about and what he was worried about.
In conclusion, it is worth saying that the principle of secret psychologism makes the novel “Fathers and Sons” extremely fascinating. The reader himself becomes the protagonist of the novel, as if he is drawn into the action. The author does not let the reader fall asleep, constantly giving him food for thought. It is almost impossible to read a novel without thinking. You constantly have to interpret the characters one way or another. It can also be said that it is partly this principle that makes the novel relatively small in size, which also makes it easier to read.
The idea for the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” arose in the early 1860s. Nekrasov continued to work on the poem until the end of his life, but never managed to complete it. Therefore, when publishing the poem, serious difficulties arose - the sequence of chapters remained unclear, the author's intention could only be approximately guessed. Researchers of Nekrasov’s work settled on three main options for the arrangement of chapters in the poem. The first was based on the sequence of seasons in the poem and the author’s notes and proposed the following order: “Prologue and first part” - “Last child” - “Feast for the whole world” - “Peasant woman”. The second swapped the chapters “A Feast for the Whole World” and “The Peasant Woman.” With this arrangement, the concept of the poem looked more optimistic - from serfdom to funerals “on the support”, from satirical pathos to pathetic. The third and most common version - most likely, it was the one you came across when reading the poem ("Prologue and first part" - "Peasant Woman" - "Lastly" - "Feast for the whole world") - also had its own logic. The feast organized on the occasion of the death of the Last One smoothly turns into a “feast for the whole world”: according to the content of the chapters “The Last One” and “Feast for the whole world” are very closely related. In the chapter “A Feast for the Whole World,” there is finally a truly happy person.
We will rely on the third option, simply because it was the one that became generally accepted when the poem was published, but at the same time we will remember that the poem remained unfinished and we are dealing with a reconstruction, and not the actual author’s intention.
Nekrasov himself called his work “an epic of modern peasant life.” Epic is one of the most ancient literary genres. The first and most famous epic, which all authors turning to this genre were guided by, is Homer's Iliad. Homer gives an extremely broad cross-section of the life of the Greeks at a decisive moment for the nation, the period of the ten-year war between the Greeks and the Trojans - at a turning point, the people, like the individual, reveal themselves more clearly. With the simplicity of a Greek commoner, Homer does not miss even the smallest details of the life and military way of life of his heroes. The listed features have become genre-forming; we can easily find them in any epic, including in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” including.
Nekrasov tries to touch all facets of people's life, pays attention to the most insignificant details of people's life; The action of the poem is timed to coincide with the culminating moment for the Russian peasantry - the period that came after the abolition of serfdom in 1861.
The compositional core of the epic was the journey of seven men, which made it possible to extremely expand the boundaries of the artistic space of the poem. The seven wanderers are, as it were, one whole; they are poorly distinguishable from each other; whether they speak in turn or in chorus, their lines flow together. They are only eyes and ears. Unlike the poem “Frost, Red Nose,” in “Who Lives Well in Rus',” Nekrasov tries to be completely invisible, hide behind the canopy and show the people’s point of view on what is happening. Sometimes, for example, in the famous passage about Belinsky and Gogol, which the man has not yet carried from the market, the author’s voice still breaks through, but this is one of the few exceptions.
Disputes about the composition of the work are still ongoing, but most scientists have come to the conclusion that it should be like this: “Prologue. Part One”, “Peasant Woman”, “Last One”, “Feast for the Whole World”. The arguments in favor of this particular arrangement of material are as follows. The first part and chapter “Peasant Woman” depicts an old, moribund world. “The Last One” shows the death of this world. In the final part, “A Feast for the Whole World,” signs of new life are especially noticeable; the overall tone of the narrative is lighter, more joyful,
One senses a focus on the future, associated primarily with the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov. In addition, the ending of this part plays the role of a kind of denouement, since it is here that the answer to the question posed at the beginning of the work sounds: “Who lives cheerfully, freely in Russia?” The happy man turns out to be the people's defender Grisha Dobrosklonov, who in his songs predicted “the embodiment of people's happiness.” At the same time, this is a special kind of denouement. She does not return the wanderers to their homes, does not put an end to their search, because the wanderers do not know about Grisha’s happiness. That is why it was possible to write a continuation of the poem, where the wanderers had to look for a happy person further, while following the wrong trail - right up to the king himself. The peculiarity of the composition of the poem is its construction based on the laws of the classical epic: it consists of separate relatively autonomous parts and chapters, its hero is not an individual person, but the entire Russian people, and therefore in genre it is an epic of national life.
