Was Anna Karenina real? "Anna Karenina": interesting facts about the great novel

Therefore, a “living, hot and complete novel” will be modern in any historical era.

The novel, touching on feelings “close to everyone personally,” became a living reproach to his contemporaries, whom N. S. Leskov ironically called "real secular people".

Leo Tolstoy described the era of “the decline of ancient civilization,” the writer felt the approach of changes in the life of noble society, but could not foresee how they would turn into a disaster in less than half a century.

In the last, eighth part, L.N. Tolstoy precisely shows the lack of interest in “work” entitled “Experience in reviewing the foundations and forms of statehood in Europe and Russia.” A review of the book, on which Sergei Ivanovich Koznyshev (Levin’s brother) worked for 6 years, was written by a young ignorant feuilletonist, making him a laughing stock. Due to the failure of his book, Koznyshev devoted himself entirely to the Slavic issue in the Serbian war.

He admitted that the newspapers published a lot of unnecessary and exaggerated things, with one goal - to attract attention to themselves and shout down others. He saw that during this general upsurge of society, all the unsuccessful and offended ones jumped forward and shouted louder than others: commanders-in-chief without armies, ministers without ministries, journalists without magazines, party leaders without partisans. He saw that there was a lot of frivolity and funny here...

Characters of the novel

Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy's environment is the modern society of Anna Oblonskaya - Karenina. Tolstoy's observations of the feelings and thoughts of real people became an "artistic depiction of the life" of the characters in the novel.

There are no coincidences in Tolstoy's novel. The path begins with the railway, without which communication would have been impossible. On the way from St. Petersburg to Moscow, Princess Vronskaya tells Anna Karenina about her son Alexei. Anna comes to reconcile Dolly with her brother Stiva, who was convicted of treason and who is “to blame all around.” Vronsky meets his mother, Steve meets his sister. The coupler dies under the wheels... The apparent “orderliness of events” only reveals and shows the state of internal chaos and confusion of the heroes - “everything is mixed up.” And the “thick whistle of the locomotive” does not force the heroes to wake up from their far-fetched sleep, it does not cut the knot, on the contrary, it intensifies the melancholy of the heroes, who subsequently pass through the brink of final despair. The death of the coupler under the wheels of a steam locomotive became a “bad omen”; the “beautiful horror of a blizzard” symbolized the imminent destruction of the family.

How nightmarish the situation of Anna becomes, from whom the world has turned away, and whose representatives do not risk communicating at home with the “criminal woman”, is obvious from the sequence of events.

Blinded by love, the young Count Vronsky follows her like a shadow, which in itself seems quite nice for discussion in the secular living room of Betsy Tverskaya’s house. Married Anna can only offer friendship and does not approve of Vronsky’s action towards Kitty Shcherbatskaya.

There were no signs of big trouble. The secular princess advised Anna Arkadyevna: “You see, you can look at the same thing tragically and make it a torment, and look at it simply and even fun. Maybe you tend to look at things too tragically.”

But Anna saw signs of fate in all events. Anna dreams of death during childbirth: “You will die in childbirth, mother,” she constantly thought about death and the absence of a future. But fate gives a second chance (like Vronsky, when he tried to shoot himself), Anna does not die, but the doctor relieves her pain with morphine.

For Anna, the loss of her son will become unbearable, who will grow up in the house of a strict father, with contempt for the mother who left him.

She dreams of the impossible: to unite in one house the two most dear people, Alexei Vronsky and her son Seryozha. All attempts by the gentle and reasonable brother Stiva to get a divorce from Karenin and leave Anna a son were unsuccessful. All the actions of the statesman Karenin took place under the influence of the laws of secular society, his flattery to the vanity of Countess Lydia Ivanovna, and “according to religion.”

The choice was: “The happiness of generous forgiveness” or the desire to love and live.

Tolstoy clearly criticizes the “old custom,” the legally complex divorce process, which is becoming practically impossible and condemned in the world.

Rather, she wanted to rid everyone of herself. Anna brings misfortune to everyone, “falling apart” individuals piece by piece, depriving them of inner peace.

Prototypes. Characters. Images

Konstantin Levin

Leva, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. He was depicted in the novel as a typical image of a Russian idealist, but he shows far from the best part of his self.

The revelations of Lev Nikolaevich's diary, in which he conscientiously recorded all his intimate experiences, made a depressing impression on Sofya Andreevna before the wedding. Tolstoy felt responsible and guilty before her.

Levin, not without an internal struggle, handed over his diary to her. He knew that there could not and should not be secrets between him and her, and therefore he decided that it should be so; but he did not give himself an account of how this could act, he was not transported into it. Only when that evening he came to them in front of the theater, entered her room and<…>I understood the abyss that separated his shameful past from her dovelike purity, and was horrified by what he had done.

Two days after marrying 18-year-old Sophia Bers, 34-year-old Lev Nikolaevich wrote to his grandmother: “I constantly feel as if I have stolen undeserved happiness that was not assigned to me. Here she comes, I hear her, and it’s so good.”(from a letter to A.A. Tolstoy September 28, 1862). These experiences are reflected in the moods of Levin and Kitty:

She forgave him, but from then on he considered himself even more unworthy of her, morally bowed even lower before her and valued his undeserved happiness even more highly.

Nikolay Levin

Dmitry Nikolaevich Tolstoy. He was ascetic, strict and religious; his family nicknamed him Noah. Then he began to go on a spree, bought and took the corrupt Masha to his place.

Anna Karenina (Oblonskaya)

In 1868, in the house of General Tulubiev, L.N. Tolstoy met Maria Alexandrovna Hartung, Pushkin’s daughter. Tolstoy described some features of her appearance: dark hair, white lace and a small purple garland of pansies.

According to the appearance and marital status described by L. N. Tolstoy, the prototype could be Alexandra Alekseevna Obolenskaya (1831-1890, born Dyakov), wife of A. V. Obolensky and sister of Maria Alekseevna Dyakova, who was married to S. M. Sukhotin .

Character

Fate

Anna Stepanovna Pirogova, whom unhappy love led to death, in 1872 (because of A.N. Bibikov) From the memoirs of Sofia Andreevna:

L.N. Tolstoy went to the railway barracks to see the unfortunate woman.

Situation

Divorce was a very rare occurrence. And the story of the marriage of Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy to S. A. Bakhmetyeva, who left her husband L. Miller (nephew of E. L. Tolstoy), made a lot of noise in the world. Before her marriage to L. Miller, Sofya Bakhmeteva gave birth to a daughter, Sophia (married Khitrovo) from Prince G. N. Vyazemsky (1823-1882), who fought a duel with her brother and killed him. A.K. Tolstoy dedicated the lines to her: “In the midst of a noisy ball...”.

The situation in the Tolstoy-Sukhotin-Obolensky family also turned out to be a complicated story:

The wife of chamberlain Sergei Mikhailovich Sukhotin (1818-1886), Maria Alekseevna Dyakova, achieved a divorce in 1868 and married S. A. Ladyzhensky.

His son, Mikhail Sergeevich Sukhotin (1850-1914), married L. N. Tolstoy’s daughter, Tatyana Lvovna, and his first wife was Maria Mikhailovna Bode-Kolycheva, from whose marriage there were five children (later daughter Natalya married Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky (1872-1934), son of L.N. Tolstoy’s niece Elizaveta, previously married to his daughter Maria).

Having combined in Anna Karenina: the image and appearance of Maria Hartung, the tragic love story of Anna Pirogova and incidents from the lives of M. M. Sukhotina and S. A. Miller-Bakhmetyeva, L. N. Tolstoy leaves precisely the tragic ending. " Vengeance is mine, and I will repay"(Tue 12:19).

Image development

In the original plan of L. N. Tolstoy, the heroine of the novel was Tatyana Sergeevna Stavrovich (Anna Arkadyevna Karenina), her husband was Mikhail Mikhailovich Stavrovich (Alexey Alexandrovich Karenin), her lover was Ivan Petrovich Balashev (Alexey Kirillovich Vronsky). The images were slightly different.

“There was something defiant and daring in her clothes and gait and something simple and humble in her face with big black eyes and a smile the same as Stiva’s brother.”

In the penultimate, ninth version of the novel’s manuscript, L. N. Tolstoy already describes Anna’s nightmare:

She fell asleep in that heavy, dead sleep that is given to a person as salvation against misfortune, that sleep that one sleeps after a misfortune has occurred from which one needs to rest. She woke up in the morning not refreshed by sleep. The terrible nightmare appeared in her dreams again: an old man with a tousled beard was doing something, bending over the iron, saying Il faut le battre le fer, le broyer, le pétrir. She woke up in a cold sweat.<…>“We must live,” she told herself, “you can always live. Yes, it’s unbearable to live in the city, it’s time to go to the village.”

Work on the novel weighed heavily on L. N. Tolstoy (“I inevitably started writing”), he often put it aside while working on educational programs (“I am distracted from real people to fictional ones”); and was indifferent to his success. In a letter to A. A. Fet, he said that “the boring and vulgar Anna K. is disgusting to him... My Anna is boring to me like a bitter radish.”

In addition, the publishers were embarrassed by its revelation, in which “an impossible, terrible and even more charming dream came true, but turned into a feeling of physical humiliation for Anna.”

In February 1875, L. N. Tolstoy wrote to M. N. Katkov: “I can’t touch anything in the last chapter. Vivid realism is the only weapon, since I cannot use either pathos or reasoning. And this is one of the places on which the entire novel stands. If it is false, then everything is false."

However, on February 16, 1875, after reading this chapter by B. N. Almazov, and a meeting of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature on this occasion, L. N. Tolstoy received a welcoming telegram on behalf of the members of the Society.

In the original version of the novel, the heroine gets a divorce and lives with her lover, they have two children. But the way of life is changing, they are “surrounded like moths by ill-mannered writers, musicians and painters.” The ex-husband appears like a ghost, an unfortunate “haggard, hunched old man,” who bought a revolver from a gunsmith to kill his wife and shoot himself, but then comes to his ex-wife’s house: “He appears to her as a confessor and calls her to a religious revival " Vronsky (Balashev) and Anna (Tatyana Sergeevna) quarrel, he leaves, she leaves a note, leaves, and a day later her body is found in the Neva.

Alexey Vronsky

Count Alexey Kirillovich Vronsky, in the original version of the novel - Ivan Petrovich Balashev, then Udashev, Gagin.