The external connection of the parts of the poem is determined by the motive of the road and the search for happiness, which also corresponds to the genre of the folk-epic tale. The plot and compositional method of organizing the narrative - the journey of the peasant heroes - is complemented by the inclusion of author's digressions and extra-plot elements. The epic nature of the work is also determined by the majestically calm pace of the narrative, based on folklore elements. The life of post-reform Russia is shown in all its complexity and versatility, and the breadth of coverage of the general view of the world as a kind of wholeness is combined with the lyrical emotion of the author and the detail of external descriptions. The genre of the epic poem allowed Nekrasov to reflect the life of the entire country, the entire nation, and at one of its most difficult, turning points.
- The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was written by Nekrasov in the post-reform era, when the landowner essence of the reform, which doomed the peasants to ruin and new bondage, became clear. The main idea that permeates the entire poem is...
- The type of democratic intellectual, a native of the people, is embodied in the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, the son of a farm laborer and a semi-impoverished sexton. If not for the kindness and generosity of the peasants, Grisha and his brother Savva could have died...
- A beauty that is a wonder to the world, Blush, slender, tall, Beautiful in all clothes, Able to do any work. N. A. Nekrasov “The Great Slav” became the heroine of many poems and poems by N. A. Nekrasov; All...
- Plans for the unrealized chapters of the poem, of course, are of great interest when studying Nekrasov’s creative plan. In implementing these plans, the poet did not go further than sketches. This not only means...
- One might suggest comparing the landscape of Chapter XVI with the landscape of Pushkin’s “Winter Morning”. Do they have anything in common? Readers notice that both here and there “frost and sun”, “sunny winter” are depicted....
- So that my fellow countrymen and every peasant may live freely and cheerfully throughout all holy Rus'! N. A. Nekrasov. Who can live well in Rus'? In the image of the people's intercessor Grisha Dobrosklonov, the author's ideal of positive...
- The hero of the poem is not one person, but the whole people. At first glance, people's life seems sad. The very list of villages speaks for itself: Zaplatovo, Dyryavino. and how much human suffering there is in...
- For a long time, N.A. Nekrasov was seen as a public figure, but not a poet. He was considered a singer of the revolutionary struggle, but was often denied his poetic talent. They appreciated Nekrasov’s civic pathos, but not...
- The poem was published in separate parts in two magazines, Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski. The poem consists of four parts, arranged as they were written and related to the dispute about “who has fun...
- Epic coverage of public life, depiction of characters with different socio-psychological and individual characteristics, often with elements of “role-playing lyrics”; Reliance on the people's worldview and the people's value system as the main moral...
- Every time gives birth to its poet. In the second half of the last century there was no more popular poet than N. A. Nekrasov. He not only sympathized with the people, but identified himself with peasant Russia, shocked...
- Again she, the native side, With her green, fertile summer, And again the soul is full of poetry. Yes, only here can I be a poet! N. A. Nekrasov Democratic movement in Russia in the middle...
- A whole gallery of images of landowners passes before the reader of Nekrasov’s poem. Nekrasov looks at the landowners through the eyes of a peasant, drawing their images without any idealization. This side of Nekrasov’s creativity was noted by V.I. Belinsky when...
- In terms of composition, the poetic integrity of the poem is achieved by dream images, which include reflections on the people that make up the main part of the poem: the first appeal begins with the image of a dream - to the nobleman, the image of a dream...
- Nikolai Nekrasov and Afanasy Fet. Something far and close. “There is the same contrast between the names of Nekrasov and Fet as between white and black.” Why? It should be said that N....
- Initially, the peasants were going to look for a happy one among landowners, officials, merchants, ministers, and even had to get to the king. But gradually the people came to the forefront, and the gallery of representatives of the gentlemen, begun with...
- He did not carry a heart in his chest, Who did not shed tears over you. N. A. Nekrasov N. A. Nekrasov is rightly considered the first singer of a Russian peasant woman, who depicted the tragedy of her situation and glorified the struggle...
- The chapter “Peasant Woman” did not appear in the original plan of the poem. The Prologue does not provide for the possibility of finding a happy man among the peasants, and especially among the peasant women. Some compositional unpreparedness of the chapter “Peasant Woman” is due, perhaps, to censorship reasons...
- My acquaintance with the work of N. A. Nekrasov occurred in the sixth grade. I remember well his “Yesterday at Six o’clock”, “The Railway” and, of course, the poem “Russian Women”. It's hard for me...
- The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is the pinnacle of N. A. Nekrasov’s creativity. This is a work about the people, their life, work and struggle. It took fourteen years to create, but Nekrasov never...