Prototype

The image of Vronsky in the light.“Vronsky was endowed with rare qualities: modesty, courtesy, calmness and dignity. According to family legend, Vronsky wore a silver earring in his left ear, at the age of 25 he wore a beard and began to go bald.”

The image of Vronsky at the races. L. N. Tolstoy has a very detailed and imaginative description of horse racing, according to the stories of Prince D. D. Obolensky. “A stocky figure, a cheerful, firm and tanned face, brilliant, forward-looking eyes.”

Vronsky through the eyes of Anna.“Solid, gentle face. Submissive and firm eyes, asking for love and arousing love."

Vronsky in the war (after the death of Anna). Two months have passed... Russian officers are participating in the Serbian-Montenegrin-Turkish War, which began in June 1876. On April 12, 1877, Russia declared war on Turkey. At the station Steve meets Vronsky “in a long coat and a black hat with a wide brim, walking arm in arm with his mother. Oblonsky walked next to him, talking animatedly. Vronsky, frowning, looked ahead of him, as if not hearing what Stepan Arkadyevich was saying.<…>He looked around... and silently raised his hat. His face, aged and expressing suffering, seemed petrified.”. - L. N. Tolstoy

Alexey Alexandrovich Karenin

In the original version of the novel - Mikhail Mikhailovich Stavrovich.

Character

The hero's surname comes from the Greek Kareon - head. For Karenin, reason prevails over feeling. Since 1870, Leo Tolstoy studied Greek and could read Homer in the original.

Prototypes

According to the plan, Karenin was “a very kind man, completely absorbed in himself, absent-minded and not brilliant in society, such a learned eccentric,” with obvious authorial sympathy he painted the image of L.N. Tolstoy. But in Anna’s eyes, he is a monster, and besides, “he is stupid and angry.”

Countess Lidia Ivanovna

Instead of Countess Lydia Ivanovna, L.N. Tolstoy’s manuscript features Karenin’s sister, Maria Aleksandrovna Karenina (Marie), who is carefully involved in raising his son, whose name is Sasha.

Marie's virtuous inclinations were turned not to good deeds, but to the fight against those who interfered with them. And as if on purpose, recently everyone has been doing everything wrong to improve the clergy and to spread the true view of things. And Marie was exhausted in this struggle with false interpreters and enemies of the oppressed brothers, so close to her heart, finding consolation only in a small circle of people.

She also in some ways resembles the daughter of Anna Andreevna Shcherbatova and the chairman of the State Council under Alexander II D.N. Bludov, Antonina Dmitrievna (1812-1891), a religious lady who was involved in charity. Her sister's name was Lydia.

A remarkable fact: the novel briefly mentions a certain Sir John, a missionary from India who was related to Countess Lydia Ivanovna.

A missionary from India, Mr., came to Yasnaya Polyana, the Tolstoy estate. Long, boring and uninteresting, who constantly asked in bad French: “Avez-vous été à Paris?”

Steve Oblonsky

Stepan Arkadyevich Oblonsky, brother of Anna Karenina

Image and prototypes

Character

“Hello, Stepan Arkadyevich,” said Betsy, meeting him as he entered. radiant with complexion, sideburns and white vest and shirt, dashing Oblonsky<…>Stepan Arkadievich, smiling good-naturedly answered questions from ladies and men... He willingly described his adventures, told jokes and a lot of news... Stiva was always en bonne humeur (in the mood)

Dolly Oblonskaya

Stiva Oblonsky's wife, mother of six children. Reminds me of Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya in her immersion in household family affairs and caring for numerous children. “Name, not character” coincides with Daria Trubetskoy, wife of D. A. Obolensky.

Prince Shcherbatsky

The prototype is Sergei Aleksandrovich Shcherbatov, director of the Moscow elk factory, adjutant of General I.F. Paskevich-Erivansky, friend of A.S. Pushkin. His wife was a maid of honor to Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.

Kitty

Princess Myagkaya

The prototype of Princess Myagkaya was described in the chapter “Well done Baba”; she also wrote the words about Karenina: “She will end badly, and I just feel sorry for her.” But as the book was written, the images changed, including Princess Myagkaya, she did not envy Anna at all, on the contrary, she came to her defense. Tolstoy put the phrase “but women with shadows come to a bad end” into the mouth of one nameless guest of the salon, and Princess Myagkaya retorts: “Tip on your tongue... and what should she do if they follow her like a shadow? If no one follows us like a shadow, then this does not give us the right to judge.” The character of Princess Myagkaya is characterized by simplicity and rudeness of treatment, for which she received the nickname in society enfant terrible. She said simple, meaningful things; the effect of loudly spoken phrases was always the same. The soft one was the first to say about Karenin, “he’s stupid.”

Her character is similar to D. A. Obolenskaya (1903-1982), the wife of D. A. Obolensky, who was part of the circle of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna

Betsy Tverskaya

In the original version - Mika Vrasskaya.

For Anna Karenina, Betsy's salon required expenses beyond her means. But it was there that she met Vronsky.

Betsy looked after Anna and invited her into her circle, laughing at the circle of Countess Lydia Ivanovna: “It’s too early for a young pretty woman to go to this almshouse...”.

Betsy had an income of one hundred and twenty thousand, her salon was the light of balls, dinners, brilliant toilets, a light that held on to the yard with one hand so as not to descend into the demi-monde, which the members of this club despised, but with which the tastes were not only similar, but same…
Betsy's husband is a good-natured fat man and a passionate collector of engravings.<…>Silently, he walked across the soft carpet to Princess Myagkaya...

In early sketches, Tolstoy describes the appearance of Princess Vrasskaya (Tverskaya), nicknamed in the world “Princess Nana”: “A thin long face, liveliness in movements, a spectacular toilet... A straight lady with a Roman profile,” who says about Anna: “She is so nice and sweet... And what should she do if Alexey Vronsky is in love and follows her like a shadow.”

The beginning of the story

Lev Nikolaevich read Pushkin's passage "" and began to write a novel with the words: "Guests after the opera came to the young princess Vrasskaya."

It was a scene (by Mika Vrasskaya) after an opera performance in a French theater.

Pushkin discusses Volskaya: “...But her passions will destroy her<…>Passion! What a big word! What are passions!<…>Volskaya was alone with Minsky for about three hours straight... The hostess said goodbye to her coldly..."

First the Karenins (Stavrovichs), then Vronsky (Balashev) appear in Tolstoy’s living room. Anna Arkadyevna (Tatyana Sergeevna) retires with Vronsky (Balashev) at a round table and does not part with him until the guests leave. Since then, she has not received a single invitation to balls and evenings of great society. The husband, who left before his wife, already knew: “the essence of the misfortune has already been accomplished... In her soul there is a devilish brilliance and determination<…>she is full of thoughts about a quick date with her lover.”

And Tolstoy began with the words:

« Everything was mixed up in the Oblonskys’ house” and then added the line above “All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.”».

Plot

Anna Karenina in the painting by G. Manizer

The novel begins with two phrases that have long become textbook: “All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. Everything was mixed up in the Oblonskys’ house.”

Stiva Oblonsky's sister, the noble St. Petersburg lady Anna Karenina, comes to Moscow to visit the Oblonskys. Stiva meets Anna at the station, the young officer meets his mother Countess Vronskaya. Upon entering the carriage, he lets the lady go ahead, and a premonition forces them to look at each other again, their gaze already glowing against their will. It seemed that they knew each other before... At that moment, a misfortune happened: the carriage moved back and crushed the watchman to death. Anna took this tragic incident as a bad omen. Anna goes to Stiva's house and fulfills her mission for which she came - reconciling him with his wife Dolly.

The lovely Kitty Shcherbatskaya is full of happiness, waiting to meet Vronsky at the ball. Anna, contrary to her expectations, was wearing a black dress and not a purple one. Kitty notices a flickering sparkle in the eyes of Anna and Vronsky and understands that the world has ceased to exist for them. Having refused Levin on the eve of the upcoming ball, Kitty was depressed and soon fell ill.

Anna leaves for St. Petersburg, Vronsky rushes after. In St. Petersburg, he follows her like a shadow, looking for a meeting; he is not at all embarrassed by her marriage and eight-year-old son; because in the eyes of secular people, the role of an unhappy lover is ridiculous, but a relationship with a respectable woman, whose husband occupies such a respectable position, seemed majestic and victorious. Their love could not be hidden, but they were not lovers, but the world was already discussing with might and main lady with shadow, looking forward to the continuation of the novel. An anxious feeling prevented Karenin from concentrating on an important state project, and he was offended by that impression, so important for the significance of public opinion. Anna continued to go out into society and met with Vronsky at Princess Tverskaya’s for almost a year. Vronsky’s only desire and Anna’s charming dream of happiness merged in the feeling that a new life had begun for them, they had become lovers, and nothing would be the same again. Very soon everyone in St. Petersburg became aware of this, including Anna’s husband. The current situation was painfully difficult for all three, but none of them could find a way out of it. Anna tells Vronsky that she is pregnant. Vronsky asks her to leave her husband and is ready to sacrifice his military career. But his mother, who at first was very sympathetic to Anna, does not like this state of affairs at all. Anna falls into despair, the birth is difficult and Anna almost dies. Her legal husband, Alexei Karenin, who before Anna’s illness was firmly planning to divorce her, having seen her suffering during childbirth, unexpectedly forgives both Anna and Vronsky. Karenin allows her to continue living in his house, under the protection of his good name, so as not to ruin the family and not disgrace the children. The scene of forgiveness is one of the most important in the novel. But Anna cannot withstand the oppression of generosity shown by Karenin, and taking her newborn daughter with her, she leaves with Vronsky for Europe, leaving her beloved son in the care of her husband.

Anna and Vronsky travel around Europe for some time, but soon realize that they have nothing really to do. Out of boredom, Vronsky even begins to dabble in painting, but soon gives up this empty activity, and he and Anna decide to return to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg, Anna understands that she is now an outcast for high society, she is not invited to any of the decent houses, and no one except her two closest friends visits her. Meanwhile, Vronsky is accepted everywhere and is always welcome. This situation increasingly unravels Anna’s unstable nervous system, which does not see her son. On Seryozha's birthday, secretly, early in the morning, Anna sneaks into her old house, goes into the boy's bedroom and wakes him up. The boy is happy to the point of tears, Anna is also crying with joy, the child hastily tries to tell his mother something and ask her about something, but then a servant comes running and fearfully reports that Karenin will now enter his son’s room. The boy himself understands that his mother and father cannot meet and that his mother will now leave him forever; crying, he rushes to Anna and begs her not to leave. Karenin enters the door, and Anna, in tears, overcome by a feeling of envy of her husband, runs out of the house. Her son never saw her again.

A crack opens in Anna's relationship with Vronsky, separating them further and further. Anna insists on visiting the Italian opera, where that evening all the high society of St. Petersburg gathers. The entire audience in the theater literally points their fingers at Anna, and the woman from the next box throws insults at Anna in the face. Anna leaves the theater in hysterics. Realizing that they have nothing to do in St. Petersburg, they move away from the vulgar world to the estate, which Vronsky turned into a secluded paradise for the two of them and their daughter Anya. Vronsky is trying to make the estate profitable, introducing various new farming techniques and doing charity work - building a new hospital on the estate. Anna tries to help him in everything.

In parallel with the story of Anna, the story of Konstantin Levin unfolds; Tolstoy endows him with the best human qualities and doubts, trusts him with his innermost thoughts. Levin is a rather rich man; he also has a vast estate, all of which he manages himself. What for Vronsky is fun and a way to kill time, for Levin is the meaning of existence for himself and all his ancestors. At the beginning of the novel, Levin woos Kitty Shcherbatskaya. At that time, Vronsky was courting Kitty for fun. Kitty, however, became seriously interested in Vronsky and refused Levin. After Vronsky followed Anna to St. Petersburg, Kitty even fell ill from grief and humiliation, but after a trip abroad she recovered and agreed to marry Levin. The scenes of matchmaking, weddings, and family life of the Levins are imbued with a bright feeling; the author makes it clear that this is exactly how family life should be built.

Meanwhile, the situation on the estate is heating up. Vronsky goes to business meetings and social events, where Anna cannot accompany him, and he is drawn to his former, free life. Anna feels this, but mistakenly assumes that Vronsky is attracted to other women. She constantly arranges scenes of jealousy for Vronsky, which increasingly test his patience. To resolve the situation with the divorce proceedings, they move to Moscow. But, despite the persuasion of Stiva Oblonsky, Karenin cancels his decision, and he leaves himself a son, whom he no longer loves, because his disgust for Anna, as a “despicable, stumbled wife,” is connected with him. The six-month wait in Moscow for this decision turned Anna's nerves into taut strings. She constantly broke down and quarreled with Vronsky, who spent more and more time outside the house. In Moscow, Anna meets with Levin, who realizes that this woman can no longer be called anything other than lost.

In May, Anna insists on leaving for the village soon, but Vronsky says that he has been invited to his mother for important business matters. Anna comes up with the idea that Vronsky’s mother is planning to marry Vronsky to Princess Sorokina. Vronsky fails to prove to Anna the absurdity of this idea and he, no longer able to constantly quarrel with Anna, goes to his mother’s estate. Anna, in an instant realizing how difficult, hopeless and meaningless her life is, wanting reconciliation, rushes after Vronsky to the station. The platform, smoke, beeps, knocking and people, everything merged into a terrible nightmare of confusion of associations: Anna remembers her first meeting with Vronsky, and how on that distant day some lineman fell under a train and was crushed to death. Anna comes up with the idea that there is a very simple way out of her situation that will help her wash away the shame and free everyone’s hands. And at the same time, this will be a great way to take revenge on Vronsky. Anna throws herself under the train. Anna chose death as a deliverance; it was the only way out that she, exhausted by herself and tormented by everyone, found.

Two months have passed. Life is not the same as before, but it goes on. The station again. Stiva meets the doomed Vronsky on the platform, and the train leaves for the front. Heartbroken, Vronsky volunteered to go to war to lay down his head there. Karenin took Anna's daughter to himself and raised her as his own, along with his son. Levin and Kitty had their first child. Levin finds peace and meaning in life in kindness and purity of thoughts. This is where the novel ends.

Literary criticism

"The Giant and the Pygmies. Leo Tolstoy and modern writers." Caricature // Gr. Leo Tolstoy, the great writer of the Russian land, in portraits, engravings, painting, sculpture, caricatures / Comp. Pl. N. Krasnov and L. M. Wolf. - St. Petersburg: T-vo M. O. Wolf, 1903

Theater productions

Film adaptations of the novel

In total, there are about 30 film adaptations of Anna Karenina in the world.

Silent movie

• 1910 - German Empire
• 1911 - Russia. Anna Karenina (director and screenwriter Maurice Maitre, Moscow). Anna Karenina - M. Sorotchina
• 1912 - France. Anna Karenina. Directed by Albert Capellani. Anna Karenina - Zhanna Delvay
• 1914 - Russia. Anna Karenina (director and screenwriter Vladimir Gardin). Anna Karenina - Maria Germanova
• 1915 - USA. Anna Karenina. Directed by J. Gordon Edwards. Anna Karenina - Betty Nansen
• 1917 - Italy. Anna Karenina. Directed by Hugo Falena
• 1918 - Hungary. Anna Karenina. Director: Marton Garas. Anna Karenina - Irene Varsanyi
• 1919 - Germany. Anna Karenina. Directed by Frederick Zelnick. Anna Karenina - Lia Mara
• 1927 - USA. Love (directed by Edmund Goulding). Anna Karenina - Greta Garbo

• 1935 - USA. Anna Karenina (director Clarence Brown). Anna Karenina - Greta Garbo, film consultant Count Andrei Tolstoy
• 1937 - USSR. Film-performance (directors Tatyana Lukashevich, Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vasily Sakhnovsky)
• 1948 - Great Britain. Anna Karenina (director Julien Duvivier). Anna Karenina - Vivien Leigh
• 1953 - USSR. Anna Karenina (director Tatyana Lukashevich, film adaptation of the Moscow Art Theater play). Anna Karenina - Alla Tarasova
• 1961 -

Prototype Anna Kareninawas the eldest daughter of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Maria Hartung. Unusual sophistication of manners, wit, charm and beauty distinguished Pushkin’s eldest daughter from other women of that time. Maria Alexandrovna's husband was Major General Leonid Hartung, manager of the Imperial Stud. True, Pushkin’s daughter, who served as a prototype Tolstoy, I didn’t throw myself under any train. She outlived Tolstoy by almost a decade and died in Moscow on March 7, 1919 at the age of 86. She met Tolstoy in Tula in 1868, and immediately became the object of his harassment. However, having received a turn from the gate, Tolstoy prepared an unhappy fate for the heroine based on her, and when in 1872, in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, a certain Anna Pirogova threw herself under a train because of unhappy love, Tolstoy decided that the hour had struck.

Spouse Tolstoy Sofya Andreevna and him son Sergei Lvovich recalled that on the morning when Tolstoy started working on "Anna Karenina", he accidentally looked into the volume of Pushkin and read the unfinished passage “The guests were arriving at the dacha...”. "This is how to write!" - Tolstoy exclaimed. That same day in the evening, the writer brought his wife a handwritten piece of paper, on which there was a now textbook phrase: “Everything was mixed up in the Oblonsky house.” Although in the final version of the novel it became the second, and not the first, giving way to “all happy families”, as we know, similar to each other...
By that time, the writer had long been nurturing the idea of ​​composing a novel about a sinner rejected by society. Tolstoy completed his work in April 1877. In the same year, it began to be published in the Russian Bulletin magazine in monthly portions - all of reading Russia was burning with impatience, waiting for the continuation.

The surname Karenin has a literary source. “Where does the surname Karenin come from? - writes Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy. - Lev Nikolaevich began to study the Greek language in December 1870 and soon became so comfortable with it that he could admire Homer in the original... He once told me: “Carenon - Homer has a head. From this word I got the name Karenin.”
According to the plot of the novel Anna Karenina, realizing how difficult and hopeless her life is, how senseless her cohabitation with her lover Count Vronsky is, rushes after Vronsky, hoping to explain and prove something else to him. At the station, where she was supposed to board the train to go to the Vronskys, Anna remembers her first meeting with him, also at the station, and how on that distant day some lineman fell under the train and was crushed to death. Right Anna Karenina The thought comes to her that there is a very simple way out of her situation, which will help her wash away the shame from herself and untie everyone’s hands. And at the same time this will be a great way to take revenge on Vronsky, Anna Karenin and throws himself under a train.
Could this tragic event actually happen, in the very place that he describes in his novel? Tolstoy? Zheleznodorozhnaya station (in 1877 a IV class station) of a small town of the same name, 23 kilometers from Moscow (until 1939 - Obiralovka). It was in this place that the terrible tragedy described in the novel took place. "Anna Karenina".
In Tolstoy's novel this is how the suicide scene is described: Anna Karenina: "...she did not take her eyes off the wheels of the passing second carriage. And exactly at that minute, when the middle between the wheels caught up with her, she threw back the red bag and, pressing her head into her shoulders, fell under the carriage on her hands and with a slight movement, like getting ready to get up immediately, she sank to her knees.”

In reality Karenina Not could have done it the way I told you about it Tolstoy. A person cannot end up under a train, falling to his full height. In accordance with the trajectory of the fall: while falling, the figure rests its head against the casing of the carriage. The only way left is to kneel in front of the rails and quickly stick your head under the train. But it is unlikely that such a woman as Anna Karenina.

Despite the dubious (without touching, of course, on the artistic side) suicide scene, the writer nevertheless chose Obiralovka not by chance. The Nizhny Novgorod road was one of the main industrial routes: heavily loaded freight trains often ran here. The station was one of the largest. In the 19th century, these lands belonged to one of the relatives of Count Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. According to the directory of the Moscow province for 1829, in Obiralovka there were 6 households with 23 peasant souls. In 1862, a railway line was laid here from the Nizhny Novgorod station that existed at that time, which stood at the intersection of Nizhegorodskaya street and Rogozhsky Val. In Obiralovka itself, the length of sidings and sidings was 584.5 fathoms, there were 4 switches, a passenger and residential building. 9 thousand people used the station annually, or an average of 25 people per day. The station village appeared in 1877, when the novel itself was published "Anna Karenina". Now there is nothing left from the former Obiralovka on the current Zhelezka

PROTOTYPE
ANNA KARENINA
WAS PUSHKIN'S DAUGHTER

On March 29, 1873, the famous Russian writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy began work on the novel Anna Karenina.

The prototype of Anna Karenina was the eldest daughter of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Maria Hartung. Unusual sophistication of manners, wit, charm and beauty distinguished Pushkin’s eldest daughter from other women of that time. Maria Alexandrovna's husband was Major General Leonid Hartung, manager of the Imperial Stud. True, Pushkin’s daughter, who served as Tolstoy’s prototype, did not throw herself under any train. She outlived Tolstoy by almost a decade and died in Moscow on March 7, 1919 at the age of 86. She met Tolstoy in Tula in 1868, and immediately became the object of his harassment. However, having received a turn from the gate, Tolstoy prepared an unhappy fate for the heroine written off from her, and when in 1872, in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, a certain Anna Pirogova threw herself under a train because of unhappy love, Tolstoy decided that the hour had struck.

Pushkin's daughter Maria Hartung, who became the prototype of Anna Karenina

The surname Karenin has a literary source. “Where does the surname Karenin come from? - writes Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy. - Lev Nikolaevich began to study the Greek language in December 1870 and soon became so comfortable with it that he could admire Homer in the original... He once told me: “Carenon - Homer has a head. From this word I got the name Karenin.”
According to the plot of the novel, Anna Karenina, realizing how difficult and hopeless her life is, how senseless her cohabitation with her lover Count Vronsky is, rushes after Vronsky, hoping to explain and prove something else to him. At the station, where she was supposed to board the train to go to the Vronskys, Anna remembers her first meeting with him, also at the station, and how on that distant day some lineman fell under the train and was crushed to death. Immediately the thought occurs to Anna Karenina that there is a very simple way out of her situation that will help her wash away the shame and untie everyone’s hands. And at the same time, this will be a great way to take revenge on Vronsky; Anna Karenina throws herself under a train.
Could this tragic event actually happen, in the very place that Tolstoy describes in his novel? Zheleznodorozhnaya station (in 1877 a IV class station) of a small town of the same name, 23 kilometers from Moscow (until 1939 - Obiralovka). It was in this place that the terrible tragedy described in the novel Anna Karenina occurred.
In Tolstoy's novel, the scene of Anna Karenina's suicide is described as follows: "... she did not take her eyes off the wheels of the passing second carriage. And exactly at that moment, when the middle between the wheels caught up with her, she threw back the red bag and, pressing her head into her shoulders, fell under the carriage on her hands and with a slight movement, as if preparing to immediately stand up, she sank to her knees.”

In reality, Karenina could not have done this the way Tolstoy described it. A person cannot end up under a train, falling to his full height. In accordance with the trajectory of the fall: while falling, the figure rests its head against the casing of the carriage. The only way left is to kneel in front of the rails and quickly stick your head under the train. But it is unlikely that a woman like Anna Karenina would do this.

Despite the dubious (without touching, of course, on the artistic side) suicide scene, the writer nevertheless chose Obiralovka not by chance. The Nizhny Novgorod road was one of the main industrial routes: heavily loaded freight trains often ran here. The station was one of the largest. In the 19th century, these lands belonged to one of the relatives of Count Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. According to the directory of the Moscow province for 1829, in Obiralovka there were 6 households with 23 peasant souls. In 1862, a railway line was laid here from the Nizhny Novgorod station that existed at that time, which stood at the intersection of Nizhegorodskaya Street and Rogozhsky Val. In Obiralovka itself, the length of sidings and sidings was 584.5 fathoms, there were 4 switches, a passenger and residential building. 9 thousand people used the station annually, or an average of 25 people per day. The station village appeared in 1877, when the novel Anna Karenina itself was published. Now there is nothing left of the former Obiralovka on the current Zhelezka.

On March 29, 1873, the famous Russian writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy began work on the novel Anna Karenina.

The prototype of Anna Karenina was the eldest daughter of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Maria Hartung. Unusual sophistication of manners, wit, charm and beauty distinguished Pushkin’s eldest daughter from other women of that time. Maria Alexandrovna's husband was Major General Leonid Hartung, manager of the Imperial Stud. True, Pushkin’s daughter, who served as Tolstoy’s prototype, did not throw herself under any train. She outlived Tolstoy by almost a decade and died in Moscow on March 7, 1919 at the age of 86. She met Tolstoy in Tula in 1868, and immediately became the object of his harassment. However, having received a turn from the gate, Tolstoy prepared an unhappy fate for the heroine written off from her, and when in 1872, in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, a certain Anna Pirogova threw herself under a train because of unhappy love, Tolstoy decided that the hour had struck.

Pushkin's daughter Maria Hartung, who became the prototype of Anna Karenina

The surname Karenin has a literary source. “Where does the surname Karenin come from? - writes Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy. - Lev Nikolaevich began to study the Greek language in December 1870 and soon became so comfortable with it that he could admire Homer in the original... He once told me: “Carenon - Homer has a head. From this word I got the name Karenin.”
According to the plot of the novel, Anna Karenina, realizing how difficult and hopeless her life is, how senseless her cohabitation with her lover Count Vronsky is, rushes after Vronsky, hoping to explain and prove something else to him. At the station, where she was supposed to board the train to go to the Vronskys, Anna remembers her first meeting with him, also at the station, and how on that distant day some lineman fell under the train and was crushed to death. Immediately the thought occurs to Anna Karenina that there is a very simple way out of her situation that will help her wash away the shame and untie everyone’s hands. And at the same time, this will be a great way to take revenge on Vronsky; Anna Karenina throws herself under a train.
Could this tragic event actually happen, in the very place that Tolstoy describes in his novel? Zheleznodorozhnaya station (in 1877 a IV class station) of a small town of the same name, 23 kilometers from Moscow (until 1939 - Obiralovka). It was in this place that the terrible tragedy described in the novel Anna Karenina occurred.
In Tolstoy's novel, the scene of Anna Karenina's suicide is described as follows: "... she did not take her eyes off the wheels of the passing second carriage. And exactly at that moment, when the middle between the wheels caught up with her, she threw back the red bag and, pressing her head into her shoulders, fell under the carriage on her hands and with a slight movement, as if preparing to immediately stand up, she sank to her knees.”

In reality, Karenina could not have done this the way Tolstoy described it. A person cannot end up under a train, falling to his full height. In accordance with the trajectory of the fall: while falling, the figure rests its head against the casing of the carriage. The only way left is to kneel in front of the rails and quickly stick your head under the train. But it is unlikely that a woman like Anna Karenina would do this.

Despite the dubious (without touching, of course, on the artistic side) suicide scene, the writer nevertheless chose Obiralovka not by chance. The Nizhny Novgorod road was one of the main industrial routes: heavily loaded freight trains often ran here. The station was one of the largest. In the 19th century, these lands belonged to one of the relatives of Count Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. According to the directory of the Moscow province for 1829, in Obiralovka there were 6 households with 23 peasant souls. In 1862, a railway line was laid here from the Nizhny Novgorod station that existed at that time, which stood at the intersection of Nizhegorodskaya Street and Rogozhsky Val. In Obiralovka itself, the length of sidings and sidings was 584.5 fathoms, there were 4 switches, a passenger and residential building. 9 thousand people used the station annually, or an average of 25 people per day. The station village appeared in 1877, when the novel Anna Karenina itself was published. Now there is nothing left of the former Obiralovka on the current Zhelezka.

The characters from your favorite movies and books seem incredibly realistic. They remind us of good friends, and sometimes of ourselves. It's even more incredible to learn that our favorite characters were "based" on specific people. The authors borrowed their external features, behavior and character traits. Who impressed them and became the prototype of famous film and literary characters?

Many people remember “The Absent-Minded Man from Basseynaya Street” from their childhood. Academician Ivan Kablukov, an acquaintance of Samuil Marshak's family, was impractical, forgetful and absent-minded. When teaching students, he could easily say instead of “physics and chemistry” - “chemistry and physics”. In his poem, the poet first wanted to mention the real name of his hero, who even gets confused with his last name, calling himself Heel Ivanov.

The prototype of Doctor House was the eccentric Doctor Thomas Bolti. The scriptwriters of the series became interested in this person when they learned that Bolti cured a gallery owner who had been suffering from migraines for more than 40 years, determining that the cause of his illness was poisoning from heavy metals accumulated in his body. A real doctor gets to work using roller skates, and his employees call Thomas a “medical detective,” taking into account the doctor’s talent, erudition and intuition. By the way, the real doctor is not delighted with his movie character and does not accept his arrogance and boorishness, which he uses when treating patients.

In The Picture of Dorian Gray reflected the real-life poet of that time, John Gray. Oscar Wilde met him in the 80s of the 19th century. The young aristocrat had intelligence, beauty and ambition. These traits are also inherent in the character of the novel. The poet, who devoted his youth to bohemian life, was often called by the name of his prototype - instead of John Dorian.

The famous Sherlock Holmes also has his own “source”. Conan Doyle had a teacher at the university, Joseph Bell. He had an aquiline nose, an inquisitive mind and extraordinary intuition. The professor could accurately determine the occupation and location of patients using the method of deduction. Students often witnessed how their teacher “revealed” people he did not know, urging his students to do the same.

About who could be James Bond in life, They argue for a long time and a lot. The author of the character, Ian Fleming, was also an intelligence officer, so in his hero he reflected part of himself, arguing that Agent 007 is a collective image. Many agree with this opinion, but there are assumptions, not without reason, that James Bond is “modeled” on the erudite and incredibly charming “king of spies” Sidney Reilly. He was fluent in 7 or 8 languages, knew how to manipulate people and adored women. The intelligence officer does not have a single failed mission, including the assassination attempt on V. Lenin.

Peter Pan writer James Barry “discovered” his friends’ son- four-year-old Michael Davis. From him he borrowed his character and manners, even the face-to-face fears that tormented the active but sensitive child.

Based on the film "The Wolf of Wall Street" and its main character is the book of memoirs of broker Jordan Belfort, who spent his life either flying up or falling down. He was arrested on charges of securities fraud, but no difficulties could break Jordan's confidence in success. The broker shared his talent in 2 books, organizing seminars where he acted as a motivator.

It will be difficult to surprise admirers of Leo Tolstoy with information that its prototype was Pushkin’s daughter Maria Alexandrovna, married to Hartung. The oriental touch in Maria's appearance and character, so characteristic of her great father, the insightful mind, femininity and aristocratic ease are inherent in both the heroine of the novel and Maria Alexandrovna Hartung. Tolstoy seemed to have a presentiment of the tragic fate of his protégé.